The diversity of peasant types in poetry: who lives well in Rus'? The diversity of folk types in the poem by N. A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'. Essay on literature on the topic: The diversity of peasant types in Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”

1. The best human qualities embodied in the images of people from the people.
2. The image of Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina.
3. Vulnerability and slaves.
4. “Peasant sin.”

In his poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” N. A. Nekrasov shows a vast panorama of people’s life, characters and destinies. It was not by chance that the author introduced the motive of the journey of seven peasants, who set out to find out who “lives freely and cheerfully in Rus',” into the poem. Indeed, on the way, wanderers meet the most different people. The images of traveling men are not drawn as carefully as the portraits of those they meet on the road. However, it should be noted that the image of the wanderer was also taken by Nekrasov from life. The culture of wandering was highly developed among the Russian people. Travel could be made for trade purposes or have the nature of a pilgrimage to holy places. It should be noted that there was a special social group of wanderers - holy fools, wretched people, as well as physically and mentally healthy people who moved from one holy place to another. Among the people, such people used great respect: a wanderer could count on a warm welcome not only in a peasant hut, but also in many rich merchant and noble families. Nekrasov, trying to truthfully show folk life, of course, could not pass over in silence such a phenomenon as wandering. Some travelers were a kind of “walking books”: in the families where they stayed, these people told many stories - both about what they saw themselves and what they heard from others.

The role of the seven men who set off to look for happy people is approximately the same in the poem. After all, the stories that their casual acquaintances tell wanderers are combined into one large poetic canvas. Nekrasov shows noble, whole characters that are found among ordinary people. For example, Ermil Girin, who through honest work achieved both wealth and the respect of his fellow villagers. In his youth, Yermil served as a clerk in the office of the estate manager, Prince Yurlov. The position, of course, is the smallest, Yermil could not influence the course of affairs, but still he tried to help the peasants to the best of his ability. He prepared the necessary papers for them for free and helped with advice:

You approach him first,
And he will advise
And he will make inquiries;
Where there is enough strength, it will help out,
Doesn't ask for gratitude
And if you give it, he won’t take it!
You need a bad conscience -
To the peasant from the peasant
Extort a penny.

Knowing how honest Yermil is, the peasants trust him unconditionally: they elect him mayor and loan him money to purchase a mill. Only once did this man act against his conscience: instead of his brother, he handed over another peasant as a soldier. No one, except the mother of the ill-fated recruit, condemned Yermil. But he himself could not bear the pangs of conscience and voluntarily repented before all the people, corrected the consequences of his offense and refused the post of mayor, considering himself unworthy of the people's trust.

Ermil Girin is not the only example worthy person from the people. This is how the author characterizes another hero of his poem:

Vlas was the kindest soul,
I was sick for the whole Vakhlachina,
Not for one family.

Like Yermil, Vlas cannot go against his conscience. He refused the post of mayor so as not to grovel before the out-of-mind Prince Utyatin.

Grisha Dobrosklonov, the son of a village sexton, also worries about the people, about the downtrodden “Vakhlachin”. Grisha greedily reaches out for knowledge - “rushes to Moscow, to the new school,” not content with the education he received at the seminary. However, the young man did not look down on his fellow countrymen as illiterate people. Grisha sincerely respects ordinary workers and tries to help them with his knowledge to the best of his ability. Grisha, his father and brother are no richer than most peasants, they work on an equal basis with them. The peasants, in turn, treat both the sexton and his sons very kindly and share their supplies with them.

In the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” Nekrasov also showed the high virtues of a Russian woman - patience, loyalty, hard work. These qualities are inherent in both Domna, Grisha’s late mother, and the peasant woman Matryona Timofeevna, whose fate is given a significant place in the poem. A simple peasant woman had to endure a lot without complaint: hard work, hostile attitude of in-laws, numerous births and the death of children... It was not easy for Matryona to defend her human dignity. “You are a serf woman!” - this is how Savely, her husband’s grandfather, explained to her the essence of her powerless situation. But Matryona is a brave and decisive person: she fearlessly rejects the advances of manager Sitnikov, and goes to seek justice from the governor in order to return her husband, who was illegally handed over as a recruit. Matryona had to survive the death of her beloved son, whom she remembers many years later. This woman is capable of deep, strong feelings: she remembers her parents with tenderness, loves her husband and children. However, Nekrasov, drawing portraits of people from the people, shows the reader other characters. The image of a rogue and a rogue, which is found in folk art, in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” was embodied in the personality of Klim Lavin, a drunkard, a braggart and a lazy person. Outwardly, Klim, however, makes the most favorable impression on those who are not familiar with him:

Klim has a conscience made of clay,
And Minin’s beard,
If you look, you'll think so
Why can't you find a peasant?
More mature and sober.

Klim willingly fools the out-of-mind Utyatin. For a cunning rogue, this is both entertainment and an opportunity to feel his own importance. Nekrasov, through the mouth of Vlas, characterizes Klim as “the last man,” but in fact, Klim has many valuable qualities. He is literate, eloquent, enterprising, witty. No matter how bitter his ridicule of his fellow villagers sounds, they contain an undoubted truth:

Laughs at the worker:
From work, no matter how much you suffer,
You won't be rich
And you will be hunchbacked!

Klim values fun, not work. Care and anxiety are alien to his nature. But this reckless man, although he agreed to bow and assent to the master, understands the value of freedom. Klim is a reveler, a slacker, impudent, but not a serf, like Ipat, who is indignant at the news of the peasant will. Ipat not the only image the slave depicted in the poem. The former servant of Prince Peremetyev sincerely considers himself a happy man, since he served his master for forty years, licked plates of expensive food and even got gout - a noble disease. Faithful Yakov takes revenge on his master in a servile way - he hangs himself from a tree in front of his master.

But even worse than slaves who have forgotten about human dignity are traitors to the interests of the people. This turned out to be the elder Gleb, who, for the sake of money, burned the will of his master, in which he freed all his peasants from serfdom. But Gleb himself is from the common people, in whose memory he remains an eternal criminal:

God forgives everything, but Judas sin
It doesn't say goodbye.

Nekrasov sought to show in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” all the diversity of human characters that are found among the common people. Of course, not all of them are capable of arousing sympathy. But on the whole, the poet believed that the brightest, most worthy traits were preserved among the people:

People's power
Mighty force -
Conscience is calm,

The truth is alive!

1. The best human qualities embodied in the images of people from the people.
2. The image of Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina.
3. Vulnerability and slaves.
4. “Peasant sin.”

In his poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” N. A. Nekrasov shows a vast panorama of people’s life, characters and destinies. It was not by chance that the author introduced the motive of the journey of seven peasants, who set out to find out who “lives freely and cheerfully in Rus',” into the poem. After all, on the way, wanderers meet a variety of people. The images of traveling men are not drawn as carefully as the portraits of those they meet on the road. However, it should be noted that the image of the wanderer was also taken by Nekrasov from life. The culture of wandering was highly developed among the Russian people. Travel could be made for trade purposes or have the nature of a pilgrimage to holy places. It should be noted that there was a special social group of wanderers - holy fools, wretched people, as well as physically and mentally healthy people who moved from one holy place to another. Such people were highly respected by the people: a wanderer could count on a warm welcome not only in a peasant hut, but also in many rich merchant and noble families. Nekrasov, trying to truthfully show people's life, of course, could not ignore such a phenomenon as wandering. Some travelers were a kind of “walking books”: in the families where they stayed, these people told many stories - both about what they saw themselves and what they heard from others.

The role of the seven men who set off to look for happy people is approximately the same in the poem. After all, the stories that their casual acquaintances tell wanderers are combined into one large poetic canvas. Nekrasov shows noble, integral characters that are found among ordinary people. For example, Ermil Girin, who through honest work achieved both wealth and the respect of his fellow villagers. In his youth, Yermil served as a clerk in the office of the estate manager, Prince Yurlov. The position, of course, is the smallest, Yermil could not influence the course of affairs, but still he tried to help the peasants to the best of his ability. He prepared the necessary papers for them for free and helped with advice:

Yermil Girin is not the only example of a worthy person from the people. This is how the author characterizes another hero of his poem:

Vlas was the kindest soul,
I was sick for the whole Vakhlachina,
Not for one family.

Like Yermil, Vlas cannot go against his conscience. He refused the post of mayor so as not to grovel before the out-of-mind Prince Utyatin.

In the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” Nekrasov also showed the high virtues of a Russian woman - patience, loyalty, hard work. These qualities are inherent in both Domna, Grisha’s late mother, and the peasant woman Matryona Timofeevna, whose fate is given a significant place in the poem. A simple peasant woman had to endure a lot without complaint: hard work, hostile attitude of her husband's relatives, numerous births and death of children... It was not easy for Matryona to defend her human dignity. “You are a serf woman!” - this is how Savely, her husband’s grandfather, explained to her the essence of her powerless situation. But Matryona is a brave and decisive person: she fearlessly rejects the advances of manager Sitnikov, and goes to seek justice from the governor in order to return her husband, who was illegally handed over as a recruit. Matryona had to survive the death of her beloved son, whom she remembers many years later. This woman is capable of deep, strong feelings: she remembers her parents with tenderness, loves her husband and children. However, Nekrasov, drawing portraits of people from the people, shows the reader other characters. The image of a rogue and a rogue, which is found in folk art, in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” was embodied in the personality of Klim Lavin, a drunkard, a braggart and a lazy person. Outwardly, Klim, however, makes the most favorable impression on those who are not familiar with him:

Klim has a conscience made of clay,
And Minin’s beard,
If you look, you'll think so
Why can't you find a peasant?
More mature and sober.

Laughs at the worker:
From work, no matter how much you suffer,
You won't be rich
And you will be hunchbacked!

Klim values fun, not work. Care and anxiety are alien to his nature. But this reckless man, although he agreed to bow and assent to the master, understands the value of freedom. Klim is a reveler, a slacker, impudent, but not a serf, like Ipat, who is indignant at the news of the peasant will. Ipat is not the only image of a serf depicted in the poem. The former servant of Prince Peremetyev sincerely considers himself a happy man, since he served his master for forty years, licked plates of expensive food and even got gout - a noble disease. Faithful Yakov takes revenge on his master in a servile way - he hangs himself from a tree in front of his master.

God forgives everything, but Judas sin
It doesn't say goodbye.

People's power
Mighty force -
Conscience is calm,

The truth is alive!

Sending truth-seeking peasants on their way, N. A. Nekrasov not only shows us people of different classes, creating a second portrait of Russia half of the 19th century century at one of the turning points in its development - the maturation and implementation of the reform of 1861. The main task of a poet writing for the people and speaking on their behalf is to show the Russian people as they are. “I decided to present in a coherent story everything that I know about the people,” wrote N. A. Nekrasov about his work on main poem in my life - everything that I happened to hear from his lips, and I outlined “Who Lives Well in Rus'”... This will be an epic of modern peasant life...”

Before us is a whole gallery of images, the most different characters, very different views on life. The righteous and the scoundrels, the toilers and the lazy, the rebellious and the dishonest, the rebels and the slaves, pass before the reader’s eyes, as if alive. The poet talks about someone in detail and vividly, someone is depicted in one expressive stroke. Even our truth-seeking peasants from places with such

Speaking names -

A tightened province,

Empty parish,

From different villages -

Nesytova, Neelova,

Zaplatova, Dyryavina,

Gorelok, Golodukhina,

Bad harvest too -

Not a homogeneous faceless mass, but people with their own past, their own preferences. Having abandoned their home and their affairs for the sake of a great goal - to find the meaning of peasant life, to find out who lives happily and freely in Rus' - they cannot imagine a life of idleness. Not only do they pay for Matryona Timofeevna’s confession with work - work becomes a necessity:

The wanderers could not stand it:

“We haven’t worked for a long time,

Let's mow!"

Seven women gave them their braids.

Woke up, got excited

A forgotten habit

To work! Like teeth from hunger,

Works for everyone

Nimble hand.

Men are moving away from looking for happy people among priests, landowners and other representatives of the hierarchical elite, perhaps because they do not respect slackers who do not distinguish “an ear of rye from a barley.”

We're a little

We ask God:

Fair deal

Do it skillfully

Give us strength!

Working life -

Direct to friend

Road to the heart

Away from the threshold

Coward and lazy!

Pictures of the life of the long-suffering Russian people are formed from boastful stories at fairs, from songs composed by the people, from legends told by wanderers and pilgrims, from confessions - as if he is passing in front of us, bast shoes and barefoot, with his backs bent from overwork, with sunburned faces, with with calloused hands, with a groan and a song in the soul, all of Russia.

Not gentle white-handed ones,

And we are great people

At work and at play!

This is how Russian men speak about themselves with dignity. Let the state not value their feats of arms:

Come on, from the redoubt from the first number

Well, with George - around the world, around the world!

And the full pension

Didn't work out, rejected

All the old man's wounds.

The doctor's assistant looked

Said: “Second-rate!

And a pension for them!

It was not ordered to give out the full:

The heart is not shot through,

But the common people respect and pity them.

Let merchants and contractors profit from men's labor, putting an unbearable burden on their shoulders, taking away one's strength, undermining one's health, let it seem like happiness after working in a foreign land

Get to your homeland

To die at home, -

Their native land itself will support them.

One of the heroes of the poem will say about himself bitterly and accurately:

"In the village of Bosovo

Yakim Nagoy lives,

He works himself to death

He drinks until he’s half dead!”

The whole story of Yakim Nagogo is the fate of a talented craftsman, hard worker, rebel and poor soul, told in a few lines:

Yakim, wretched old man,

Once lived in St. Petersburg,

Yes, he ended up in jail:

I decided to compete with the merchant!

Like a piece of velcro,

He returned to his homeland

And he took up the plow.

It's been roasting for thirty years since then

On the strip under the sun,

He escapes under the harrow

From frequent rain,

He lives and tinkers with the plow,

And death will come to Yakimushka -

As the lump of earth falls off,

What dried up on the plow.

N. A. Nekrasov describes Yakim as an exhausted sufferer:

The chest is sunken, as if depressed,

Stomach; at the eyes, at the mouth

Radiated like cracks

On dry ground;

And to Mother Earth myself

He looks like: brown neck,

Like a layer cut off by a plow,

Brick face

Hand - tree bark,

And the hair is sand.

However, Yakim Nagoy is not a dark, not downtrodden man; he managed to maintain a pure, clear soul and individuality. While rescuing popular prints during a fire, he lost the money he had accumulated “over a century,” but did not “come to his senses” and did not betray his dream of beauty. Knowing how to talk to the people, to tell stories figuratively and vividly, it is Yakim who formulates the essence of peasant protest, noting its great hidden strengths and weakness of expression:

Every peasant

Soul, like a black cloud -

Angry, menacing - and it should be

Thunder will roar from there,

Bloody rains

And it all ends with wine.

Yakim Nagoy stands at the very beginning of the path leading to awareness self-esteem, their strength, the need for unity before a common enemy.

The image of Ermila Girin in the poem became a symbol of the highest authority among the people, upholding justice and peasant solidarity. When they want to take the mill away from him and the merchant Altynnikov, in collusion with the officials, demands to immediately pay money for it, the people, knowing Girin’s honesty, help him out by collecting the required amount at the fair.

Yermilo is a literate guy,

There's no time to write it down

Put your hat full

Tselkovikov, foreheads,

Burnt, beaten, tattered

Peasant bank notes.

Yermilo took it - he didn’t disdain

And a copper penny.

Still he would become disdainful,

When did I come across here

Another copper hryvnia

More than a hundred rubles!

So people repaid him with kindness for his honest work as a clerk. For her honesty, people chose Ermila as burgomaster. And he

In seven years the world's penny

I didn’t squeeze it under my nail,

At the age of seven I didn’t touch the right one,

He did not allow the guilty

I didn’t bend my heart...

And when Ermila slightly stumbled - he saved his younger brother from recruiting, he almost hanged himself due to remorse, managed to return his son to Vasilyevna, who was taken as a recruit instead of Ermila’s brother, atoned for his guilt and resigned from his position.

At the mill

He took it for the grind according to his conscience,

Didn't stop people -

Clerk, manager,

Rich landowners

And the men are the poorest -

All lines were obeyed

The order was strict!

Thanks to all this, Ermila Girin had

An enviable, true honor,

Not bought with money,

Not with fear: with the strict truth.

With intelligence and kindness!

Landowner Obrubkov,

Frightened province,

Nedykhanev County,

Village Tetanus…

The authorities hoped that the former mayor Girin would help them and be able to pacify the rebels, but Ermila did not go against his conscience, as a result of which he ended up in prison, like most other fighters for truth and justice. The poem increasingly repeats the motif of rebellion, anger, and the inability to continue life in the old way - in submission and fear.

To be intolerant is an abyss,

To endure it is an abyss! -

These words begin the story about the life of Savely, a Holy Russian hero, who for a long time, together with his fellow villagers, resisted the landowner, and then buried alive the German manager who mocked him. We saw, although spontaneous, already organized resistance, a call for rebellion - the word thrown by Savely: “Give it up!” Having served hard labor, the peasant returns home unbroken (“branded, but not a slave!”), not having lost his sense of dignity, not having come to terms with vanity, greed, and petty quibbles of his family, having preserved kind soul and the ability to understand and support the young daughter-in-law. It is symbolic that outwardly it reminds Matryona of the monument to Ivan Susanin. But even peasant women, “much tormented,” “long-suffering,” do not look downtrodden and submissive. Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina not only has the strength to endure all the trials, backbreaking work, and family bullying, but also the readiness at any moment to protect her children, her husband, to accept punishment and reproaches from her husband’s relatives:

There is no unbroken bone,

There is no unstretched vein,

> There is no unspoiled blood -

I endure and do not complain!

All the power given by God,

I put it to work

All the love for the kids!

Matrena Timofeevna says about herself:

For me - quiet, invisible -

The spiritual storm has passed,

She considers herself an “old woman” at thirty-eight years old and is sure that

It's not a matter - between women

Happy searching!..

Noting the heroine’s ability to deal with circumstances, the desire to be the mistress of her own destiny, Nekrasov shows the irresistible force of the system, which gives rise to a lot of evil. All the more dear to us are the words of the peasant woman who managed to save a living soul in this world:

I have my head down

I carry an angry heart!

Among the rebellious and freedom-loving peasants - the heroes of the poem, it is necessary to note the episodic image of the inflexible Agap (chapter “The Last One”), who hated the landowners so much that he could not even stand the “comedy” of punishment when, to please the Last One, Prince Utyatin, he was given a drink in the barn and forced to scream as if he was being severely flogged - he died from the humiliation he experienced. There are other heroes in the poem:

People of servile rank -

Real dogs sometimes:

The heavier the punishment,

That's why gentlemen are dearer to them.

This is a former footman who at the fair boasts that he licked the master’s plates and acquired the “lord’s disease” - gout, and the eternal “serf of the Utyatin princes” footman Ipat, and the exemplary servant Yakov the faithful. This is the “fake” mayor Klim, the most worthless man who voluntarily agreed to play this unseemly role in front of the Last One. Particularly noteworthy is the image of the elder Gleb, who, for money, destroyed the will of the late admiral, who gave his serfs manumission.

For decades, until recently

Eight thousand souls were secured by the villain,

With the family, with the tribe, whatever the people!

What a lot of people! with a stone into the water!

God forgives everything, but Judas sin

It doesn't say goodbye.

Oh man! man! you are the sinner of all,

And for that you will suffer forever!

The poem by N. A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is remarkable because it shows real life- diversity of peasant types, two paths “in the middle of the world below.” And next to the “dear thorn” along which “greedy for temptation” there's a crowd coming, there is another way:

The road is honest

They walk along it

Only strong souls

Loving,

To fight, to work

For the bypassed

For the oppressed.

N.A. Nekrasov says that

Rus' has already sent a lot

His sons, marked

The seal of God's gift,

On honest paths

I cried for a lot of them...

In the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov, to whom

Fate was preparing

The path is glorious, the name is loud

People's Defender,

Consumption and Siberia,

We clearly recognize the features of Nekrasov’s comrade-in-arms, Nikolai Dobrolyubov. Grigory Dobrosklonov is a poet who has embarked on the path of civil service to the fatherland, firmly deciding to whom he will give his whole life and for whom he will die. He, fed half-and-half bread with tears, brought up on mournful songs about the bitter lot of Vakhlachina, united in his soul love for his poor mother with love for his homeland, composing for her the radiant sounds of a noble hymn - He sang the embodiment of the people's happiness!.. It was thanks to reality and optimistic coloring of the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov, you perceive the poem by N. A. Nekrasov not only as an indictment government system of that time, but also as a hymn to the courage and fortitude of the Russian people. Following the poet, I would like to repeat:

More to the Russian people

No limits set:

There is a wide path ahead of him.

Sending truth-seekers on the road, N.A. Nekrasov not only shows us people of different classes, creating a portrait of Russia in the second half of the 19th century at one of the turning points in its development - the maturation and implementation of the reform of 1861. The main task of a poet writing for the people and speaking on their behalf is to show the Russian people as they are. “I decided to present in a coherent story everything that I know about the people,” wrote N. A. Nekrasov about his work on the main poem in his life, “everything that I happened to hear from his lips, and I outlined “To whom in Rus' live well"... This will be an epic of modern peasant life..."

Before us is a whole gallery of images, very different characters, very different views on life. The righteous and the scoundrels, the toilers and the lazy, the rebellious and the dishonest, the rebels and the slaves, pass before the reader’s eyes, as if alive. The poet talks about someone in detail and vividly, someone is depicted in one expressive stroke. Even our truth-seeking peasants from places with such

Speaking names -

A tightened province,

Empty parish,

From different villages -

Nesytova, Neelova,

Zaplatova, Dyryavina,

Gorelok, Golodukhina,

Bad harvest too -

The wanderers could not stand it:

“We haven’t worked for a long time,

Let's mow!"

Seven women gave them their braids.

Woke up, got excited

A forgotten habit

To work! Like teeth from hunger,

Works for everyone

Nimble hand.

We're a little

We ask God:

Fair deal

Do it skillfully

Give us strength!

Working life -

Direct to friend

Road to the heart

Away from the threshold

Coward and lazy!

Not gentle white-handed ones,

And we are great people

At work and at play!

This is how Russian men speak about themselves with dignity. Let the state not value their feats of arms:

Come on, from the redoubt from the first number

Well, with George - around the world, around the world!

And the full pension

Didn't work out, rejected

All the old man's wounds.

The doctor's assistant looked

Said: “Second-rate!

And a pension for them!

It was not ordered to give out the full:

The heart is not shot through,

But the common people respect and pity them.

Get to your homeland

To die at home, -

Their native land itself will support them.

One of the heroes of the poem will say about himself bitterly and accurately:

"In the village of Bosovo

Yakim Nagoy lives,

He works himself to death

He drinks until he’s half dead!”

The whole story of Yakim Nagogo is the fate of a talented craftsman, hard worker, rebel and poor soul, told in a few lines:

Yakim, wretched old man,

Once lived in St. Petersburg,

Yes, he ended up in jail:

I decided to compete with the merchant!

Like a piece of velcro,

He returned to his homeland

And he took up the plow.

It's been roasting for thirty years since then

On the strip under the sun,

He escapes under the harrow

From frequent rain,

He lives and tinkers with the plow,

And death will come to Yakimushka -

As the lump of earth falls off,

What dried up on the plow.

N. A. Nekrasov describes Yakim as an exhausted sufferer:

The chest is sunken, as if depressed,

Stomach; at the eyes, at the mouth

Radiated like cracks

On dry ground;

And to Mother Earth myself

He looks like: brown neck,

Like a layer cut off by a plow,

Brick face

Hand - tree bark,

And the hair is sand.

Every peasant

Soul, like a black cloud -

Angry, menacing - and it should be

Thunder will roar from there,

Bloody rains

And it all ends with wine.

Yakim Nagoy stands at the very beginning of the path leading to awareness of his own dignity, his strength, and the need for unity before a common enemy.

Yermilo is a literate guy,

There's no time to write it down

Put your hat full

Tselkovikov, foreheads,

Burnt, beaten, tattered

Peasant bank notes.

Yermilo took it - he didn’t disdain

And a copper penny.

Still he would become disdainful,

When did I come across here

Another copper hryvnia

More than a hundred rubles!

So people repaid him with kindness for his honest work as a clerk. For her honesty, people chose Ermila as burgomaster. And he

In seven years the world's penny

I didn’t squeeze it under my nail,

At the age of seven I didn’t touch the right one,

He did not allow the guilty

I didn’t bend my heart...

At the mill

He took it for the grind according to his conscience,

Didn't stop people -

Clerk, manager,

Rich landowners

And the men are the poorest -

All lines were obeyed

The order was strict!

Thanks to all this, Ermila Girin had

An enviable, true honor,

Not bought with money,

Not with fear: with the strict truth.

With intelligence and kindness!

Landowner Obrubkov,

Frightened province,

Nedykhanev County,

Village Tetanus…

To be intolerant is an abyss,

To endure it is an abyss! -

These words begin the story about the life of Savely, a Holy Russian hero, who for a long time, together with his fellow villagers, resisted the landowner, and then buried alive the German manager who mocked him. We saw, although spontaneous, already organized resistance, a call for rebellion - the word thrown by Savely: “Give it up!” Having served hard labor, the peasant returns home unbroken (“branded, but not a slave!”), having not lost his sense of dignity, not resigning himself to vanity, greed, and petty quibbles of the family, retaining his kind soul and the ability to understand and support his young daughter-in-law. It is symbolic that outwardly it reminds Matryona of the monument to Ivan Susanin. But even peasant women, “much-suffering”, “long-suffering”, do not look downtrodden and submissive. Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina not only has the strength to endure all the trials, backbreaking work, and family bullying, but also the readiness at any moment to protect her children, her husband, to accept punishment and reproaches from her husband’s relatives:

There is no unbroken bone,

There is no unstretched vein,

> There is no unspoiled blood -

I endure and do not complain!

All the power given by God,

I put it to work

All the love for the kids!

Matrena Timofeevna says about herself:

For me - quiet, invisible -

The spiritual storm has passed,

She considers herself an “old woman” at thirty-eight years old and is sure that

It's not a matter - between women

Happy searching!..

I have my head down

I carry an angry heart!

People of servile rank -

Real dogs sometimes:

The heavier the punishment,

That's why gentlemen are dearer to them.

For decades, until recently

Eight thousand souls were secured by the villain,

With the family, with the tribe, whatever the people!

What a lot of people! with a stone into the water!

God forgives everything, but Judas sin

It doesn't say goodbye.

Oh man! man! you are the sinner of all,

And for that you will suffer forever!

N. A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is remarkable because it shows real life - the diversity of peasant types, two paths “in the middle of the world below.” And next to the “expensive thorn” along which the “greedy crowd” goes to temptation, there is another path:

The road is honest

They walk along it

Only strong souls

Loving,

To fight, to work

For the bypassed

For the oppressed.

N.A. Nekrasov says that

Rus' has already sent a lot

His sons, marked

The seal of God's gift,

On honest paths

I cried for a lot of them...

In the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov, to whom

Fate was preparing

The path is glorious, the name is loud

People's Defender,

Consumption and Siberia,

We clearly recognize the features of Nekrasov’s comrade-in-arms, Nikolai Dobrolyubov. Grigory Dobrosklonov is a poet who has embarked on the path of civil service to the fatherland, firmly deciding to whom he will give his whole life and for whom he will die. He, fed half-and-half bread with tears, brought up on mournful songs about the bitter lot of Vakhlachina, united in his soul love for his poor mother with love for his homeland, composing for her the radiant sounds of a noble hymn - He sang the embodiment of the people's happiness!.. It was thanks to reality and With the optimistic coloring of the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov, you perceive N. A. Nekrasov’s poem not only as an indictment of the state structure of that time, but also as a hymn to the courage and fortitude of the Russian people. Following the poet, I would like to repeat:

More to the Russian people

No limits set:

There is a wide path ahead of him.

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Nekrasov N.A.

“ The variety of peasant types in the poem

“ Who can live well in Rus'?”

Borovskoy A.E., group 11-12

Poem by N.A. Nekrasov’s “Who Lives Well in Rus'” can truly be called an encyclopedia of Russian peasant life, and the author himself is a poet of peasant democracy, whose works were devoted to the problems of the life of ordinary people.

All the people represented in the poem can be divided into two large categories. The first includes those peasants who protest against their situation and try to do and change something in their difficult life. They are a kind of “rebels”. The second group includes those who are slavishly devoted to their masters, carry out all their orders, endure all bullying and are proud of this position. They lose all human dignity.

The poem is based on a comparison of the lives and worldviews of various peasants. Leading the “seven temporarily obliged” peasants through almost all of Rus', Nekrasov shows us how differently people behave, how they act or, conversely, remain inactive, protest against the existing order or resign themselves to their fate. The author shows us several main types of peasants belonging to any group.

Nekrasov creates the image of Savely, a truly Russian hero, possessing unusual strength, both physical and moral. “For eighteen years” he endured the bullying of manager Vogel, and then his patience ran out - they buried the German alive in a well. The author endowed Savely with the features of heroes of the folk epic; Nekrasov connects with his image the central problem of the poem - the search for a path to people's happiness. Savely's happiness lies in his love of freedom, in the fact that he embodies all the complexity and importance of the struggle against oppressors. He does not resign himself to his position as a slave.

Yakim Nagoy also belongs to the “fighter-activists” - bright representative of the working people, fiercely speaking out against injustice towards workers:

You work alone

And the work is almost over,

Look, there are three shareholders standing:

God, king and lord!

Nekrasov does not paint Yakima as a dark peasant. He sees in him, first of all, a person who is aware of his human dignity (remember how Nagoy defends the people's honor, making a fiery speech in defense of the people). An important place in revealing the image is occupied by a story with pictures, which proves that for the peasant, “spiritual bread is higher than their daily bread.”

An important role in the poem is played by the image of Ermila Girin - the “people's defender” who fights for truth and goodness; he is honest and incorruptible and, having taken the side of the people during the uprising, ends up in prison.

In beautiful female image Matryona Timofeevna Nekrasov showed the full severity of the “female share”. This theme can be traced throughout Nekrasov’s work, but nowhere has the image of a Russian woman been described with such tenderness, love and participation.

Along with the images of peasant fighters, the poet also depicts those who cause condemnation - peasants who were spoiled by the serfdom system, their closeness to the landowners and distance from the land, from hard peasant labor. These peasants are lackeys in the literal and figurative sense of the word. Their images are drawn satirically, the author denounces sycophancy, sycophancy, slavish obedience and devotion to the master.

Such is the “exemplary slave” Yakov, who unconditionally obeys the master, but, realizing the baseness of his position, resorts to merciless revenge - suicide in front of his master; Ipat, who happily talks about his humiliations; spy Yegor Shutov; elder Gleb, who, due to stinginess, betrays eight thousand peasants, depriving them of their legal freedom, as well as many others who cause contempt and indignation.

Along with the “people's intercessors,” the poem also contains the image of commoner Grisha Dobrosklonov. The author emphasizes the hero's close proximity to the people; he appears as a poet-dreamer, composing his songs about the bitter lot of the people, about all their hardships, but at the same time, these songs are intended for the people themselves. The last lines of the poem show what Nekrasov really found happy person, whose happiness lies in the struggle for better life people.

Throughout the poem we are presented with various types peasants, and the author realistically shows us the stratification among the peasants. But the main thing is that the idea runs through the entire poem that the salvation of the people, their happy future is in his own hands.

Nekrasov folk peasant poem

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The diversity of peasant types in poetry: who lives well in Rus'? The diversity of folk types in the poem by N. A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'. Essay on literature on the topic: The diversity of peasant types in Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”

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