Psychological library
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Ed. A.N. Sukhova, A.A. Derkach.
PART I. FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY
SECTION IV. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF COMMUNITIES AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Chapter 7. SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITIES AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
§ 3. Socio-psychological characteristics of the stratification of society. Image, quality and lifestyle
The word "stratum" means a layer, i.e. any community, social group. Without stratification, the nature of communities cannot be understood. The foundations of the modern approach to the study of social stratification were laid by M. Weber, who considered the social structure of society as a multidimensional system, where, along with classes and the property relations that generate them, an important place belongs to status. He believed that stratification was based on inequality of property, prestige, and access to power.
The most developed is the functional concept of social stratification. From the point of view of this theory, the stratification system of society is the differentiation of social roles and positions. It is due to the division of labor and social differentiation of various groups, as well as the system of values and cultural standards that determine the importance of a particular activity and legitimize social inequality.
According to T. Parsons, the universal criteria of social stratification are:
Quality (prescribing to an individual a certain characteristic, for example, competence);
Execution (assessment of the individual's performance in comparison with the activities of other people);
Possession of material values, talent, cultural resources.
There are three different approaches to the study of social stratification: a) self-assessment, or the method of class identification; b) from the standpoint of assessing reputation (for example, in the recent past it was beneficial to have a worker-peasant origin, but with the advent of other times, people began to look for the roots of their aristocratic origin); c) objective, based on the prestige of the profession, level of education and income. In this case, the following vertical stratification is used: 1) the highest class of professionals; 2) mid-level technicians; 3) commercial class; 4) the petty bourgeoisie; 5) technicians and workers performing managerial functions; 6) skilled workers; 7) unskilled workers.
Social mobility and social stratification are two sides of the same coin. Social stability is ensured by a certain state of the social structure: the presence of a set of certain strata, say, the middle class, and the state of each of them, for example, the number of unemployed.
The revolution is associated with a change in social stratification: some strata disappear, others take their place. Moreover, the revolution gives this process a massive character. So, after the 1917 revolution, the classes of the bourgeoisie, aristocracy, Cossacks, kulaks, clergy, etc. were eliminated.
The destruction of layers and classes is accompanied by changes in the way of life. Each stratum is the bearer of certain social (cultural, moral, etc.) relations, standards and lifestyle. With a sharp and all-encompassing change in stratification, society finds itself in a marginal, extremely unstable state.
For a long time, the class approach to determining the structure of society prevailed in Russian social psychology. A class is a large social group that differs from others in its ability to access public wealth (distribution of benefits), power, and social prestige. The socio-psychological characteristics of classes are based on their social needs, interests, quality, way and lifestyle. The main disadvantage of the class approach is that it does not reflect real stratification, since it determines social differentiation based on taking into account only two indicators: the social division of labor and private ownership of the means of production.
Stratification has always existed. In Russia, the tribal community was divided into the tribal nobility, free community members and dependent members. Then the estates gradually began to take shape. They were social groups that differ not only in their actual position in society, but also in their legal place in the state. Belonging to a particular class was considered hereditary. However, this requirement was not strictly observed, in contrast to the unconditional fulfillment of caste norms. The upper classes included the nobility and the clergy. Real social differentiation has never been limited to classes such as workers, peasants and the intelligentsia.
In a totalitarian state with a planned distribution economy, a real stratum-forming feature is the proximity to the distribution of funds, a deficit. In this regard, stratification consists of the following layers: nomenclature, salespeople, etc.
In order to get into the nomenklatura, that is, the elite, and receive a lifelong high status, one had to be a pioneer, a member of the Komsomol, a party, observe certain etiquette and have connections. But the stratification was not only corporate-departmental, but also territorial. The "watershed" was formed between people depending on where the person lived - in the capital, a provincial city or in a village. As for the so-called "declassed" elements, vagabonds, the statistics did not take these strata into account.
The deformed stratification began to take shape after the liberalization of prices in the country. Under market conditions, the differentiation of society is inevitable, but the character that it acquired immediately after the start of reforms cannot be called anything other than threatening. On the one hand, a stratum with too high incomes has formed, on the other, an impoverished population: lumpen, unemployed. There was a sharp stratification along the material lines. The difference between the layers has reached a colossal size. At the same time, signs such as education and competence have lost their meaning. The stratification process has acquired an ugly, largely criminal nature. Lacking start-up opportunities, honest people were cut off from the business. As for the nomenklatura and former offenders who had start-up capital, they were in a better position. The middle class of wealthy people has never formed.
Deformed stratification has developed not only in society, but also in the army and in criminal communities (however, it has always existed here). In the army, such a stratification was called "bullying", "hazing", the essence of which is the mockery of old servicemen ("grandfathers") over the "young."
Stratification in the criminal environment, that is, the caste distinction of people and endowing them in accordance with this with strictly defined rights and obligations, is one of the main manifestations of the criminal subculture. In a youth criminal environment, it suggests:
Rigid division into “us” and “foes”, and “us” into “top” and “bottom”;
Social stigma: designation of belonging to the "elite" by certain symbols (nicknames, etc.);
Difficult upward mobility and facilitated downward mobility (changing status from lower to higher is difficult, and vice versa);
Justification of upward mobility - increased passing of tests or a guarantee of "authority", downward mobility - violation of the "laws" of the criminal world;
The autonomy of the existence of each caste, the difficulty, even the impossibility of friendly contacts between the "lower classes" and the "elite" because of the threats of ostracism for persons from the "elite" who agreed to such contacts;
The “elite” of the criminal world has its own “laws”, value systems, taboos, privileges;
Stability of status: attempts of people from the “lower classes” to get rid of their status are severely punished, as well as attempts to use privileges in the criminal world that are not in terms of status (V.F. Pirozhkov).
The status-role structure manifests itself not only in privileges, but also in appearance, especially in clothes, the manner of speaking, walking, etc.
Each stratum is characterized by a certain way of life - established typical forms of life of the individual and communities, in other words, habits, traditions, stereotypes of behavior.
There are different types of lifestyles:
Healthy, which presupposes proper nutrition, adherence to hygiene standards, the presence of psychologically comfortable conditions at work and at home, playing sports, orderly rest, avoiding stress, sound sleep, minimal alcohol consumption;
Morally healthy, meeting the content of the basic values of life and culture;
Closed, ascetic, suggesting constant concern for the salvation of the soul and Spartan modesty;
Bohemian, associated with a loose adherence to everyday norms of communication;
- "student", associated with carelessness and easy attitude to life.
The list of these types can be continued for completely different reasons. The fact is that there are as many types of lifestyle as there are varieties of communities. In accordance with this, the army, urban, rural, monastic, sectarian, resort lifestyles, as well as the lifestyle of vagabonds, invalids, "golden youth", the nomenclature, "white collars", trade workers, criminals, etc., are distinguished.
The lifestyle structure includes the following components:
Axiological (value, normative), meaning an orientation towards observing certain rules of behavior. For example, the Soviet way of life was maintained at the expense of blind faith in the correctness of the policy pursued, the superiority of the system, and the empowerment of power to control the fate of the country and each person. It was on the basis of these principles that national consent was ensured. The abrupt abandonment of them led to a spiritual crisis for entire generations. In this regard, it should be emphasized once again that only convergence of values, a compromise are possible;
Behavioral, expressed in habits, stable ways of responding to various social situations;
Cognitive, associated with the content of pictures of the world, cognitive stereotypes;
Communicative, due to the inclusion of a person in the system of social ties, as well as the state of the active vocabulary of various social groups, their thesaurus, vocabulary, stylistics, jargon, professionalism, special terminology, pronunciation.
So, a certain system of socio-cultural values, priorities, preferences is at the heart of this or that way of life; pictures of the world, understanding of the norm; social circle, interests, needs and ways to satisfy them; social stereotypes, habits.
The problem of the social way of life is closely related to the socio-psychological typology of people. They try to classify people for various reasons. The socio-psychological approach to the typology of people differs from the typology based on taking into account individual differences. From the standpoint of the socio-psychological approach, the normative side of the way of life and the expectations that arise in connection with this are important; the status occupied by the person and her role-playing behavior. As you know, a person can take a certain status only if his behavior meets expectations. The most striking examples are M. Bulgakov's heroes Sharikov and Shvonder. These types were in line with the expectations of the class ideology of the so-called proletarian culture.
Lifestyle is an essential characteristic not only of individual social groups, but also of entire generations. This is a temporary, concrete historical characteristic. It is no coincidence that they speak of representatives of various groups who lived at the same time, as a single community, for example, the people of the sixties. There is a segment of the life of the nation behind this.
From a moral point of view, it is of interest way of life, received the name "domostroy". It is discordant with the modern, urbanized way of life, but it is very instructive and useful. The conservative lifestyle is not the worst, as evidenced by the history of England.
There was an attempt to substantiate the existence of the Soviet way of life, which is based on collectivism, etc. There are judgments that the Soviet way of life is just another myth. You can criticize it, disagree with those sides of it that were formed in the conditions of communal apartments, dormitories, villages torn off the road from the whole world, but it can be argued that there was no Soviet way of life at all, or it cannot be endowed with only negative characteristics.
The lifestyle of specific social groups is always influenced by ethnopsychological characteristics. From this point of view, Russia is characterized not by an individual, but by a communal way of life. One cannot but reckon with this. P. A. Stolypin was the first to attempt to destroy this way of life, which is far from always economically effective.
The reforms that began in 1991 in the country have changed the content of the lifestyle of an entire generation. They gave it dynamism, new meaning. The way of life of the entrepreneurial circles was formed, often not much like the way of life of Russian merchants, the charitable work of Savva Morozov or the cultural and educational activities of S. Mamontov and P. Tretyakov. In many ways, he turned out to be criminalized, based on criminal ethics.
A criminal lifestyle is a lifestyle of criminal communities based on a subculture. It is not universal. Each criminal group, category of offenders has its own way of life. Its distinctive features in some cases are conspiracy, hierarchy of relations, in others - demonstrative luxury, the cult of power.
The way of life cannot be imagined without her quality. In Russian literature, instead of this concept, the concept of "standard of living" is used. The quality of life is characterized by nutritional content, health, education, housing conditions, means of satisfying spiritual needs, durable goods, transport services, criminal security, etc.
As you can see, the level and quality of life are far from the same. Standard of living records only the ratio of income and expenses, the quality of life is a subtle and sensitive integral indicator that takes into account, for example, such signs: whether a person lives in a prestigious area or not, uses public transport or personal transport, eats organic or toxic food, has access to cultural values or not, etc.
Life style no less significant socio-psychological characteristic. Usually, they mean the dominant type of activity and its main features and therefore talk about a business, creative lifestyle, etc. ... In other words, it is "conspicuous consumption." Such an understanding of the lifestyle is evidenced by the facts that characterize the numerous presentations of the newly born Russian entrepreneurs, and the behavior of some representatives of the underworld.
At the same time, the lifestyle is largely associated with the cognitive sphere of a person, the formed pictures of the world, stereotypes, and individual differences.
Literature
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2. Anufrieva E.A., Lesnaya L.V. Russian mentality as a socio-political and spiritual phenomenon // Socio-political journal. - 1997. - No. 3-6.
3. Arato A. The concept of civil society: ascent, decline and re-creation - and directions for further research // Polis. - 1995. - No. 3.
4. Berdyaev N.A. The origins and meaning of Russian communism. - M., 1990.
5. Boguslavsky V.M. A person in the mirror of Russian culture, literature and language. - M., 1994.
6. Gadzhiev K.S. Political Science. - M., 1994.
7. A.V. Gaida Civil society. - Yekaterinburg, 1994.
8. A.V. Gaida, V.V. Kitaev Power and man. - Sverdlovsk, 1991.
9. Hegel G. Philosophy of law. - M., 1990.
10. Gellner E. Conditions of freedom. - M., 1995.
11. Gramsci A. Selected works. - M., 1959. -T. 3.
12. Duby J. The development of historical research in France // Odysseus. A person in history. - M., 1980.
13. Erasov B.S. Social cultural studies. - M., 1996.
14. Levin I.B. Civil society in the West and in Russia // Polis. - 1996. - No. 5.
15. Mikhailovsky V.M. Russian syndrome // Safety. - 1997. -№ 1 -2.
16. Neoconservatism. - M., 1992.
17. Peregudov S.P. Thatcher and Thatcherism. - M., 1996.
18. B.F. Porshnev Social psychology and history. - M., 1979.
19. Smelzer N. Sociology. - M., 1994.
20. Stepanova N.M. British neoconservatism and workers. - M., 1987.
21. Turkatenko E.V. Cultural codes of Russia and modernity // Polis. -1996. -No. 4.
22. Ursul A.D. Sustainable development and the problem of security // Security. - 1995.-№ 9 (29).
23. Khweli L., Zigner D. Personality theories. - SPb., 1997.
24. Shapiro I. Democracy and Civil Society // Polis. - 1992. -№ 4.
25. Schweri R. Theoretical Sociology of James Coleman: An Analytical Review // Sociological Journal. - 1996. -No. 1, 2.
26. Shkuratov V.A. Historical psychology. - M., 1997.
The concepts of "lifestyle", "quality of life", "lifestyle", "way of life", "standard of living", "standard of life"
Definition of the concept "Lifestyle" implies the identification of organized dynamic forms of human existence in a differentiated socio-cultural space, that is, their ordering of their interactions and communications at both its levels. The ways of organizing these processes are determined by the social and cultural conditions of their implementation, on the one hand, and the personal characteristics of representatives of various sociocultural groups, on the other. The concept reflects the daily life of people and serves to identify the ratio of its established, typical and changeable, individual characteristics due to participation in various forms of institutional and everyday activity. Lifestyle content is determined by stable sets of interactions and communications that fill their time. The form of the way of life is determined by the way people organize the content of the processes they implement in the areas of the socio-cultural space. Consequently, a way of life is a dynamic socio-cultural "portrait" of members of society, presented through the processes of their joint existence. Under certain conditions, this is an integrity that has a cultural meaning and is conditioned by a person's ability to productive activity and its assessments.
Natural, social, cultural conditions have a fundamental formative influence on the organization by people of the diversity of their life manifestations. They provide and restrict the possibilities of choosing the forms of self-realization of the individual in the socio-cultural space. Therefore, when analyzing a way of life, the study of the conditions for its implementation is necessary. However, they are not included in the concept itself, but are considered as a kind of socio-cultural determinants of the forms and processes of people organizing their life.
“Way of life”, “standard of living”, “quality of life”, “lifestyle”, “standard of life”. These concepts reveal and concretize the content of the category "lifestyle" at various levels of analysis of sociocultural dynamics
Concept "way of life" characterizes the specific historical socio-economic and political conditions within which the way of life of people unfolds. It is determined by indicators of the nature of property, economy, social relations, leading ideologies, political system, etc. The urbanization indicator (the ratio of the number of inhabitants of different types of settlements) is also of paramount importance here.
Concept "standard of living" is used to directly and indirectly quantify the degree of satisfaction of the needs and demands of members of society in the period under consideration. Its indicators include: the size of wages and per capita income, benefits and payments from public consumption funds, the structure of consumption of food and industrial goods, the level of development of health care systems, education, consumer services, the state of housing conditions.
Concept "the quality of life" indicates the degree of satisfaction of requests of a more complex nature, not amenable to direct quantitative measurement, and performs a socio-evaluative function in relation to the category of "lifestyle". Its indicators can be considered the nature and content of work and leisure, satisfaction with them, the degree of comfort in work and everyday life (including the quality of residential, industrial premises and the surrounding subject environment); the degree of satisfaction of the individual with knowledge, social activity and self-development, the degree of implementation of the moral and ethical norms existing in society. This also includes indicators of average life expectancy, morbidity, natural population growth, its demographic and social structure.
Concept "life style" is used to designate the characteristic specific ways of self-expression of representatives of various socio-cultural groups, manifested in their daily life: in activities, behavior, relationships. Lifestyle indicators are the peculiarities of the individual organization of methods and skills in labor activity, the choice of the circle and forms of communication, characteristic ways of self-expression (including demonstrative traits of behavior), the specifics of the structure and content of the consumption of goods and services, as well as the organization of the immediate socio-cultural environment and free time. This concept is closely related to the general cultural concept of fashion.
"Standard of Life" is a theoretical analytical concept designed to provide a starting point when comparing the lifestyle, level and quality of life of representatives of various sociocultural groups. It is constructed as a statistical "fashion" of these lifestyle parameters. In this sense, we can talk about the standards of the way of life, level, quality of life, characteristic of society as a whole or individual social groups in the period under consideration.
Quality of life category denotes an assessment of the content side of the way of life from the point of view of the favorable living conditions and the intensity of people's involvement in socially acceptable and approved forms of socio-cultural life. The criteria for such an assessment are the highest world standards, on the one hand, and the subjective satisfaction of people, on the other.
Accordingly, the quality of life indicators can be divided into the following categories:
- 1. Quality of living conditions :
- 1.1. Improvement of the living environment (availability of cultural institutions, consumer and social services, living conditions, comfort of life, etc.);
- 1.2. Good quality and a wide range of goods and services;
- 1.3. Recruitment and cultural content of media reports, services offered by cultural institutions;
- 1.4. The set and quality of functioning of social services.
- 2. The quality of sociocultural activity :
- 2.1. The quality of the professional activity performed;
- 2.2. The degree and quality of social participation;
- 2.3. Attitude (type of response) to the processes of modernization of society.
- 3. Subjective assessment of the quality of life :
- 3.1. Satisfaction with their own quality of life;
- 3.2. The nature of the claims to the quality of living conditions and the content of the lifestyle;
- 3.3. Assessment of one's own capabilities in relation to improving one's own quality of life.
§ 3. Socio-psychological characteristics of the stratification of society. Image, quality and lifestyle
The word "stratum" means a layer, i.e. any community, social group. Without stratification, the nature of communities cannot be understood. The foundations of the modern approach to the study of social stratification were laid by M. Weber, who considered the social structure of society as a multidimensional system, where, along with classes and the property relations that generate them, an important place belongs to status. He believed that stratification was based on inequality of property, prestige, and access to power.
The most developed is the functional concept of social stratification. From the point of view of this theory, the stratification system of society is the differentiation of social roles and positions. It is due to the division of labor and social differentiation of various groups, as well as the system of values and cultural standards that determine the importance of a particular activity and legitimize social inequality.
According to T. Parsons, the universal criteria of social stratification are:
Quality (prescribing to an individual a certain characteristic, for example, competence);
Execution (assessment of the individual's performance in comparison with the activities of other people);
Possession of material values, talent, cultural resources.
There are three different approaches to the study of social stratification: a) self-assessment, or the method of class identification; b) from the standpoint of assessing reputation (for example, in the recent past it was beneficial to have a worker-peasant origin, but with the advent of other times, people began to look for the roots of their aristocratic origin); c) objective, based on the prestige of the profession, level of education and income. In this case, the following vertical stratification is used: 1) the highest class of professionals; 2) mid-level technicians; 3) commercial class; 4) the petty bourgeoisie; 5) technicians and workers performing managerial functions; 6) skilled workers; 7) unskilled workers.
Social mobility and social stratification are two sides of the same coin. Social stability is ensured due to a certain state of the social structure: the presence of a set of certain strata, say, the middle class, and the state of each of them, for example, the number of unemployed.
The revolution is associated with a change in social stratification: some strata disappear, others take their place. Moreover, the revolution gives this process a massive character. So, after the 1917 revolution, the classes of the bourgeoisie, aristocracy, Cossacks, kulaks, clergy, etc. were eliminated.
The destruction of layers and classes is accompanied by changes in the way of life. Each stratum is the bearer of certain social (cultural, moral, etc.) relations, standards and lifestyle. With a sharp and all-encompassing change in stratification, society finds itself in a marginal, extremely unstable state.
For a long time, the class approach to determining the structure of society prevailed in Russian social psychology. A class is a large social group that differs from others in its ability to access public wealth (distribution of benefits), power, and social prestige. The socio-psychological characteristics of classes are based on their social needs, interests, quality, way and lifestyle. The main disadvantage of the class approach is that it does not reflect real stratification, since it determines social differentiation based on taking into account only two indicators: the social division of labor and private ownership of the means of production. Stratification has always existed. In Russia, the tribal community was divided into the tribal nobility, free community members and dependent members. Then the estates gradually began to take shape.
They were social groups that differ not only in their actual position in society, but also in their legal place in the state. Belonging to a particular class was considered hereditary. However, this requirement was not strictly observed, in contrast to the unconditional fulfillment of caste norms. The upper classes included the nobility and the clergy. Real social differentiation has never been limited to classes such as workers, peasants and the intelligentsia.
In a totalitarian state with a planned distribution economy, a real stratum-forming feature is the proximity to the distribution of funds, a deficit. In this regard, stratification consists of the following layers: nomenclature, sales workers, etc.
In order to get into the nomenklatura, that is, the elite, and receive a lifelong high status, one had to be a pioneer, a member of the Komsomol, a party, observe certain etiquette and have connections. But the stratification was not only corporate-departmental, but also territorial. The "watershed" was formed between people depending on where the person lived - in the capital, a provincial city or in a village. As for the so-called "declassed" elements, vagabonds, the statistics did not take these strata into account.
The deformed stratification began to take shape after the liberalization of prices in the country. Under market conditions, the differentiation of society is inevitable, but the character that it acquired immediately after the start of reforms cannot be called anything other than threatening. On the one hand, a stratum with too high incomes has formed, on the other, an impoverished population: lumpen, unemployed. There was a sharp stratification along the material lines. The difference between the layers has reached a colossal size. At the same time, signs such as education and competence have lost their meaning. The stratification process has acquired an ugly, largely criminal nature. Lacking start-up opportunities, honest people were cut off from the business. As for the nomenklatura and former offenders who had start-up capital, they were in a better position. The middle class of wealthy people has never formed.
Deformed stratification has developed not only in society, but also in the army and in criminal communities (however, it has always existed here). In the army, such a stratification was called "bullying", "hazing", the essence of which is the mockery of old servicemen ("grandfathers") over the "young."
Stratification in the criminal environment, that is, the caste distinction of people and endowing them in accordance with this with strictly defined rights and obligations, is one of the main manifestations of the criminal subculture. In a youth criminal environment, it suggests:
Rigid division into “us” and “foes”, and “us” into “top and bottom”;
Social stigma: designation of belonging to the "elite" by certain symbols (nicknames, etc.);
Difficult upward mobility and facilitated downward mobility (changing status from lower to higher is difficult, and vice versa);
Justification of upward mobility - increased passing of tests or a guarantee of "authority", downward mobility - violation of the "laws" of the criminal world;
The autonomy of the existence of each caste, the difficulty, even the impossibility of friendly contacts between the "lower classes" and the "elite" because of the threats of ostracism for persons from the "elite" who agreed to such contacts;
The “elite” of the criminal world has its own “laws”, value systems, taboos, privileges;
Stability of status: attempts by people from the “lower classes” to get rid of their status are severely punished, as well as attempts to use privileges in the criminal world that are not in terms of status (V.F. Pirozhkov).
The status-role structure manifests itself not only in privileges, but also in appearance, especially in clothes, the manner of speaking, walking, etc.
Each stratum is characterized by a certain way of life by well-established typical forms of life of the individual and communities, in other words, habits, traditions, and stereotypes of behavior.
There are different types of lifestyles:
Healthy, which presupposes proper nutrition, adherence to hygiene standards, the presence of psychologically comfortable conditions at work and at home, playing sports, orderly rest, avoiding stress, sound sleep, minimal alcohol consumption;
Morally healthy, meeting the content of the basic values of life and culture;
Closed, ascetic, suggesting constant concern for the salvation of the soul and Spartan modesty;
Bohemian, associated with a loose adherence to everyday norms of communication;
- "student", associated with carelessness and easy attitude to life.
The list of these types can be continued for completely different reasons. The fact is that there are as many types of lifestyle as there are varieties of communities. In accordance with this, the army, urban, rural, monastic, sectarian, resort lifestyles, as well as the lifestyle of vagabonds, invalids, "golden youth", the nomenclature, "white collars", trade workers, criminals, etc., are distinguished.
The structure of the way of life includes the following components: -axiological (value, normative), meaning an orientation towards observing certain rules of behavior. For example, the Soviet way of life was maintained at the expense of blind faith in the correctness of the policy pursued, the superiority of the system, and the empowerment of power to control the fate of the country and each person. It was on the basis of these principles that national consent was ensured. The abrupt abandonment of them led to a spiritual crisis for entire generations. In this regard, it should be emphasized once again that only convergence of values, a compromise are possible;
Behavioral, expressed in habits, stable ways of responding to various social situations;
Cognitive * associated with the content of pictures of the world, cognitive stereotypes;
Communicative, due to the inclusion of a person in the system of social ties, as well as the state of the active vocabulary of various social groups, their thesaurus, vocabulary, stylistics, jargon, professionalism, special terminology, pronunciation.
So, a certain system of socio-cultural values, priorities, preferences is at the heart of this or that way of life; pictures of the world, understanding of the norm; social circle, interests, needs and ways to satisfy them; social stereotypes, habits.
The problem of the social way of life is closely related to the socio-psychological typology of people. They try to classify people for various reasons. The socio-psychological approach to the typology of people differs from the typology, based on taking into account individual differences. From the standpoint of the socio-psychological approach, the normative side of the way of life and the expectations that arise in connection with this are important; the status occupied by the person and her role-playing behavior. As you know, a person can take a certain status only if his behavior meets expectations. The most striking examples are M. Bulgakov's heroes Sharikov and Shvonder. These types met the expectations of the class ideology of the so-called proletarian culture.
Lifestyle is an essential characteristic not only of individual social groups, but also of entire generations. This is a temporary, concrete historical characteristic. It is no coincidence that representatives of various groups who lived at the same time are spoken of as a single community, for example, about the people of the sixties. There is a segment of the life of the nation behind this.
From a moral point of view, there is an interest in the way of life, which has received the name "domostroy". It is discordant with the modern, urbanized way of life, but it is very instructive and useful. The conservative lifestyle is not the worst, as evidenced by the history of England.
There was an attempt to substantiate the existence of the Soviet way of life, which is based on collectivism, etc. There are opinions that the Soviet way of life is just another myth. You can criticize it, disagree with those sides of it that were formed in the conditions of communal apartments, dormitories, villages cut off from the whole world by the roadlessness, but it is impossible to argue that there was no Soviet way of life at all, or it cannot be endowed with only negative characteristics.
The lifestyle of specific social groups is always influenced by ethnopsychological characteristics. From this point of view, Russia is characterized not by an individual, but by a communal way of life. One cannot but reckon with this. P.A. Stolypin was the first to attempt to destroy this way of life, which is not always economically efficient.
The reforms that began in 1991 in the country changed the content of the lifestyle of an entire generation. They gave it dynamism, new meaning. The way of life of the entrepreneurial circles was formed, often not much like the way of life of Russian merchants, the charitable activities of Savva Morozov or the cultural and educational activities of S. Mamontov and P. Tretyakov. In many ways, he turned out to be criminalized, based on a criminal ethics.
A criminal lifestyle is a lifestyle of criminal communities based on a subculture. It is not universal. Each criminal group, category of offenders has its own way of life. Its distinctive features in some cases are conspiracy, hierarchy of relations, in others - demonstrative luxury, the cult of power.
A way of life cannot be imagined without its quality. In Russian literature, instead of this concept, the concept of "standard of living" is used. The quality of life is characterized by nutrition, health, education, housing, means of satisfying spiritual needs, durable goods, transport services, criminal security, etc. As you can see, the level and quality of life are far from the same. The standard of living records only the ratio of income and expenses, the quality of life is a subtle and sensitive integral indicator that takes into account, for example, the following signs: whether a person lives in a prestigious area or not, uses public or personal transport, eats organic food or toxic food, has access to cultural property or not, etc.
Lifestyle is no less significant socio-psychological characteristic. Usually they mean the dominant type of activity and its main features and therefore talk about the business, creative lifestyle, etc. At the same time, the lifestyle is formed from such actions and objects of property, which are interpreted as symbols of the position occupied by holiness in a particular stratification structure. In other words, it is "conspicuous consumption." This understanding of the lifestyle is evidenced by the facts that characterize the numerous presentations of Russian entrepreneurs who were born, and the behavior of some representatives of the underworld.
At the same time, the lifestyle is largely associated with the cognitive sphere of a person, the formed pictures of the world, stereotypes, and individual differences.
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9. Basic concepts of human ecology. Environmental crisis. Global pollutants of environmental objects.
Human ecology is a complex ecological, socio-economic branch of knowledge, where all social, economic and natural conditions are considered as equally important components of the human environment, providing different aspects of his needs.
Human ecology includes:
social ecology;
environmental hazards (EOF), including chemical (chemical pollution of the environment), physical (electromagnetic, radioactive, vibration, noise, light, thermal), biological (biological pollution, contamination of the environment, the source of which are living organisms and living vectors), mechanical ( solid waste, garbage) factors.
Ecological crisis is a persistent imbalance between society and nature, manifested in environmental degradation- on the one hand, and inability of state administrative structures to get out of this state and restore balance society and nature - on the other hand.
Main pollutants: 1. CO2 - greenhouse effect. 2. CO - balance of the upper atmosphere. 3. NxOy (N20, NO, N2O3, NO2, N2O5) - smog, respiratory diseases. 4. SO2. 5. Phosphates (hydrosphere). 6. Heavy metals Hg, Pb. 7. Oil and oil products. 8. Pesticides. 9. Radiation. Technological causes of global pollution: 1. Development of non-renewable and renewable natural resources. 2. Construction and mining operations. 3. Fuel combustion. 4. Production of mineral fertilizers. 5. Development of the chemical industry. 6. Imperfection of technology.
10. Lifestyle: standard of living, quality of life, lifestyle. Healthy lifestyle. Physical activity and health.
Lifestyle is a certain type of human activity, which includes a set of various types of activity, people's behavior in everyday life.
The standard of living (the level of well-being) characterizes the size and structure of needs. These are quantitative indicators of living conditions. The standard of living is determined by the size of the gross product, national income, real incomes of the population, provision of housing, medical care, and indicators of public health.
Lifestyle - individual characteristics of behavior in everyday life.
The quality of life is the quality of those conditions in which the daily life of people is carried out (the quality of living conditions, food, education, medical care).
A healthy lifestyle (HLS) is a term that is being used more and more often. The simplest definition of a healthy lifestyle is everything that has a beneficial effect on health. Consequently, the concept of a healthy lifestyle includes all the positive aspects of people's activities: job satisfaction, active life position, social optimism, high physical activity, well-arranged life, absence of bad habits, high medical activity, etc.
Physical activity is one of the most important factors that have a positive effect on the growth and development of the body at all stages, from the prenatal period to deep old age. Due to the changed living conditions and industrial activity, the majority of the population is currently experiencing a deficit in physical activity, i.e. hypodynamia. Over the past 100 years, the physical load on the human body has decreased more than 90 times. Muscle loading is necessary for a person. Without muscle work, none of the body systems can function normally. Muscles are not only the basis of the musculoskeletal system, but are also closely related to the work of internal organs. Decrease in physical activity significantly affects the psychoemotional state. Physical inactivity refers to the so-called major, or major, health risk factors. Insufficient physical activity leads to numerous negative changes in the body (deteriorates the function of the central nervous system, weakness of the musculoskeletal system, a decrease in the natural stability of the body, metabolic disorders), which ultimately leads to obesity, coronary heart disease, osteochondrosis, atherosclerosis and many other diseases. Physical education, appropriate for age, state of health, level of physical fitness, increase the body's resistance to infections, changes in atmospheric parameters, stress; delay the aging process; stimulate intellectual activity; strengthen the musculoskeletal system; train the cardiovascular and respiratory system; activate the emotional sphere.
The optimal physiological level of daily energy expenditure for muscle activity is 2,000 ... 4,800 kcal, but even if a person spends 2,000 kcal per week on physical training, the likelihood of, for example, cardiovascular diseases is significantly reduced.
Physical activity is an essential part of a healthy lifestyle. Optimal (except for daily morning exercises) are considered to be weekly physical education at least 2 ... 3 times for 45 ... 60 minutes. The minimum daily physical activity is muscular work equivalent to 10 km of calm walking. For older people, this distance is reduced to 5 ... 7 km. The types of physical exercise are very diverse: walking, running, swimming, skating, cycling, gymnastics, volleyball, tennis, etc.
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Introduction
The relevance of studying the way of life of people in modern conditions is associated, first of all, with the incessant changes taking place in society. During the existence of each society, the formation, and then the development of specific forms of the economic, political, cultural life of people, gradually takes place. Changing the living conditions of members of society entails a change in the ways of its organization, that is, the way of life. In other words, we can talk about the features and characteristics of the way of life, specific to a particular studied society.
A portrait of the young part of the population will give us a generalized idea of their way of life, highlight the specific qualities of modern Russian youth more vividly, identify those vital zones in which the connection between generations can be lost, as well as those zones where this connection is reproduced, will determine the state of social and moral spiritual continuity between generations.
Object of study: youth aged 17 to 26, older generation aged 40 to 50.
Subject of study: lifestyle of youth 17-26 years old in Stavropol.
Research problem: the way of life of modern youth has basically preserved the way of life of the previous generation (parents), acquired distinctive properties, but was not fully formed.
Purpose of the study: to determine the prospects for the development of the way of life of youth 17-26 in Stavropol.
Research objectives:
1) to reveal the concept of a way of life;
2) analyze the research "Youth of the new Russia: way of life and value priorities";
3) to reveal the peculiarities of the way of life of young people;
4) study the lifestyle of youth in Stavropol;
5) to conduct a comparative analysis of the study "Youth of the new Russia: way of life and value priorities" and research on the way of life of young people in Stavropol;
Hypothesis-grounds: ways of changing the way of life of young people are determined by the way of life of the previous generation, if the concept of "success" coincides.
Hypotheses - Consequences:
1. If parents strive to create a strong family and raise good children, then young people will also strive to create a strong family.
2. The more successful the parents are, the more success the children will strive to achieve.
Research methods: analysis of educational and other literature, analysis of publications of scientific periodicals, comparative analysis.
Theoretical foundations for studying the lifestyle and value priorities of youth
The integrative nature of the category "lifestyle" in relation to the concepts of "lifestyle", "standard of living", "quality of life", "lifestyle", "standard of life"
The category "lifestyle" is widely used by representatives of various disciplines related to the study of the social and cultural life of people: economics, sociology, social psychology, history, cultural theory, etc. Today this concept functions as a socially established scientific category. The growing interest in the socio-cultural life of people in connection with their way of life is due to both social and practical and scientific and theoretical factors.
Lifestyle is a concept used in the social sciences to characterize the conditions and characteristics of the daily life of people in a particular society. The way of life is determined by the essential features and characteristics of a certain socio-economic formation.
All social differences existing in society - between classes and social strata, between town and country, between people of mental and physical labor, between skilled and unskilled workers - are reflected in their way of life. This gives reason to talk about different species (or subspecies).
The way of life covers all essential spheres of human activity: work, forms of its social organization, everyday life, forms of people using their free time, their participation in political and social life, forms of satisfying their material and spiritual needs, norms and rules of behavior that have become part of everyday practice. Therefore, the way of life is affected not only by economic relations, but also by the socio-political system, culture and worldview of people. In turn, the way people live has a decisive influence on their way of thinking.
Lifestyle is a sociological category that is richer in comparison with the economic category "standard of living", which is expressed mainly in quantitative indicators. These usually include the level of wages and average income per capita, the level of prices for consumer goods, average consumption rates per capita, etc. The way of life includes, along with the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the conditions and forms of life of people.
The concept (category) "way of life" denotes an organized set of processes and phenomena of the life of people in society. The ways of organizing these processes and phenomena are determined by the natural-geographical, social and cultural conditions of their implementation, on the one hand, and the personal characteristics of representatives of various sociocultural groups, on the other. The concept reflects the daily life of people and serves to identify the ratio of established, typical and variable, individual characteristics of the life of various people in certain areas of culture. The content of a lifestyle is determined by how people live, what they do, what types of activities and interactions with each other fill their lives. The form of a way of life is determined by the way people organize the content of their life, those. organization of processes of activity, behavior, interaction in various spheres of culture. Consequently, a way of life is a dynamic socio-cultural "portrait" of members of society, presented through the processes of their life in certain conditions, an integrity that has a cultural meaning and is conditioned by a person's ability to productive activity.
Natural, social, cultural conditions have a fundamental formative influence on the organization by people of the diversity of their life manifestations. They provide and limit the specific historical possibilities of choosing the forms of self-realization of the individual in socio-cultural life. Therefore, when analyzing the way of life of people, the study of the conditions of their vital activity is a necessary component of the study. However, they are not included in the concept itself, but are considered as a kind of socio-cultural determinants of the forms and processes of people organizing their life activity, lifestyle.
Lifestyle refers to more than the way people organize their daily lives. It is also associated with the identification of the sociocultural significance of assessments by representatives of various sociocultural groups of their own way of life, the way of life of other people, as well as the current state of social and cultural life in general.
When defining the category "way of life" it is important to emphasize its integrative nature in relation to such concepts as "way of life", "standard of living", "quality of life", "lifestyle", "standard of life". These concepts reveal and concretize the content of the category "way of life" at various levels of analysis of socio-cultural dynamics.
Concept "way of life" characterizes specific historical socio-economic and political aspects of culture, within which the way of life of its carriers unfolds. As indicators of the way of life are the nature of ownership of the means of production, the nature of the economy, social relations, leading ideologies, political system, etc. The urbanization indicator (the ratio of urban to rural population) is also of paramount importance here.
Concept "standard of living" is used to directly and indirectly quantify the degree of satisfaction of the needs and demands of members of society in the period under consideration. The indicators of the standard of living include such as the size of wages and per capita income, benefits and payments from public consumption funds, the structure of consumption of food and industrial goods, the level of development of health care systems, education, consumer services, and the state of housing conditions.
Concept "the quality of life" implies the degree of satisfaction of needs and demands of a more complex nature, not amenable to direct quantitative measurement, and performs a socio-evaluative function in relation to the category of "lifestyle". The indicators of the quality of life include the nature and content of work and leisure, "satisfaction with them, the degree of comfort in work and everyday life (including the quality of living quarters, industrial premises and the surrounding object environment); the degree of satisfaction of the individual with knowledge, social activity and self-development, the degree of realization of existing in society moral and ethical values.This can also include indicators of average life expectancy, morbidity, natural population growth, its demographic and social structure.
Concept "life style" is used to designate the characteristic specific ways of self-expression of representatives of various socio-cultural groups, manifested in their daily life: in activities, behavior, relationships. Lifestyle indicators are the peculiarities of the individual organization of methods and skills in labor activity, the choice of the circle and forms of communication, characteristic ways of self-expression (including demonstrative traits of behavior), the specifics of the structure and content of the consumption of goods and services, as well as the organization of the immediate socio-cultural environment and free time. This concept is closely related to the general cultural concept of fashion.
"Standard of Life" is a theoretical analytical concept designed to provide a starting point when comparing the lifestyle, level and quality of life of representatives of various sociocultural groups. It is constructed as a statistical "fashion" of these parameters of the way of life, in this sense we can talk about the standards of the way, level, quality of life, characteristic of society as a whole or individual social groups in the period under consideration.
As noted earlier, the way of life of people is determined by two significant groups of factors and conditions, objective and subjective.
The objective conditions and factors that differentiate the way of life of people in a particular historical period are subdivided as follows:
Natural: geographic, climatic, ecological, biological, demographic, etc .;
Social: the nature of the division of labor and its conditions, social structure and stratification (stratification) of society;
Cultural: the volume of cultural information and its distribution by areas and levels of culture, the structure of socio-cultural norms and values in force here - economic, socio-political, ideological, cognitive, ethical, aesthetic, etc.
The theoretical intersection of these groups of conditions and factors that determine the socio-cultural life of people determines the specific historical spheres of the implementation of their way of life in accordance with the fundamental division of activities into specialized (professional) and non-specialized (everyday).
Subjective factors and conditions affecting the way of life of people include, on the one hand, the perception and assessment of the objective conditions of their existence by representatives of various social groups, and on the other, their needs, requests, motives, motives, interests, value orientations, goals and etc. The specificity of the interaction of subjective and objective factors determines the differences in the content, structure and form of the way of life of people in the same society. Therefore, it is important to dwell in more detail on the consideration of the factors and mechanisms that determine this specificity.
Socio-cultural opportunities for the manifestation of vital activity, the vital activity of an individual in each historical period have their own qualitative definiteness. They are established and recognized in culture as socially significant and delimited from each other as a system of actions and interactions of people, an area of individual and collective application of efforts. The structure of such culturally established spheres of life is a relatively stable way of organizing the object-spatial characteristics of the environment of certain types of mental and physical actions of people, their biopsychic processes and mental states around a specific socially significant goal or function (or around their totality).
Such established spheres of human life in modern society can be typologized on the basis of fundamental functions that ensure the reproduction of the existence of society and the individual. From this point of view, the following levels and the corresponding culturally established forms of life can be distinguished:
1. Organization of material and social foundations of life support:
Labor in production;
Household labor;
Activities related to the purchase and use of goods and services.
2. Organization of socialization processes:
Acquisition of general education; - professional training,
Public activity;
Amateur activities;
Physical education and sports.
3. Social communication:
Professional (formal) interaction;
Informal (including friendly) communication;
Family relationships;
Obtaining information through the mass media;
Trips;
Movement within the settlement.
4. Recovery of energy costs:
Food intake;
Compliance with personal hygiene;
Passive rest, sleep.
Speaking about the structure and content of people's lifestyles, it is important to remember that they do not remain unchanged over time, their changes throughout a person's life also occur under the influence of objective and subjective factors. Objective factors are certain types of activities that are obligatory or accessible to all members of society, in which they take part and which for a certain period of their life cycle are stable components of their way of life (for example, education in secondary school, work, etc.). Subjective factors are associated with a change in the importance of a particular type of activity for an individual (for example, as he becomes involved in work, a person begins to feel more interested in his profession than during training) or, conversely, with a refusal to take part in any of the activities available to him. types of activity (for example, after several years of study at a higher educational institution, a person decides to leave him and go to work), as well as with a change in preferences in the subject world. The individual choice of people from the "given" culturally established types of activity that are available in society at the time of their birth, their subject conditions, means and results and the ways of organizing these types and elements of the environment in different periods of the life cycle determine not only the structure of their way of life, but also the period of time during which all this remains stable.
Thus, we can conclude that the social environment influences and partly shapes the way of life of people, in turn, the way of life has a decisive influence on their way of thinking, culture and behavior. Objective conditions and factors that differentiate the way of life of people include natural (geographic, climatic, ecological, biological, demographic, etc.), social (division of labor and its conditions, social structure and stratification of society), cultural (amount of cultural information and its distribution by areas and levels of culture, the structure of the socio-cultural norms and values in force here). The subjective factors and conditions that affect the way of life of people include the perception and assessment by representatives of various social groups of the objective conditions of their existence, their needs, requests, motives, motives, interests, value orientations, goals, etc.
When conducting a study devoted to the study of the lifestyle of modern youth in Stavropol, one should take into account the life aspirations of youth, the attitude of youth to politics, personal and family values, the culture of youth, the human and social potential of youth groups, and their attitude to interethnic relations, social and cultural factors , socio-economic characteristics, socio-typical characteristics, individual characteristics of youth.
value priority youth generation
