II.3. Orthodox church. Construction of the temple. The actual temple or quadrangle. The narthex The meaning of the word chetverik in the architectural dictionary New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, T. F. Efremova

December 2016

The quadrangle in Orthodox culture is the main structural element of the Temple, connecting together all the volumes of the Temple; its significance cannot be overestimated.

The revival of Orthodox culture at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries confronts architects with the task of building not only small village churches, but also majestic cathedrals. The requirements for constructive solutions for large cathedrals are high; the cost of building materials and construction requires justified, economical solutions.

The use of prefabricated and monolithic reinforced concrete is not always justified for both economic and technical reasons. The need for an expensive tower crane, the cost of setting up formwork at a height of many tens of meters to pour concrete, all this leads customers to the idea of returning to the classic building material - brick.

When starting design, you need to turn to the design principles of Orthodox Temples to select proportions and sections. The main structures of the quadrangle, together with the vault, central drum and dome, create the volume of the upper Temple and require detailed design.

In this article we will consider a scheme for calculating a quadrangle for a temple 45 - 50 meters high with classical proportions in plan. We will begin our consideration with the drawings of Academician of Architecture V.V. Strelov, who published in 1893 in the magazine "ZODCHIY" drawings of the Church built in the Feodorovsky convent in the Vladimir province.

Figure No. 1 shows plans for the quadrangle and roof, with elements of brickwork and vaulting.

Rice. 1

If we analyze the development of architectural thought of the 19th - 19th centuries in the context of the construction of Orthodox Temples, it should be noted that the canonical solution of the quadrangle and vaults came to Rus' from Byzantium, and was developed in terms of the use of structural materials and construction methods.

Design solutions received intensive development in the second half of the 19th century, and by the beginning of the 20th century it was believed that the designs of arches, vaults, sails, etc. elements are well studied. An example would be the publication "Arches and vaults Comp. V.R. Bergard. Part 1: Construction of arches and vaults, Issue 1. - St. Petersburg, 1901."

It should be noted that architects usually rarely considered the issues of tying brickwork in complex spatial structures such as sails or mating arches in their works, but focused on design diagrams/models and architectural solutions. Unfortunately, after 1917 the tradition of building Temples was interrupted.

Now scattered data has been preserved on the architectural solutions used, and almost no data has been preserved on the methods of bricklaying, the row binding of bricks when laying out complex elements of the Temples. In our article we will try to clarify some points that became clear to us when developing the project of the Temple in St. Petersburg with brick vaults, and which, in our opinion, may be of interest to readers.

We carried out the new project according to the classical scheme in compliance with canonical proportions. Below is the classic floor plan of the upper Temple.

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With the classic layout, visitors to the Temple pass through the central entrance under the bell tower, pass under the choir and find themselves in the central room - the quadrangle. In this project, the ceiling is made of reinforced concrete, and the walls and columns of the quadrangle are made of solid brick. All arches (small girth and central), sails, drums (central and small) are also made of brick.

In the first part of the article we will look at the main nodes of the quadrangle:

Side arches

Central girth arches and columns

Pulls (puffs)

We will select the dimensions of the mortgage for tightening.

1. Side arches. Calculation, deformation, materials.

The reader, of course, wants to know how the internal volume of the temple is formed according to the classical scheme. The picture below shows a cross-section of a classic brick Temple, made entirely of brick. The given drawing by Academician of Architecture V.V. Strelov, was published in 1893 in the magazine "ZODCHY".

Rice. 3

The diagram below clearly shows how the brick vaults of the arches, the junctions of the arches with the columns and the laying out of the vaults were implemented.

The drum and dome, installed on top of the quadrangle, create large loads on the columns and arches that absorb these loads. The transfer of loads from the central drum and dome to the columns of the quadrangle occurs through the central arches and sails. The columns transmit bursting loads to the side small girth arches (of which there are 8 pieces) and to metal rods embedded in the bases of the heels of the central arches. Small girth arches transfer loads to the side (enclosing walls). The entire listed structure in our case weighed more than 350 tons.

It should be noted that all calculations in the 19th century were approximate, were rather geometric, analogue in nature, and during construction a large margin of safety was laid down (which allowed many abandoned Temples to survive to this day without proper care). Modern computers make it possible to calculate a model of the temple with high accuracy.

For example, the calculation models of side girth arches made of brick are shown below. The lateral girth arches are unloaded through the side walls of the Temple, so the junctions of the arches and walls must be covered with masonry nets every two rows to distribute the load in the masonry. Calculations are shown in kN/m2.

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It should be noted that calculations show that the classic quadruple design can be workable without tightening - in this case, the loads will be absorbed by the side walls of the Temple, which can be about a meter thick.

Fig.5

However, the lack of tie rods in the central arches creates excess stress in the central arches and when producing them from brick, it is advisable to use tie rods that absorb the loads from the central drum and dome and do not allow them to be transferred to the outer walls.

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It should be noted that the supporting columns of the quadrangle must be laid out of solid brick of a grade not lower than 150 on a mortar of a grade not lower than 100.

Moreover, in large Temples the cross-section of columns can be within 1.5 X 15 or even 2.0 X 2.0 meters. The brickwork of the columns is laid with masonry mesh made from BPI d4 reinforcement with a cell of 50x50 mm. every four rows, and in tense places (junctions of arches) every 2 rows. In the place where the rods are embedded, it is recommended to lay out each row with nets.

With proper design, vertical movements of columns and arches under load will be minimal.

Rice. 7

For example, Figure 7 shows the calculation of a central arch with a span of 9 meters. The magnitude of vertical movements under load (sails + drum + dome) ranges from Uz=0.126133 mm to Uz=-11.0182 mm, which is acceptable.

For clarity, a schematic diagram of the deformation of retaining arches is shown in Figure No. 8.

Rice. 8

2. Calculation of the main girth arches and brick columns

The central arches take on the load from the central drum and dome. In addition, the design contains “sails”, which, being complex curved surfaces, significantly complicate the designer’s work.

Calculation of central arches in the setting of a rod model

Initial parameters of the arched lintel:

Span - 8.51 m
Arch lift boom - 3.80 m
Arch thickness - 1.55 m
Radius - 4.26 m

The design diagram of the arch is shown in Figure 9.

Rice. No. 9

The check is done for three variants of the model:

Hinged arch
Arches with 2 hinges (in supports)
Arch with 3 hinges (supports and top)

According to the proposed parameters, the maximum stresses in the arch section (in the general sample) are 1.82 MPa

According to Table 2 SP 15.13330.2012 “Stone and reinforced stone structures” we select the brand of stone and mortar.

In our case, the strength of an arched lintel of a given cross-section (155x103 cm) will be ensured with a minimum grade of stone M150 on a mortar M100.

Calculation of central arches in the formulation of a model of volumetric finite elements.

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In such a calculation scheme, it is possible to immediately evaluate the stresses at each point of the masonry, without calculating separate force factors. In addition to vertical stresses, it is necessary to evaluate the stresses along the X and Y axis.

When analyzing the data obtained, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Calculations using volumetric finite elements, in general, do not contradict previous calculations. Since this method contains the least number of simplifications, it is recommended to take it as the main one when assessing the performance of the quadruple elements.
The presence of tie bars in this Temple is not technically necessary, but it significantly evens out the distribution of vertical compressive stresses in the columns.
Calculations show that the central columns have stresses in the masonry body from 1.7 to 3.4 MPa with local zones in which the forces reach 4.2 mPa. In places of excess stress, it is necessary to use relaying with storage nets to reduce stress.
The compressive strength of unreinforced masonry made of M150 bricks on M100 mortar is 2.0 mPa. When reinforcing with masonry mesh, there is slightly more:
reinforcement through 2 rows - 4,33 mPa, 3 rows - 3.70 mPa, 4 rows - 3.28 mPa.
Based on this, in the central columns of the quadrangle it is necessary to use the following reinforcement - masonry mesh made from BPI d4 reinforcement with a cell of 50x50 mm. The main body of the column is reinforced through 4 rows; supporting part of the column (2 meters) - through 2 rows; the zone between the supporting sections of the main and side girth arches (taking into account the effect of the air connection) - in each row.

3. Puffs. Calculation of forces, selection of sections.

Puffs have historically been placed in Orthodox Churches. Depending on the width (depth) of the arched vault that needed to be tightened, they could use from one to three ties, usually embedded in the bases of the heels of the arches. The ties cannot be placed close to the edges of the arches being tightened, because they can be torn out under load.

The loads on the tightening are shown in Figure 11. Two puffs are shown here.

Rice. 11

For example, the shown tightening force in the 3D model is 31 tons. Let's take the same amount for the force from the temperature change.

We take the tightening section based on the standard: 1 ton per 1 cm2 of steel.

The final tightening section S = 62 tons x 100 mm2 = 6200 mm2. Typically, steel strips of suitable cross-section are used. If there are two (double) puffs, then we get a cross-section of each puff of 3100 mm2.

4. Selection of the dimensions of the mortgage for tightening.

We are limited to stresses of 2.0 mPa for masonry made of M150 stone on M100 mortar. For reinforced concrete, the stresses will be different and we will show calculations for them in another article.

Applicable single puff. The tightening force in the three-dimensional model is 31 tons. Let's take the same amount for the force from the temperature change.

The total force that the embedment in the body of the column must absorb is about 60 tons in the plane of the arch.

One mortgage will be subject to loads from two connections at an angle of 90 degrees to each other, that is, the resultant force will be directed towards the center of the building and will be 84.9 tons. To prevent collapse under the influence of this force, a minimum area of pressure on the masonry is required - 84.9/20 = 4242 cm2.

We assume that the mortgage is a cylinder; it transmits the pressure from the bond by half of the side surface.

A cylinder with a diameter of 16 cm and a length of 170 cm has the corresponding lateral surface area. The cylinder can be replaced with a square pipe with a cross-section of similar dimensions.

Typical node solution:

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In practice, the arrangement of the central quadruple tightening looks like this:

We hope you found our article useful. In the second part of the article we will look at the design solutions of the elements of the Temple.

The team of the company "Peter Developmentnet".

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quadruple- a/, m. 1) Old Russian measure of the volume of granular bodies. Quadrangle of oats. 2) Old Russian measure of land area, equal to 1/4 tithe (0.27 hectares). 3) outdated Four horses in one team. A foursome of tall horses jumped out from around the corner. 4) In Russian and... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language

Chetverik- tetrahedral (quadrangular in plan) volume in Russian wooden and stone architecture. In the temple architecture of pre-Petrine times, the main part of the temple building had a quadrangle shape, and inside it could have pillars supporting vaults and a dome. In the 17th and 18th centuries, pillarless churches with a quadrangle covered with a cross-shaped, closed or stepped vault became widespread. In tented churches and in the architecture of the Naryshkin Baroque, the quadrangle was often used in combination with the upper octagonal tier standing on it - the octagon. Such a multi-tiered temple is often called an “octagon on a quadrangle”.

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Excerpt characterizing Chetverik (building)

- Three and a half miles, Your Majesty.
-Have the French left the left bank?
“As the scouts reported, the last ones crossed on rafts that night.
– Is there enough fodder in Krems?
– The fodder was not delivered in that quantity...
The Emperor interrupted him.
– At what time was General Schmit killed?...
- At seven o'clock, I think.
- At 7 o'clock. Very sad! Very sad!
The Emperor said his thanks and bowed. Prince Andrei came out and was immediately surrounded on all sides by courtiers. Kind eyes looked at him from all sides and gentle words were heard. Yesterday's adjutant reproached him for not staying at the palace and offered him his home. The Minister of War approached, congratulating him on the Order of Maria Theresa, 3rd class, which the Emperor had bestowed upon him. The Empress's chamberlain invited him to see Her Majesty. The Archduchess also wanted to see him. He didn’t know who to answer, and took a few seconds to collect his thoughts. The Russian envoy took him by the shoulder, took him to the window and began to talk to him.

CHETVERIK

in Russian and Ukrainian architecture (mainly 17-18 centuries) a structure or part of it, 4-sided in plan. In the compositions of many tented and tiered churches it is combined with an 8-sided part (“octagonal to quadrangular”).

Architectural Dictionary. 2012

II.3. Orthodox church. Construction of the temple. The actual temple or quadrangle. The narthex The meaning of the word chetverik in the architectural dictionary New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, T. F. Efremova

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Excerpt characterizing Chetverik (building)

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what CHETVERIK is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books: