Stolypin Peter Arkadyevich and his reforms. The goals of Stolypin’s agrarian reform. What other reforms were Stolypin preparing?

Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, April 2 (14), 1862 – September 5 (18), 1911, was the largest Russian reformer, head of government in 1906-1911. According to A.I. Solzhenitsyn, he is the greatest figure Russian history XX century.

Stolypin's opinion on the peasant community

Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin came from a noble noble family. He graduated from St. Petersburg University and began public service in the Department of Agriculture. In 1902, Stolypin became the youngest governor of Russia (Grodno). Since February 1903, he was the governor of Saratov and after the outbreak of bloody revolutionary unrest in 1905, he bravely fought against anarchy, surviving several assassination attempts.

The tsar, who did not understand the scale of Stolypin’s personality and reforms, did not change the festive program of celebrations after the shots on September 1, did not meet with the wounded man in the hospital in his last days and did not stay for his funeral, having gone on vacation to the Crimea. The court circle rejoiced that the inconvenient figure who had disturbed everyone with his energy and talents had left the stage. The official pygmies did not realize that along with Stolypin the most reliable support of the Russian state and throne had disappeared. According to the figurative expression of A.I. Solzhenitsyn (The Red Wheel, Chapter 65), Bogrov’s bullets became the first from Ekaterinburg(we are talking about execution of the royal family in Yekaterinburg).

The beginning of the 20th century in Russia – the heyday of anarchy, terror, popular unrest. The empire demanded decisive steps and immediate action from statesmen. Significant transformations took place, Stolypin’s reforms became widely known - let’s briefly look at his main initiatives. After the dissolution of the first Duma, the government was headed by a person ready to change the situation. What was the point agrarian reform Stolypin.

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Initial stages of activity

Stolypin Pyotr Arkadievich (1862-1911) – comes from a noble family. Graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg Imperial University. He entered the service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where he worked for 3 years. Moved to the Department of Rural Industry and Agriculture. From 1902 he served as acting governor of the Grodno province. A year later he was transferred to the post of governor of the Saratov province. The main principles of Stolypin agrarian reform.

Occupying high positions, Pyotr Arkadyevich devoted most of his energy and time to solving issues of education of peasants and farming. This caused irritation and misunderstanding among many contemporaries. He was an ardent opponent. During the rallies, which resulted in Civil war 1905 - 1907, took to the streets, spoke to the rebels.

Important! Stolypin's management methods led to a sharp reduction in uprisings in Saratov.

The manager’s efforts and talent attracted the attention of Nicholas II. In 1906, the emperor appoints a governor of Saratov Minister of the Interior. Soon he becomes chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire.

These events determine initial period the first measures of agrarian reform: October 9, 1906 went down in history - the day the decree was issued on the free exit of peasants from landowner farms.

In new positions, Pyotr Stolypin is unfolding a tough policy against crime and terrorism.

In the midst of a revolution, he proposes a number of bills, but speaks of the need to calm unrest before starting reforms.

Entrepreneurship development

In the economy, attempts were made to give freedom to enterprising peasants, and a major role in the implementation of this endeavor was played by agrarian reform Stolypin.

Prerequisites

The basis for the transformation of the state was the economic and political situation that developed at the beginning of the 20th century. High-ranking officials saw Russia's development paths too differently. After the defeat in Russian-Japanese war, the crisis has reached critical point. One-off uprisings grew into large-scale revolutionary movement. It got in the way. It was urgently necessary to carry out a series of economic, administrative, legal, and agrarian reforms in the country, which became the main task of Pyotr Stolypin.

There were a number of problems:

• vestiges of relations between landowners and peasants have been preserved;
• workers' dissatisfaction with working and rest conditions grew;
• the national question demanded a solution;
• most of the peasants were illiterate;
• General anarchy reigned within the country;
• Aggressive extremist organizations have become more active.

All reforms pursued one goal - gradually make Russia a powerful power, and the agricultural revolution was supposed to help with this. He made the main instrument for implementing his plan an increase in the number of wealthy peasants on the territory of the state.

Solution to the land issue

In rural areas, a rather difficult situation has developed in the agricultural sector, which could not but cause concern among the country’s government:

• complete decline of rural agriculture;
• widespread poverty of the population;
• a decrease in the number of peasant lands, as some peasants lost their plots;
• peasant communities denied landowners' property rights to land.

Afterwards the community became key form of peasant self-government. The land belonged to the community, and peasant families were provided with plots. In fact, these were the landholdings of landowners. The owner of the allotment could be changed if he became insolvent. Human relations prevailed within societies, redistribution of land took place by agreement. But the thought that today I am the owner of the land, and tomorrow someone else, did not leave the farmers. This became the cause of growing discontent.

At the turn of the century, the birth rate increased sharply, especially among rural residents. In the period from 1861 to 1913. the population of the state increased by 2.5 times. The peasants needed land more and more, and there was less and less of it. On average, in the Russian Empire by 1900, the provision of allotments was halved. Along with the reduction in land holdings per capita, the number of households increased. By 1905, this figure had increased by 3.5 million. Attempts by the authorities to fight family sections did not bring positive results.

The economic reforms that took place under Alexander II included several endowment programs.

Most people chose the minimum package. It included free allotment, ¼ of the standard one, and could not provide for his family. Inequality worsened. Successful peasants bought up landowners' lands.

Insufficient land and lack of property rights were the main reasons for the escalation of conflicts. This formed the basis of the goals that the agrarian reform of Stolypin, who then held the post of Prime Minister, was designed to achieve.

The situation was complicated by the phenomenon of striping - the plots of landowners and peasants were located on the same field across the strip. There was no proper distribution of crops, forest, meadow areas.

The essence of changes in agriculture

The agricultural policy of Pyotr Stolypin pursued two main goals:

1. Short-term – cessation of unrest arising from land conflicts.
2. Long-term – stable development of the peasantry and agriculture.

Their achievement required a set of measures:

• the most important event - transfer of land ownership individual householders;
• eradication of remnants of class relations within communities;
• development of a credit system;
• preferential resale of purchased landowners' farms and lands;
• development of educational and consulting agronomic programs;
• support for peasant associations and cooperatives.

More specific goals of agrarian reform are also highlighted:

• preservation of the landowner's economy;
• solving the issue of land shortage;
• eradication herd feeling farmers;
• instilling in farmers a sense of ownership;
• creation of a solid foundation of supreme power in the countryside;
• increasing the rate of development of rural production.

Collectives of communities formed unrest. It was necessary to get rid of them. The Prime Minister hoped for an improvement in the situation of the peasants. He spoke about the power that lies at the bottom of society and tried to support the autocracy.

Stolypin's agrarian reform did not apply to Bashkir and Cossack landholdings.

The reform made it possible for anyone to leave the community. A person submitted an application, and the land was assigned to him. Taking into account the population of European Russia, land areas were allocated in Siberia.

Of the 3.5 million peasants who wanted to move, about five hundred thousand refused due to the difficulty of developing the new space. The peak of petition activity occurred in 1909–1910, then went into decline.

What we managed to do

What were the results of Stolypin’s agrarian reform? The easiest way to get acquainted with the data from 1916 is:

• More than 6 million households declared their desire to own land;
• Almost 1.5 million people became sole owners;
• 8.1% of the area (9.65 million dessiatinas) was added to the total size of the plots;
• 25.2 million dessiatinas were issued;
• peasant holdings accounted for 89.3% of the land and 94% livestock; the need for mass ownership of landowners' lands disappeared.

This is an important transformation organized by Pyotr Arkadyevich. But it failed. The author hoped for a comprehensive reform and spoke about the need to maintain calm within the country. These two factors, twenty years later, could have a positive impact on the development of the state. The ill-conceived employment of peasants who moved to the city also played a role. Stolypin's agrarian reform was suspended by a decree of the Provisional Government of June 28 (July 11, new style) 1917.

Other changes

The measures of the Stolypin reform, in short, implied complete transformation of the state, concerned absolutely all spheres of life.

Local government

Some of the western provinces were governed by volost assemblies, so Stolypin’s activities in this direction are defined as attempt to introduce zemstvo institutions. This would help regions realize their agricultural potential.

Like all the reforms that Stolypin tried to carry out, this bill found its opponents and supporters. But the main thing is it was contrary to current legislation.

The Poles who inhabited the Kyiv, Minsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk, and Podolsk provinces could not be allowed to come to power. On this basis State Council rejected the initiative.

Countering terrorism

The reasons that forced us to resort to Stolypin reforms trial, were weighty - massive terrorist attacks, robberies, robberies. On August 12, 1906, terrorists attacked the dacha of Pyotr Arkadyevich. His children and about a hundred other people were injured, 30 of whom died. The Emperor introduces a provision on courts-martial. They were given the right to consider cases as quickly as possible. Two days were allocated for the proceedings, 24 hours for putting the sentence into effect. The Prime Minister determined innovation as a necessity in the current situation.

Law enforcement agencies and legal proceedings

The bill " On the transformation of the local court» included a number of measures to reduce the cost and accessibility of services for the population. The goal was to revive magistrates' courts. The emphasis was placed on the independence of the government from the volost, peasant, and zemstvo authorities. This was an attempt to exclude judicial proceedings from random decisions and lead to a rationalization of the process. It was proposed to introduce liability for high-ranking officials for unlawful actions and bureaucracy, determine the rights of the person under investigation.

Reform measures that Stolypin managed to carry out.

Table 1

(1862-1911). He came from an old noble family and received an excellent education. Stoly-pin had a firm, authoritative character and brilliant oratorical abilities. His speeches in the Duma made a great impression on the deputies. In 1905, Stolypin was appointed governor of the particularly restless Saratov province, where he became famous for his brutal suppression of peasant revolts.

Stolypin's firmness and determination were appreciated at the top. In April 1906, Stolypin was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs, and in July of the same year - Chairman of the Council of Ministers. A convinced monarchist and supporter of “firm power,” Stolypin advocated the modernization of Russia, the development of the economy and culture. The essence of his program, expressed in the phrase “ First calm, and then reforms“, meant the need to suppress the revolution and restore order as a condition for further transformations.

Stolypin agrarian reform. The main principle of the reform is replacement of communal land use with individual land ownership - proposed back in 1902 S. Yu. Witte, but then the king rejected him. The peasant movement during the revolution forced us to look for solutions agrarian question, but in such a way as not to cause damage to the landowners. The reform was preceded by a number of measures: January 1, 1907 Redemption payments from peasants were cancelled. The sale of land to peasants through the Peasant Bank was allowed. Peasants were equalized with other classes in terms of passports.

Goals of agrarian reform:

1. Destroy the peasant community.

2. Develop capitalism in the countryside without harming the landowners.

3. Eliminate the land shortage of peasants and feudal remnants.

4. Create a “strong” peasant nina - a “support of order” in the village.

5. Eliminate revolutionary activity in the countryside, evict particularly restless peasants beyond the Urals to free lands.

6. Create a system of universal primary education in rural areas.

Community destruction. The essence of the reform was set out in a decree on November 9, 1906. The decree established “the right to freely leave the community with the “strengthening” (consolidation) into the ownership of “household owners” (peasants), transferring to personal ownership, plots from the “mundane” (community) on-things." A peasant could demand, instead of the scattered strips allocated to him in different fields, to be provided with an equal plot of land in one place ( pipe). If the owner transferred his yard with outbuildings to it, then a farm.

They left the community Basically, the peasants who are “extreme” in terms of their property status are the poor and the wealthy. The first tried to sell their holdings and either go to the city or move to the free lands of the Urals and Siberia. They sold over 3.4 million acres of land. These lands were bought not only by the rich, but also by middle peasants. Stolypin did not hide the fact that he was making a bet " not on the wretched and drunk, but on the strong and strong» peasants.

Resettlement of peasants to the lands of the Urals and Siberia. The government assisted in the resettlement of peasants to free lands. For 1907-1914 3.3 million peasants moved beyond the Urals. They received a cash loan to start a household. But not everyone was able to become householders: many became farm laborers for local old-timers, and over half a million returned back to Russia. Reasons: reluctance of the local administration to help the displaced; opposition to the displaced indigenous peoples of Siberia.

Results of the Stolypin reform.

Stolypin believed that it will take 20 years to complete the agrarian reform. During this time, he intended to carry out a number of other reforms - in the field of local government, courts, public education, the national question, etc. “Give the state twenty years of internal and external peace, and you will not recognize today’s Russia,”- said Stolypin.

For 1907-1914 25% of peasants left the community, and 35% submitted applications to quit. As a result, about 400 thousand farmsteads were formed (1/6 of them emerged). Not all of them were “kulak”; Prosperous farmers numbered about 60%. The emergence of a layer of peasant farmers caused protest on the part of communal peasants, which was expressed in damage to livestock, crops, equipment, and beating of farmers. Only for 1909-1910. The police registered about 11 thousand cases of arson of farmsteads.

For 7 years Actions of the reform: successes were achieved in agriculture: sown areas increased by 10%; Grain exports increased by 1/3. Peasants increased their costs for the purchase of agricultural machinery by 3.5 times - from 38 million to 131 million rubles. The reform stimulated the development of industry and trade. A mass of peasants flocked to the cities, increasing the labor market. As a result, urban demand for agricultural products increased.

The end of P. A. Stolypin's career.

Powerful and independent, Stolypin set many against himself - both on the left and on the right. Intrigues were woven around the prime minister by the court nobility and G. Rasputin. The Tsar became increasingly burdened by Stolypin. In the spring of 1911, the Prime Minister tendered his resignation, but the Tsar decided to wait. During the 5 years of Stolypin’s stay in power, 10 attempts were made on his life by revolutionaries who could not forgive the destruction of the community - “the cell of the future peasant socialism.” September 1, 1911 Socialist-Revolutionary Maxima-List lawyer D. Bogrov with the connivance of the police, during a performance at the Kiev Opera House in the presence of the Tsar and his family, he mortally wounded Stolypin with two shots from a Browning gun.

Reforms of P. A. Stolypin: diversity of opinions.

There are two opposing points of view on the activities of P. A. Stolypin:

I. Soviet point of view :

Stolypin limited the democratic achievements of the revolution of 1905-1907 because he:

1. He repressed revolutionaries, established military courts.

2. Stolypin was the initiator of the June 3rd coup.

3. According to the new electoral law of 1907 prepared by Stolypin, the voting rights of peasants and workers were limited.

4. Stolypin stood for limiting the political rights of representatives of non-Russian nationalities.

5. Stolypin’s agrarian reform was associated with violence against community members who disagreed with it.

6. Stolypin passed many bills without the participation of the Duma.

II . Liberal point of view :

Stolypin's policy was aimed at creating a rule of law state in Russia within the framework of the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, because:

1. Stolypin defended the principle of private property, sacred in a rule of law state.

2. Stolypin’s struggle with the revolutionaries contributed to the establishment of order and the triumph of law.

3. Stolypin was against a return to the previous regime of autocracy.

4. Stolypin believed that the creation of a layer of peasant owners would develop respect for the law and a legal culture among peasants.

5. Stolypin intended to expand the system of local self-government, reform the judicial system, and eliminate the volost court.

6. Stolypin developed public education in the countryside.

7. Stolypin's reforms were supposed to help equalize the rights of peasants with other classes.

Thus, Stolypin's reforms had both positive and negative sides. On the one hand, they put agriculture on the capitalist path and stimulated the development of industry. On the other hand, the reforms were not completed, it was not possible to eliminate the contradictions between the peasants and the landowners, and to create a mass layer of wealthy peasantry. Stolypin did not have 20 years to complete the reform. His transformations were interrupted the first world war And revolution of 1917. Stolypin's agrarian laws were finally abolished by a decree of the Provisional Government in June 1917.

IV State Duma (November 15, 1912- February 26, 1917).

Chairman of the IV Duma - Octobrist M. V. Rodzianko. Composition of the Duma:

Octobrists - 98; - nationalists and moderate right - 88;

Center Party - 33; - right - 65;

Progressives and those aligned with them - 32+16;

Cadets and those adjacent to them - 52+7; - “trudoviks” - 10;

Social Democrats - 14 (Bolsheviks - 6; Mensheviks - 8), etc.

Every schoolchild, even those who are not interested in history, has heard about Stolypin’s reforms. The agricultural sector was especially sensational, but besides it there were others that you need to know about for successful completion Unified State Exam.

A little biography

First, let's figure out who Stolypin is and why he ended up on the pages of Russian history. Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin - reformer and statesman Tsarist Russia. He took the post of Prime Minister of Internal Affairs of the Empire on July 8, 1906. He implemented a chain of bills that were called the “Stolypin agrarian reform.”

Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin

Thanks to them, the peasants received land for private ownership, which had not previously been even considered by the government. Historians and contemporaries of Stolypin describe him a fearless man, an excellent speaker (“You won’t be intimidated!”, “First calm, then reforms” are the minister’s phrases that have become catchphrases). There were 11 attempts on Pyotr Arkadyevich’s life throughout his life (most of them during his career as prime minister).

A high-ranking official was killed on September 1 (14) in Kyiv by Dmitry Bagrov, shot twice: one bullet hit the arm, the second - the stomach and liver. He was buried in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra.

Reasons for reforms

Before delving into the essence of the reforms, it is worth briefly considering their reasons. The first Russian revolution (1905-1907) became the impetus for the people and government to become enlightened about the problems of the state. The main thing: economic stagnation prevented Russian Empire become a capitalist state.

The Russians, realizing this, blamed tsarism for everything, which is why the ideas of anarchism appeared among the broad masses. Alas, the majority in power were large landowners; their views on the development of the country differed sharply from those of the people. Of course, such a situation in the state was too tense and required immediate decisive action, which is what P. Stolypin took up.

Stolypin's reforms

The Prime Minister had two important reforms:
  Litigation;
  Agrarian.

The first reform was enshrined in the “Regulations of the Council of Ministers on Military Courts” of 1906, which stated that any violation of the law could be considered in an accelerated manner. We are talking about constant robberies, terrorist attacks and banditry on ships. The fact is that at the beginning of the twentieth century Russia was experiencing hard times. Much of the population was poor, so breaking laws in search of food or money became common.

After the reform, any suspect began to be tried behind closed doors, without the participation of a prosecutor, a witness, or even a lawyer. Of course, it was impossible to leave the trial innocent. Within 24 hours, the sentence (most often death) was carried into effect. Thus, 683 out of 1102 citizens were deprived of their lives. The results were not long in coming.

On the one hand, people, fearing death, stopped committing robberies and terror in the navy. In general, the task was completed, but ill-wishers raised riots against Stolypin and their consequences affected even the official. The reformer found himself in a difficult situation: in the circles of power, except for Nicholas II, he had no supporters and the people hated him too.

The agrarian reform of November 9, 1906 made people talk about Pyotr Stolypin. Its goal was to improve agricultural activity and eliminate landownership for the further development of capitalism. What did he do? The official gave the peasants land plots and a minimum set of democratic rights.

The trick was that the lands were issued under a state pledge for 55.5 years. Of course, a person who does not have money for bread will not be able to repay the loan. Then the minister decided to populate the “empty” corners of Russia with the working class.

The bills provided for the free distribution of land and their implementation in the North Caucasus, the Urals, and Siberia. Stolypin’s actions did not entirely justify themselves, since out of a million displaced people, 800 thousand returned.

Stolypin carriages

On May 29, 1911, a decree was issued to expand the rights of commissions on issues of cuts (a plot of land that peasants received) to move from communities to farms or small private landholdings. Unfortunately, only 2.3% of new landowners founded farmsteads; for the rest it was beyond their means.

Nevertheless, today reforms have been recognized as the right path to the development of the country. Their results even then led to an increase in production in the agricultural sector and the appearance of the first signs of capitalist trade relations. The reform was a step in the evolution of the country's development and also eradicated feudalism. Moreover, already in 1909 Russia took first place in grain production.

Results

Stolypin devoted all the years of his life to improving the Russian economy. Thus, the achievements of his works were great, although they were not appreciated by the reformer’s contemporaries:

In 1916, among peasants, 26% had own land, and 3.1% formed farmsteads;
  In the sparsely populated parts of the state, 2.8 times more people began to live, which should have led to the acceleration of the industrialization of these regions. Of course, this approach was progressive;
  Peasants were interested in working on cuts, which increased the level of exports and domestic trade;
  As the demand for agricultural machinery increased, its sales increased and the treasury was replenished.

All the results of the reforms were a step towards capitalism, which the Russian Empire so demanded. Unfortunately, their significance and achievements sank into the abyss, the reason was the state into which the state was drawn!

Stolypin's agrarian reform had great historical significance for Russia.

It cannot be called completely positive, but it was necessary.

Apart from the statesman himself, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, few understood this.

Reasons for the agrarian reform of P. A. Stolypin

Disagreements between landowners and peasants over the issue of land ownership reached a boiling point. The peasants literally began to fight for the land. Discontent was accompanied by the destruction of landowners' estates. But where did it all start?

The essence of the conflict was disagreement over land ownership. The peasants believed that all the land was common. Therefore, it must be divided equally among everyone. If a family has many children, it is given a large plot; if there are few, it is given a smaller plot.

Until 1905, the peasant community existed without any oppression, supported by the authorities. But the landowners did not like the current situation. They advocated private property.

Gradually, the conflict began to flare up until it resulted in a real riot.

From this we can briefly describe reasons why Stolypin decided to carry out agrarian reform:

1. Land shortage. Gradually, the peasants had less and less land. At the same time, the population increased.
2. The backwardness of the village. The communal system hampered development.
3. Social tension. Not in every village the peasants decided to go against the landowners, but tension was felt everywhere. This couldn't go on for long.

The objectives of the transformation included resolving the current situation.

The purpose of the Stolypin agrarian reform

The main objective of the reform was the elimination of the community and landownership. Stolypin believed that this was the key to the problem, and this would solve all other issues.

Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin - statesman of the Russian Empire, State Secretary of His Imperial Majesty, actual state councilor, chamberlain. Governor of Grodno and Saratov, Minister of Internal Affairs and Chairman of the Council of Ministers, member of the State Council

The reforms were carried out to solve the land shortage of peasants and overcome social tensions. Stolypin also sought to smooth out the existing conflict between peasants and landowners.

The essence of Stolypin's land reform

The main condition was the withdrawal of peasants from the community with the subsequent assignment of land to them as private property. Since most peasants could not afford this, they had to turn to the Peasant Bank.

Landowners' lands were bought up and sold on credit to peasants.

Important to note: the central idea was not aimed at fighting the peasant community. The essence of the struggle was to eliminate peasant poverty and unemployment.

Reform Methods

The reform was introduced through pressure from the police and officials. In a difficult time of executions and gallows, it was impossible to do otherwise. The right of the authorities to intervene in economic relations was approved by Stolypin.

As for the peasants, assistance to them included the provision of natural things necessary for farming. This was done in order to provide the peasants with work.

The beginning of agrarian reform

The process of peasants leaving the community and assigning their land to private ownership began on November 9, 1906, after a decree was issued. According to other sources, the date of publication of the decree is November 22.

The first action was to provide peasants with equal rights with other classes. Later, the most important event was the resettlement of peasants beyond the Urals.

Leaving the community and creating farms and cuts

The land plots that the peasants received in their possession had to meet the requirements of rational management. In reality, implementing this idea turned out to be not so easy. That's why it was planned to divide villages into farms and cuts.

This made it possible to form a layer of peasants whose economy met the requirements as much as possible. Rational management was necessary to eliminate the backwardness of villages.

Wealthy peasants were the most active in leaving the community. It was unprofitable for the poor; the community protected them. When they left, they were deprived of support and had to cope on their own, which did not always work out.

Resettlement policy as a critical stage of reform

At first, it was difficult for peasants to leave the communities. Stolypin tried to focus on the quality of property rights and economic freedoms. But the documents on processing were considered by the Duma for too long.

The problem was that the activities of the communities were aimed at blocking the peasants' path to independence. The law on changes to the reform was passed only on July 14, 1910.

Stolypin sought to bring peasants out of densely populated areas to Siberia and Central Asia, as well as to Far East and give them independence.

The main provisions and results of the resettlement company are reflected in the table:

Thanks to this, there was a huge leap in the development of the economy and economy in Siberia. In livestock production, the region even began to overtake European part Russia.

Results and results of Stolypin’s agricultural policy

The results and consequences of Stolypin’s reform cannot be given an unambiguous assessment. They had both positive and negative character. On the one side agriculture has received greater development.

On the other hand, it had a bad effect on many people. The landowners were unhappy that Stolypin was destroying centuries-old foundations. The peasants did not want to leave the community, settle in farmsteads where no one would protect them, or move to who knows where.

It is possible that the result of this discontent was the assassination attempt on Pyotr Arkadyevich in August 1911. Stolypin was mortally wounded and died in September of the same year.