The Myth of Sergeant Pavlov's House

The main myth of the famous House of Sergeant Pavlov in Stalingrad is the assertion that during the defensive period of fighting in the city it was defended by a detachment of Soviet soldiers under the command of Sergeant Yakov Fedotovich Pavlov.

Sergeant Pavlov's house is a four-story building of the regional consumer union in the center of Stalingrad on the January 9 Square (then address: Penzenskaya street, 61). It became a symbol of the perseverance and heroism of the Red Army soldiers during the Battle of Stalingrad. At the end of September 1942, a reconnaissance group of four soldiers led by Sergeant Yakov Pavlov from the 42nd Guards Rifle Regiment of the 13th Guards Division of General Alexander Ilyich Rodimtsev occupied this house. There were no Germans there at that moment, although Pavlov himself later claimed the opposite in his memoirs. Since Pavlov’s group was the first to enter this building, later on maps it began to be designated as “Pavlov’s house.” A day later, a machine-gun platoon of senior lieutenant Ivan Filippovich Afanasyev was deployed to reinforce the defenders of the house, who took command. The number of defenders of the house increased to 24. Since those killed and wounded during the siege were replaced by new Red Army soldiers, a total of 29 soldiers defended “Pavlov’s house”. Of these, three died during the defense - mortar lieutenant A. N. Chernyshenko, privates I. Ya. Khait and I. T. Svirin. In addition, there was always one nurse and two orderlies from local residents in the house. Afanasyev also mentions in his memoirs two “cowards who were planning to desert,” who were apparently shot. All the time, a young mother with her newborn daughter also remained in the house, taking refuge there from the bombing. The defenders of Pavlov’s House repelled German attacks and held the building, from which the approaches to the Volga were clearly visible. Pavlov recalled: “There wasn’t a day when the Nazis left our house alone. Our garrison, which did not allow them to take a step further, was worse than an eyesore for them. Day by day they intensified the shelling, apparently deciding to incinerate the house. Once the German artillery fired for a whole day without a break.” In front of the house there was a cemented gas storage facility, to which an underground passage was dug. Another convenient position was located behind the house, about thirty meters away, where there was a hatch for the water supply tunnel, into which an underground passage was also dug. When the shelling began, the fighters immediately went to shelter. This circumstance explains the relatively small losses suffered by the defenders of the house. The Germans preferred to shell “Pavlov’s house” rather than attack it, realizing that this building would be difficult to take by storm. On November 26, after the encirclement of the 6th German Army in Stalingrad, Pavlov was seriously wounded in the leg during an attack on a house occupied by the Germans, and he was evacuated to the hospital. Later he fought as a gunner and commander of a reconnaissance squad in artillery units. On June 17, 1945, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. And soon Sergeant Pavlov was awarded the rank of junior lieutenant, in which he retired to the reserve in 1946. After the war, Pavlov visited Stalingrad and signed the wall of the restored house. It also preserves an inscription made by one of the Red Army soldiers during the battles: “This house was defended by Guard Sergeant Yakov Fedotovich Pavlov.” The figure of Pavlov, canonized by Soviet propaganda during the war (an essay about “Pavlov’s house” appeared in Pravda at that time), overshadowed the figure of the one who really commanded the garrison of the legendary house - Lieutenant Afanasyev. Ivan Filippovich survived the war, but never received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In 1951, Pavlov published his memoirs “In Stalingrad,” where there is not a word about Afanasyev. Guard captain Afanasyev was seriously shell-shocked in the last days of the defense of “Pavlov’s house”, and after the war he became almost completely blind and in 1951 was forced to resign from the army. In 1970, he also released his memoirs, “House of Soldier's Glory.” In 1958, Afanasyev settled in Stalingrad, and in the early 1970s, thanks to a successful operation, his sight was restored. Afanasyev died in Stalingrad in 1975 at the age of 59 - wounds and concussions took their toll. Pavlov was elected three times as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR from the Novgorod region, and graduated from the Higher Party School. In 1980 he was awarded the title of honorary citizen of Volgograd. Yakov Fedotovich Pavlov died in Novgorod on September 28, 1981, three weeks short of his 64th birthday. Old wounds also affected. Nowadays in Veliky Novgorod, in the boarding school named after Ya. F. Pavlov, there is a Pavlov Museum for orphans. The history of the “house of Pavlov” was reflected in Vasily Grossman’s novel “Life and Fate,” where Lieutenant Berezkin, whose prototype was Ivan Afanasyev, is shown as the head of the garrison. In 1965, a memorial wall was opened next to Pavlov’s house. The modern address of the famous house: st. Sovetskaya, 39. And two houses away from it, a memorial plaque was unveiled on the house in which Ivan Afanasyev lived and died. The fact that Sergeant Pavlov was chosen for the role of the hero, and not Lieutenant Afanasyev, was explained not only by the accidental circumstance that on the maps the famous house was designated as “Pavlov’s house” - after the name of the unit commander who was the first to enter it. An even more important role was played by the fact that propaganda needed a hero from among the soldiers who defended Stalingrad, so the candidacy of Sergeant Pavlov was preferable to that of Lieutenant Afanasyev.

In his memoirs, General Rodimtsev directly calls Lieutenant Afanasyev the former chief of the garrison of “Pavlov’s house,” who turned “thanks to his energy and courage, this house into an indestructible fortress,” and describes his difficult fate: “For twelve whole years there was darkness all around him. The head of the Department of Eye Diseases at the Volgograd Medical Institute, Professor Alexander Mikhailovich Vodovozov, became interested in the fate of the hero of Stalingrad and decided to perform eye surgery on him. The operation took place without anesthesia; the patient himself was an assistant to the professor.

Overcoming the pain, from which it seemed that his mind was about to fade, Afanasyev answered the professor’s questions during the operation, when syringe needles, the tip of a scalpel and other surgical instruments invaded the eyes.

Only a warrior seasoned in severe trials could endure this.

In the memory of Ivan Filippovich, Stalingrad remained a city of ruins. When the scientist restored his sight, Afanasyev saw another city, revived to life from dust and ashes, into what it had been turned into by the Nazis...” Maybe it’s worth posthumously awarding Ivan Filippovich Afanasyev the title of Hero of Russia?

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Pavlov's house became one of the historical sites of the Battle of Stalingrad, which still causes controversy among modern historians.

During fierce fighting, the house withstood a considerable number of counterattacks from the Germans. For 58 days, a group of Soviet soldiers bravely held the defense, destroying more than a thousand enemy soldiers during this period. In the post-war years, historians carefully tried to restore all the details, and the composition of the commanders who carried out the operation led to the first disagreements.

Who held the line

According to the official version, Ya.F. led the operation. Pavlov, in principle, is associated with this fact and the name of the house, which he subsequently received. But there is another version, according to which Pavlov directly led the assault, and I. F. Afanasyev was then responsible for the defense. And this fact is confirmed by military reports, which became the source for reconstructing all the events of that period. According to his soldiers, Ivan Afanasyevich was a rather modest person, perhaps this pushed him into the background a little. After the war, Pavlov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Unlike him, Afanasiev was not awarded such an award.

Strategic importance of the house

An interesting fact for historians was that the Germans designated this house on the map as a fortress. And indeed the strategic importance of the house was very important - from here there was a wide overview of the territory from where the Germans could break through to the Volga. Despite daily attacks from the enemy, our soldiers defended their positions, reliably closing the approaches from enemies. The Germans who took part in the assault could not understand how the people in Pavlov’s house could withstand their attacks without food or ammunition reinforcements. Subsequently, it turned out that all provisions and weapons were delivered through a special trench dug underground.

Is Tolik Kuryshov a fictional character or a hero?

Also, a little-known fact that was discovered during the research was the heroism of an 11-year-old boy who fought with Pavlovians. Tolik Kuryshov helped the soldiers in every possible way, who, in turn, tried to protect him from danger. Despite the commander's ban, Tolik still managed to accomplish a real feat. Having penetrated one of the neighboring houses, he was able to obtain important documents for the army - the capture plan. After the war, Kuryshov did not advertise his feat in any way. We learned about this event from surviving documents. After a series of investigations, Anatoly Kuryshov was awarded the Order of the Red Star.

Where were the civilians?

Whether there was an evacuation or not - this issue also caused a lot of controversy. According to one version, there were civilians in the basement of the Pavlovsk house for all 58 days. Although there is theory that people were evacuated through dug trenches. Yet modern historians adhere to the official version. Many documents indicate that people were indeed in the basement all this time. Thanks to the heroism of our soldiers, no civilians were harmed during these 58 days.

Today Pavlov's house has been completely restored and immortalized with a memorial wall. Based on the events related to the heroic defense of the legendary house, books have been written and even a film has been made, which has won many world awards.

For those unfamiliar with the history of the Great Patriotic War, a standard four-story residential building located in the center of Volgograd (formerly Stalingrad) at 39 Sovetskaya Street will seem like an unremarkable building. However, it was he who became a symbol of the inflexibility and unparalleled courage of soldiers and officers of the Red Army during the difficult years of Hitler’s invasion.

Pavlov's House in Volgograd - history and photographs.

Two elite houses, each with four entrances, were built in Stalingrad according to the design of the architect S. Voloshinov in the mid-30s of the 20th century. They were called the House of Sovcontrol and the House of the Regional Potrebsoyuz. Between them there was a railway line leading to the mill. The building of the Regional Potrebsoyuz was intended to house the families of party workers and engineering and technical specialists from heavy industry enterprises. The house was notable for the fact that a straight, wide road led from it to the Volga.

During the Great Patriotic War, the defense of the central part of Stalingrad was led by the 42nd Guards Rifle Regiment under the command of Colonel Elin. Both Voloshinov buildings were of great strategic importance, so the command instructed Captain Zhukov to organize their capture and establish defensive points there. The assault groups were led by Sergeant Pavlov and Lieutenant Zabolotny. They successfully completed the task and on September 22, 1942, gained a foothold in the captured houses, despite the fact that at that time there were only 4 people left in Pavlov’s group.

At the end of September, as a result of hurricane fire from German artillery, the building defended by Lieutenant Zabolotny was completely destroyed, and all the defenders died under its rubble.

The last bastion of defense remained, which was headed by Lieutenant Afanasyev, who arrived with reinforcements. Sergeant Pavlov Yakov Fedotovich himself was wounded and sent to the rear. Despite the fact that the defense of this stronghold was commanded by another person, the building forever received the name “Pavlov’s House”, or “House of Soldier’s Glory”.


The soldiers who came to the rescue delivered machine guns, mortars, anti-tank rifles and ammunition, and sappers organized mining of the approaches to the building, thus turning a simple residential building into an insurmountable barrier for the enemy. The third floor was used as an observation post, so the enemy was always met with a barrage of fire through the loopholes made in the walls. The attacks followed one after another, but not once did the Nazis manage to even get close to Pavlov’s house in Stalingrad.

A trench led to the Gerhardt mill building, in which the command was located. Along it, ammunition and food were delivered to the garrison, wounded soldiers were brought out, and a communication line was laid. And today the destroyed mill stands in the city of Volgograd as a sad and eerie giant, reminiscent of those terrible times soaked in the blood of Soviet soldiers.


There is still no exact data on the number of defenders of the fortified house. It is believed that they numbered between 24 and 31 people. The defense of this building is an example of the friendship of the peoples of the Soviet Union. It didn’t matter where the fighters were from, from Georgia or Abkhazia, Ukraine or Uzbekistan, here the Tatar fought alongside the Russian and the Jew. In total, the defenders included representatives of 11 nationalities. All of them were awarded high military awards, and Sergeant Pavlov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Among the defenders of the impregnable house was medical instructor Maria Ulyanova, who during Hitler’s attacks put aside her first aid kit and picked up a machine gun. A frequent “guest” in the garrison was the sniper Chekhov, who found a convenient position here and struck the enemy.


The heroic defense of Pavlov's house in Volgograd lasted 58 long days and nights. During this time, the defenders lost only 3 people killed. The number of deaths on the German side, according to Marshal Chuikov, exceeded the losses suffered by the enemy during the capture of Paris.


After the liberation of Stalingrad from the Nazi invaders, the restoration of the destroyed city began. One of the first houses that ordinary townspeople restored in their free time was the legendary Pavlov House. This voluntary movement arose thanks to a team of builders led by A. M. Cherkasova. The initiative was taken up by other work teams, and by the end of 1945, more than 1,220 repair teams were working in Stalingrad. To perpetuate this labor feat on the wall facing Sovetskaya Street, on May 4, 1985, a memorial was opened in the form of the remains of a destroyed brick wall, on which is inscribed “We will rebuild your native Stalingrad.” And the inscription of bronze letters, mounted in the masonry, glorifies both feats of the Soviet people - military and labor.


After the end of the Second World War, a semicircular colonnade was erected near one of the ends of the house and an obelisk was erected depicting a collective image of the city’s defender.



And on the wall facing Lenin Square, they fixed a memorial plaque on which the names of the soldiers who participated in the defense of this house are listed. Not far from Pavlov's fortress house there is a museum of the Battle of Stalingrad.


Interesting facts about Pavlov's house in Volgograd:

  • On the personal operational map of Colonel Friedrich Paulus, commander of the Wehrmacht troops in the Battle of Stalingrad, Pavlov’s impregnable house had the symbol “fortress”.
  • During the defense, about 30 civilians hid in the basements of the Pavlov House, many of whom were wounded during constant shelling or suffered burns due to frequent fires. All of them were gradually evacuated to a safer place.
  • In the panorama depicting the defeat of the Nazi group at Stalingrad, there is a model of Pavlov’s House.
  • Lieutenant Afanasyev, who led the defense, was seriously shell-shocked in early December 1942, but soon returned to duty and was wounded again. He took part in the Battle of Kursk, in the liberation of Kyiv and fought near Berlin. The concussion suffered was not in vain, and in 1951 Afanasyev became blind. At this time, he dictated the text of the subsequently published book “House of Soldier's Glory.”
  • At the beginning of 1980, Yakov Pavlov became an Honorary Citizen of Volgograd.
  • On March 2015, Kamolzhon Turgunov, the last of the heroes who defended the impregnable fortress house, died in Uzbekistan.



After the end of World War II, the building was not restored.
And now it is located on the territory of the Battle of Stalingrad Panorama Museum.

The mill was built at the beginning of the 20th century, or to be precise, in 1903 by the German Gerhardt. After the revolution of 1917, the building took the name of the secretary of the Communist Party and became known as the Grudinin Mill. Until the start of the war, a steam mill operated in the building. On September 14, 1942, the mill suffered significant losses: two high-explosive bombs completely broke the roof of the mill, killing several people. Some of the workers were evacuated from Stalingrad, while others remained to defend the access to the river from the enemy.

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It is worth noting that the old mill in Volgograd is as close as possible to the river - it was this fact that forced Soviet soldiers to defend the building to the last. Subsequently, when German troops came close to the river, the mill was transformed into a defense point for the 42nd Guards Rifle Regiment of the 13th Guards Rifle Division.

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Having become an impregnable fortress for the enemy, the mill allowed the soldiers to recapture Pavlov’s house.
The house is located across the street from the mill. Pavlov's house was restored after the war.
And at the end of the war he looked like this.

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It looks like an ordinary four-story house in the central part of Volgograd.

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In pre-war times, when Lenin Square was called January 9th Square, and Volgograd was Stalingrad, Pavlov's house was considered one of the most prestigious residential buildings in the city. Surrounded by the houses of Signalmen and NKVD workers, Pavlov’s house was located almost next to the Volga - there was even an asphalt road laid from the building to the river. The inhabitants of Pavlov's house were representatives of prestigious professions at that time - specialists from industrial enterprises and party leaders.

During the Battle of Stalingrad, Pavlov's house became the subject of fierce fighting. In mid-September 1942, it was decided to turn Pavlov’s house into a stronghold: the favorable location of the building made it possible to observe and shell the enemy-occupied city territory 1 km to the west and more than 2 km to the north and south. Sergeant Pavlov, together with a group of soldiers, established himself in the house - since then, Pavlov’s house in Volgograd has taken his name. On the third day, reinforcements arrived at Pavlov’s house, delivering weapons, ammunition and machine guns to the soldiers. The defense of the house was improved by mining the approaches to the building: that is why the German assault groups could not capture the building for a long time. A trench was dug between Pavlov’s house in Stalingrad and the Mill building: from the basement of the house, the garrison kept in touch with the command located in the Mill.

For 58 days, 25 people repelled the fierce attacks of the Nazis, holding enemy resistance to the last. What the German losses were is still unknown. But Chuikov at one time noted that The German army suffered several times more losses during the capture of Pavlov's house in Stalingrad than during the capture of Paris.

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After the restoration of the house, a colonnade and a memorial plaque appeared on the end of the building, depicting a soldier who became a collective image of the participants in the defense. The words “58 days on fire” are also inscribed on the board.

There is military equipment on the square in front of the museum. German and ours.

Here is an unrestored wrecked T-34 that took part in the battle.

After being hit by a German shell, the ammunition inside the tank was detonated. The explosion was monstrous. The thick armor was torn apart like an eggshell.

Monument to railway workers, representing a fragment of a military train.

BM-13 rocket launcher on the platform.

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Hello, dear readers!

Pavlov's House is one of the Stalingrad monuments, which speaks of the courage and perseverance of our Soviet soldiers during the Great Patriotic War.

In this war, the Battle of Stalingrad became a turning point and turning point in the course of the entire war. The Battle of Stalingrad began a large-scale offensive by our troops, which finally decided the outcome of the war itself.

In the fall of 1942, heavy street fighting took place in Stalingrad. Soviet troops fought for every house and entrance, for every street, for every piece of land. An example of this was the courageous defense of two houses: Pavlov’s house and Zabolotny’s house.

The history of these houses before the war

These houses were of the same construction, like two twins. And they stood parallel to each other, and between them ran the railway to the City Mill, known as the Gerhardt Mill. These houses stood on January 9 Square, now Lenin Square.

The houses were considered elite, one was the house of the Regional Potrebsoyuz, and the other was the house of the Council of Control. Party workers, NKVD workers and intelligent specialists in engineering and technical work in heavy industry lived here.

During the war, all the houses in this square were destroyed, only these two houses remained. At that time, the Germans were conducting an active offensive, trying to push Soviet troops back to the Volga and seize the crossing. And a good place to break through to the Volga was this January 9 Square.

Home defense

Assessing this situation and preventing the Germans from breaking through to the Volga, our command decided to take a defensive position in these houses. From these houses the entire area was clearly visible, where it was possible to track the movements of the Germans around the city, conduct targeted fire and not give the enemy access to the Volga.

By order of the command, two reconnaissance groups set out, one led by Sergeant Pavlov and the other by Lieutenant Zabolotny. Having knocked the Germans out of these houses, they took up a defensive line. The enemy attacked continuously, firing mortars and artillery in an attempt to recapture the two houses. The house where Zabolotny and his detachment were located was blown up and the entire detachment died under its rubble.

Sergeant Yakov Pavlov held the defense of the house as best he could, when on the third day Pavlov received help - a platoon with Lieutenant Afanasyev. With the help of sappers, the fighters mined all the approaches to the house in a circular manner and dug trenches to the City Mill. To this day, Gerhardt's mill, destroyed by the war, stands, reminding current generations of the difficult, bloody war days

The main defense headquarters was located here. Ammunition and food were delivered through the trench, the wounded were taken away, and even a line of communication was established with headquarters.

From the third floor they monitored the movement of the Germans, preventing them from getting close to the house, opening fire on them. The Germans had this house like a bone in their throat, but the Germans could not raze it to the ground and destroy its defenders, no matter how hard they tried.

And in this mode, the soldiers held back the enemy’s onslaught, holding a perimeter defense for two months from September 23 to November 25, 1942. Since then, this fortress house has been known throughout the country as Pavlov’s House.

Restoration of Pavlov's House

When the war ended, Pavlov's house was the first to be restored and rebuilt. A semicircular colonnade designed by architect I. E. Fialko was built near the house on the side of the square. And on the wall of the house they erected an obelisk with the image of the warrior-defender of the city of Stalingrad and a memorial plaque with the inscription of the names who defended this house.

In 1965, a memorial wall was built at the end of the house, with the inscription “In this house, military and labor feats merged together.” Thus, the great feat of Soviet soldiers was immortalized with an original dilapidated wall, all riddled with bullets and shells.

In March 2015, the last hero of this fortress house, Kamolzhon Turgunov, died in Uzbekistan.

Y. F. Pavlov

Yakov Fedotovich Pavlov, after being wounded and hospitalized, was appointed commander of the reconnaissance department in artillery units, and with them he reached Stettin, a city in Poland, which is located on the border with Germany. Received an award: two Orders of the Red Star and many medals.

In 1945, with the rank of junior lieutenant, Pavlov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. After the war he received the Order of Lenin. He was demobilized in 1946 and went to his homeland in the Novgorod region. In 1963 he moved to the city of Novgorod itself.

He worked as a party worker in the district committee, and was elected three times as a deputy of the Supreme Council for the Novgorod region. He visited Stalingrad more than once, where meetings were held with veterans who survived the war and residents who were rebuilding their destroyed city.

On September 28, 1981, the worn-out heart of Yakov Fedotovich Pavlov stopped. They were buried on the created Alley of Heroes in the western cemetery in their city of Novgorod.

Conclusion

Pavlov's house is located in the city center on Sovetskaya street 39. You can get to Lenin Square by high-speed tram, trolleybus 12, 8, 8a, 1, minibuses 3c, 5, 9a, 10a, 15a, 17, 19, 30a, 53, buses 2, 37, 138, 146.

The house can only be viewed from the outside, since it is a residential building and Volgograd residents live in it.

Pavlov's House is a significant landmark of the city of Volgograd, and a glorious feat of courage and heroism of our soldiers during the war years of the fascist invasion. He became popular and known throughout the world. Every year tourists come to Volgograd to see the world-famous Pavlov's House.