Lesson Objectives:
Tutorials:
- Development of skills for working with different sources information; data analysis and formulation of conclusions.
- Practicing the skills of correctly formatting the results of working with diagrams.
- Consolidation of knowledge about climate and climate-forming factors.
- Consolidation of knowledge about the principles of work of the spreadsheet processor Microsoft Excel.
- Assess the level of mastering the methods of visualization of numerical data and develop the skills of applying these methods in solving a specific problem.
Developing:
- Development of skills of group practical work.
- Development of the ability to reason logically and draw conclusions.
Educational:
- Education of a creative approach to the implementation of practical work.
- Development of cognitive interest.
- Education of information culture.
Lesson type: Practical work, conducted in the computer science classroom
Equipment: computers, multimedia projector, interactive whiteboard, atlas maps.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment
2. Setting lesson goals
3. Actualization of basic knowledge:
- define the concept of "climate";
- what climatic zones and regions stand out on the territory of Russia (map on an interactive whiteboard);
- reasons affecting the diversity of climatic conditions on the territory of Russia;
- what is numerical data visualization;
- what data is needed to build charts;
- what types of diagrams do you know;
- recall the elements of the climatogram.
4. Practical work
Students, in the course of practical work, must build a climatogram, determine the type of climate and place it on the climatic map of Russia.
Practical work is carried out in the computer science classroom. Students work in pairs at a computer.
I. Building a climatogram (algorithm for doing work for students Appendix 1 )
Operating procedure.
Save the results of your work (click on “File” - “Save As ...”, name the file and select a folder).
The advantage of spreadsheets is that if the original data in the table changes, our climatogram is automatically rebuilt.
II. To determine the type of climate, after constructing the climatogram, students are invited to fill out the table:
III. Place the climatogram on the climatic map of Russia using an interactive whiteboard.
5. Summing up
Our country has a different climate. great variety due to the extent of the territory from north to south and from west to east. Climate formation is influenced by certain factors: GP, solar radiation, VM, underlying surface.
Students submit work in the form of a file on a computer and notes in a notebook containing an analysis of the constructed diagram with conclusions.
At the end of the lesson, teachers sum up and evaluate the activities of students.
Data for building climatograms (Appendix 2).
Bibliography:
- Use of Microsoft Office at school. - M., 2002.
- www.klimadiagramme.de
- Sirotin V.I. Independent and practical work in geography (grades 6–9). – M.: Enlightenment, 1991.
- Geography of Russia. Nature.8 class: workbook to the textbook I.I. Barinova“Geography of Russia. Nature. Grade 8” / I.I. Barinova. - M .: Bustard, 2007.
I would call the climate diagram one of the branches of infographics, that is, a way of presenting data in such a way that the maximum effect of understanding the visually presented information is achieved. Indeed, the climate chart allows you to quickly correlate certain temperature indicators and draw a conclusion based on them. Without it, you would have to analyze all the numbers in your mind.
Climate chart information
The Greek word "diagram" itself means the simultaneous visual representation of several quantities, allowing you to compare them with each other. It would be more correct to call the climate chart "climatogram" - this is its official name. The climatogram consists of:
- Temperature scales (in degrees).
- Precipitation scales (in mm).
- Precipitation mode indicator.
- The curve of the annual course of air temperature.
- Abscissa axes with months of the year.
At the same time, it is of great convenience to use simultaneously in one graph a bar graph of the amount of precipitation over a monthly interval and an annual change in the temperature amplitude.
How to read a climate chart
According to the data indicated in the climatogram, it can be concluded what kind of area it is and what climate prevails in it. For example, if the area is close to the Northern Hemisphere, then the temperature curve curves upwards, and if it is closer to the Southern Hemisphere, then downwards. A point on the ground closer to the equator will show a relatively straight line. In turn, if the chart columns of precipitation have a high indicator, then such a point is located on the equator or close to the sea. At low rates - in the depths of the mainland. There is also little precipitation in tropical regions and places of cold currents.
Modern application of climatograms
It would seem that the climatic zones on our Earth have long been established and have passed their zoning. But the thing is that in a global sense, these belts are subject to change, especially with the threat of global warming.
Therefore, climatologists annually monitor the displacement of the same Arctic and Antarctic belts in order to prevent a possible catastrophe in time.
| No. p / p | Indicators |
| Air and soil temperature Average by months Average for the year Absolute air temperature Temperature of the coldest five-day period with security 0.92 Average daily amplitude of air temperature of the coldest month Duration of the period with average daily air temperature £ 8 ºС Average air temperature of the period with average daily air temperature £ 8 ºС Average maximum air temperature of the warmest month Absolute maximum air temperature Average daily amplitude of air temperature of the warmest month Air humidity Average monthly relative air humidity of the coldest month Average monthly relative air humidity of the warmest month Precipitation Amount of precipitation for November - March Amount of precipitation for April – October Daily maximum precipitation Wind Prevailing wind direction for December – February Prevailing wind direction for June – August Solar radiation Amounts o heat coming from direct, diffuse and total radiation to a horizontal surface Amount of heat coming from direct, diffuse and total radiation to a vertical surface |
The design standards are determined by probabilistic values, and the probability (security) is set depending on the projected duration of operation of the structure. Thus, the outdoor air temperature in SNiP is given with a security of 0.98 and 0.92.
Topic 2 The main characteristics of the climate and their importance in the design
Main climatic characteristics
Building climatology provides for taking climate into account when solving architectural and construction problems, compiling the climatic characteristics of the construction area in order to identify favorable and unfavorable climate factors for humans.
The climate of our country is diverse, its impact on humans and on the formation of the environment is diverse. Without taking into account the climate, it is impossible to build economically, firmly enough; it is impossible to create conditions favorable for human activity.
The climate affects the durability of buildings - the duration of their operation, which is determined by the ability to withstand climatic influences. In order to neutralize the negative climate factors and use the positive ones, it is necessary, after studying the climate of the construction area, to choose the most suitable Construction Materials, which react in a known way to frost or heat, high or low humidity, resistant to corrosion, etc.; determine the layout of the building that provides the greatest comfort for the person.
Climate indicators can be divided into two groups - general and special.
General climate indicators include: temperature (t, °С), humidity (w,%), air movement (u, m/s), solar radiation (Р, W/m2).
Temperature - one of the most important climatic elements. Table 2 shows the temperature scales and their relationship.
table 2
Temperature scales
Temperature in work time days t av day depends on the average temperature of the climate, for individual months of the year t avg months and the average amplitude of temperature fluctuations Аt n during the day and has highest value for thermal performance.
Taking into account the thermal impact on a person, the following types of weather are distinguished:
– cold (below +8 °С);
– cool (8-15 °С);
– warm (16-28 °С);
– hot (above +28 °С);
– very cold (below -12 °С);
– very hot (above +32 °С).
The duration of characteristic types of weather during the year determines the main features of the climate that affect the design and architectural solutions of buildings.
The durability of a building depends on the condition of its main parts - the foundation, load-bearing walls or frame, enclosing structures. Under the variable influence of heat and cold, the materials of structures are destroyed. More intensive destruction occurs with a rapid change in temperature and, especially, with temperature drops with transitions through 0 ° C.
Therefore, when designing buildings, take into account:
– design temperature of the coldest day and five days;
– amplitudes of air temperature fluctuations – daily, monthly, annual.
Humidity of the air environment significantly affects the moisture state of structures.
To determine the humidity regime, the following indicators are used.
Absolute humidity f, g / m 3, - the amount of moisture in grams contained in 1 m 3 of air.
Partial pressure (elasticity) of water vapor e, Pa, - the pressure of g or vapor mixed with other gases - gives an idea of the amount of water vapor contained in the air.
The state of complete saturation of air with water vapor is called saturation mill W, g/m 3 . The saturation mill is constant at a given air temperature.
Partial pressure limit E, Pa, corresponds to the complete saturation of the air with water vapor.
As the air temperature rises, the values of E and W increase. The values of E for air with different temperatures are given in table 3.
Table 3
The values of the maximum partial pressure of water vapor E, Pa, for various temperatures (at atm. pressure ...)
Relative humidity j characterizes the degree of air saturation with water vapor and is defined as the ratio of absolute humidity to the saturation mill at a constant temperature:
Relative humidity can be defined as the ratio of the absolute partial pressure to the partial pressure in the saturation mill:
The value of j affects the intensity of moisture evaporation from any wetted surfaces.
According to the value of j, the humidity regime of the premises is distinguished:
dry (j<50%);
normal (j=50¸60%);
wet (j=61¸75%);
wet (j>75%).
With an increase in air temperature, relative humidity j decreases, the value of partial pressure e remains constant, and the value of E increases, since warm air can be more saturated with moisture vapor than cold air.
With a decrease in temperature, relative humidity j increases and can reach 100% and at some temperature it can turn out to be E = e, a state of complete saturation of the air with water vapor sets in. The temperature at which the air is completely saturated with water vapor is called dew point temperature t p . With a further decrease in air temperature t in, inside the room, excess moisture passes into a liquid state - it condenses, and settles in the form of a liquid on the fence.
The value of j affects the processes of moisture condensation in the thickness and on the surface of the fence, the moisture content of the fence material.
Dew point example:
Increased air humidity impairs the performance of structures, reduces their service life and adversely affects the microclimate of the premises. When designing, a calculation is made of possible moisture, the formation of condensate on the surface or in the thickness of the fence.
The combination of temperature and humidity determines the comfort conditions in the premises. Requirements for comfort conditions are established in sanitary and hygienic standards, taking into account the climatic area of construction. This is due to the peculiarities of the influence of climate on the human body in various conditions. In areas with cold winters, a higher indoor temperature is required to normalize the thermal state of a person in a dwelling than in warm areas.
Depending on the climate, the ratio of temperatures and humidity of the outdoor air and indoors, the movement of water vapor through the fence occurs outside or inside the premises.
For example, in Moscow, during the year, the outdoor air temperature (Table 4) rarely exceeds the indoor temperature (18 °C), the heat flow to the outside prevails. The absolute air humidity of 50 - 60% inside the premises is higher for most of the year than outside (Table 5), therefore, the movement of water vapor from the premises to the outside prevails. As a measure to prevent condensation dampening of fences, Moscow provides for a waterproofing layer closer to the inside of the wall (to the most humid zone of the fence).
Table 4
Average monthly and annual air temperature, °С
Table 5
Humidity and precipitation
Therefore, it is impossible to automatically transfer preventive measures from one region to another, without taking into account the peculiarities of the climate, namely, temperature and humidity.
Number of dropdowns precipitation and their intensity are of great importance in the design. The influence of precipitation on the fences of buildings is significant.
When it rains with strong gusty winds, the walls are moistened. In the cold season, moisture moves inside the structure from colder and wetter layers to warmer and drier ones.
If the fences are light, moisture can reach the inside of the wall. If the walls are massive, moisture does not penetrate into the room, but such walls dry out slowly, and when the temperature drops, the moisture inside the structures freezes and destroys the walls. Destruction is accelerated by thaws. Long-term drizzling precipitation has a more harmful effect than intense, short-term in the form of small drops. Small droplets are held on the surface and absorbed by the materials. Large drops roll off the walls under the influence of gravity.
Precipitation (rain, snowmelt) increases soil moisture, the level of groundwater rises. It is dangerous for buildings by the possibility of soil heaving, flooding of the underground part of the building.
The amount of snow falling increases the load on the roofs of buildings. When designing pavements, the possibility of intense snowfalls that create a short-term load is taken into account.
Wind has a direct impact on buildings. The temperature and humidity regime of the territory depends on the direction and speed of air flows. The heat transfer of buildings depends on the wind speed. The wind regime affects the layout, orientation of buildings, the placement of industrial and residential areas, and the direction of streets.
For example. In Siberia and the Urals, the inner surface of the outer wall, located perpendicular to the cold wind, is somewhat colder than when it is calm. In Murmansk, in winter, south-facing apartments are colder than north-facing apartments, because the south wind is colder there. In a hot climate, the arrangement of rooms can achieve cross-ventilation of apartments, i.e. the wind improves the microclimate of the dwelling. In humid areas, the wind accelerates the drying of the fences, thus increasing the durability of buildings.
The radiant energy of the sun (solar radiation) creates natural light on the earth's surface. solar radiation can be defined as the amount of energy per unit surface, W / m 2.
The spectrum of solar radiation consists of ultraviolet rays (about 1%), visible rays that shine (about 45%), and infrared rays that heat (about 54%).
Only part of the solar radiation reaches the earth's surface: direct, scattered and reflected.
The amount of total (direct and diffuse) solar radiation is given in SNiP for horizontal and vertical surfaces.
Exposure of a surface to direct sunlight is called insolation. Insolation of a territory or a room is measured by the duration in hours, the area of exposure and the depth of penetration of sunlight into the room.
The positive effect of insolation is determined by the bactericidal properties of sunlight and thermal exposure.
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The amount of solar radiation also depends on the latitude of the construction area, the time of year and has a maximum intensity in the summer (Figure 2).
Figure 2– Comparison of solar radiation intensity.
The heating of the walls and the temperature inside the premises depend on the amount of incoming solar radiation. When the windows are open, the same amount of heat enters the room as on the walls. When the windows are closed, part of the radiation is reflected from the glass, and part is absorbed by the glass and window casings, heating them. With single glazing, about half of the incident radiation (41-58%) penetrates through the window, with double glazing - about 1/3 of the radiation (23-40%).
Considering the effect of solar radiation on a building, one should take into account the absorption capacity of various materials, which depends on their color and condition. Table 6 shows the absorption capacity of various materials.
