Extralinguistic factors influencing the success of verbal communication. The problem of style classification. Extralinguistic factors as a basis for functional-stylistic differentiation of a literary language Dictionary of sociolinguistic terms

Considering such a phenomenon as speech communication, we will see that its success is influenced by many points. One of them will be extralinguistic factors. The definition of this concept and what it includes, among other things, we will analyze in the article. Let's start with the most important term and its components.

Speech situation

What is a speech situation in a foreign language? native speech? In fact, this is the first stage of communication between people. IN modern reality These situations can be either natural (two acquaintances met on the street and started talking) or artificial (schoolchildren were asked to speculate in class about the social problems of the region).

Varieties and themes verbal communication there are many in our world. Together they enrich the spiritual life of humanity and our culture.

The specific circumstances against which human communication occurs. It is the starting point of any of our speech actions: depending on it, we build a model of dialogue, communication with the audience, the search for topics of conversation, the direction of the conversation, etc.

Example text of a speech situation:

Friendly conversation.
Presentation of a report.
Explanation to superiors.
Consultation about buying a computer.
Explaining to the child why matches are not a toy, etc.

Types of speech communication

In foreign and native speech, three main types can be distinguished: speech communication:

Official, business. This is communication between a subordinate and a boss, a teacher and a student, a doctor and a patient, and so on. It is characterized by the most stringent regulation of speech etiquette. Violation of some of its rules may even result in serious sanctions.
Semi-formal. This is a conversation between colleagues, a group of students, and relatives. The norms of speech etiquette here are already more blurred. Communication is built more according to the rules characteristic of this small group.
Informal. Conversations with friends, lovers, acquaintances, within the family. Observance of speech etiquette here is rather conditional. The tone and topics of communication are free. People here limit themselves only to their own moral ideas, morality, and tact.

Components of a speech situation

To better understand the main topic of our conversation, let’s highlight the main components of verbal communication:

Participants. There are both direct participants - the addressee and addressee, and third parties - observers, listeners. The presence of the latter shapes the situation itself and influences the course of communication.
Place and time of communication. Very important aspect, which determines the style of communication. A conversation on the street, a conversation at a party, a speech in front of a respected audience - various speech situations. They are internally divided into two branches:
- Canonical - pronouncing a speech synchronously with the moment of its perception. The addressee and the sender are in the same place at the same time.
- Non-canonical - the time of utterance does not coincide with the time of perception, the speech itself does not have a specific addressee (for example, a public report, a telephone conversation, communication via letters, etc.)
Subject of communication.
Purpose of communication. The result that communication participants want to see as a result of their verbal interaction. Goals are divided into the following groups:
- Directly expressible.
- Direct. In particular, the reception and transmission of data.
- Indirect.
- Long-term.
- The so-called intellectual: criticism, search for truth, discussion, clarification, etc.
Feedback between dialogue participants. There are two categories here:
- Active (dialogue).
- Passive (example - the text of a written response).

Extralinguistic and prosodic means

Now let's move on from all verbal communication closer to the main topic of the conversation. Communication uses prosodic and extralinguistic means of communication. Their role is very multifaceted:

Regulating the flow of speech.
Saving language means of communication.
Anticipation, addition and replacement of speech utterances.
Expression of emotional state.

Each of these areas has its own set of communication tools:

Extralinguistics - diluting speech with pauses, including psychological manifestations: laughter, crying, sigh, nervous coughing, etc.
Prosody - such intonation and rhythmic structures as volume and pitch of the voice, stress, timbre, etc.

Means of prosody and extralinguistics

Let's look at both prosodic and extralinguistic factors and styles.

So, prosody.

Intonation- all the variety of linguistic means associated with the voice, which do not require concentration on the content of what is said.

Speech speed:

Less than 200 words per minute - slow.
About 350 words per minute - calm.
About 500 words per minute - fast.

Flow of speech (mode): rhythmic, cyclical, abrupt, angular, rounded.

Articulation- clear and precise or slurred, “chewed” pronunciation.

Now let's move on to extralinguistics.

Cough, shortness of breath. It can manifest itself as a reaction to external stimuli, talk about health problems, or be dictated by the desire to “tell” something to the interlocutor with these sounds.

Pause. The reasons for it can be different: attaching meaning to what was said, thoughtfulness, a means to gain time, distraction to something extraneous. Often a pause is allowed, noticing that the interlocutor wants to say something.

Researchers believe that the meaning of pauses in a conversation is sometimes almost equal to the meaning of what is said.

Laughter- a means to defuse the situation, to make the conversation somewhat emotional. There can be several reasons for it: something comical or funny was said, you want to express your attitude towards something to your interlocutor.

Laughter can be either natural or artificial, forced.

Inarticulate sounds. During a conversation, many people grunt, sigh, “eep,” “moo,” etc. These sounds can indicate both an attitude towards the subject of conversation and reveal internal state person.

But that's not all.

Other factors of successful communication

In addition to extralinguistics and prosody, there are also tactical means of communication: a kiss, a handshake, a pat or other touch.

When talking about successfully building verbal communication, one should not ignore proxemics - the distance between interlocutors. It can be personal, intimate, close, public, social. Important role The orientation of communication also plays a role - angular, independent, competitive-defensive position.

And the success of the dialogue is concluded by the image of the interlocutor - his manner of dressing, decorating himself, doing his hair and makeup.

Examples of the use of prosodic and extralinguistic means in speech

Let's see how widely we use the means of extralinguistics and prosody in speech and how they can characterize us:

We use a high-pitched voice to convey strong emotions, both positive and negative: joy, anger, delight, fear, enthusiasm.
Clear pronunciation of words and the absence of “swallowing” suffixes and endings are used to declare oneself as a disciplined, responsible person.
Rapid speech is typical for an excited interlocutor who is worried about something. Slowness can indicate arrogance and equanimity, as well as fatigue or grief. Calm speech characterizes a thoughtful, balanced person.
If the pace of the conversation gradually quickens and quickens, this indicates inspiration by the subject of the conversation, immersion in its topic.
A lively, hasty manner of verbal communication is characteristic of an impulsive, temperamental person who is confident in his words. But if his speech is fragmentary, disordered, and characterized by sudden changes in the speed of speaking, then this is evidence of timidity, embarrassment, excitement, inconstancy and fussiness.
If a person pronounces words correctly and adheres to a certain cyclical nature of the conversation, this indicates his severity, pedantry, firmness, and emotional coldness.

However, we must not forget that the means of communication also include gestures and facial expressions. If a person speaks measuredly, clearly, but at the same time desperately gestures, “runs” his eyes, curls his lips, then this betrays his excitement and uncertainty. Therefore, it is always worth paying attention to the fact that speech and non-verbal means of expression are synchronous during a conversation.

The richness of the vocabulary and the general outlook of the interlocutor is also of great importance in verbal communication. In addition to extralinguistic factors, this indicator significantly influences the success of verbal communication.

What are these extralinguistic factors?

Now a few more definitions of this phenomenon. Extralinguistic (social) factors of communication are parameters of social (extralinguistic) reality that determine both frequent and global changes in speech.

Also, style-forming, extra-linguistic, extra-linguistic factors of communication are called a lot of phenomena of extra-linguistic reality, in which and under the influence of which speech acquires a lot of its stylistic characteristics, and the organization and selection of linguistic means also takes place.

Components of a speech situation as extra-linguistic factors

Let us note that the components of the speech situation can also be called extralinguistic factors. “Extra” = “over”: in the sense of something that is not directly studied by linguistics (the science of language).

Let's remember these components:

Speaking.
Destination.
Subject of conversation.
Purpose of communication.
Communication environment.

What are the social factors of verbal communication?

Globally, extralinguistic factors include:

A number of demographic parameters (density, method of settlement).
Age difference.
Social structure of society.
The number of people who are native speakers of the language in which the dialogue takes place.
Cultural and linguistic features.
Written traditions.
Language culturally determined contacts.

So we looked at extralinguistic factors and means of communication. These are all those extra-linguistic features that, depending on correct application, can make communication either successful or unsatisfactory.

Dictionary of sociolinguistic terms

Extralinguistic factors

(Social factors)

Parameters of social (extra-linguistic) reality that determine changes in language, both global and more specific. Global action E.f. leads to changes affecting the entire or significant part of the language subsystem. Events such as decisions to create a written language for a previously unwritten language, legislative and material support for the functioning of the language in certain areas, determine the emergence of new forms of existence of this language(literary language), the emergence of new functional styles, accompanied by changes in vocabulary (replenishment of the dictionary, development of the semantic structure of words, changes in the valence of words, etc.), in syntax, stylistics. An example of the impact of more private E.f. is the development of new genres, stylistic trends in literature, which determine the emergence of new units in the terminology of literary criticism (conceptualists, mannerism). To E.f. include demographic parameters (number of people speaking a particular language, method of settlement, age differentiation of native speakers, etc.), social structure of society, cultural and linguistic features (presence of written traditions, culturally determined language contacts), etc. Study of the relationships between elements of social, extralinguistic reality (E.f.) and elements of language is the task of sociolinguistic correlative analysis.

internal factors of language development

See also:(language development),

Linguistic factors – these are factors of the language itself. (I didn't really find anything)

ANTINOMY– a contradictory contradiction between two judgments, each of which is considered equally justified or logically deducible within the framework of some conceptual system ( scientific theory).

Language contacts– interaction and mutual influence of languages that arise as a result of contact between groups speaking these languages. Y.K. usually occur in certain geographical areas and are caused by ethnic, historical and social factors. The result of language at the level of idiolect is interference, at the level of languages in general - Convergence. With intensive and long-term language, convergent development can lead to the formation of linguistic unions

Interference denotes in linguistics the consequence of the influence of one language on another

Convergence(from lat. convergego- approaching, converging) - rapprochement or coincidence of two or more linguistic entities. The concept of convergence has two aspects:

glottogonic and

· structural-diachronic.

Glottogonic convergence- the emergence of several languages (both related and unrelated) with common structural properties due to fairly long and intense language contacts, as well as on the basis of a common substrate for the converging languages, and therefore differs:

contact convergence and

· substrate convergence. Moreover, both types can be combined.

Convergence covers either individual fragments of a language system (for example, the phonological system or vocabulary) or the entire language as a whole. The area of action of convergence is called convergence zone. On its basis, so-called language unions can be formed. The concept of glottogonic convergence also applies to the convergence of dialects of the same language, which may result in the emergence of Koine.

Structural-diachronic convergence- a historical process leading to a decrease in diversity in the language system due to the disappearance of some variant or invariant differences, for example, the coincidence of two or more phonemes. The source of structural-diachronic convergence is changes in the positional conditions for the implementation of a linguistic unit.

Divergence- a process of linguistic change that causes the separation of variants of one linguistic unit and the transformation of these variants into independent units, or the emergence of new variants in an already existing linguistic unit. In relation to language education the term divergence denotes the historical divergence of two or more related languages, dialects or variants of literary norms of one language.

Language Union- the result of long-term interaction of languages (see Mixing of languages)

Sociolinguistics(sociological linguistics) - a branch of linguistics that studies the connection between language and the social conditions of its existence.

Psycholinguistics- a discipline that is at the intersection of psychology and linguistics. Studies the relationship between language, thinking and consciousness.

Computational linguistics(Also: mathematical or computational linguistics, - scientific direction in the field of mathematical and computer modeling of intellectual processes in humans and animals when creating artificial intelligence systems, which aims to use mathematical models for describing natural languages.

Lexicography- a branch of linguistics that deals with the compilation of dictionaries and their study; a science that studies the semantic structure of words, the characteristics of words, and their interpretation.

PHRASEOGRAPHY- section of lexicography. The subject of F. is the development of methodology and specific techniques for compiling phraseological phrases. dictionaries, development of scientific justification principles for selecting phraseological units for different types phraseological dictionaries, establishment of uniform principles of lexicographic. development.

Morphemography called relatively new section lexicogra-
fiy, the subject of which is the history, theory and practice of compiling
morphemic dictionaries.

Thesaurus in a general sense - special terminology, more strictly and specifically - a dictionary, collection of information, corpus or code, fully covering concepts, definitions and terms of a special field of knowledge or field of activity, which should contribute to correct lexical, corporate communication (in other words - understanding in communication and the interaction of persons related to the same discipline or profession); in modern linguistics - special variety dictionaries of general or special vocabulary, which indicate semantic relationships (synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, hyponyms, hyperonyms, etc.) between lexical units.

Chuprakova Ekaterina Valerievna

Novorossiysk branch of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (e-mail: [email protected])

Popovich Ekaterina Sergeevna

Lecturer at the Department of Humanitarian, Socio-Economic, Information and Legal Disciplines

Novorossiysk branch of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia _(e-mail: [email protected])

Linguistic and extralinguistic

aspects of translation

The article talks about the emergence of a method for modeling the translation process, discusses and proves the importance of not only the linguistic aspects of translation, but also extralinguistic ones, which means knowledge of the cultures of the translated text, as well as sociocultural and communicative situations.

Keywords: translation, linguistic, extralinguistic, degree of determinism.

E.V. Chuprakova, Teacher of a Chair of Humanities, Socioeconomic, Information and Law Sciences of the Novorossiysk branch of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia; e-mail: [email protected];

E.S. Popovich, Teacher of a Chair of Humanities, Socioeconomic, Information and Law Sciences of the Novorossiysk branch of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia; e-mail: [email protected]

Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects of translation

The authors discuss the method of modeling the translation process, the importance of linguistic and extra linguistic aspects of translation.

Key words: translation, linguistic, extra linguistic, degree of determinancy.

Among the many complex problems that modern linguistics studies, an important place is occupied by the study of linguistic aspects of interlingual communication, which is called “translation” or “translation activity”.

The foundations of the scientific theory of translation began to be developed only in the middle of the 20th century, when translation issues attracted the attention of linguists. Until this time, it was believed that translation could not be included in the range of issues studied by linguistic science, and the translators themselves believed that the linguistic aspects of translation played an insignificant, purely technical role in the “art of translation”. The attitude of linguists to translation was clearly expressed by W. Humboldt in a letter to the famous German writer and translator August

Schlegel: “Every translation seems to me, of course, an attempt to solve an impossible task. For every translator must inevitably fall into one of two pitfalls, adhering too closely either to his own original at the expense of the taste and language of his own people, or to the originality of his own people at the expense of his original.”

And only in the middle of the 20th century did linguists begin to systematically study translation activities.

With the development of science, it has become clear that the translation process is two-dimensional: first, the translator must detect potential inconsistencies and shortcomings in the source text and understand the meaning they convey; secondly, once this first part of the work is completed,

the translator needs to recognize the syntactic structure of the source text, and then formulate the corresponding message in the language of the receptor, thus giving the text in the source language (FL) additional coloring due to verbal design and the necessary impact on the recipient.

However, the issues of choosing meanings and conveying syntactic structure in a text in the target language (TL) do not exhaust the problems of translation and do not allow us to determine the laws of the translation process, because the semantic equivalence of two texts does not necessarily imply the equivalence of the meanings of individual linguistic units. General patterns of any speech activity, including bilingual, can be studied only if the interaction of linguistic and extralinguistic formants of meaning is taken into account. Referring to the following examples: “There is an apple on the table”; “How I love apples!”; “Please give me an apple”; “Do you hear what I said?” - it can be noted that these sentences can take on different meanings in speech, and may turn out to be speech synonyms, i.e. have the same meaning. This will depend on many extralinguistic factors, both subjective and objective.

Therefore, it became obvious not only to practicing translators, but also to many prominent linguist theorists that in order to carry out the translation process it is absolutely necessary to involve extralinguistic information, which means knowledge of the cultures of the text being translated, as well as knowledge of sociocultural and communicative situations. Thus, the famous Dutch linguist E.M. Uhlenbeck writes: “...Knowledge of the source language and the target language is not enough. The translator also needs to know the culture of the peoples speaking these languages.” The prominent American linguist N. Chomsky speaks out even more decisively in this regard: “... Although there are many reasons to believe that languages are largely made according to the same pattern, there is little reason to believe that reasonable procedures translations are generally possible. By “reasonable procedure” I mean one that does not include extralinguistic information, that is, one that does not contain “encyclopedic information.”

In other words, extralinguistic factors of speech are integral components the process of speech itself (communicative act), without which speech

unthinkable. In turn, the translator, as a participant in the act of communication, absolutely needs to possess extralinguistic information, i.e. knowledge, in addition to the FL and TL, of ways to move from the first to the second, as well as the subject and situation of communication.

Thus, a translator of scientific and technical texts must have certain knowledge from the field to which the translated text belongs; to the translator fiction you should have an idea about the author of the work being translated, his worldview and aesthetic views, the era described in this work, as well as the situation and living conditions of society; a translator of socio-political materials must have knowledge of the political system, political situation and other factors characterizing the country in which the translated text was created.

Possession of extralinguistic information includes, in addition to knowledge of the cultures of the text being translated and the communicative situation, also taking into account the social orientation and determinism of the translation process as an activity. One of the tasks of analyzing any activity is to develop evaluation criteria. The basis of aesthetics and criticism of translation, as well as any other creative type activity, lies the category of value. Value is determined by the relation of a work to the norm of a given activity. In this regard, the arguments defended by L.K. seem quite fair and justified. Latyshev’s provisions on the social determinism of translation, on the determining role of the requirements that society places on translation, and also on the fact that the distinctive features of translation are socially determined. Like any social norm, the translation norm is a mechanism through which society determines individual behavior. The social norm of translation is a combination of the most general rules that determine the choice of translation strategies. These rules ultimately reflect the requirements that society places on a translator. Without being something set once and for all, these requirements vary from culture to culture, from era to era, and from one type (genre) of text to another - in the process of development, their specific content and their hierarchy change.

An example of national variability in the norm can be considered the well-known 12 “paradoxes of translation” by T. Savory, cited by him in the book “The Art of Translation”.

In the process of developing translation strategies and their implementation, the translator has to overcome a number of existing contradictions between the communicative intention of the sender of the source text and the communicative intention of the translator, between the situation of primary communication reflected in the source text and the situation of secondary communication reflected in the translation text, between two cultures and , in particular, between two literary traditions, between the installation of the primary text on the primary recipient and the installation of the translation on the recipient of the translation.

From the above it follows that translation as a process of choice, determined by many variables, sometimes having the opposite effect, cannot have an unambiguous outcome and cannot be strictly determined. The degree of determinism of the translator’s actions is a variable value, fluctuating within significant limits from a minimum (translation of “informative texts” - in the terminology of K. Raie) to a maximum (translation of “expressive texts” - in the same terminology).

The choice of the level at which equivalence is established is determined by the situation-specific configuration of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors on which the translation process depends. The concept of equivalence is fundamentally a normative concept. Deviations from the hierarchy of equivalence levels lead to violations of translation norms. In the Soviet translation school (Barkhudarov, Schweitzer, Komissarov), literal and free translation are considered such violations.

Originating on early stages translation activity, the opposition between literal and free translation was preserved at a later time, when the choice of one of the translation strategies was no longer determined by the nature of the text being translated, but by the general attitude of the translator, his understanding of the purpose and content of his work. The difference in such attitudes was especially clearly manifested in literary translation, when supporters of literal translation were convinced that the task of translation was to copy the source text as much as possible, and their opponents objected that a literal translation would never be correct, since it does not convey the most important thing - artistic the merits of the original.

Since the second half of the 20th century, the requirements for translation accuracy have increased significantly. If translators of fiction sometimes took all sorts of liberties, this, in the worst case, led to a distorted idea of the author’s creative style and the literary merits of the work. However, distortions in technical, commercial, and diplomatic translation, which, as a rule, have much more serious consequences, are unacceptable in principle. Consequently, free translation in such areas is considered completely unacceptable, and translators try to convey all the details of the content of the original, while at the same time avoiding literalism, which distorts this content or makes it difficult to perceive.

In some studies (Gachechiladze, Kashkin, Kurella, etc.), literal and free translation are considered as two translation strategies opposed to each other, but we classify them as two approaches, translation methods.

In accordance with the social purpose of the translation, and also without going to the extremes of literal and free translation, we follow L.K. Latyshev believes that the text created by the translator should:

be equivalent to IT (source text) in communicative and functional terms;

be to the maximum possible extent (not contradicting the first condition) a semantic-structural analogue of the source text;

When considering various approaches to assessing the quality of a translation text from the point of view of normativity, attention is drawn to the contradiction within the existing requirements for translation, since, on the one hand, the translation text should not contain clearly national means of linguistic expression, and on the other hand, the translated text should not have its own language in principle, should not differ from ordinary, untranslated text.

Referring to the quote by A.V. Fedorov that “a complete and definite theory of translation as scientific discipline“, we can say that the “wandering” in search of a unified translation standard continues to this day and it seems that it is quite difficult to solve this problem unambiguously.

So, having made sure that the semantic equivalence of the original and translation texts cannot be established without referring to

extralinguistic factors, many researchers have come to the conclusion that translation should be studied as a special type of speech activity by studying those factors that influence the translation output, by studying, if possible, the dynamics of mental processes during translation and developing communicative criteria for meaning.

1. Fedorov A.V. Basics general theory translation. M., 2002.

2. Zemskaya E.A. Language Research Soviet writers. M., 1959.

3. Dolgopolaya M.S. Contextual characteristics of puns // Philological journal. 2004. Vol. 12.

4. Morozov M. Dramaturgy of Bernard Shaw // Pygmalion. M., 1946.

5. Vinogradov V.S. Lexical issues in the translation of literary prose. M., 1978.

6. Skrebnev Yu.M. Essay on the theory of stylistics. Gorky, 1975.

7. Volodina E.A. Non-standard compatibility as a means of creating a humorous effect (based on the material of English prose): abstract. dis. ...cand. Philol. Sci. M., 1998.

ow equivalence (Z.D. Lvovskaya, V.N. Komissarov, A.D. Schweitzer, Ya.I. Retzker, E. Nida, R. Newmark, etc.). This is how the method of modeling the translation process arose - the creation of theoretical models that represent general view expected actions of the translator when moving from a text in a foreign language to a text in a TL.

1. Fedorov A.V. The basics of the general theory of translation. M., 2002.

2. Zemskaya E.A. Analyzes of Soviet writers language. M., 1959.

3. Dolgopolaya M.S. Contextual characteristics of pun // Philological magazine. 2004. Iss. 12.

4. Morozov M. The Bernard Shaw's drama // Pygmalion. M., 1946.

5. Vinogradov V.S. Lexical questions of the translation of fiction. M., 1978.

6. Skrebnev Yu.M. The article of the stylistic theory. Gorkiy, 1975.

7. Volodina E.A. Non-standard compatibility as the method of creating humorous effect (English fiction): auth. abstr. ...Master of Philology. M., 1998.

The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of use of the language, the subject matter determined by it and the goals of communication.

In linguistics - the science of language - a text is understood as a combination of complete sentences related to each other in meaning, as well as with the help of lexical and grammatical means of language. But the text is, rather, not a unit of language, but a unit of speech, since we communicate not with words, or even sentences, but with texts. Every text is a statement. And any statement cannot take place without the one who is speaking, what he is speaking about, where he is speaking, and to whom he is speaking. All these components - the speaker, the subject of communication, the setting of communication, the addressee of communication - constitute a speech situation, or a communication situation.

COMPONENTS OF SPEECH SITUATION (speaker, subject of communication, setting of communication, addressee of communication) represent EXTRALINGUISTIC FACTORS OF THE TEXT.

The Latin word EXTRA- means SUPER-, that which lies beyond, in this case beyond the boundaries of linguistics, that which is not studied by linguistics.

THE SPEAKER is the main component of a speech situation, since extralinguistic and linguistic (linguistic) means become speech only when they are combined with the speaker.

It determines the selection of language means that formulate the content of the utterance.

Associated with the speaker is the PURPOSE OF THE STATEMENT, or SPEECH INTENTION. There are three types of speech intention:

INFORM (provide information),

ACTIVATE (induce to some action),

ARGUMENT (convince the interlocutor).

Speech intention determines the speaker’s attitude towards the message, which is expressed in assessing the content of the statement, highlighting what is given the greatest importance in the message.

THE SUBJECT OF COMMUNICATION is what is said. It determines the content of the statement and gives it meaning.

COMMUNICATION SETTINGS are those conditions in which communication takes place, for example, in the classroom, on the street, at a party. The communication environment influences the choice of speech form: monologue or dialogic, as well as the aesthetic side of speech: forms of address, style of communication.

There are formal and informal communication settings.

ADDRESSEE OF COMMUNICATION - the one to whom the message is addressed. Famous Russian scientist M.M. Bakhtin believed that any statement has an addressee, even if it is addressed to oneself. There is no text to nowhere.

If you want your words to be heard, you need to assess the recipient’s ability to understand: the general fund of knowledge, awareness on this issue, psychological state in at the moment, character traits. Taking into account the identity of the addressee is an important factor in effective communication.

PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS

A speech situation is a set of extralinguistic conditions necessary for the implementation of an utterance. Knowledge of the content of each component of a speech situation and its role in creating an utterance will make the message effective, i.e. influencing the consciousness or behavior of the addressee.

To do this you need to be able to:

1) determine the purpose of the utterance in relation to the subject and setting of communication and subordinate the utterance to this speech intention;

2) determine the relationship between the participants in communication, i.e. between the speaker and the addressee.

LINGUISTIC FACTORS.

A text cannot exist without language units, i.e. without the words themselves, united according to the laws of meaning and grammar. The linguistic laws of text structure are reflected in two formations typical of all texts: functional-semantic types of speech and complex syntactic wholes.

FUNCTIONAL-SENSITIVE TYPES OF SPEECH act as means of programming utterances. They form a thought, organize it, give it integrity and completeness. They can function independently in speech, but more often various types speeches participate in the construction of a complex text, determining its composition. Therefore, they are also called compositional speech forms.

There are three types of speech: DESCRIPTION, NARRATION, REASONING. They convey different relationships. Description and narration are based on real facts reality, i.e. what can be observed in life, in reasoning, this fact of reality is comprehended and processed in consciousness.