Tajik. Tajik: alphabet, accents, electronic dictionaries Tajik alphabet and pronunciation

Plan:

Introduction

• 1 Origin of the name
• 2 Writing
  • 2.1 Alphabets correspondence table
• 3 Numerals
Notes
Literature

Introduction

Tajik (Taj. Zaboni Toҷiki, sometimes called the Tajik dialect of the Persian language, Persian. فارسی تاجیکی ‎ - Forsy-Tojiks) - the language of the Tajiks, state language Tajikistan and one of the regional languages ​​of Afghanistan, belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian languages ​​of the Indo-European family. It is also widespread in some regions of Uzbekistan (in Samarkand, Bukhara, Surkhandarya, Kashkadarya and Namangan regions, as well as in some villages adjacent to these cities and on separate islands in other regions of the country) and in a significant part of northern Afghanistan.

The divergence from classical Persian occurred around the 15th century. n. e. Currently, the Tajik language is very different from the Persian language phonetically, and the introduction of an alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet in 1940 further cemented these differences. In addition, the vocabulary of the Tajik language is more archaic compared to classical Persian; in the latter, the percentage of Arabic borrowings is much higher, while in Tajik in the 20th century. many Russian borrowings appeared. Nevertheless, the mutual understanding of Tajiks with native speakers of literary Persian is still preserved.

1. Origin of the name

The term “Tajik language” came into use in the early 20s of the twentieth century. Starting from the 7th-9th centuries. and until the above-mentioned time, both in relation to the literary form of the New Persian language, and in relation to its numerous dialects and dialects that existed in the vast territory of Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia, the single name “زبان فارسی” was used, that is, the Persian language.

Another name for the language was "Dari", regarding the origin of which there are different versions. Most scientists believe that the word give cognate with Persian word darbar (دربار ), "yard", because Dari was spoken at the Sassanid court. This opinion is based on medieval sources and the works of early Islamic historians. It should be clarified that the word "gift" in the early Middle Ages it meant “ public administration, office", hence " give", as a derived adjective from " gift" means " administrative language", that is " official language" and "state language". In modern Persian, these concepts are conveyed by borrowed Arabic wordsرسمی (rasmi) and دولتی (dowlati), which simply did not exist in pre-Islamic Persian.

2. Writing

Cyrillic alphabets
Slavic:
Belorussian
Bulgarian
Serbian
Macedonian
Russian
Ukrainian
Non-Slavic:
Kazakh
Kyrgyz
Moldavian
Mongolian
Tajik
Historical:
Old Church Slavonic alphabet
Romanian Cyrillic
*Only official ones are listed alphabets of states. Read more here.

Until 1928, the Tajik alphabet was based on Arabic script

In 1930 - 1940 the Latin alphabet was used:

A a	B b	C c	Ç ç	D d	E e	F f	G g
Ƣ ƣ	H h	I i	Ī ī	Jj	K k	L l	Mm
Nn	O o	P p	Q q	R r	Ss	Ş ş	T t
U u	Ū ū	Vv	X x	Z z	Ƶ ƶ	"

Modern alphabet based on Cyrillic:

A a	B b	In in	G g	Ғ ғ	D d	Her	Her
F	Z z	And and	Thy	Ӣ ӣ	K k	Қ қ	L l
Mm	N n	Oh oh	P p	R r	With with	T t	U y
Ӯ ӯ	F f	X x	Ҳ ҳ	H h	Ҷ ҷ	Sh sh	Kommersant
Uh uh	Yu Yu	I I

In 1952 the letters were introduced sch sch And s s. In 1998 Letters Ts c, Shch, Y s, b b were cancelled.

In 2010, the director of the Institute of Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Saifiddin Nazarzoda, proposed eliminating the letters from the alphabet E e, E e, Yu e, I I, as not characteristic of the rules of the Tajik language.

The “Tajiks” living in the southwestern part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China are actually Pamir Tajiks and speak Wakhan and Sarykol languages ​​of the Pamir group of Iranian languages.

2.1. Alphabets correspondence table

Cyrillic	Latin (1929-1939)	Arab font	MFA
A a	A a	َ, اَ	/a/
B b	B ʙ	ﺏ	/b/
In in	Vv	و	/v/
G g	G g	گ	/ɡ/
Ғ ғ	Ƣ ƣ	ﻍ	/ʁ/
D d	D d	ﺩ	/d/
Her	E e	ی	/e/
Her	Jo jo	یا	/jɔ/
F	Ƶ ƶ	ژ	/ʒ/
Z z	Z z	ﺽ ,ﻅ ,ﺫ ,ﺯ	/z/
And and	I i	اِ, ِ	/i/
Ӣ ӣ	Ī ī	ی	/ˈi/
Thy	Jj	یْ, ی	/j/
K k	K k	ک	/k/
Қ қ	Q q	ﻕ	/q/
L l	L l	ﻝ	/l/
Mm	Mm	ﻡ	/m/
N n	Nn	ﻥ	/n/
Oh oh	O o	ا ,آ	/ɔ/
P p	P p	پ	/p/
R r	R r	ﺭ	/ɾ/
With with	Ss	ﺙ ,ﺹ ,ﺱ	/s/
T t	T t	ﺕ ,ﻁ	/t/
U y	U u	اُ, ُ	/u/
Ӯ ӯ	Ū ū	او ,و	/ɵ/
F f	F f	ﻑ	/f/
X x	X x	ﺥ	/χ/
Ҳ ҳ	H h	ﺡ	/h/
H h	C c	چ	/tʃ/
Ҷ ҷ	Ç ç	ﺝ	/dʒ/
Sh sh	Ş ş	ﺵ	/ʃ/
ъ	"	ﻉ	/ʔ/
Uh uh	E e	ای	/e/
Yu Yu	Ju ju	یُ ,یو	/ju/
I I	Ja ja	یه, یَ	/ja/

3. Numerals

0 - Cipher; 1 - Yak; 2 - Du; 3 - Se; 4 - Chor; 5 - Pan; 6 - Shash; 7 - haft; 8 - hasht; 9 - Нӯҳ; 10 - Yes.

The Tajik alphabet consists of 39 letters:
a, b, c, d, e, f, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, p, s, t, y, f, x, c, h, sh, sch, ъ, s, ь, e, yu, i,
ғ, ӣ, қ, ў, ҳ, ҷ.

Letter e
at the beginning of a word, after a vowel and after ь denotes a combination of sounds е:
elim "glue", oed "come", play "play";
after consonants and after ъ indicates the sound e:
mekhonam “I am reading”, bed “willow”, shamye “(some kind of) candle”.

Letters yo, yu, me written at the beginning of a word, after vowels, as well as after ь*, ъ and й, denoting combinations of sounds: ё - yo, yu - yu, ya - ya, for example:
er “friend”, е “isn’t”, daryo “river”, yunuchka “alfalfa”, afyun “opium”, yagona “single”, takya “support”, rioya “compliance”, tayer “ready”.

Letter uh written at the beginning of a word, for example:
ezoh “clarification”, elak “sieve”, ezor “pants”; in the middle of a word after a vowel: poem "poem", be'tiroz "uncomplaining".
At the beginning of a word, e is written before x and ъ, not e, for example:
eҳtiot “caution”, eҳtimol “probably”, eҳtirom “respect”, etimod “trust”, etirof “recognition”.

Letter And denotes the sound “i”, as well as a combination of sounds “yi”:
after vowels, after ь and ъ, for example:
pir "old", intizom "discipline", didam "I saw", doim (pronounced doyim) "permanent", honai mo "our home", ta'in (pronounced ta'yin) "destination", taghir** (pronounced tagyir) "change "

Letter ъ written in words of Arabic origin in the middle and at the end of the word, for example:
ma'lum "famous", wa'da "promise", sham "candle", mone' "obstacle".
When pronounced carefully, ъ is articulated as a plosive sound produced in the upper part of the larynx.
In normal fluent pronunciation, ъ after a vowel before a consonant lengthens the preceding vowel:
bad is pronounced almost like baad, ma'lum - maalum; after a consonant, in the middle of a word, before a vowel causes a short pause in pronunciation, separating the consonant from the subsequent vowel:
baraks “set”, san’at “art”, kala “strength”.
Words with “ъ” in the middle should be pronounced by emphasizing the sound indicated by the letter “ъ”, either by lengthening the preceding vowel or by a short pause to avoid distorting the meaning of the word, for example:
- bad (pronounced baad) “after” and bad (pronounced bad) “bad”,
- shўаlа (pronounced shuula) “flame” and shўаl (pronounced shўla) “rice porridge”.
In words borrowed from the Russian language, the letter ъ is retained as a separating sign, for example:
congress - "congress", siding - "congress" (at railway).

Letter b in Tajik words it is used in function separator and is written before the letters ё, yu, ya, and (denoting the combination yi), for example:
bead “many”, afyon “opium”, takya “support”, tagir “change”.
In words borrowed from the Russian language, “ь” is used in the same way as in Russian spelling:
play, artel, Bolshevik, however, the final ь is not written before the subsequent vowel:
car - “car”; avtomobilyo - “cars”, but avmobili - “automobile”, cars mo - “our car”.

Letter ӣ written only at the end of a word and denotes the sound “and” under stress:
bozi - “game”, balandi - “height”.
An exception is the 2nd person singular form of the linking verb – ӣ, which does not take stress: studentӣ - “you are a student”.

Letters ts, sch, s are found only in words borrowed from the Russian language, for example:
revolution, compass, brush, exhibition.

* in writing the sound ь is often omitted.
** now it is written rather as tagyir, which means that all Arabic masdars of the second type of verbs with media ya have й instead of ь.

1.2. Vowel sounds

The Tajik language has 6 vowel sounds: a, e, i, o, u, ў.

And, uh, a: front vowels, since when they are pronounced, the back of the tongue is moved forward and upward;
- u, o: back vowels; when pronouncing them, the back of the tongue, although raised upward, is moved back.
- ў: mixed vowel.
- у, о, ў: rounded vowels, when pronounced, the lips are extended and rounded
- and, uh, a – unrounded, lips do not participate in their pronunciation
- and, y: upper rise and the most closed, or narrow, since when they are pronounced the tongue rises most highly to the palate
- uh, oh, ў: medium rise
- a: most open sound lower rise.
- And: Compared to Russian, the sound is more open, especially in the vicinity of the consonants қ, ғ, ҳ.
The Tajik “i” is closer to the Russian “y”, for example:
khirs “bear”, qishlok “kishlak”, gilof “scabbard”, “case”, Gisht “brick”.
In the vicinity of voiced consonants, the Tajik “i” is close to the Russian “i”, where it is more closed, for example:
eid "holiday", dina "yesterday".

Vowel "uh" in sound it is close to the Russian e in the position between hard consonants (for example, in the words “six”, “tsep”) and more open than the Russian e (in the words “children”, “sat down”).

Vowel "A" the sound is closer to the Russian “a” under stress (for example, in the words “garden”, “booth”) than to the unstressed “a”.

Vowel "y" the sound is close to the Russian “u” in the position between hard consonants, for example: “lub”, “booth”
dur - “distant”, bud - “he was”, quvvat - “strength”.

Vowel "O" in the Tajik language, compared to Russian, “o” is a more open sound, but unlike Russian “o,” Tajik “o” does not change in any phonetic position and is not replaced by the sound “a” in an unstressed syllable, as is the case in Russian . Therefore, one should pronounce bodom (and not badom) - “almond”, hona (and not hana) - “house”, Shona (and not shana) - “comb”.

Vowel "ў" has no equivalent in Russian. When pronouncing the sound “ў”, the back of the tongue rises to the middle palate, as with the Russian “y”, the tip of the tongue approaches the lower tooth, the lips are rounded somewhat more than with the Russian “u”, and somewhat less than with the Russian “o”. The vowel “ў” does not change its sound depending on phonetic conditions: rўz - “day”, duston - “friends”, gўsfand - “ram”, kucha - “street”.
Note: in closed syllable before ҳ and ъ is always written and pronounced:
ўҳda - “obligation”, nўҳ - “nine”, mўҳlat - “term”, mўҳadil - “moderate”, mҳtabar - “reliable”.

1.3. Consonants

There are 24 consonant sounds in the Tajik language: b, v, g, d, zh, z, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, h, sh, b,
ғ, қ, ҳ, ҷ.

Consonants ҷ, қ, ғ, ҳ have no correspondence in Russian.
Sound ҷ - voiced, pronounced as a fused combination of j sounds:
ҷoi - “place”, ҷon - “soul”.

Sound қ – voiceless stop, formed by closing the very back of the back of the tongue with the soft palate: kator - “row”, qishlok - “kishlak”.
Mixing the sounds “қ” and “k” can lead to a distortion of the meaning of the word, for example:
qand - “sugar” and kand - “he picked”, kadar - “quantity” and kadar - “sadness”.

Sound ғ – voiced fricative, formed by bringing the very back of the tongue closer to the soft palate:
ghair - “other”, bog - “garden”, boghairat - “energetic”.

Sound ҳ - blind slit, formed by bringing together the walls of the pharynx (pharynx) in its lower part. The sound ҳ resembles the sound h in German in the words habe, heute.
Mixing the sound "ҳ" with the Russian "х" can lead to a distortion of the meaning of the word, for example:
ham - “also” and ham - “inclined”, har - “everyone” and har - “donkey”.

Sound X is somewhat different from the corresponding Russian sound “x”, since it is formed deeper (the same as the sound ғ, but without the participation of the voice).

Sound l by ear it is perceived as an average between the Russian hard l and soft l:
Lola - “tulip”, baland - “tall”.
When the Tajik “l” is formed, the front part of the back of the tongue closes with the hard palate, and the edges of the tongue are lowered.

Voiced consonants b, d, d Unlike the corresponding Russian consonants, words are slightly deafened at the end:
bud - “was” (and not but), rag - “lived” (and not cancer).

The remaining consonants of the Tajik language do not differ significantly from the corresponding sounds of the Russian language.

1.4. Accent

In Tajik, unlike Russian, the stress is fixed and usually falls on the last syllable of the word:
hona - “house”, odam - “person”, talaba - “student”, honaho - “at home”, korgar - “worker”, davlatmand - “rich”.
In words borrowed from Russian and other languages, the stress may fall on different syllables, for example:
tractor, institute

Accent in Tajik language doesn't fall for the following morphological indicators, service particles and words adjacent to the previous word and written together with it:
1) izafet - connection between the defined and the definition using the unstressed indicator “-i”
guli surkh - “red flower”, maktabi miyona - “ high school»;
2) the suffix “-e”, expressing uncertainty: odame - “some person”;
3) postposition "-ro": man in kitobro hondam - “I read this book”;
4) pronominal suffixes “-am”, “-at”, “-ash”, “-amon”, “-aton”, “-ashon”:
kitobam - “my book”, kitobhoyam - “my books”.
In combination with the pronoun khud - “himself”, emphasis falls for pronominal suffixes:
khudam - “I myself”, khudat - “you yourself”;
5) forms of the linking verb “-am”, “-ӣ”, “-ast”, “-em”, “-ed”, “-and”:
man talabaam - “I am a student”, tu talabai - “you are a student”, onho talabagonand - “they are students”;
6) connective conjunction"-у/-у":
kitobu daftar - “book and notebook”, ochayu bacha - “mother and child”.
Although now after a vowel it is more likely to be written “-wu” than “-yu”, which means “ochavu bacha” instead of “ocha bacha”.

Accent doesn't fall also for unions:
- “ham” - “also”, “too”:
man ham meravam “I will also go”;
- "ki" - "what":
ў guft, ki imruz dars meshavad - “he said that classes will take place today,”
- interrogative particle "-мѣ":
padarat meoyad-mi? - “will your father come?”

In personal verb forms with the prefix “me-” the main stress falls on the last syllable of the form, and the additional stress falls on the prefix:
meravam—“I will come.”

In personal verb forms with the prefix "bi-", the main stress falls on the prefix, and the additional stress falls on the last syllable of the form:
bihonad - “let him read.”

The particle “na-”, expressing negation in verbs, takes on the main stress, the additional stress falls on the last syllable of the verb form:
namegiram - “I won’t take it.”

Simple past tense verbs have parallel pronunciation with either stem or ending stress:
raftam or raftam - “I went.”

In Russian and international words included in the vocabulary of the Tajik language, as well as proper names and geographical names, the stress customary in Russian is usually preserved:
party, republic; Lenin, Darwin, Vera, Anna; Volga, Novgorod.

In words borrowed from the Russian language, which have long been included in colloquial speech, the stress falls on the last syllable, for example:
samovar, potatoes;

From R.L. Nemenova, " Brief essay Grammar of the Tajik language", Dushanbe, 1988.
http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:4-cFUUXk2NUJ:amalgrad.ru/viewtopic.php%3Fid%3D1089+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8% D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82,+% D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&cd=4&hl= en&ct=clnk&gl=us

Tajik-Russian Electronic Dictionaries:

- Tajik-Russian / Russian-Tajik on-line dictionary (12,843 words): http://www.termcom.tj/?menu=dictionary&page=index2&lang=rus
- Russian-Tajik / Tajik-Russian dictionary (65,000 words): http://wild.softodrom.ru/ap/p8340.shtml
- Tajik-Russian / Russian-Tajik electronic dictionary (45,000 words): http://www.tjslovar.narod.ru/
- Tajik-Russian electronic dictionary (approx. 13,000? words):

ALPHABET OF THE TAJIK LANGUAGE (ALIFBOI ZABONI TONICS) The modern alphabet of the Tajik language is built on the basis of the Russian (Cyrillic) alphabet and consists of thirty letters (sounds). Inscription of the letters pechag-1 handwritten I noe Inscription of the letters gtechaї- handwritten I poe ga a: w >, ga I Inscription of the letters Ya ga print" handwritten ioe A a, B b v c G g ve ge D d (Ee) Єе ( Her) Se de yo K k L l Al m em H n O P i -YGl pe Z z 1 S s T t Cc er Ch h ch e Sh w sha G E e 9 (Yu yu) yu (Ya ya) ya F g ge K k ke U y U X X he The letters e, e, yu, i do not denote independent sounds. These letters denote complex sounds consisting of two sounds: e = й+е, е = й + о, ь = = й. +у, i = й + a (in the table these letters are placed in brackets). 1.2. SOUNDS (OVOZKHO) The sounds of the Tajik language are divided into vowels and consonants 1.3. VOWEL SOUNDS (LETTERS) There are six vowel sounds in the Tajik language: a, and. , e, u, o, u. The pronunciation of the vowel sounds a, i, e, u, o differs little from the pronunciation of the corresponding sounds of the Russian language. The vowel sound u in the Russian language does not coincide with the pronunciation of the sound u, and at the end. - with o, i.e. u, sounds o-shaped. Exercise 1. Say the following words out loud: ruz - day rui - face gush - ear shur - salty u - he husha - ear, bunch buoy - smell Urdu - army kuh - mountain kuza - jug mui - hair, hair tour - mesh tufon - typhoon empty - skin murcha - ant chickens - blind 1.4. CONSONANT SOUNDS (LETTERS) There are 24 such sounds (letters) in the Tajik language: b, V, G, D, Zh, 3, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, h , «i, K, f, X, Ch, b. 5 The pronunciation of consonant sounds b, v, g, d, zh, z, y, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, ch, sh differs little from the pronunciation of the corresponding sounds of the Russian language. The consonant sounds k, f, x, Ch, ъ are absent in the Russian language. To pronounce them correctly, some practice is required. The sounds k, f are uvular consonants. When pronouncing them, the tongue closes or approaches the very back of the back of the tongue: these sounds are easily formed by the vibration of these organs. Exercise 2. Say the following words out loud: FOp - grotto poF - gap 6of - garden gair - stranger TaFo - uncle 30F - jackdaw zagir - flax guncha - bud guk - toad Fypy6 - sunset guz - cotton gunda - karakurt agba - ogil pass - barn F03 - GUS kabl az - before ku - swan bright - weapon kabila - clan, tribe kok, - dry koshuk - spoon kosh - eyebrow akl - um bakiya - remainder k, avs - bracket halq - people wakt - time rakam - number sharq - east cue - part The consonant sound x has a guttural pronunciation: it is voiceless, fricative (compare the pronunciation of g in the Ukrainian language or remember the pronunciation of g in the Latin expression ( homo sapiens(homo sapiens). Exercise 3. Say the following words out loud: 6 mokhtob - moon sohil - shore hak, - share hukm - order mohy - fish hezum - firewood hama -¦ all mokh - month bahrr - spring kuh. -¦ mountain rokh, - road subh. - morning sohib - owner of the shirt; - fox ohak - lime muhit - surrounding shoh - king Wednesday muhabbat - love The consonant sound h consists of two sounds d and z, which are pronounced inseparably, together: j. Exercise 4. Say the following words out loud: The consonant sound ъ (ayn) has a guttural pronunciation; it is a voiced, stop sound formed by closing the walls of the pharynx. Its pronunciation resembles the pronunciation of the hard sign in Russian words such as congress, object, announcement, travel. This sound is found only in words borrowed from Arabic. At the end of the word before the izafet and always disappears: mavzu - topic, mazui nav - new topic, tulu - sunrise, tului oftob

TAJIK LANGUAGE COURSE
First, some general information.
Modern Tajik is part of the southwestern subgroup of Iranian languages, which also includes modern Persian and Dari (aka Farsi-Kabuli). These three languages ​​are closely related, as they go back to the language of classical literature, which is commonly called Persian-Tajik. This language was common to people living in the territory of modern Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia. For brevity, it is often simply called Farsi. It should be noted that classical Persian and modern Persian are different stages in the development of the Persian language. There are differences between them, although not so strong as to prevent modern Iranians from understanding the literature of the classical period. The formation of the three mentioned modern languages took a period from the end of the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century.
Writing and Phonetics
There are 39 letters in the Tajik alphabet. In addition to ordinary Russians, there are also ғ, ӣ, қ, ӯ, ҳ, ҷ.
(I’m not sure that all the letters will be displayed correctly in the browser, and in this case, you’ll probably have to switch to the Latin alphabet.)
Ғ denotes a voiced fricative sound, similar to the Ukrainian sound g.
ӣ is a purely spelling sign indicating that the final “and” is stressed.
Қ denotes a dull stop sound, which is heard in the Russian word “kysh”. In Latin transcription it is denoted by the letter q.
ӯ denotes a sound that does not exist in Russian, but if the goal is only the ability to read Tajik, we can conditionally say that it is pronounced like Russian u.
ҳ denotes a dull slit, which is heard when breathing on frozen glass. The main thing is that the language remains neutral.
ҷ denotes a sound that is a voiced analogue of the Russian ch.
Vowel sounds are divided not into long and short, but into stable and unstable.
Sustainable: uh, oh, ӯ. They are pronounced clearly in all positions.
Unstable: i, y, a. They are shortened until they fall out in an open pre-stressed syllable: k(i)tob “book”, s(u)tun “pillar”, s(a)fed “white”. On the contrary, stable ones in this position are pronounced very drawn out.
The vowel and in the vicinity of the consonants ғ, қ, х are pronounced openly, almost like the Russian ы:
Khirs “bear”, qishlok “kishlak”, Gisht “brick”. In the vicinity of voiced vowels, Tajik is close to Russian and: id “holiday”, dina “yesterday”.
Accent
The stress usually falls on the last syllable: odam "man", talaba "student". The accent does not fall on the following particles and words written together with the preceding word (sometimes called enclitics): 1) izafet (this will be discussed in more detail in other lessons): g΄uli surkh “red flower” (I did not find Russian characters with an accent mark , that's why I have an accent mark before stressed syllable); 2) the suffix -e, expressing uncertainty: odame “a certain person”; 3) postposition -ro: man in kitobro hondam “I read this book”; 4) pronominal suffixes -am, -at, ash, -aton, -ashon: kit΄tobam “my book”. An exception to the last point: in combination with the pronoun khud “myself,” the emphasis falls on these suffixes: khud΄dam “I myself.” 5) forms of the copula: -am, ӣ (this is an exception to the rule mentioned in the “Phonetics” section), -ast, -em, -ed, -and: man tala΄baam “I am a student”, tu tala΄bai “you student".
You can also cite the following frequently used words, where the stress falls on the first syllable (in last example on the penultimate syllable):
Bale "yes"
Vale "but"
Beams "however"
Ore "yes"
Hele "very"
Ammo "however"
I'm not "that is"
Oh "isn't it"
Zero "since"
Holo "now"
Hatto "even"
Al΄batta “of course.”

That's all the phonetics in less than two pages.

Additions to the “Phonetics” section

Ғ: This letter represents a sound that fully corresponds to the Arabic sound, which is indicated by the letter gajn (ﻍ). IN phonetic transcription it is usually denoted by [γ]. This is a voiced fricative, formed by bringing the very back of the tongue closer to the soft palate. It is a voiced parallel to the Tajik sound (and letter) x. This sound (x) is somewhat different from the Russian sound x, as it is formed deeper. The letter қ means a voiceless stop, formed by closing the very back of the tongue with the soft palate. If you are planning to move on to the study of modern Persian, then you should keep in mind that ғ and қ in Tajik are two different sounds, denoted by two in different letters. This fully corresponds to the position in the classical language. In modern Persian, these two sounds have merged into one reed voiced consonant, which is denoted in writing by two different letters - ﻍ and ﻕ. This creates difficulties in spelling, since you have to mechanically learn when to write which letter. This is reminiscent of the torment of Russian schoolchildren before 1918, when they had to remember where the letter e is written and where the letter yat is written, although both letters denoted the same sound. However, most of the words with the mentioned Arabic letters are borrowed from Arabic, so knowledge of Arabic helps to cope with Persian spelling.
The letters ё, yu, ya are written at the beginning of a word, after vowels, as well as after ь and й, denoting combinations of sounds: ё=yo, yu= yu, ya=ya, for example: er “friend”, оё “isn’t”, daryo "river", afyun "opium", yagona "single", takya "support", rioya "observance", tayer "ready",
E is written at the beginning of a word, for example: ezoh “clarification”; in the middle of a word after a vowel: be'tiroz "uncomplaining."
At the beginning of the word before ҳ and ъ it is written e, not e, for example: eҳtiot “caution”, etimod “trust”.
The letter and denotes both the sound and and a combination of sounds yi (after vowels, after ь and ъ), for example: pir “old”, doim (pronounced doyim), honai mo (pronounced honai mo), ta'in (ta'yin), tagir ( tagyir).

Letter ъ
The Russian dividing mark has meaning only in borrowings from Russian: congress.
In words of Arabic origin it is written in the middle and at the end of the word: malum “famous”, sham “candle”. When carefully pronounced, the sound denoted by this letter is articulated as a plosive sound formed in the upper part of the larynx. In normal fluent pronunciation, ъ after a vowel before a consonant lengthens the preceding vowel: ba'd is pronounced baad. After a consonant, in the middle of a word, before a vowel, it causes a short pause in pronunciation, separating the consonant from the subsequent vowel: san'at "art".

Letter O
Denotes the sound o, which is more open than in Russian. The main difference from Russian is that Tajik o does not change in any phonetic position and is not replaced by the sound a in an unstressed syllable. You need to shower them like the Volga residents! That’s why it’s pronounced HONA “house”, not khAna!

Addition to the section on stress.
Verbs of the simple past tense have parallel forms with either stem or ending stress: ΄raftam or raftam (“I went.”

Grammar
Morphology
Parts of speech
Parts of speech are divided into independent and auxiliary.
Independents include nouns, verb, adverb and interjection.
Names (what luck!) have no grammatical gender, cases or corresponding endings.
Names have the following grammatical indicators:
A) plural (suffixes -on, -ҳо)
B) singularity and uncertainty (suffix -e). This is, in fact, an indefinite article.
To connect nominal parts of speech in a sentence, izafet, prepositions and postpositions are used.
However, adjectives, numerals and most pronouns do not take a plural marker.
Devori baland "high wall". Devorhoi baland "high walls".
Most pronouns do not accept izafet.
Noun
The suffix -ҳо is added to all names, both animate and inanimate.
Odamho "people". Darakhto "trees".
The suffix -on is attached mainly to animate names.
Odamon "people". Zanon "women".
However plural Some inanimate names can also be formed using the suffix -on. These names include the names of paired body parts.
Lab "lip" - labon "lips". Chashm "eye" - chashmon. Give "hand" - daston.
In addition, words such as tree (darakht - darachton) and star (sitora - sitoragon).
Variants of the suffix -on: -gon, -yon, -won. They are used for names that end in a vowel.
IN colloquial speech There is a tendency to replace the suffix -on with the suffix -ҳо. Moreover, the sound ҳ is almost inaudible, so it is actually pronounced: adamo “people”, zano “women”.

The uncertainty or singularity of an object is expressed using the suffix -e.
Odame "some kind of person." Ruse "once upon a time".
If a noun has a modifier, then a suffix is ​​added to it.
Khabari nave “some new news.”

Izafet
The connection between the defined and the definition is expressed using the unstressed indicator -i, called izafet (translated as adding).
Kitobi man "my book". Kitobhoi man “my books.”
The suffix -e is placed at the end of the isafet combination.
Kitobi nave "some new book."
A number of definitions form an isafet chain.
Binoi navi maktabi mo “new building of our school.”

Download: samouchtadjickogo1993.djvu

M. MAXADOB
SELF-TUTORIAL OF THE TAJIK LANGUAGE
DUSHANBE MAORIF 1993
M-36
BBK 81.2 Taj-4
MAKHADOV M.
Self-instruction manual of the Tajik language. - Dushanbe: Maorif 1993.
ISBN-5-670-00497-3

The book is equipped with simple colloquial texts and a Russian-Tajik dictionary.
Intended for those who want to learn the Tajik language on their own, as well as for teachers of the Tajik language in Russian schools.
BBK 81. 2 Taj-4 Editor A. Abrori
4306010000-595
M-- -33-93
M 504(12)-92
ISBN 5-670-00214-8
(Є) Makhadov M., 1993
2
PREFACE
Present training manual“Tajik Language Self-Teacher” was compiled for those who do not know or have poor command of the Tajik language. It consists of twenty lessons.
Basic data on the phonetics of the Tajik language in comparison with the sounds of the Russian language are given in a condensed form in the first lesson. The remaining nineteen lessons are devoted to the most common grammatical forms everyday speech.
Each lesson is designed to last four to five hours. Educational material designed in such a way as to facilitate the assimilation of the peculiarities of Tajik spoken language. Grammar rules and forms are given freely and in the form of tables.
In order to quickly and effectively master the material, each lesson is equipped with tasks, exercises and a dictionary.
The self-instruction book includes short conversational texts on topics such as “Meeting”, “At the market”, “In a restaurant”, “In a hotel”, as well as scientific, educational and artistic texts. It introduces the most common aphorisms of the Tajik language and their Russian equivalents.
At the end of the manual, samples of some documents are given (application, certificate, power of attorney, deed, autobiography) in Tajik and Russian.
The self-instruction manual is equipped with Tajik-Russian and Russian-Tajik dictionaries.
3
LESSON 1
1. 1 ALPHABET OF THE TAJIK LANGUAGE (ALIFBOI ZABONI TONICS)
The modern alphabet of the Tajik language is built on the basis of the Russian (Cyrillic) alphabet and consists of thirty letters (sounds).
Letter style
pechag-1 handwritten I new
Letter style
gtecha - handwritten I poe
ha a: w >, ha I
Letter style
I *
ha *°
print "manuscript- ^
new
ioe
A a ,j4q a
B b %yo bae
in in<%#
G g?s
ve ge
D d
(Her) Єе (Her) Se
de
yo
K k ^ L l
Al m
Em
H n./V,-. Oo
P and -YGl
pe
Z z 1
C s T t
Cc
er
H h
che
Sh sh sha
G E e 9
(Yu yu) yu
(I am) ya
F g ge
K to ke
U U U
X X heh
The letters e, e, yu, i do not denote independent sounds. These letters indicate complex sounds consisting of two sounds: e = й+е, е = й + о, ь = = й+у, я = й + а (in the table these letters are taken in brackets).
1.2. SOUNDS (OVOZHO)
The sounds of the Tajik language are divided into vowels and consonants.
1.3. VOWEL SOUNDS (LETTERS)
There are six vowel sounds in the Tajik language:
a, and, uh, y, oh, y.
The pronunciation of the vowel sounds a, i, e, u, o differs little from the pronunciation of the corresponding sounds of the Russian language. There is no vowel sound in Russian. The beginning of its pronunciation coincides with the pronunciation of the sound u, and at the end - with o, i.e. u sounds o-shaped.
Exercise 1. Say the following words out loud:
ruz - day rui - face
gush - ear shur - salty
u - he husha - ear, bunch
buoy - smell UrDU - army
kuh - mountain kuza - jug
mui - hair, hair tour - mesh tufon - typhoon empty - skin
murcha - chicken ant - blind
1.4. CONSONANT SOUNDS (LETTERS)
There are 24 such sounds (letters) in the Tajik language:
b, V, G, D, F, 3, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, h, “i, K, f, X, Ch, b.
5
The pronunciation of the consonant sounds b, v, g, d, zh, z, y, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, ch, sh differs little from the pronunciation of the corresponding sounds of the Russian language. The consonant sounds k, f, x, Ch, ъ are absent in the Russian language. To pronounce them correctly, some practice is required. The sounds k, f are uvular consonants. When pronouncing them, the tongue closes or approaches the very back of the back of the tongue: these sounds are easily formed by the vibration of these organs.
Exercise 2. Say the following words out loud:
FOp - grotto poF - gap 6of - garden gair - alien TaFo - uncle 30F - jackdaw zagir - flax guncha - bud guk - toad Fypy6 - sunset guz - cotton gunda - karakurt agba - pass ogil - barn
F03 - GOOSE
kabl az - before ku - swan bright - weapon kabila - clan, tribe kok, - dry koshuk - spoon kosh - eyebrow akl - um bakiya - remainder k, avs - bracket halq - people wakt - time rakam - number sharq - east cue - Part
The consonant sound x has a guttural pronunciation: it is voiceless, fricative (compare the pronunciation of g in the Ukrainian language or remember the pronunciation of g in the Latin expression (homo sapiens).
Exercise 3. Say the following words out loud:
6
mohtob - moon sohil - shore hack, - share
khukm - order mokhy - fish khezum - firewood
boor - everything
moss - month
bahrr - spring kuh. -¦ mountain rokh, - road subh. - morning sohib - owner of the shirt; - fox ohak - lime muhit - surrounding
shoh - king
Wednesday muhabbat - love
The consonant sound h consists of two sounds d and zh, which are pronounced inseparably, together: j.
Exercise 4. Say the following words out loud:
The consonant sound ъ (ayn) has a guttural pronunciation; it is a voiced, stop sound formed by closing the walls of the pharynx. Its pronunciation resembles the pronunciation of the hard sign in Russian words such as congress, object, announcement, travel. This sound is found only in words borrowed from Arabic. At the end of the day, the words before the izafet always disappear: mavzu - theme, mazui nav - new theme, tulu - sunrise, tului oftob - rising of the sun.