The history of mankind is the history of scientific discoveries that made this world more technologically advanced and perfect, improved the quality of life, and helped to understand the world around us. This review contains 15 scientific discoveries that had a key impact on the development of civilization and which people still use today. .
1. Penicillin
As you know, Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin (the first antibiotic) in 1928. If this had not happened, people would probably still be dying from things like stomach ulcers, tooth abscesses, tonsillitis and scarlet fever, staph infections, leptospirosis, etc.
2. Mechanical watches
It is worth noting that there is still a lot of controversy regarding what can be considered the first mechanical watch. However, as a rule, their inventor is considered to be the Chinese monk and mathematician I-Hsing (723 AD). This innovative discovery allowed people to measure time.
3. Screw pump
One of the most important ancient Greek scientists, Archimedes is believed to have developed one of the first water pumps, which pushed water up a tube. This completely transformed irrigation.
4. Gravity
This is a well-known story - the famous English mathematician and physicist Isaac Newton discovered the force of gravity after an apple fell on his head in 1664. His discovery explains why things fall to earth and why planets revolve around the sun.
5. Pasteurization
Discovered by French scientist Louis Pasteur in the 1860s, pasteurization is a heat treatment process that destroys pathogenic microorganisms in certain foods and beverages such as wine, beer and milk. This discovery had a huge impact on public health.
It is common knowledge that modern civilization grew thanks to the Industrial Revolution, the main cause of which was the steam engine. In fact, this engine was not invented overnight, but rather it was gradually developed over about a hundred years thanks to 3 British inventors: Thomas Savery, Thomas Newcomen and (most famously) James Watt.
7. Electricity
The fateful discovery of electricity belongs to the English scientist Michael Faraday. He also discovered the basic principles of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis. During his experiments, Faraday also created the first generator that produced electricity.
8. DNA
Many people believe that American biologist James Watson and English physicist Francis Crick discovered DNA in the 1950s, but in fact, deoxyribonucleic acid was first identified in the late 1860s by Swiss chemist Friedrich Miescher. Then, in the decades following Miescher's discovery, other scientists conducted many scientific studies that helped to understand how organisms pass on their genes and how they control how cells function.
9. Pain relief
Crude forms of anesthesia such as opium, mandrake and alcohol were used as early as 70 AD. But it was not until 1847 that American surgeon Henry Bigelow determined that ether and chloroform could be anesthetics, thereby making painful surgery much more tolerable.
10. Theory of relativity
Albert Einstein's two related theories - special relativity and general relativity - were published in 1905. They transformed theoretical physics and astronomy in the 20th century, replacing Newton's 200-year-old mechanical theory. This theory became the basis for much of modern science.
11. X-ray radiation
German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895 while he was studying the phenomena that accompany the passage of electric current through an extremely low-pressure gas. For this pioneering discovery, Roentgen was awarded the first ever Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.
12. Periodic table
In 1869, Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev, while studying the atomic weights of elements, noticed that chemical elements could be formed into groups with similar properties. As a result, he was able to create the first periodic table, which became one of the most important discoveries in the field of chemistry.
Infrared radiation was discovered by British astronomer William Herschel in 1800 when he studied the heating effect of different colors of light using prisms and thermometers. Nowadays, infrared light is used in many fields, including tracking systems, heating, meteorology, astronomy, etc.
Today it is used as a very accurate and effective diagnostic device in medicine. And nuclear magnetic resonance was first described and measured by the American physicist I. Rabi in 1938. For this discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944.
15. Paper
Although precursors to modern paper such as papyrus and amate existed in the Mediterranean and pre-Columbian Americas, these materials were not true paper. The process of making paper was first recorded in China during the Eastern Han period (25-220 AD).
Today, man makes discoveries not only on earth, but also in space. That's just it. They are truly impressive!
1900– German physicist Max Planck introduced the concept of energy quantum and quantum constant. Planck is the founder of quantum mechanics.
1903– Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, based on experimental physiological studies, developed the concept of a conditioned reflex. Pavlov proved the interdependence and unity of mental and physiological processes in the body.
1908– Herman Minkowski gave a mathematical formulation of the theory of relativity, introducing the concept of four-dimensional space-time (“four-dimensional world”).
1909– the “Mohorovicic surface” was discovered - the interface between the Earth’s crust and the Earth’s mantle.
1911– the creation by Charles Wilson of the “Cloud Chamber”, which made it possible to observe various types of radiation, traces of which in a gaseous environment in combination with electric and magnetic fields become visible. By analyzing these “tracks” it was possible to determine the charge and energy of the particles that make them up.
Ernest Rutherford passed alpha particles through a thin metal foil and observed their scattering. Only by assuming the existence of atomic nuclei, occupying only 1/10,000 of the diameter of an atom, was Rutherford able to explain the scattering of wasp particles in matter. Rutherford's discovery confirmed the hypothesis of J. Thomson (1903) about the existence of a positively charged atomic nucleus. Rutherford created the planetary model of the atom, which was later quantitatively developed by Niels Bohr.
1912– Thomas Morgan proposed the theory of gene localization in chromosomes. His gene theory was based on a number of laws that supplemented Mendel's laws (genes on chromosomes are linked to each other, the number of possible combinations between genes within chromosomes depends on their distance from each other, genes of the same chromosome form a connected group, and the number of these groups does not exceeds the number of chromosome pairs).
1913 g. – Niels Bohr, using Planck’s quantum hypothesis, developed a quantitative model of the hydrogen atom, thus creating the first quantum theory of the atom.
1915– The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to English physicists – father and son Bragg – for their study of the structure of crystals using X-rays. They experimentally proved the periodicity of the atomic structure of crystals and thereby laid the foundations of modern crystallography.
1918– Norwegian physicist and geophysicist Vilhelm Bjorknes explained the emergence of cyclones from polar fronts and developed a method for compiling meteorological maps. Founder of modern meteorology.
1919– E. Rutherford carried out the first artificial nuclear reaction, irradiating nitrogen with a-particles (helium nuclei). He obtained an isotope of oxygen.
20s– the existence of an ionized layer in the atmosphere (ionosphere) has been experimentally confirmed. Altitude up to 20 thousand km. In addition to neutral particles, the ionosphere contains charged electrons and ions produced by solar radiation.
1922– Soviet geophysicist and mathematician Alexander Alexandrovich Friedman proposed a model of a non-stationary expanding Universe based on relativistic cosmology. Based on this model, the Big Bang theory explains the origin of the Universe and the forms of its matter with a sudden jump.
1923- Soviet physiologist Aleksey Alekseevich Ukhtomsky created the doctrine of a dominant, the emergence of which determines the nature of the reflex reaction of the nervous system.
1924– Louis de Broglie, in his doctoral dissertation “Research on Quantum Theory,” came up with the idea of the wave properties of matter (“de Broglie waves”). He believed that every moving particle can be described by its conjugate wave. According to de Broglie, wave-particle duality is inherent in all types of matter without exception - electrons, protons, etc. This is how the idea of matter waves arose.
South African anatomist Raymond Dart discovered fossil remains of primates in South Africa that were classified as Australopithecus. Their age is 1 million years (currently the age of these primates is estimated at 5 million years).
1925- in Dayton (USA), teacher J. Scopes (“monkey trial”) was convicted for teaching Darwin’s theory.
1926- Austrian theoretical physicist Erwin Schrödinger developed wave mechanics, which was based on a partial differential equation - the “Schrodinger equation”. He showed the equivalence of his wave mechanics and quantum mechanics in matrix form developed by Werner Heisenberg in quantum theory (1925).
The work of Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky “Biosphere” was published in Leningrad, which is a generalization of geological, biological, chemical and geographical data on the structure of the Earth’s surface.
1927– Werner Heisenberg formulated the “uncertainty principle”, according to which it is impossible to simultaneously determine the momentum and position of an elementary particle with complete accuracy (the product of the uncertainties of the coordinate and momentum is limited to a certain minimum value equal to Planck’s constant).
1928– Paul Dirac theoretically proposed the existence of antiparticles. In 1932, the first antiparticle, the positron, was discovered in cosmic rays.
1929- public speeches by representatives of the Vienna Circle - students of the Austrian philosopher and physicist Moritz Schlick - Rudolf Carnap and others who understood philosophy as a logical analysis of the language of science. They put forward a program for building a unified science based on physics (physicalism).
American astronomer Edwin Hubble found that the shift of lines in galactic spectra towards the “red” edge (the so-called red shift), which is one of the manifestations of the “Doppler effect,” increases in proportion to the distance to which objects are removed (“Hubble’s law”) and associated with the retreat of galactic formations.
The English pharmacologist and physiologist Henry Dale found that the occurrence of an electrical impulse at the end of a nerve or synapse connecting two neurons is accompanied by the release of adrenaline or acetylcholine. These substances stimulate the nerve cell, which transmits the excitation further.
In China, Teilhard de Chardin discovered Sinanthropus - a representative of the most ancient fossil people, close to what was previously discovered on the island. Java Pithecanthropus. Sinanthropus used fire 300 thousand years ago.
Late 20s- Soviet physicist and physical chemist Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov discovered a new type of chemical reactions - branched chain reactions, during which active particles are formed - free radicals, which, interacting with the original substance, in addition to reaction products, again form radicals.
30s- Austrian zoologist Konrad Lorenz laid the foundations for a new field of biology - ethology (the study of the instinctive behavior of animals).
30–40s – the formation of a synthetic theory of evolution, combining the ideas of Darwinism with modern genetics.
1931. – logician and mathematician Kurt Gödel proved that if a theory is consistent and the axioms of formalized mathematics are the theorems of this theory, then such a theory is not complete. The truth (consistency) of any theory containing formalized mathematics cannot be proven using finite (finite) processes in reasoning. Thus, formalization has its limits.
Canadian pathologist Hans Selye introduced the concept of stress.
1932– hypothesis of W. Heisenberg, D.D. Ivanenko and I.E. Tamm on the structure of the atomic nucleus of protons and neutrons. The number of nucleons is equal to the mass number. The sum of the masses of nucleons and electrons gives the mass of the atom.
English physicist J. Chadwick discovered the neutron.
The Austrian theoretical biologist Ludwig Bertalanffy developed the theory of biological objects as open systems in a state of dynamic equilibrium (the so-called “general systems theory”).
Charles Sherrington introduced the term “synapse” and showed the importance of inhibition in the reflex activity of the spinal cord. Sherrington's school laid the foundations of modern neurophysiology.
1933– German physicist Theodor Heyting discovered the mutual annihilation of particles and antiparticles.
1934 – French physicists Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie discovered artificial radioactivity by irradiating aluminum foil with alpha particles. Enrico Fermi discovered that when uranium is bombarded with neutrons, new radioactive elements appear.
1935– Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa theoretically substantiated the presence in the nuclei of unstable elements of strongly interacting particles (mesons) with a very short period of existence.
Industrial production of synthetic fabric - “cellulose wool” began.
German biologist Hans Spemann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the “organizational effects (centers)” of the embryo. Having established the interdependence of the development of one part of the embryo from another, Spemann formulated the theory of “organizers” influencing the development of parts of the embryo.
1936- English mathematician Alan Turing and American mathematician and logician Emil Post independently developed the concept of an “abstract computing machine”. Turing also described a hypothetical universal converter of discrete information, called a “Turing machine.”
1938 g. - the first system of radar equipment - radars - was designed in England.
1939- Soviet mathematician and economist Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich published the book “Mathematical methods of organizing and planning production” in Leningrad, which laid the foundations of a new discipline - linear programming.
F. Joliot-Curie and, independently, E. Fermi established that the fission of uranium-235 is accompanied by the release of new (secondary) neutrons. This is how the nuclear chain reaction was discovered. Later they proposed a design for the first nuclear reactor.
1942, August – the Manhattan Project, associated with the development of the atomic bomb, was approved (headed by Robert Oppenheimer);
The first controlled chain reaction was carried out in a nuclear reactor created at the University of Chicago under the leadership of E. Fermi.
1943– Otto Yulievich Schmidt put forward the hypothesis of the meteorite origin of the Solar System. In 1944, his study “Meteorite theory of the origin of the Earth and planets” was published.
1945 August 16 – the first experimental explosion of an atomic bomb was carried out; August 6– an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, killing 140 thousand people, August 9- on Nagasaki, 75 thousand people died.
1946 – Ivan Ivanovich Shmalhausen developed the theory of a new integrated form of natural selection - stabilizing selection.
1947– Victor Amazaspovich Ambartsumyan discovered a new type of stellar systems - stellar associations (dynamically unstable groups of young stars) and proved that the process of star formation in the Universe continues.
1948– Norbert Wiener published the book “Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine.” American mathematician and engineer Claude Shannon published the book “The Mathematical Theory of Information Transmission.”
American physicists Walter Brattain, John Bardeen and William Shockley created the transistor, and Hungarian physicist Dennis Gabor formulated the principles of holography.
The Nobel Prize was awarded to Swiss chemist Paul Müller for the synthesis of DDT.
The first thermonuclear explosion was carried out according to the project of the American physicist Edward Teller. Beginning of work on the implementation of a controlled thermonuclear reaction using the Tokamak plasma trap chamber device (headed by I.E. Tamm).
1953– American chemist and biologist Stanley Miller showed the possibility of artificial synthesis of amino acids from ammonia, methane, and water vapor under conditions similar to those that could have existed on the earth's surface shortly after the formation of the Earth. Synthesis could begin under the influence of electrical discharges and ultraviolet rays.
American biochemist James Watson and English physicist Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA.
1954– the first nuclear power plant in Obninsk was put into operation. American paleontologist Patrick Harley discovered green algae in silica near Lake Superior (Canada), which he assumed was 2 billion years old, and eight amino acids of organic origin.
1955- Swedish physiologist Ragnar Granit published the book “Receptors and Sensory Perception,” in which he reported on his experiments that proved that impulses from individual receptor cells are transmitted by nerve fibers to the brain electrochemically.
1956- American astronomer Werner Baum, observing clusters of galaxies at a record distance of 550 megaparsecs (1 megaparsec - 3.259 million light years), confirmed that the Universe is expanding, and the increase in the expansion rate, according to his data, is 55 km/s per 1 megaparsec.
1957– the world’s largest charged particle accelerator, the synchrophasotron, came into operation in Dubna. The first artificial Earth satellite rose from the Baikonur Cosmodrome and the world's first civilian nuclear-powered ship, the icebreaker Lenin, was launched.
1958– on the initiative of the American scientist Linus Pauling, more than 10 thousand scientists around the world signed an appeal calling for an end to experiments with nuclear weapons.
American physicists Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow theoretically substantiated the design and principle of operation of a laser (abbreviated from English: light amplification using stimulated emission) - a device for producing extremely intense and highly targeted beams of monochromatic light radiation.
1960- an unsuccessful attempt by the American astronomer Frank Drake to receive radio signals from supposed intelligent civilizations from the “tau” stars of the equatorial constellation Cetus.
1961- the first manned flight into space, lasting 1 hour 48 minutes.
1963– American astronomer Marten Schmidt discovered quasars (sources of radio emission close to stellar radiation).
1964. - English anthropologist and archaeologist Richard Leakey in the Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania discovered the remains of a camp and the bones of four ape-like people, close to Australopithecus and called “homo habilis”.
1965– cosmic relict radio emission was discovered. It is assumed that this radiation is a consequence of the explosion of the initial very compact and hot Metagalaxy and thus proves the validity of the “hot model of the Universe”.
1966– The Nobel Prize was awarded to French biologists François Jacob, Andre Lvov and Jacques Monod for the discovery of the so-called structural genes responsible for the synthesis of enzymes.
1967- American physicist Gerald Feinberg and, independently of him, Indian physicist Ennakal Sudarshan put forward a hypothesis about the existence of tachyons - particles with a speed greater than the speed of light.
The Nobel Prize was awarded to the German physical chemist Manfred Eigen and the English chemists George Porter and Ronald Norrish.
For the study of ultra-fast chemical and biochemical reactions with an average speed of 10~9 s.
South African surgeon Christian Barnard performed the first human heart transplant in Cape Town.
English astronomer Anthony Hewish and student J. Bell, who worked under his supervision, discovered pulsars in supernova remnants (in this case, we were talking about rapidly rotating stars).
1969- The first man walked on the surface of the Moon.
1974– at the First International Conference on Ethical Issues of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, a temporary moratorium on all experiments with the recombination of genetic material was declared.
1975– The Nobel Prize was awarded for the spheroidal model of the atomic nucleus.
1994– a message about the discovery of the sixth and last quark in the United States.
1997 – In Edinburgh (Scotland), as a result of using a donor nucleus from the mammary gland of an adult sheep, a clonal animal was obtained - a sheep named Dolly.
Transcript
2 01/03/1871 Gentry Bradley (New York, USA) patented margarine 01/03/1957 The Swiss company HamilTON released the first electronic watch, a device that did not need to be wound manually and had a battery inside. The dial of the watch was not round, but triangular, thanks to which it became popular among fashionistas from different countries. And one of their first owners was Elvis Presley himself. 01/03/1888 Marvin Stone patented his invention of a straw for drinking cocktails and other liquids (in the Washington Patent Office for). And already in 1890, their production became his business 04/01/1885 In Iowa (USA), Dr. William Grant performed the world's first successful operation to remove the appendix 05/01/1927 The world's first underwater color photographs were published in the USA 06/01/ 1939 In Berlin, scientists O. Hahn and F. Strassmann discovered the fission of uranium nuclei under the influence of neutrons. Thus, the first step was taken towards the use of nuclear energy. 01/07/1714 The Englishman Henry Mill patented a typewriter (which was never accepted for production) 01/09/1926 Sokolniki radio station named after. Popova conducted the first shortwave broadcast in Europe
3 01/10/1863 The world's first subway opened in London (the invention project was proposed back in 1846 by Charles Pearson) 01/11/1922 The first clinical testing of insulin in the treatment of diabetes was carried out in Canada. In 1923, F. Banting and D. McLeod were awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of insulin 01/12/1839 In the USA, anthracite was first used to reduce iron in 01/13/1854 American Anthony Foss of Philadelphia patented the accordion 01/14/1690 In Nuremberg, Johann Christoph Denner invented the clarinet 01/15/1934 Frederic and Irene Joliot-Curie discovered artificial radioactivity 01/17/1861 American Thomas Crapper patented the bidet 01/18/1969 Astronomers at the University of Arizona in the USA first described a pulsar - a neutron star with unusual properties. For this outstanding result, E. Hewish received the Nobel Prize in 1974. 01/19/1915 Parisian Georges Claude patented a neon advertising sign
4 01/21/1796 Edward Jenner discovered the method of smallpox vaccination 01/21/1911 The American doctor F. Rous first isolated the cancer virus 01/22/1939 At Columbia University (USA), the uranium atom was split for the first time 01/23/1849 A patent was issued for a machine according to envelope production 01/24/1888 A ribbon for typewriters was patented in the USA 01/24/1922 American Christian Nelson (Iowa) received a patent for popsicle - a delicacy for millions 01/25/1799 Inventor-agronomist Eliakim Spooner patented a seeder 01/26/ 1875 American George Green patented a drill powered by electric batteries
5 01/26/2001 Russian companies "Rossi-Trust" and "Item" have developed a microelectronic device "talking plug". She makes a toast every time she opens a bottle and plays different tunes 01/27/1879 Thomas Alva Edison patents the electric light bulb 01/27/1885 German engineers Mannesmann received a patent for seamless rolling of steel pipes 01/27/1926 Scottish inventor John Baird first demonstrated a television, based on a mechanical image scanning system 01/28/1935 In Germany, the first full-fledged artificial emerald was obtained by G. Espig and his colleagues at the company... Although the first successful experiments date back to 1888 in France 01/29/1886 The German designer Karl Benz received patent for a three-wheeled vehicle he invented, equipped with a gasoline engine - the first BENZ car 01/29/1896 American physicist Emil Grubbe was the first in the world to use radioactive radiation to treat cancer 01/30/1894 A pneumatic press was patented in the USA 01/31/1839 English physicist John Talbot gave a report at the Royal Society of London on the process of photography he discovered.
6 02/02/1892 American William Peitner received a patent for the familiar metal bottle cap with a cork gasket 02/02/1970 The first nerve transplant to a person was carried out in one of the Munich clinics 02/03/1957 French chemist Nguyen Bu Hoi announced his discovery in tobacco smoke, a cancer causative agent 02/05/1850 The first adding machine was patented in the USA 02/05/1861 American Coleman Sellers patented a movie camera 02/05/1928 On this day in 1928, all the inhabitants of the planet suffering from vitamin D deficiency received a gift, i.e. j. Vitamin D is obtained artificially 02/07/1863 In Virginia (USA), Alanson Cray patented the first fire extinguisher 02/08/1929 A new word “helicopter” appears in the Russian language. This is how aircraft designer Nikolai Ilyich Kamov called his invention the first Kaskr 1 helicopter “Red Engineer”
7 02/09/1895 American W. Morgan from Massachusetts invented volleyball 02/11/1809 Robert Fulton patented a steamboat 02/11/1893 Hungarian scientists D. Banks and J. Csonka invent the world's first spray carburetor with a jet for cars (Austro patent -Hungary) 02/13/1895 French inventors the Lumière brothers patented a film projector 02/13/1946 The Pentagon announced the creation of the first digital computer 02/14/1876 American inventor Alexander Bell demonstrated the first household telephone 02/14/1946 At the University of Pennsylvania (USA) The world's first serial computer ENIAC began operation 02/15/1930 A technique for shooting wide-screen films was created 02/15/1969 R.G. Edwards from the Physiological Laboratory of the University of Cambridge performs the first artificial fertilization of a human egg 02/15/1970 In the USA, specialists from IBM invent a flexible magnetic disk that computer owners can use to store information
8 02/15/1985 In the USA, cardiac surgeons begin to use lasers to clean arteries 02/16/1903 Porcelain was used for the first time to fill teeth 02/16/1937 Wallace Hume Carothers, a DuPont chemist, patented nylon 02/16/1978 Born in Chicago the first computer BBS "electronic bulletin board" 02/17/1818 Baron Karl von Dres patents the handcar 02/17/1876 Julius Wolf from Eastport (Maine) made the first canned sardines 02/18/1913 English chemist Frederick Soddy coined the term “isotope” 02/19/1878 Thomas Alva Edison patented the phonograph. A talking car, that’s what he initially called his invention, for which he received the first patent 02/20/1872 An electric elevator was patented in the USA 02/20/1937 American aeronautical engineer Waldo Waterman completed the creation of the first car that can fly (or an airplane that can drive)
9 02/21/1842 American John Greenough patented a sewing machine. When sewing on this machine, a spool of thread was not used, but a thread of the required length was simply inserted into the needle. 02/21/1858 Edwin Holmes installed the world's first electrical anti-burglary system in Boston (USA). Another inventor, Alexander Bell, used Holmes's workshop when he invented the telephone. The acquaintance of two geniuses benefited both. Holmes became the first person to have a telephone at home 02/21/1932 An American from Newark, William Goodwin, patents a photographic exposure meter 02/22/1946 Dr. Zelman Waxman claims that he discovered the antibiotic streptomycin 02/23/1886 In the American town of Oberlin (Ohio) ) Charles Martin Hall discovered a method for producing aluminum using the electrolysis process 02/23/1893 Rudolf Diesel received a German patent for the engine he created 02/24/1938 The first nylon product, a toothbrush, went on sale in Arlington (New Jersey) 25 /02/1836 Samuel Colt received a patent for a six-shooter revolver. In the early years, the Colt company barely avoided bankruptcy, but with the outbreak of the Mexican-American War, it turned out that there was no weapon more effective for a rider 02/26/1895 A glass-blowing machine was patented in Ohio (USA)
10 02/27/1879 The artificial sweetener saccharin was discovered. It was discovered by accident. Chemist K. Fahlberg forgot to wash his hands after experiments and went to lunch. The invention was patented 5 years later 02/27/1883 The famous composer Oscar Hammerstein patented the first cigar-rolling machine 02/27/1932 English physicist James Chadwick discovered the neutron (Nobel Prize 1935) 02/28/1893 In the USA, Edward Goodrich Acheson patented a method for producing powdered silicon carbide (abrasive) 02/28/1956 A network cable for computers was patented in the USA 03/01/ year old Dmitri Mendeleev gave his first version of the table of the periodic system of elements, based on the hypothesis of the connection between atomic weight and some periodicity of chemical properties 03/01/1928 In the USA, Dr. Herbert Evans discovered the sixth vitamin, respectively, called vitamin F 03/02/1791 A new communication system, the semaphore telegraph, was introduced in France
11 03/03/1921 Canadian physiologist Frederick Grant Banting, together with other colleagues, discovered the hormone insulin, for which he received the 1923 Nobel Prize 03/04/1877 American inventor Emil Berliner created a microphone 03/04/1910 Army colonel, military pilot and inventor Sergei Alekseevich Ulyanin filed an application for the invention of controlling a moving object at a distance using electromagnetic waves. 03/05/1868 A stapler is patented in England 03/06/1899 German chemist F. Hoffmann received a patent for aspirin. A year and a half earlier, he discovered the medicinal properties of acetylsalicylic acid, trying to find a cure for his father, who suffered from rheumatism. 03/07/1876 Alexander Graham Bell received a patent for a “talking telegraph” with a range of up to half a kilometer. This is the birthday of the telephone 03/07/1997 The cloned sheep Dolly was born (a lamb was reproduced at the Rosslyn Institute in Edinburgh without the participation of the reproductive cells of a ram) 03/08/1618 J. Kepler formulated the third law of planetary motion: the squares of the times of revolution of the planets around the Sun are related , like the cubes of their average distances to the Sun. Kepler's laws will become the basis for I. Newton's discovery of the law of universal gravitation
12 03/08/1952 Doctors in Philadelphia first used an artificial heart device. Within 80 min. he supported the life of 41-year-old P. Duhring while 9 doctors, 5 nurses and 2 technicians, having stopped the patient’s heart, tried to find out the causes of the disease 03/09/1822 Charles Graham from New York received a patent for artificial teeth 03/09/1858 In Philadelphia, a street mailbox is patented 03/09/1959 In New York, a new doll named Barbie is demonstrated at a toy fair 03/10/1791 A pile driver is patented 03/12/1896 In St. Petersburg, using a device developed by A. S. Popov the first radiogram in Russia was transmitted 03/12/1911 Dr. Fletcher from the Rockefeller Institute discovered the causes of cerebral palsy 03/13/1781 The Englishman W. Herschel, using a telescope he invented, discovered the seventh planet of the solar system, naming the planet in honor of King George III “Star” George." Then it bore the name Herschel until the German astronomer I. Bode came up with the name Uranus for it 03/13/1887 Chester Greenwood from Maine patents headphones 03/15/1892 American inventor J. Reno patents the first escalator
13 03/16/1867 Frenchman J. Monier, a former gardener, patents stressed concrete, which became necessary in the construction of high-rise buildings 03/17/1845 Englishman Stephen Perry patented an elastic bandage 03/17/1960 Multi-colored felt-tip pens were invented in Japan 03/17/1950 The discovery of the 98th chemical element California is announced in the USA 03/18/1952 Artificial optical lenses are inserted for the first time in Philadelphia 03/18/1931 The first electric razors are produced in the USA 03/20/1902 N. Stubblefield demonstrated the first mobile phone while with his invention on a steamboat sailing along the river. Potomac (North America) 03/20/1934 In the harbor of Kiel, engineer Rudolf Kuhnold, who headed the research laboratory of the German Navy, first tested radar 03/22/1841 Starch production is patented in the USA
14 03/22/1904 The London newspaper “Illustrated Mirror” published a color photograph for the first time in the world. 03/24/1882 In Berlin, the German scientist Robert Koch announced the discovery of the causative agent of tuberculosis. A year later he discovered the causative agent of cholera. In 1905, the scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize 03/24/1802 The English inventor R. Trevithick received the first patent for a steam locomotive 03/25/1896 A. S. Popov carried out radio signal transmission at the Russian Physicochemical Society 03/27/1855 Kerosene was patented in the USA 27 /03/1860 New Yorker M.L. Byrne patented the corkscrew. Even modern ideas about electromagnetic interactions cannot do without this invention (in physics, the “corkscrew rule” and not the “gimlet rule”, as the creator of classical electrodynamics, English physicist James Maxwell, suggested incorrectly in textbooks) 03/27/1878 Russian peasant F. Blinov applied for a patent for the “car with endless slats” he invented (the world’s first caterpillar tractor) 03/28/1797 A washing machine was patented in the USA 03/28/1940 American scientists announced the discovery of a new isotope plutonium-239
15 03/29/1886 In Atlanta, doctor and pharmacy owner John Pemberton created Coca-Cola 03/30/1842 American doctor C. W. Long from Jefferson (Georgia) first used ether as an anesthetic when removing a tumor in the neck . But he published a report on the experiments only in 1849, which served as a reason for his discovery to be challenged by other doctors 03/30/1858 Hyman Lipman from Philadelphia patented a pencil with an eraser 03/31/1896 The first zipper is patented in the USA 03/31 /1901 A new standard for cars with an internal combustion engine was created - the first Mercedes car. The beginning of a dynasty, which later became known as “Mercedes” (named after the daughter of the inventor G. Daimler).
INVENTED THE CALENDAR for 2017 60 years ago (01/03/1957), the Swiss company Hamilton released the first electronic watch, a device that did not need to be wound manually and had a battery inside. Clock face
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Lesson number in order Calendar-thematic planning in 9th grade physics for the 2017-2018 academic year Teacher Namychkina I.A. Lesson topic Number of hours Lesson date Laws of motion and interaction of bodies
1. Contents of the topics of the academic subject Section 1. Fundamentals of electrodynamics (11 hours) Magnetic field, its properties. Magnetic induction vector. Magnetic field lines. The effect of a magnetic field on a current-carrying conductor.
Lesson pp. 1 Lesson topic 1. Magnetic field, its properties. Calendar-thematic planning in physics. Myakishev G.Ya. (2 hours per week.) Grade 11 Lesson type Requirements for students’ level of preparation Additional
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LEVEL OF GRADUATE TRAINING As a result of studying physics at a basic level, the student must know/understand the meaning of the concepts: physical phenomenon, hypothesis, law, theory, matter, interaction,
Let's study physics together... 3 ELECTRODYNAMICS Chapter I. MAGNETIC FIELD 1. Magnetic interactions. Magnetic field... 6 1. Interaction of permanent magnets... 6 2. Interaction of conductors with current...
Work program in physics Full name of teacher R. G. Bakhtiyarov Class: 9 Number of hours per year: Total 68 hours, 2 hours per week Year 206 207 Explanatory note The work program in physics for grade 9 has been compiled
Municipal budgetary educational institution “Lyceum named after academician B.N. Petrov" of the city of Smolensk AGREED Deputy Director Glushkova N.V. "_30"_08 206 ADOPTED at a meeting of the pedagogical
Topic Date Number of hours Calendar and thematic planning In physics, grade 10 (profile level) Knowledge requirements Form of control PHYSICS AND METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC COGNITION 1 PHYSICAL LAWS AND THEORIES
Appendix to the OOP SOO Work program for the academic subject "Physics" Federal State Educational Standards Grades 10-11 Lipetsk 2018-2019 academic year 1 PLANNED RESULTS OF MASTERING THE SUBJECT As a result of studying physics at the basic level
Calendar-thematic planning for the academic year: 2017/2018 Option: /Physics/11th grade/calendar-thematic planning profile level 11th grade, 5 hours/week, 170 hours. Total number of hours:
Abstract of the work program in physics, grade 9, 2017-2018 school year. The work program in physics is compiled on the basis of the Federal component of the state educational standard, an example program
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LEVEL OF GRADUATE TRAINING As a result of studying physics at a basic level, the student must know/understand the meaning of the concepts: physical phenomenon, hypothesis, law, theory, matter, interaction,
Materials for preparing for testing in physics, grade 9 Laws of light reflection 1. The picture shows a light ray falling on a mirror surface. Indicate which angle is the angle of incidence? 1)
Explanatory note The work program in physics for grade 9 is compiled on the basis of the following regulatory, instructional and methodological documents: - Federal Law of February 29, 202 273-FZ “On
Work program about physics, grade 9 Number of hours: 2 per week, 68 hours per year The work program is implemented on the basis of teaching materials Peryshkina A. V., Gutnik E. M.: Physics programs 7-9 - Gutnik E. M., Peryshkin
The student must know/understand: be able to Requirements for the level of student preparation the meaning of concepts: physical phenomenon, physical law, interaction, electric field, magnetic field, wave, atom, atomic
WORKING PROGRAM FOR THE CURRICULUM SUBJECT "PHYSICS", GRADE 9 The work program for the academic subject "Physics", 9th grade is compiled in accordance with the federal component of the state standard of general education
Lesson Thematic planning in physics grade 9 68 hours Content, topic, section Number of hours I quarter 8 Topic. Laws 26 of interaction and movement of bodies. Planned date Actual date equipment.
RADIOACTIVITY The discovery of X-rays gave impetus to new research. Their study led to new discoveries, one of which was the discovery of radioactivity. Around the middle of the 19th century, they began to appear
WORK PROGRAM in physics, grade 11 (105 hours, 3 hours per week) Explanatory note. This work program is compiled in accordance with the federal component of the state standard of secondary
Calendar and thematic planning Subject of the lesson section Number of hours 2 3 Subject. Laws of interaction and movement of bodies. 26 Material point. Reference system. 2 Move. 3 Speed of uniform straight line
Municipal budgetary educational institution "Secondary school" Work program for the academic subject "Physics" for grade 9 for 68 hours. Compiled on the basis of the Main Program
Municipal autonomous educational institution Vostryakovsky Lyceum 1 “APPROVED” Director of the Lyceum: Timofeeva L.V. Work program in physics (basic level) 9th grade Compiled by: Sigeev Sergey
When compiling the program, the following legal documents for grades 10-11 were used: the federal component of the state standard of secondary (complete) general education in physics, approved in 2004
1. Explanatory note 1.1. 2 hours per week are allocated for studying the subject in the school curriculum, a total of 68 hours per academic year. 1.2. Educational and methodological teaching aids. 1.2.1. Training kit: Gendenstein
Explanatory note. The work program in physics for grade 9 is compiled on the basis of the author’s program “Programs of general education institutions in physics. Physics 9th grade,” authors-compilers: Gutnik
Industrial revolution: achievements and problems What feature determines the entry of the industrial revolution into its final stage? 1) replacement of manual labor with machine labor 2) emergence of powerful industrial corporations
“Considered” Head of MO MBOU Secondary School 73 Cherkashina V.B. Protocol 1 of 08/30/2017 “Agreed” Deputy Director for Water Resources Management Shamanova V.Yu..08.2017 “Approved” Director of MBOU Secondary School 73 E.V. Vysotskaya order
PLANNED RESULTS OF MASTERING THE SUBJECT) the formation of ideas about the role and place of physics in the modern scientific picture of the world; understanding the physical essence of phenomena observed in the Universe;
1 Electric machine (alternating current) When: 1821, 1828, 1832, 1834, 1837, 1888 Where: Great Britain, Hungary, USA, Russia Why: In the 20th century, many hoped for an environmentally friendly electric motor
Work program in physics, grade 9 Developer: Petrenko T.A., physics teacher 2017 1. Explanatory note This program is compiled on the basis of the author’s program of basic general education
Planned results of mastering the academic subject As a result of studying the 9th grade physics course, the student must: know/understand the meaning of the concepts: electric field, magnetic field, wave, atom, atomic nucleus,
Explanatory note The work program in physics for grade 9 was developed in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard for Basic General Education. Work program developed
Contents 1. Explanatory note 3 2. Content of the academic subject 4 3. Organization of control 5 4. Requirements for the level of training of students 6 5. Educational and methodological support 7 6. Logistics
Planned results of studying physics in 9th grade: The graduate will learn to use the terms: physical phenomenon, physical law, matter, interaction, electric field, magnetic field, wave, atom,
Work program in physics for grade 9 Explanatory note The work program in physics is compiled on the basis of the federal component of the state standard of basic general education and approximate
My light, light bulb Torbina Tatyana Fedorovna Physics teacher of the highest category GOU Secondary School 1338 with in-depth study of the English language SAO Moscow The path of development of artificial lighting was long and difficult.
CALENDAR-THEMIC (LESSON-BASED) PLANNING OF LESSONS _physics, grade 9 Title of topic, lesson I Laws of interaction and motion of bodies Material point, reference system 2 Displacement 3 Displacement at
Administration of the city of Magnitogorsk Municipal educational institution "Special (correctional) general education boarding school 4" of the city of Magnitogorsk 455026, Chelyabinsk region, Magnitogorsk,
Lesson planning Grade 10 1 Physics and methods of scientific knowledge of nature Introduction 1 hour Physics as a science. Scientific methods of cognition of the surrounding world and their differences from other methods of cognition. The role of experiment
Explanatory note This program of the academic subject "Physics" for students in the class of the municipal government educational institution "Bolsheokinskaya Secondary School" was developed on the basis of the author's program
APPENDIX 10 to the BASIC EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM OF BASIC GENERAL EDUCATION Federal State Educational Standard Approved by order of the MKOU "Fedorovskaya Secondary School" dated August 30, 2016 220 WORK PROGRAM OF THE CURRICULUM SUBJECT "PHYSICS" BASIC
Municipal budgetary educational institution "School 32" Nizhny Novgorod WORK PROGRAM TEACHER in physics grade 9 2016 2017 academic year The work program for grade 9 is compiled in accordance
Municipal budgetary educational institution Vitkulovskaya secondary school, Sosnovsky district, Nizhny Novgorod region CALENDAR-THEMIC PLANNING Subject: Physics Class: 9 Teacher: Makarova
Who invented radio Popov or Marconi? A long-standing dispute about priority for the invention of radio (a selection of arguments from the Internet and other open sources) In our country they believe that Alexander Popov, in the West
I. Requirements for the level of preparation of students. Students should know: the meaning of concepts: Mechanical movement. Relativity of motion. Path. Speed. Acceleration. Circular movement. Inertia. First Law
History of the discovery of radioactivity The French physicist A. Baccrel on March 1, 1896 discovered by the blackening of a photographic plate that uranium salt emitted invisible rays of strong penetrating power. He soon found out
Grade 9 1 1. Laws of interaction and motion of bodies Question Answer 1 What is called a material point? A body whose dimensions can be neglected in the conditions of the problem under consideration is called a material
Work program for 9th grade physics teaching materials, author Peryshkina A.V. for the basic level is compiled on the basis of: “On approval of the Federal Budgetary Educational Institution and sample curricula for educational institutions implementing
HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING At all stages of its evolutionary development, man tried to mechanize, and later automate, labor. In the field of calculations, people first used
History of the discovery of radioactivity Assoc. department Forensic Ecology, Faculty of Ecology, RUDN University, Maksimova O.A. November 8, 1895, Würzburg “In great discoveries, chance comes upon those who deserve it.”
Explanatory note The work program in physics for grade 9 is compiled on the basis of the “Approximate program of basic general education in physics. 7-9 grades." edited by V. A. Orlov, O. F. Kabardin,
Agreed at a meeting of the Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School N106 “Agreed” 201_g “Approved” 201_g Minutes from the Head of the Municipal Educational Institution: / / Deputy Director for Water Resources Management: /Lapteva I.V./ Director of the Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School N106: /Borovskaya O.S./ WORKING
State autonomous educational institution of the city of Moscow "School with in-depth study of individual subjects "SHIK 16" Abstract on computer science "History of the development of computer technology" Work
Municipal educational institution "Secondary school 1 named after Hero of the Soviet Union I.P. Malozemov" in Belozersk. Working curriculum in physics for grade 9 for the 2017-2018 academic year Compiled
The world does not stand still, so every year scientists make significant leaps in various fields of science and technology. 2016 was no exception, and therefore we decided to collect the most interesting inventions and important scientific discoveries of the outgoing year. The future is just around the corner!
On the official website you can learn in detail about the capabilities and purpose of the program: www.magiclap.com
HUGE MAGIC LEAP HOLOGRAMS
With the help of the Magic Leap device, now in school you can see the jump from the water of the largest animal in the world - a whale, see what things, animals or nature look like in life, create entire worlds superimposed on real things, imaginary dragons and little fairies.. The main feature the fact that the image is not just three-dimensional, but also that it moves, creating animation! No, this is not the distant future - it can be done now!
By the way, you can use it now.
THE INVENTION OF ARTIFICIAL LEATHER
A group of scientists from America has developed skin that looks like an elastic film. It can be used not only for beauty purposes - for example, to reduce the appearance of wrinkles, but also for medical purposes - say, for constant hydration, which is necessary for some skin diseases.
Data is written to the media using ultra-high-speed laser pulses.
DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR ETERNAL DATA STORAGE
Before 2016, there was no way to store digital information indefinitely. However, scientists at the University of Southampton, and using nanostructured glass, have developed a new process for writing and reading data. The device itself looks like a small glass disk, slightly larger than a coin, but is capable of storing up to 360 TB of data and withstanding temperatures of up to 1000 °C.
A unique thing that helps you be with loved ones far from each other.
HOLOGRAPHIC TELEPORT
The device was conceived and invented by scientists at Microsoft. A person located thousands of kilometers away can send his hologram for communication and even interaction.
According to some futurists, within 30 years people will begin to be grown en masse outside the body.
SCIENTISTS GROW A LIMB IN A TEST TUBE FOR THE FIRST TIME
The first living limb, grown in laboratory conditions by scientists at Massachusetts General Hospital, has appeared. When the limb sewn to the rat's body filled with blood, the animal began to move its new paw. If now people who have lost arms or legs can only use a prosthesis, then in just a few years they will be able to again become the owner of a real living organ!
One can only say that computers are becoming smarter than even the smartest terrestrial representatives of the planet.
VICTORY OF A COMPUTER OVER A HUMAN IN THE GAME "GO"
Go is one of the oldest games on Earth, and probably the most difficult of all. Until 2016, the best player in the world was the human Lee Sedolem, but for the first time ever, the computer program AlphaGo won. Google DeepMind founder Demis Hassabis compared this event to man landing on the moon.
Such numbers are widely used in cryptography, but the new number found is too large for practical use.
DISCOVERY OF THE BIGGEST PRIME NUMBER
On January 7, 2016, Curtis Cooper's team of mathematicians discovered the largest known prime number, which is 274207281 − 1 and contains 22,338,618 decimal digits. Scientists spent more than 2.5 years searching for it and received a grant of 150 thousand dollars.
Now the first stage can be used repeatedly, which will reduce costs.
THE FIRST VERTICAL LANDING OF A ROCKET IN THE OCEAN WAS MADE
Previously, we could only see vertical landing of a rocket in films, but in reality such a landing is an incredibly difficult task. This is why space agencies build rockets so that the spent parts either fall into the ocean or simply burn up in the atmosphere.
On April 8, 2016, SpaceX for the first time managed to land the first stage of a Falcon 9 launch vehicle on a platform in the ocean, which means that spent stages can be reused, saving enormous amounts of money!
The inventors pumped CO2 into volcanic rocks, speeding up the natural process of turning basalt into carbonates, which then become limestone.
With this design, steering is not provided, but is intended only for steering without steering.
LEVITING TIRES ROTATING IN ALL DIRECTIONS
It turns out that the wheel can be reinvented twice: Goodyear made this discovery by developing the Eagle 360 spherical tires. They will allow the car to move in any direction, including sideways, facilitating parallel parking, as well as at certain angles and speeds, counteracting slippery surfaces.
“So what,” you say, without even thinking about the enormous opportunities that are now opening up to people.
FOR THE FIRST TIME IN HISTORY, A FLOWER BLOOMED ON THE ISS
For many years, astronauts have been conducting experiments on growing plants aboard the International Space Station. And a miracle happened: the bright orange aster zinnia became the first flower to grow in space!
At the moment, Planet 9 still remains only a hypothetical assumption, since no one has yet seen it with their own eyes, but according to preliminary calculations, it is located at a distance of up to 240,000,000,000 kilometers from the Sun.
PLANET 9 DISCOVERED IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Back in the 20th century, theories were put forward about the existence of a ninth planet “X”, which follows Neptune. Its presence was indicated by the peculiarity of the behavior of gravitational waves, which could only be caused by the presence of a very massive object. The astronomers who wrote about their discovery say that the probability that some very dense cloud of asteroids or meteorites was mistaken for planet 9 is only 0.0007%.
After installing the implant, a man who spent the last 6 years of his life completely paralyzed regained the ability to move his fingers.
CYBERNETIC IMPLANT
This is perhaps the most useful and important invention of 2016, capable of giving a paralyzed person the ability to move his limbs! This chip is installed in a person’s brain, from where it sends signals to a receiver, which processes them and transmits the data to a special electronic glove on the person’s hand. The glove contains electrical wires that stimulate certain muscles and cause the fingers to move.
It is worth adding that there is already a final version of the project for small plants.
DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLUMINESCENT TREES
Glow-in-the-dark trees are planned to be used instead of regular street lamps. They decided to make the trees glow using an enzyme found in some jellyfish and fireflies.
The invention of the century: compact, spacious, odorless, requires no cooling and uses only 8% of the house's energy for the control panel.
INVENTION OF THE BIO-REFRIGERATOR
Another interesting invention of 2016 was the concept of a refrigerator proposed by a Russian designer for the Electrolux Design Lab competition, which cools I eat with the help of a biopolymer gel. There are no shelves, compartments or doors - you simply insert food into the gel.
Genome editing involves the introduction of specific DNA that will complement or completely replace the existing genome.
HUMAN GENOME EDITING
And with this scientific discovery, at the stage of pregnancy it will be possible to choose the gender of the child, it will be possible to get rid of all hereditary genetic abnormalities and even make the baby look like a certain parent!
TOPOGRAPHIC BRAIN MAPPING
In 2016, scientists managed to study our brain more by mapping it. Important centers of the brain became visible on it, and at the same time, their activity could be viewed. Through experiments, the relationship between the actions of the body and the orders of the brain became clear. Now the technique helps treat mental disorders, but very soon we will witness how a person will be able to use his abilities in a completely new way.
It revolves not only around the Sun, but also around our planet. But you shouldn’t get your hopes up about visiting it, since its dimensions are only 40 to 100 meters in diameter.
THE EARTH HAS "ANOTHER MOON"
Scientists from the NASA aerospace agency have discovered an asteroid captured by the gravity of our planet and now in Earth's orbit. In fact, this makes it the second natural satellite of our planet. Of course, there are a lot of things flying around our planet: space stations, artificial satellites and simply thousands of tons of various space debris. But we always had only one Moon. And now there are two of them, since NASA has confirmed the existence and orbit of the object 2016 HO3.
