Childhood. Carier start
House in Lille, where de Gaulle was born
Poland, military training sessions, family
Monument de Gavel in Warsaw
De Gaulle is exempt from captivity only after the truce November 11, 1918. From to 1921 De Gaulle is located in Poland, where tactic theory teaches in the former school imperial Guard In Rebbertov, near Warsaw, and in July-August 1920, a short time fighting at the front of the Soviet-Polish war 1919-1921 in the rank of Major (the troops of the RSFSR in this conflict command, on the irony of fate, just Tucachevsky). By rejecting the proposal of a constant position in the troops of Polish and returning to the Motherland, he marries Yvonna Wandru on April 6. On December 28, the next year his son Philip is born, named after the Chef - subsequently the infamous traitor and the Antagonist de Gaulle Marshal Philippe Peten. Captain de Gaulle teaches in Saint-Sir school, then admitted to the Higher Military School. May 15, Elizabeth's daughter is born. In 1928, Anna's younger daughter was born, suffering from Down syndrome (the girl died in; Subsequently, de Gaulle was a trustee of the Children's Foundation with Down Syndrome).
Military theorist.
It was this moment that became a turning point in the biographies of De Gaulle. In the "Memoirs of Hope" he writes: "On June 18, 1940, responding to the call of his homeland, devoid of any other help to save his soul and honor, de Gaulle, one, not known for anyone, was to take responsibility for France " On this day, the BBC transmits de Gaulle's radio simulation that calls for the creation of resistance. Soon the leaflets were spread, in which the general addressed "to all French" (a tous les français) with a statement:
"France lost the battle, but she did not lose the war! Nothing is lost because this war is world. The day will come when France returns freedom and greatness ... That's why I appeal to all Frenchmen to unite me around me in the name, self-sacrifice and hope. "
The general accused the office of the loop in betrayal and stated that "with the full consciousness of the debt speaks on behalf of France." There were other appeals to de Gaulle.
So de Gaulle stood at the head of "free (later -" battle ") France" - an organization designed to resist invaders and the collaborationist regime of Vichy.
At first, he had to face considerable difficulties. "I ... at first I did not imagine anything ... in France - anyone who could vouch for me, and I did not use any fame in the country. Abroad - no confidence and justification of my activity. " The formation of the organization of "Free France" was rather protracted. Who knows how the fate of De Gaulle would have arisen if he had not enlisted the support of Prime Minister UK Winston Churchill. The desire to create an alternative to the government of Vichy led Churchill to the recognition of de Gaulle "the head of all free French" (June 28) and to help on the "promotion" of de Gaulle in international terms. Nevertheless, in his memoirs about World War II, Churchill gives a very high assessment of de Gaulle and considers his cooperation with him forced - the alternative was simply not.
Control over the colonies. Development of resistance
In militarion, the main task was to convey on the side of the French patriots of the "French Empire" - extensive colonial possessions in Africa, Indochite and Oceania. After an unsuccessful attempt to capture Dakar de Gaulle, the Council of the Defense Council of the Empire, the Manifesto on the creation of which began with the words: "We, General de Gaulle (Nous Général de Gaulle), head of free French, decree", etc. The advice includes anti-fascist tuned military governors of French (usually African) colonies: Generals Katra, Eboch, Colonel Leclerc. From that moment on, de Gaulle emphasizes the national and historical roots of their movement. He establishes the Order of the Liberation, the main sign of which the Larring cross with two crossbars becomes - ancient, ascending to the era of feudalism, a symbol of the French nation. Decree on the creation of the Order Reminds the charters of the orders of the Royal France.
The great success of the "Free France" was to establish shortly after June 22, 1941 of direct connections from the USSR (without hesitation, the Soviet leadership decided to transfer Bogomolov - his ambassador with Vichy mode - to London). For 1941-1942 The network of partisan organizations in the occupied France has grown. From October 1941, after the first mass executions of the hostages, the Germans, de Gaulle calls all the French to the total strike and the mass shares of disobedience.
Conflict with allies
Meanwhile, the actions of the "Monarch" caused irritation in the West. In the office of Roosevelt, they discovered openly about the "so-called free French", "sowing poisonous propaganda" and interfering with war management. On November 7, 1942, American troops are planted in Algeria and Morocco and go to negotiations with local French commander who supported Vichy. De Gaulle tried to convince the leaders of England and the United States that cooperation with Vichistami in Algeria would lead to the loss of moral support of allies in France. "The United States," de Gaulle spoke, are elementary feelings and complex politics in great affairs. " The contradiction between patriotic ideals de Gaulle and Roosevelt indifference in choosing supporters ("All those who help solve my problems are suitable, as he openly declared) has become one of the most important obstacles in conducting coordinated actions in North Africa.
At the head of state
"The first in France", the president did not want to rest on the laurels. He poses a question:
"I will be able to make it so that it is possible to solve the vital problem of decolonization, to start the economic and social transformation of our country in the era of science and technology, to restore the independence of our policy and our defense, turn France in the advice of the association of all European Europe, to return to France. Her halo And the influence in the world, especially in the "Third World" countries, which she used for many centuries? There is no doubt: here is the goal that I can and should achieve. "
Decolonization. From the French Empire to the Frankofon Community of Nations
At the first place de Gaulle puts the problem of decolonization. Indeed, he came to power on the wave of Algerian crisis; Now he must confirm his role as a national leader, finding a way out of it. In an attempt to implement this task, the President came out for a desperate opposition not only by Algerian commander, but also the right lobby in the government. Only on September 16, 1959, the head of state offers three options for the decision of the Algerian issue: a break with France, "Integration" with France (fully equate Algeria to the metropolis and extend to the population of its right and obligations) and "Association" (Algerian on national composition Government, based on the help of France and with a close economic and foreign policy union with the metropolis). The general clearly preferred the latest option, in which he met the support of the National Assembly. However, this even more consolidated the ultra-right, which were fed and not replaced by the military authorities of Algeria.
A special scandal broke out in Quebec (Francophone Province of Canada). President of France, completing the speech exclaimed with a huge coherence of the people: "Long live Quebec!", And then added the most famous words: "Long live free Quebec!" (Fr. Vive Le Québec Libre!). De Gaulle and his official advisers subsequently proposed a number of versions that allowed the accusation of separatism, among them - the fact that Quebec's freedom had freedom and Canada as a whole from foreign military blocks (that is, NATO again). According to another version, based on the whole context of the speech de Gaulle, he meant the Quebec comrades on the resistance, fought for freedom of the world from Nazism. One way or another, the supporters of Quebec independence were referred to this incident.
France and Europe. Special relationship with Germany and USSR
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Charles Andre Joseph Marie de Gaulle (FR. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle). Born on November 22, 1890 in Lille - died on November 9, 1970 in Colombe-le-Dzoz-Egliz (dep. Upper Marna). French Military and State Avestigator, General. During World War II, he became a symbol of French resistance. Founder and first President of the Fifth Republic (1959-1969).
Charles de Gaulle was born on November 22, 1890 in a patriotic family of Catholics. Although the genus de Gales is noble, DE in the surnames - not traditional for France "particle" of noble surnames, and the Flemish form of articles. Charles, like his three brothers and sister, was born in Lille in the house of her grandmother, where the mother came every time before childbirth, although the family lived in Paris. His father Henri de Gaulle was a professor of philosophy and literature at the School of Jesuits, which greatly influenced Charles. From early childhood, he loved to read. The story struck him so much that he had almost a mystical concept of serving France.
In "Military Memoirs" de Gaulle wrote: "My father, a person educated and thinking, brought up in certain traditions, was filled with faith in the high mission of France. He first introduced me to her story. My mother fell to his homeland a sense of infinite love, which can be compared only with its piety. My three brothers, sister, I myself - we all proud of our homeland. This pride, to which the feeling of anxiety for her fate was mixed, was our second in kind. ".
Jacques Shaba-Delmas, the hero of liberation, then the permanent chairman of the National Assembly in the years of the general presidency, recalls that this "second nature" surprised not only people of the younger generation, to which Shaba-Delmas himself belonged to both the peers of De Gaulle. Subsequently, de Gaulle recalled his youth: "I believed that the meaning of life is to accomplish in the name of France outstanding feat, and that the day will come when I will have such an opportunity".
Already a boy he showed great interest in the military business. After a year of preparatory teachings in the Paris College, Stanislas is admitted to a special military school in Saint-Cyr. He chooses the infantry for his own troops: it is more "military", since the closer to the combat actions. After graduating from Saint-Sire in 1912 by the 13th under the academic performance, de Gaulle serves in the 33rd infantry shelf under the command of the then colonel of the loop.
From the beginning of the First World War on August 12, 1914, Lieutenant de Gaulle takes part in hostilities as part of the 5th Army of the Charles of Lancar Placed in the Northeast. Already on August 15, in Dinan, he receives the first injury, returns to operation after treatment it is only in October.
On March 10, 1916, in the battle of Menil-Le-Yurly, he was wounded the second time. Returns to the 33rd regiment he is in the rank of captain and becomes commander of the company. In the Verden battle at the village of Duomon in 1916, he was injured for the third time. Left on the battlefield, he is already posthumous - gets honorable from the army. However, Charles remains alive, captures the Germans; He is treated in the Mayenian hospital and hold in different fortresses.
De Gaulle makes six attempts to run. Together with him, Mikhail Tukhachevsky, the future Marshal of the Red Army, was in captivity; Communication is tied between them, including military-theoretical topics.
De Gaulle is exempt from captivity only after the truce November 11, 1918. From 1919 to 1921, de Gaulle is in Poland, where the tactic theory teaches in the former School of the Imperial Guard in Rebbertov near Warsaw, and in July - August 1920, a short time fighting at the front of the Soviet-Polish war 1919-1921 in the RSFSR troops In this conflict, commands, ironically, just Tukhachevsky).
Rejointing the proposal to take a permanent position in the troops of Polish and returning to the Motherland, he marries Yvonna Vandra on April 6, 1921. On December 28, 1921, his son Philip is born, named after the Chef - subsequently the notorious collaborators and antagonist de Gaulle Marshal Philippe Peten.
Captain de Gaulle teaches Saint-Sir at school, then in 1922 admitted to the Higher Military School.
May 15, 1924, the daughter of Elizabeth is born. In 1928, Anna's younger daughter was born, suffering from Down syndrome (Anna died in 1948; afterwards de Gaulle was a trustee of the Foundation for children with Down syndrome).
In the 1930s, Lieutenant Colonel, and then Colonel de Gaulle becomes widely known as the author of military-theoretical works, such as "for the professional army", "on the edge of the sword", "France and its army". In his books, de Gaulle, in particular, indicated the need for the comprehensive development of tank troops as the main weapons of the future war. In this, his work is brought together with the works of the leading military theorist of Germany - Geinz Guderian. However, de Gaulle's proposals did not cause an understanding of the Military Command of France and in political circles. In 1935, the National Assembly rejected the draft law on the reform of the army, prepared by the future Prime Minister of the Reyno, according to the plans of de Gaulle, as "useless, unwanted and contrary to logic and history."
In 1932-1936, the Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Defense. In 1937-1939, the commander of the tank regiment.
By the beginning of the Second World De Gaulle had the rank of colonel. The day before the start of the war (August 31, 1939) was appointed commander of tank troops in Saare, wrote about this: "On my share there was a role in a terrible hoax ... Several dozen light tanks I am commanded - this is just a dust. We will lose the war in the most pathetic way if we do not act. "
In January 1940. de Gaulle wrote an article "The phenomenon of mechanized troops"in which he emphasized the meaning of the interaction of heterogeneous ground forces, first of all, tank, and the Air Force.
On May 14, 1940, he was instructed by the command of the emerging 4th tank division (initially 5,000 soldiers and 85 tanks). From June 1, he temporarily performed the responsibilities of a brigade general (it was not enough for him to approve it in this rank, and after the war he received only a pension of the colonel from the fourth republic).
On June 6, the Prime Minister Paul Reyno appointed de Gaulle Deputy Military Minister. The general tried to counteract the plans for the truce, to which the leaders of the France military department were inclined and first of all Minister Philippe Peten.
June 14 de Gaulle went to London for negotiations on the courts to evacuate the French government to Africa; At the same time, he argued Prime Minister UK Winston Churchill, "What requires some kind of dramatic step in order to provide Rhine Support necessary to him in order to encourage the government to continue the war". However, on the same day, Paino resigned, after which the government headed the loop; Negotiations began immediately with Germany about the truce.
On June 17, 1940 de Gaulle flew out of Bordeaux, where the evacuated government was based, not wanting to participate in this process, and again arrived in London. According to the evaluation, "On this aircraft de Gaulle took the honor of France with him."
It was this moment that became a turning point in the biographies of De Gaulle. In the "Memoirs of Hope" he writes: "On June 18, 1940, responding to the call of his homeland, devoid of any other assistance to save his soul and honor, de Gaulle, one, not known to anyone, had to take responsibility for France". On this day, the BBC handed over the radio simulation de Gaulle - on June 18, calling for the creation of French resistance. Soon the leaflets were common in which the general was addressed "To all the French" (a tous les français) With a statement:
"France lost the battle, but she did not lose the war! Nothing is lost, because this war is world. It will come the day when France returns freedom and greatness ... That's why I appeal to all Frenchmen to unite me around me in the name of action, self-sacrifice and hope" .
The general accused the office of the loop in betrayal and stated that "with the full consciousness of the debt speaks on behalf of France." There were other appeals to de Gaulle.
So de Gaulle got up at the head of "free (later -" fighting ") France" - Organization designed to resist invaders and the collaborationist regime of Vichy. The legitimacy of this organization was based, in his eyes, in the following principle: "The legality of power is based on those feelings that she inspires, on its ability to provide national unity and continuity when the Motherland is in danger."
At first, he had to face considerable difficulties. "I ... at first I did not imagine anything ... in France - anyone who could vouch for me, and I did not use any fame in the country. Abroad - no confidence and justification of my activity. " The formation of the organization of "Free France" was rather protracted. De Gavel managed to enlist the support of Churchill. On June 24, 1940, Churchill reported General G. L. Immey: "It seems extremely important to create now, while the trap has not yet slammed, the organization that would allow French officers and soldiers, as well as prominent professionals who wish to continue to fight, break into various ports. It is necessary to create a kind of "underground railway" ... I have no doubt that there will be a continuous flow of performed by the determination of people - and we need to get everything you can, - for the defense of the French colonies. The naval ministry and air force must cooperate.
General de Gaulle and his committee will, of course, the operational authority. " The desire to create an alternative to the Government of Vichy led Churchill not only to the military, but also to a political decision: the recognition of de Gaulle "the head of all free French" (June 28, 1940) and to help to strengthen the position of de Gaulle in international terms.
In militarion, the main task was to convey on the side of the French patriots of the "French Empire" - extensive colonial possessions in Africa, Indochite and Oceania.
After an unsuccessful attempt to seize Dakar de Gaulle, the Council of the Defense Council of the Empire, the Manifesto on the creation of which began with the words began in Brazaville (Congo) "We, General de Gaulle (Nous Général de Gaulle), head of free French, decree" etc. The Council includes anti-fascist military governors of the French (usually African) colonies: Generals Katra, Ebohe, Colonel Leclerc. From that moment on, de Gaulle emphasizes the national and historical roots of their movement. He establishes the Order of the Liberation, the main sign of which the Larring cross with two crossbars becomes - ancient, ascending to the era of feudalism, a symbol of the French nation. At the same time, there was also a follow-up to the constitutional traditions of the French Republic, so, the "Organic Declaration" (the guidelines of the political regime of the "Fighting France"), published in Brazavil, argued the illegitimacy of the Vichy regime, referring to the fact that he expelled "from his quasi-constitutional acts The word "republic", providing the chapter that "French state" unlimited power, such a power of an unlimited monarch. "
The great success of the "free France" was to establish shortly after June 22, 1941 of direct connections from the USSR, - without hesitation, the Soviet leadership decided to translate A. E. Bogomolov - his element in the mode of Vichy - in London. For 1941-1942, a network of partisan organizations in the occupied France has been growing. From October 1941, after the first mass executions of the hostages, the Germans, de Gaulle calls all the French to the total strike and the mass shares of disobedience.
Meanwhile, the actions of the "Monarch" caused irritation in the West. The apparatus was openly talking about the "so-called free French", "sowing poisonous propaganda" and interfering with war.
On November 8, 1942, American troops are planted in Algeria and Morocco and go to negotiations with local French commander who supported Vichy. De Gaulle tried to convince the leaders of England and the United States that cooperation with Vichistami in Algeria would lead to the loss of moral support of allies in France. "The United States," de Gaulle spoke, are elementary feelings and complex politics in great affairs. "
Head of Algeria, Admiral Francois Darlan, by that time had already passed on the side of the Allies, was killed on December 24, 1942 by the 20-year-old Frenchman Fernal Boné De La Chapel, who after the rapid court was shot the next day. The leadership of the Allies appoints the "civil and military commander-in-chief" Algeria General of the Army Henri Zhiro. In January 1943, the Conference in Casablanc de Gaulle is becoming a well-known plan of allies: replace the leadership of the "Fighting France" by the Committee led by Zhiro, which was planned to include a large number of persons who supported the Government of the Peten. In Casablanc de Gaulle exhibits quite understandable inappropriateness in relation to this plan. He insists on unconditional observance national Interests Countries (in the sense, as they understood them in "Fighting France"). This leads to a split "Fighting France" by two wings: nationalist, led by de Galer (supported by the Great Britain, headed by W. Churchill), and pro-American, grouping around Henri Zhiro.
On May 27, 1943, the National Council of Resistance, which (under the auspices de Gaulle) takes on the organization of the internal struggle in the occupied country to the constituent conspiracy meeting in Paris. The situation de Gaulle was more and more strengthened, and the girost is forced to compromise: almost synchronously with the opening of the NSS, he invites general to the ruling structures of Algeria. He requires immediate submission to the Giro (commander of the troops) of civil authorities. The situation is glowing. Finally, on June 3, 1943, a French committee is formed national Liberation, at the head of which de Gaulle and Zhiro become equal. The majority in it, however, receive Holly players, and some adherents of his opponent (including KUV de Murville - the future Prime Minister of the Republic of Fifth) - go to the side of de Gaulle. In November 1943, Zhiro was derived from the Committee.
On June 4, 1944, de Gaulle was called Churchill to London. The British Prime Minister announced the upcoming landing of the Allied Troops in Normandy and, at the same time, - about the full support of the Roosevelt line to the full dictate of the Will US. De Gaulle was given to understand that in his services do not need. In the draft appeal, written by General Dwight Eisenhower, the French people were ordered to fulfill all the prescriptions of the Union Command "to the elections of legal authorities"; In Washington, the Degollevsky Committee was not considered as such. A sharp protest de Gaulle forced Churchill to provide him with the right to speak to the French on the radio separately (and not to join the Eisenhauer text). In circulation, the general declared about the legitimacy of the government formed by the "Fighting France", and resolutely opposed the plans to subordinate to his American command.
On June 6, 1944, allied troops carry out a successful landing in Normandy, thereby opening the second front in Europe.
De Gaulle after a short stay on the liberated French land again headed to Washington for negotiations with President Roosevelt, the purpose of which is still the same - to return the independence and greatness of France (a key expression in the political lexicone of the general). "Listening to the American president, I finally made sure that in business relations between the two states, the logic and feeling mean very little in comparison with the real force that the one who knows how to grab and hold the captured; And if France wants to take the oldest place, she should only count on himself, "writes De Gaulle.
After the resistance rebels, headed by Colonel, the Tangi Tang's Tank Troops opens the tank troops of the Military Governor Chad Philippe de Otraq (in the history of the lecturen under the name), the path to Paris, de Gaulle arrives in the liberated capital. A grand presentation is happening - the solemn procession of de Gaulle along the streets of Paris, with a huge crowd of the people, who is devoted to a lot of space in the "military memoirs" of the general. The procession passes by the historical places of the capital, the consecrated heroic history of France; De Gaulle later spoke of these moments: "With each step, which I do, stepping on the most famous places in the world, it seems to me that the glory of the past seems to be joined by the glory of today".
From August 1944 de Gaulle - Chairman of the Council of Ministers of France (Interim Government). Its short, one-and-and-half-friendly activity in this post it subsequently characterizes as "salvation". France was "saving" from plans of the Anglo-American block: partial remilitarization of Germany, excluding France from among the great powers. And in Dumbarton Oks, at the conference of the great powers on the creation of the UN, and at the Yalta Conference in January 1945, representatives of France are absent. Shortly before the Yalta meeting, De Gaulle goes to Moscow to conclude the Union from the USSR in front of the Anglo-American Danger. General for the first time visited the USSR from 2 to 10 December 1944, arriving in Moscow through Baku.
On the last day of this visit in the Kremlin and de Gaulle signed an agreement on "Union and Military Assistance". The meaning of this act was, first of all, in the return of France of the status of the Great Power and recognition of it among the states of the winners. French General de Latre de Tassigny, together with the commander of the Allied Powers, takes in Karlshorst on the night from May 8 to May 9, 1945 the surrender of the German Armed Forces. Occupation zones in Germany and Austria are assigned to France.
After the war, a low standard of living was preserved, unemployment grew. It was not possible to even properly determine the political structure of the country. Elections to the Constituent Assembly did not give the advantages of any party (the relative majority of the Communists received, Maurice Torez became the Deputy Prime Minister), the draft constitution was repeatedly rejected. After one of the next conflicts about the expansion of the de Gaulle's military budget, January 20, 1946 leaves the post of head of government and is removed in Colombe-le-des-Deux-Églises), a small estate in Champagne (Verkhny Marne Department ). He himself compares his position with the exile. But, unlike the idol of his youth, de Gaulle has the opportunity to observe French politics from the part - not without hope to return to it.
The further political career of the general is associated with the "union of the French people" (on the French abbreviation RPF), with which de Gaulle planned to come to power by the parliamentary way. RPF arranged a noisy campaign. The slogans are the same: nationalism (fight against the influence of the United States), compliance with the traditions of resistance (the RPF emblem becomes the Larring Cross, which has once shown in the middle of the "Order of Liberation"), the struggle with a significant communist faction in the National Assembly. Success seemingly accompanied de Gaulle.
In the autumn of 1947, RPF won the municipal elections. In 1951, 118 seats in the National Assembly are already at the disposal of Hollests. But before the triumph, which De Gaulle dreamed, far. The absolute majority of these elections RPF were not given, the Communists had further strengthened their positions, and most importantly - the bad fruits brought the de Gaulle electoral strategy.
Indeed, the general announced the war ranking the fourth republic, constantly noting his right to power in the country due to the fact that he and only he led her to liberation, paid a significant part of the speeches by the sharp criticism of the Communists, and so on to de Gaulle joined a large number of careerists , people who have proven themselves not in the best way during the Vichy regime. In the walls of the National Assembly, they included in the parliamentary "Mouse", giving their votes to the extreme right. Finally, there was a complete collapse of RPF - on the same municipal elections, as in those with which the history of his ascent began. On May 6, 1953, the general dissolved his party.
The least open period of the life of De Gaulle was occurring - the so-called "transition through the desert". For five years he spent in solitude in Colomba, working on the famous "military memoirs" in three volumes ("Call", "Unity" and "Salvation"). The general did not simply express the event that became the history of the event, but also sought to find a response to the question of them: what led him to, no one driven by a brigade general, for the role of the national leader? Only a deep conviction is that "our country in the face of other countries should strive for great goals and not be incurred before, for otherwise it may be in mortal danger."
The years 1957-1958 became the years in the deep political crisis of the Republic of IV. The tightening war in Algeria, unsuccessful attempts to form the Council of Ministers, finally - the economic crisis. According to the later evaluation of De Gaulle, "Many regime managers were conscious that the problem requires a cardinal solution. But to accept the hard solutions that this problem required, to demolish all the obstacles to their implementation ... It was higher for the strength of unstable governments ... The regime was limited to the fact that with the help of soldiers, weapons and money supported the struggle thatrew throughout the territory of Algeria and along the borders. Materially it was very expensive, for I had to keep there armed forces total number of 500 thousand people; This was expensive and from the point of view of foreign policy, for the whole world condemned the hopeless drama. As he felt, finally, the authority of the state, it was literally destructive. "
Activate t. N. "Ultiply" military groups that have strong pressure on Algerian military leadership. On May 10, 1958, four Algerian generals turn to the President of Rene Coti with an ultimatimative essentially demanding to prevent Algeria. On May 13, the armed formations of Ultra capture the building of the colonial administration in the city of Algeria; The generals will telegram in Paris with a requirement addressed to Charlet de Gaulle, "break silence" and make an appeal to the citizens of the country in order to create a "government of public confidence".
"For 12 years, how France is trying to solve problems, unbearable for the parties' regime, and goes to a catastrophe. Once in a hard hour, the country trust me so that I led her to salvation. Today, when new tests come to the country, let it know that I am ready to take on all the powers of the republic. "
If the statement would have sounded a year ago, in the height of the economic crisis, it would be perceived as a call for the state coup. Now, in the face of the serious danger of the coup, the de Gaulle is imposed on the hopes and Pflimlenna Centralists, and the moderate Socialists Gi Mole, and - above all - Algerian rebels, whom he did not directly condemn. The scales bowl leans towards de Gaulle, after the ticks in a matter of hours capture Corsica Island. They circulate rumors about landing in Paris of the parachute-landing shelf. At this time, the general confidently appeals to the rebels demanding to obey their command. On May 27, the "Ghost Government" Pierre Pflimlenna resigns. President Rene Koti, contacting the National Assembly, requires the election of the premier de Gaulle and transfer to him extreme authority to form the government and revising the Constitution. On June 1, 329, de Gaulle was approved as Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
Resolute opponents of the parish to power de Gaulle were: radicals under the leadership of Mendez-França, left socialists (including the future president of Francois Mitteraran) and the Communists led by Torez and Dukelo. They insisted on the unconditional observance of the democratic states of the state, which de Gaulle wanted to revise in the sooner time.
Already in August, the Prime Minister's table holds a draft of the new Constitution, according to which France lives to the present. Parliament's powers were significantly limited. The principal responsibility of the government to the National Assembly remained (it can declare a vote of distrust, but the president, assigning the premiere, should not make it a candidacy for approval to parliament). The president, according to Article 16, in the case when "the independence of the republic, the integrity of its territory or the fulfillment of its international obligations is under a serious and immediate threat, and the normal functioning of state institutions is discontinued" (which to bring under this concept - not stipulated) may temporarily take In their own hands a completely unlimited power.
The principle of election of the president also changed. From now on, the head of state was not elected at a meeting of the parliament, but the electoral collegium, which consisted of 80 thousand people's alone (since 1962, after the adoption of constitutional amendments to the referendum - direct and universal voting of the French people).
On September 28, 1958, the twelve-year-old history of the Republic of IV was completed. The French people supported the Constitution of more than 79% of the vote. It was a direct vote of confidence General. If all his claims, starting in 1940, were dictated to the post "chapter of free French", the results of the referendum were eloquently confirmed: yes, the people recognized de Gaulle as their leader, it was in him who sees a way out of the current situation.
On December 21, 1958, less than three months, 76 thousand selectors in all cities of France elect the president. 75.5% of the electors gave their votes to Prime Minister. On January 8, 1959, the solemn inauguration de Gaulle occurs.
The post of Prime Minister of France in the period of the presidency of de Gaulle occupied such figures of the Hallest Movement, as "Knight of Gallism" Michel Debre (1959-1962), "Dofin" Georges Pompidou (1962-1968) and his permanent foreign minister (1958-1968) Maurice Ku de Murville (1968-1969).
At the first place de Gaulle puts the problem of decolonization. Indeed, he came to power on the wave of Algerian crisis; Now he must confirm his role as a national leader, finding a way out of it. In an attempt to implement this task, the President came out for a desperate opposition not only by Algerian commander, but also the right lobby in the government. Only on September 16, 1959, the head of state offers three options for solving Algerian issues: a break with France, "Integration" with France (fully equate Algeria to the metropolis and extend to the population of its law and obligations) and "Association" (Algerian to nationalize the government Announced for the help of France and with a close economic and foreign policy union with the metropolis). The general clearly preferred the latest option, in which he met the support of the National Assembly. However, this even more consolidated the ultra-right, which were fed and not replaced by the military authorities of Algeria.
On September 8, 1961, an attempt was attempted to de Gaulle - the first of the fifteen, organized by the right "organization of the secret army" (Organization De L'Armée Secrète) - abbreviated OAS (OAS). The history of the attempts on de Gaulle was based famous book Frederick Forsight "Shakal Day". For a lifetime, the de Gaulle was committed 32 attempts.
The war in Algeria ended after the signing of bilateral agreements in Evian (March 18, 1962), which led to the referendum and the formation of an independent Algerian state. Significant de Gaulle's statement: "The era of organized continents replaces the colonial era".
De Gaulle became the founder of the new policy of France in the postcolonial space: policies of cultural ties between Francophone (that is, French-speaking) states and territories. Algeria was not the only country that left the French empire for which de Gaulle fought for forties. Per 1960 ("Year of Africa") The independence of more than two dozen African states gained. Vietnam and Cambodia also became independent. All these countries have remained thousands of French who do not want to lose touch with the metropolis. The main goal was to ensure the influence of France in the world, two poles of which - the United States and the USSR - have already been determined.
In 1959, the president transfers under the French command of the air defense rocket troops And the troops excreted from Algeria. The decision taken unilaterally could not not cause friction with, and then with his successor Kennedy. De Gaulle approves repeatedly the right of France to do everything "as a hostess of his policy and on its own as well." The first test of nuclear weapons, held in February 1960 in the Sahara desert, marked the beginning of a number of French nuclear explosions, discontinued during Mittera and a briefly resumed shirac. De Gaulle repeatedly visited atomic objects, paying great attention to both peaceful and military development of the newest technologies.
1965 - the year of re-election de Gaulle for the second presidential period - became the year of two blows on the policy of the NATO block. February 4 the general announces the refusal to use the dollar in international calculations And about the transition to a single gold standard. In the spring of 1965, the French ship delivered 750 million US dollars in the United States - the first tranche of 1.5 billion, which France intended to exchange for gold.
On September 9, 1965, the President reports that France does not consider itself bound by the obligations in front of the North Atlantic unit.
February 21, 1966 France came out of the NATO military organizationAnd the headquarters of the organization was urgently translated from Paris to Brussels. In the official notew, the Pompidu government announced the evacuation of 29 bases with 33 thousand people personnel from the country.
From this time, the official position of France in international politics becomes sharply anti-American. The general during visits to the USSR and Cambodia in 1966 condemns the actions of the United States regarding the countries of Indochina, and later Israel in the six-day war of 1967.
In 1967, during a visit to Quebec (Francophone Province of Canada), de Gaulle completing the speech with a huge crossing of the people, exclaimed: "Long live Quebec!"And then added instantly the words: "Long live free Quebec!" (Fr. Vive Le Québec Libre!). Scandal broke out. De Gaulle and his official advisers subsequently suggested a number of versions that allowed the accusation of separatism, among them - what was due to the freedom of Quebec and Canada as a whole from foreign military units (that is, again, NATO). According to another version, based on the whole context of the speech de Gaulle, he meant the Quebec comrades on the resistance, fought for freedom of the world from Nazism. One way or another, the supporters of Quebec independence were referred to this incident.
At the beginning of his reign, November 23, 1959 de Gaulle made a famous speech about "Europe from the Atlantic to the Urals". In the upcoming political union of Europe countries (the integration of the UES was connected then mainly with the economic side of the question), the president saw an alternative to the "Anglo-Saxon" NATO (in His concept of Europe, the United Kingdom was not included). In its activities on the creation of European unity, he went to a number of compromises who have determined the further peculiarity of France's foreign policy to the present.
The first compromise de Gaulle concerns the Federal Republic of Germany formed in 1949. She quickly restored its economic and military potential, in dire need of, nevertheless, in the political legalization of his state by the contract with the USSR. Deenauer took an obligation from the Adenauer Chancellor to oppose the English plan of the European Free Trade Zone, intercepting the de Gaulle initiative, in exchange for intermediary services in relations with the USSR. De Gaulle's visit to the FRG on September 4-9, 1962 shocked the world community with open support for Germany by a person, in two wars who fought against her; But it was the first step in reconciling countries and creating European unity.
The second compromise was associated with the fact that in the fight against NATO, the general was naturally enlisted with the support of the USSR - the country, which he considered not as much as the "Communist Totalitarian Empire", as like "eternal Russia" (cf. establishing diplomatic relations between "free France" and the leadership of the USSR in 1941-1942, a visit to 1944, pursuing one goal - to exclude the usurpation of power in the post-war France by the Americans). Personal dislike de Gaulle to communism went to the background for the sake of national interests of the country.
In 1964, two countries conclude a trade agreement, then an agreement on scientific and technical cooperation. In 1966, at the invitation of the President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, N. V. Podgorny de Gaulle inflicts an official visit to the USSR (June 20 - July 1, 1966). The president visited, in addition to the capital, Leningrad, Kiev, Volgograd and Novosibirsk, in which he visited the Siberian Scientific Center - Novosibirsk Academgorodok. Political success of the visit included the conclusion of an agreement on the expansion of political, economic and cultural ties. Both sides convicted American intervention in the internal affairs of Vietnam, founded a special political Franco-Russian Commission. An agreement was even concluded on the creation of a straight line between the Kremlin and the Elysees Palace.
The seven-year presidential term de Gaulle expired at the end of 1965. According to the Constitution of the Republic of the Republic, new elections on the expanded electoral collegium were supposed to be held. But the president, who was going to run for the second term, insisted on the nationwide election of the head of state, and the relevant amendments were adopted on a referendum on October 28, 1962, for which de Gaulle had to take advantage of his authority and dissolve the National Assembly.
Elections-1965 became the second direct election of the French president: the first to have occurred more than a century ago, in 1848, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte defeated them, future Napoleon III. Victory in the first round (December 5, 1965), for which the general was so expected. The second place took, having received 31%, which represented a wide opposition unit Socialist Francois Mitteraran, who performed with consistent criticism of the fifth republic as a "permanent public coup". Although in the second round on December 19, 1965 de Gaulle and took over Mitteran (54% against 45%), these elections were the first alarming signal.
The government monopoly on television and radio was unpopular (only printed media were free). An important reason for the loss of confidence in de Gaulle was his socio-economic policy. The growth of the influence of domestic monopolies, the agricultural reform, expressed in the elimination of a large number of peasant farms, finally, the arms race led to the fact that the standard of living in the country was not only not increased, but it became largely lower (the government called for self-restriction since 1963). Finally, more and more irritation gradually caused the identity of de Gaulle himself - he begins to seem to many, especially young people, inadequately an authoritarian and incompetent politician. The fall of the De Gaulle administration leads May events in France in 1968.
On May 2, 1968, in the Latin Quarter - the Paris district, where many institutes are found, the faculties of the University of Paris, student hostels - a student rebellion flashes. Students demand to open the Faculty of Sociology in the Paris suburb of the Nanterter, closed after similar unrest caused by the old, "mechanical" methods of education and a number of household conflicts with the administration. Starts of cars. Barricades are built around sorbonna. Police detachments are urgently caused, in which several hundred students are injured in the fight against which several hundred students are injured. The liberation of their arrested colleagues and the conclusion of police from the quarters is added to the requirements of rebels. The government does not solve these requirements to satisfy. Trade unions declare a daily strike. The position of de Gaulle is rigid: with the rebels of negotiations can not be. Prime Minister Georges Pompidu offers to open sorbonna and meet the requirements of students. But the moment is already lost.
On May 13, trade unions go on a grand demonstration that passed throughout Paris. Ten years have passed since the day, on the wave of Algerian rebellion, de Gaulle declared his readiness to take power. Now slogans are flying over the columns of the manifestations: "De Gaulle - in the archive!", "Goodbye, de Gaulle!", "13.05.58-13.05.68 - it's time to leave, Charles!" Anarchiving students fill sorbonna.
The strike not only does not stop, but develops into an indefinite. 10 million people are beaten throughout the country. The economy of the country is paralyzed. Everyone has already forgotten about students from whom everything began. Workers require Sorokhasova working week and increasing the minimum salary up to 1000 francs. On May 24, the President performs on television. He says that "the country is on the verge civil War"And that the president must be provided, through a referendum, broad powers for the" update "(FR. Rennouveau), and the latter concept has not been specified. Confidence in de Gaulle was not. May 29 Pompidu holds a meeting of his office. De Gaulle is expected at the meeting, but the shocked prime minister learns that the president, taking the archives from the Champs Elysées palace, loss in Colombe. In the evening, the ministers learn that the helicopter with General in Colomba did not land. The President went to the Occupational troops of France in Germany, to Baden-Baden, and almost immediately returned to Paris. The absurdity of the situation speaks at least that Pompidou was forced to seek the chef with the help of air defense.
On May 30, de Gaulle in the Champs Elysée Palace reads the next radio. He declares that he will not leave his post, dismisses the National Assembly and appoints early elections. The last time in the life of de Gaulle uses a chance of solid hand to put an end to "renewed". Parliament elections are considered as a statement of confidence in their vote. Elections June 23-30, 1968 brought Hillists (UNR, "Union in support of the republic") 73.8% of places in the National Assembly. This meant that for the first time one party received an absolute majority in the lower chamber, and the overwhelming majority of the French expressed confidence General de Gaulle.
The fate of the general was predetermined. The short-lived "passage" did not bring any fruits, in addition to replacing Pompidou on Maurice KuV de Murville and proclaimed plans for the reorganization of the Senate - the Upper House of Parliament - to the economic and social body representing the interests of entrepreneurs and trade unions. In February 1969, the general made this reform on a referendum, declaring in advance that in the case of losing it would take. On the eve of the referendum, de Gaulle, with all documents, was relocated from Paris in Colomba and waited for the results of the voting, relative to which did not give, perhaps, no illusions. After at 10 o'clock in the evening on April 27, 1969, the defeat became apparent, after midnight on April 28, the president of the telephone was transferred by KUV de Murvil: "I stop the fulfillment of the duties of the President of the Republic. This decision comes into force today at noon. "
After the resignation of De Gaulle and his wife went to Ireland, then rested in Spain, worked in Colomba over the "MEMUMARS OF HOPE" (not completed, reach 1962). Criticized the new authorities as "committed" with the greatness of France.
On November 9, 1970, at seven o'clock in the evening, Charles de Gaulle died suddenly in Colombe-le-des-Egliz from the aortic rupture. At the funeral on November 12 (at the village cemetery in Colombe near the daughter Anna) were present, according to the general will, only the nearest relatives and resistance comrades.
After the resignation and death of De Gaulle, his temporary unpopularity remained in the past, he is aware of primarily as a large historical figure, the national leader, in one row with such figures, as Napoleon I. More often than during his presidency, the French associate his name with activities During the Second World War, calling him usually "General de Gaulle", and not just named and the last name. The rejection of the figure of de Gaulle in our time is characteristic mainly for the extreme left.
The Party "Association in support of the republic", created by de Gaulle, after a number of reorganization and rename continues to remain influential force in France. The party named now "Union for the Presidential Most", or, with the same abbreviation, "Union for People's Movement" (UMP), represents the former President of Nicolas Sarkozy, in his inaugural speech in 2007, said: "Getting Started by the functions of the President of the Republic , I think about General de Gaulle, who saved the republic twice, returned independence, and the state is its prestige. For supporters of this right centered course, the name of the Hollests was entrenched during the life of the general. Retreats from the principles of Hallism (in particular, towards the restoration of relations with NATO) were characteristic of the government of the Socialists under Francois Mittera (1981-1995); In such an "Atlantation" of the course, Critics were often accused of Sarkozy.
Reporting about the death of de Gaulle on television, his successor pompi said: "General de Gaulle died, France widowel." In his honor, Paris Airport (Fr. Roissy-Charles-de-Gaulle, Charles de Gaulle International Airport), Paris Square of the Star and a number of other memorable places, as well as the nuclear aircraft carrier of the French Navy. Near the Elysee fields in Paris, the General erected a monument. In 1990, he was named Square in front of the hotel "Cosmos" in Moscow, and in 2005, a monument to de Gaulle was established in the presence of Jacques Chirac.
In 2014, a monument was erected in Astana to General. The city also has Charles de Gaulle Street, where the French Quarter is concentrated.
Awards of General de Gaulle:
Great Master of the Order of the Honorary Legion (as president of France)
Big Cross Order Merit (France)
Grand Master of Liberation Order (as the founder of the Order)
Military Cross 1939-1945 (France)
Elephant Order (Denmark)
Order of Serafimov (Sweden)
Big Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (United Kingdom)
Big Cross, decorated with a ribbon Order "For Merit to the Italian Republic"
Big Cross Order "For Military Merit" (Poland)
Big Cross Order of St. Olaf (Norway)
Order Royal House Chakri (Thailand)
Big Cross of Finland White Rose Order
Big Cross Orden Merit (Republic of Congo, 01/20/1962).
"Historical fatalism exists for panties. The courage and the happy case more than once changed the course of events. This teaches us. There are moments when the will of several people crushes all obstacles and opens new roads. "
Charles de Gaulle
General Charles de Gaulle, who saved France, who united the French people, who liberated Algeria and other colonies of the Empire, still remains one of the most mysterious and contradictory figures in new story Europe. Its methods have repeatedly used many political figures, and his attitude to debt, to life, to themselves, aspirations and beliefs were an example for entire generations.
Charles Andre Joseph Marie de Gaulle was born on November 22, 1890 in the town of Lille, in the house of his grandmother, although his family lived in Paris. The father was called Henri de Gaulle, and all his life he worked as a teacher of philosophy and history. De Gallie was rightly proud of its deep roots, many of their ancestors were famous teachers and philosophers. And one of the family members took part in the uprising of Zhanna d "Ark. Following the wishes of the parents, de Gaulle received an excellent education. Young Charles read a lot, tried to write poems, fond of history, especially since the father constantly told him about the glorious days. Still in The youthful age de Gaulle showed an unwitting perseverance and talent in human management. He systematically trained his memory, which will allow him to hit others, remembering speech at the thirty-forty-pages. Entertained de Gaulle is also specifically. For example, I learned to pronounce the words as the words. It is much more difficult for French spelling than for English or Russian, but Charles could easily speak so long phrases. In school, he was interested only in four objects: philosophy, literature, history and military business. It was the thrust for war art forced Charles to go to the sen - Sir, where the Military Academy was located.
In Saint-Sira, one friend said de Gaulle: "Charles, I think you are predetermined by the Great Fate." Without the shadow of the smile, de Gaulle answered him: "Yes, I think so too." At the Military Academy for his dryness and permanent Maneru "Load Nose", the authorities made de Gaulle an ironic nickname - "King in Exile". He will later write about their arrogance to this: "The real leader holds the rest at a distance. There is no power without authority, and there is no credibility without a distance. "
There is an opinion that the military service takes away the ability to think independently, makes him mindlessly to fulfill orders, turns into a stupid soldier. You can hardly find a more visual refutation of this nonsense than Charles de Gaulle's life. Every day did not disappear for him for nothing. He did not stop reading, carefully followed the device of the French army and noted its shortcomings. In his studies, de Gaulle was ditched and responsible, but among classmates he behaved arrogant. For the character and high growth of comrades nicknamed his "long asparagus". In 1913, the junior lieutenant Charles de Gaulle was sent to serve in the infantry regiment. Barely started war, he was twice the wounded, got into german captivityIn which there was five unsuccessful escape attempts and was released only three years after the detention of a truce. After that, de Gaulle took part in the intervention to Russia as an instructor of Polish troops, then served in the troops occupied by Rhine, and was among the military officers who invaded the RuR. He warned the authorities about the stupidity of this operation, which eventually ended with a deafening fiasco, leading to a decrease in the share of France in reparation payments. At the same time, Charles wrote a number of books, including "Discover in the Mill of the Enemy", started in captivity and representing the sharp criticism of the actions of the German government and the army during the First World War. It should be noted here that in France at the time, the organization of the German military car was considered an ideal. Charles clearly pointed out the essential miscalculations of the Germans. In general, the views of de Gaulle on tactics and strategy, on the device of the army as a whole were very different from the convictions of the majority of the French headquarters.
In 1921, Charles de Gaulle married Ivonna Vandra, a twenty-year-old daughter of a large entrepreneur, owner of a number of confectionery factories. The girl was distinguished by modesty, beauty and beautiful upbringing. Until that the young people got acquainted, Ivonna was firmly sure that he would never be a military wife. They were married in six months, they had three children: the son of Philip and the daughter Elizabeth and Anna.
In 1925, the Marshal Peten, the Verden winner and continuous authority among the French soldiers, drew attention to the young de Gaulle, appointing him to his adjutant. And soon the future general was instructed to make a report on the complex of defensive measures adopted in the case of the future war. De Gaulle, of course, prepared this work, but for the loop she became a complete surprise, because in the root contradicted the views existing in the headquarters. Based on the strategic and tactical lessons of the "positional" first world, Marshal and his supporters did focus on the line of fortified defense, the infamous "Line Maginos". However, de Gaulle claimed the need to form mobile tactical divisions, proving a worthlessness of protective buildings with modern development Techniques and accounting that the French borders are mainly in open plains. As a result of the broken conflict, his relationship with the loop was spoiled. However, the first days of World War II confirmed the right point of Charles de Gaulle.
Charles loved to repeat: "Before you philosophize, you need to conquer the right to life."
While in Opal, de Gaulle managed to successfully introduce his undertakings. He was also hardly the only career military, allowing himself open conversations in the press. Of course, it was not welcomed by the bosses, but it was noticeably added to his popularity in the country. Historians know that confronted with difficulties, de Gaulle often turned to politicians, repeatedly entered by their principles, for the sake of achievement. He was seen among representatives of the ultra-right forces, and, despite all their upbringing and habits, among the socialists. Already on this segment of time, two main features of the character de Gaulle - a tendency through small tactical lesions to defeat in the main and thirst for innovation. Also the most important component of the technique of Charles was the latitude of its strategic design. For this person, there was only one scale - the scale of his country.
Not all innovations de Gaulle disappeared for nothing, but the effect of them as a whole was insignificant. Conducted reorganization practically did not affect the state of the army. And de Gaulle, who sent to the time before the colonel, as if in a mockery, was prescribed to command the only tank regiment, the creation of which he was so defended. In the part there was a noncomplex, and there are very obsolete. Nevertheless, after September 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland, and the United Kingdom and France declared a war, de Ga and the price of incredible efforts managed to stop the offensive of the fascists from the north and even discard his separate parts back. Charles immediately produced in brigadier generals, the title, which he preferred to maintain the rest of his life. Despite the successes of his row organized by the fourth tank DivisionFor the overall course of hostilities, it did not have any significant impact, and in the days most of the French land was occupied.
The French say: "Charles de Gaulle will forever remain in our story as a sacred personality. He was the first one who took out the sword. "
In June 1940, Paul Reino defined de Gaulle to a high place in the Ministry of Defense. Charles concentrated all his strength on the continuation of the struggle, but it was too late. The Government of Reino went on retired, and Marshal Pethene signed a document on the surrender of France. De Gaulle reached London, where in a few days created the organization "Free France" and demanded from the British authorities to provide him with a radioeofer, broadcasting to the land captured by the Nazis, as well as the territory of the Vichy regime. For many years for thousands of our compatriots, the participants of the resistance movement of his voice, the voice of freedom, who first sounded on June 18, 1940 and uttered five-minute speeches twice a day, remained the only hope for the future victory. He began his first message in the manner of the French kings: "We, General de Gaulle, appeal to France."
This is how Biographers de Gaulle described in the 1940s: "Very tall, thin, strong physique. Long nose over small mustache, running away chin, domineering look. Constantly dressed in the form of khaki. The headdress is decorated with two stars of the brigade general. The step is always wide, hands, as a rule, on the seams. Speech slow, but sharp, sometimes with sarcasm. Striking memory. "
Messengers of "Free France" visited all the free French colonies and the countries of the modern "Third World", seeking the recognition of Charles de Gaulle by the leader of "free French". With the resistance, the closer contact was also installed, the general supplied it with all the small means that he had. In relation to the leaders of the Allies de Gaulle, from the very beginning put himself as equal. He constantly led Churchill and Roosevelt from his rampability. Initulat, the British Prime Minister first expect to manipulate internal resistance And free colonies, but he was brutally mistaken. When their views converged, everything went well, but as soon as disagreements arose, a fierce dispute began. It is known that de Gaulle often reproached Churchill in an irrepressible passion for alcohol, and the Prime Minister shouted to him that the general imagines himself with a new Jeanne D "Ark. Once their conflict was hardly ended with deportation de Gaulle. In the letters Roosevelt Churchill called arrogant Frenchman "Didnote Personal Personal Personal France", complaining that "unbearable incompleteness and rudeness in his behavior are supplemented by active Anglophobia." Roosevelt also did not remain in debt, named De Gaulle "Capricious Bride" and offering Churchill to send Charles "Governor to Madagascar "However, the intelligent combinations of Roosevelt, who restored Churchill against the general, stumbled upon the firm position of the English Cabinet, who announced to his premiere:" Risching to admit from any point of view of completely unjustified interference in purely the internal affairs of the French, we can be charged with the desire to turn this country in Anglo -American protectorate. "
Once in a conversation with american president De Gaulle said: "Churchill believes that I identify myself with Jeanne D" Ark. He is mistaken. I take myself only for the general of Charles de Gaulle. "
Despite all the difficulties, Charles de Gaulle actually created a centralized organization, fully independent of the allied forces and in general from anyone, who has its own information headquarters and armed forces. Each of the people practically not known to him, whom the general gathered around him, signed an act of accession, denoted not only to join the "free (later fighting) France", but also unconditional submission de Gaulle. From 1940s to 1942th, the number of some soldiers who were fulfilled under the clutches of "free France" increased from seven to seventy thousand. As a result of the military and political struggle at the beginning of the D-Day, on June 7, 1944, Charles had made the fact that the National Liberation Committee submitted to him was recognized by all Allied countries as the Interim Government of France. Further more. Thanks to the efforts of only one person, France, in fact, who entered into an alliance with the Nazis, was entitled to the winner's country on its own occupation zone in Germany, and a little later and place in the UN Security Council. Such successes can be called fantastic without exaggeration, especially if we take into account that at the very beginning of the struggle de Gaulle was actually a deserter who had arrived by England, whom the French Army's military tribunal sentenced to the death penalty.
Andrei Gromyko, the former Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union recalled: "De Gaulle never answered essentially to a delicious question. In such cases, he usually used the phrase "everything can be". ... de Gaulle was an excellent speaker. Speaking on official receptionsHe spoke folded and almost never used written text. And it really made an impression. People close to him said that he could easily memorize long speeches written on the eve ... ".
De Gaulle adored to play his allied enmity. And the place in the Security Council, and the occupation zone went to France only due to the fact that General supported Stalin. De Gaulle managed to convince him that France extracts in establishing the balance of forces in the UN, which was increasing towards the Soviets. After the end of the war, the temporary government de Gaulle came to power in France. Its main slogan in domestic politics was: "Order, law and justice", and in the external: "greatness of France". The main tasks of Charles was not only the resurrection of the country's economy, but also its political restructuring. Today it can be firmly said that with the first general successfully coped - the nationalization of the largest enterprises was conducted, social reforms were held with the simultaneous targeted development of the most important industries. It was much worse with the second. Following his beliefs, de Gaulle did not support any of the existing parties, including the "Hollests" - active supporters of the general. When the Interim Parliament proposed the Constitution of the fourth republic with the unicameral parliament, appointed the government and the president with limited powers, de Gaulle, who waited until the last moment, revealed the world, distinguished by the functions of the president, endowed with strong executive authorities. Despite the high authority in the people, which was previously engaged in the position of the political struggle ("absentee arbitration" in his own words) played a crafty joke. In the battle for the new Constitution, he was defeated, a version proposed by Parliament was adopted on the referendum, and at the elections to the National Assembly, the officials of the "Hollests" received only three percent of the votes. In January 1946, Charles de Gaulle, at his own desire, resigned.
The French general belongs to famous phrases: "I respect only my opponents, but I'm not going to endure them," "Politics is too serious to entrust her politicians."
His vacation in the political life of the country continued twelve years. During this time, the general led public activities And just enjoyed life along with his wife in a family house located in the town of Colombe-le-Dzoz-Egliz in two hundred and fifty kilometers from Paris. Charles spoke with journalists from different countries, wrote memoirs, traveled a lot. He liked to spread the solitaires ("Solitaire" in translated from French means patience). The country at this time broke crises. In 1954, France suffered a crushing defeat from national liberation movements in Indochite. There were excitements in Algeria and a number of other countries of North Africa, which are French colonies. The Frank currency rate fell, the population suffered from inflation. There were strikes around the country, governments replaced each other. De Gaulle preferred to be silent, in no way commenting on the current situation. In 1957, the situation had deteriorated even more: the right and left-scale movements were intensified in society, the government was in an acute crisis, and the military, leading war with the rebels in Algeria, threatened to the coup.
After on May 13, 1958, such a coup almost happened, on May 16, President of France, with the approval of the parliament, asked de Gaulle to take the position of Prime Minister. And in December 1958 de Gaulle elected the president with an unusually wide range of powers for France. The general could declare an emergency and dissolve parliament, appoint new elections to personally supervise all issues relating to foreign policy, defense and most important domestic ministries.
Despite the seeming lightness and speed with which the general of the second time he was at the helm of power, historians excavated the facts testifying to the tense work of Charles himself and his adherents. IN last years He constantly through intermediaries led negotiations with parliamentarians and leaders of ultra-right parties. This time de Gaulle rests on the psychology of the worship of the crowd in front of mystery, secrecy, brevity and emotional charm of the leader. "I am a person who does not belong to anyone and belongs to everyone," de Gaulle spoke on the steps of parliament, while Paris was held in Paris, who called on the government to retire. The new Constitution de Gaulle was approved by almost eighty percentage of votes and for the first time in french history introduced the presidential form of government, limiting parliament in legislative rights. The authority of Charles took off to heaven, and the torn "parliament" could not prevent him from communicating directly with the people with the help of independently appointed referendums.
The text of the Russian Constitution approved in 1993 on many points coincides with the Constitution of Charles de Gaulle, which, according to a number of experts, domestic reformers were used as a sample.
Trying to solve the problems of an economic, external and domestic political nature, its goal was still alone - turn France into a great power. De Gaulle spent a denomination by issuing a new franc dignity in a hundred older. According to the results of the 1960 year, the economy has demonstrated the fastest growth rates for all postwar years. Understanding the hopelessness of the military decision of the Algerian issue, de Gaulle four years old prepared the country to the inevitability of the provision of independence alibyr and was looking for a compromise, which would allow to maintain the access of France to the sources of oil and other natural wealth in Sahara. The Algerian operation ended in March 1962 with recognition of the rights of this country to self-determination and signing in Evian to the cease-fire, transmission of sovereignty and further relationships between states.
But another curious aphorism from Charles de Gaulle: "In politics, sometimes you have to betray either your country or your voters. I choose the second. "
In foreign policy, Charles ratified for the acquisition of Europe independence and independence from the United States and the Soviet Union. People's offended in the war, Churchill's arguments about the status of France, he refused to recognize the British full Europeans. When a common market was created in Europe, the general managed to block the introduction of the UK. Solving the question of the elections of the President of France by direct and universal voting, de Gaulle had to dissolve parliament. On December 19, 1965, General re-elected to a new seven-year term, and soon he announced that the country in international calculations appeals to real gold. He said: "... I consider it necessary to establish an international exchange on an indisputable basis, which is not carrying the press of any particular country .... It is difficult to imagine some other standard except gold. Gold never changes nature: it can be in bars, ingots, coins; does not have nationality; It has long been and the whole world is accepted as unchanged value. " Soon Charles according to the Brettonvian Agreement demanded from the United States to exchange one and a half billion dollars for live gold at thirty-five dollars per ounce. In case of refusal, de Gaulle threatened to bring the country from NATO, eliminating all (about two hundred) NATO bases on its territory and removing thirty-five thousand NATO soldiers from France. Even in the economy, the general worked by military methods. US capitulated. Nevertheless, France was still out of NATO, after Eisenhuer rejected De Gaulle's proposal to organize a three-way directorate in the military-political unit, which would be part of the United States, England and France. After the fall of 1967, the Department of France from the North-Atlantic Alliance was completed, de Gaulle proposed the concept of "National Defense for All Azimuts", which makes it possible to reflect the attack on any side. Shortly after that, France successfully spent in Pacific Ocean Testing the hydrogen bomb.
De Gavel can be accused of rigidity, but he has never been cruel. Even after in August 1962, a whole detachment of militants shot a car from automatic machines, in which his wife was sitting together with the general, de Gaulle replaced five of the six death sentences made by the court, for a life imprisonment. Only the head of the gang - the thirty-sest colonel of the Bastien-Thieri Air Force - received a refusal to the request for pardon, and only because he, an officer of the French army, the owner of the Cross of the Honor of the Legion, according to De Gaulle, did not know how to shoot. In total, historians are aware of the thirty one attempt on his life. Next to the general, grenades and bombs exploded, flew bullets, but fortunately, all past. And the proud and arrogant president did not allow himself to be frightened by the "smallest things". One case, when during the visit of de Gaulle to Central France, the police caught a sniper, who was waiting for his performances before the population, served as the basis for the plot of Roman Forsight "Shakal's Day".
However, in calm years, all the abilities and talents de Gaulle were not found in all its glory, General always needed a crisis in order to reveal to the world, to which he is actually capable of. "Dirizhism" of Charles in the life of the country, in the end, led to the crisis of 1967, and aggressive foreign policyThe fact that he looked at the dangerous militaristic actions of NATO countries, violently criticized the Washington administration (especially for the Vietnamese conflict), sympathized with Quebec separatists and Arabs in the Middle East, undermined the status of de Gaulle on the internal political arena. In May 1968, Parisian streets were bombarded by barricades, the population used, the posters "it's time to leave, Charles!" Hung on the walls. For the first time de Gaulle was confused. After the parliament rejected the next legislative proposals of the general, he was ahead of time, on April 28, 1969, the second time he left his post. "The French seem to be tired of me," Charles joked sadly.
At sixty-three years de Gaulle quit smoking. The general secretary who decided to follow the example, asked how he succeeded. De Gaulle answered: "Tell your boss, my wife and your friends that you do not smoke from tomorrow. This will be enough".
Having left resignation, Charles de Gaulle returned to his modest house in Colombe de Les-Egliz. No pension, protection or benefits for herself he did not ask. De Gaulle died on November 9, 1970. According to the testament, he was buried at a small local cemetery without public ceremonies. However, in mourning events on the day of the funeral in Paris, over eight hundred thousand people took part. Representatives of eighty-five countries of the world flew to express condolences.
In fact, about the merits of de Gaulle, exactly, as well as his misses, you can speak infinitely. Being a gifted theorist of military affairs, he did not participate in any historically important battle, but he was able to bring France to victory where it seemed to threaten the defeat. Not familiar with the economy, he two times successfully led the country and led it from the crisis first due to its ability to organize the work of the structures entrusted to him, whether the rebel committee or the government of a whole state. For his compatriots, Charles de Gaulle is the greatest hero on a par with Jeanne D "Ark. He managed to write more dozen books, like memoirs and theoretical works in the military case, some of which are still considered bestsellers. This person, twice voluntarily The resignation, respected and afraid of the allies, believing that he is a new dictator of Hitler's type. General Charles de Gaulle left the descendants one of the most stable European political Systems, called the fifth republic, according to the constitution of which the country lives and now.
Information sources:
http://x-files.org.ua/articles.php?article_id\u003d2765
http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_g/goll_sharl.php.
http://www.people.com/state/king/france/gaulle/
http://www.c-cafe.ru/days/bio/29/gaulle.php.
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Like all the great state figures, Charles de Gaulle (Charles de Gaulle) remained in the memory of people very contradictory. Sometimes it seems that telling about him, they talk about perfectly different people. Regardless of subjective opinions, he is the founder of a modern French state, proudly called himself with the fifth republic. 42 years after his death, a political husk flew off the image of this man, and it became clear that this fighting general saw the future better than most of his contemporaries.
Biography
He was born in the last century, in 1890 in Lille, since childhood he dreamed of the accomplishments for the firm of France, so that it was quite logical, chose military career. Graduated military school in Saint-Sira. Martial baptism was held at the fronts of the First World War, was seriously injured, enrolled in the dead, was in captivity. Regularly tried to run. It was concluded in the fortress, where he met the Russian lawyer Mikhail Tukhachevsky. He, in the end, fled, and de Gaulle did not succeed. It was not freedom only after the defeat of Germany, but did not go home, but remained in Poland as an instructor. There he had to participate in the reflection of the strike of the Red Army, which he led his acquaintance Tukhachevsky.
The behavior of Marshal Peten, who passed France by the Germans, de Gaulle regarded as betrayal. From that moment starts new life General Charles de Gaulle - the leader of the struggle for the liberation of the birthplace from the occupiers. Acquired in this role a huge moral authority caused that at the end of the war, France was among the winners of Nazism. The struggle was not only a military, but also political, so the public figure, which blinked (often against their will) in order to bring France to the first row of world powers.
Although he was the head of the Provisional Government of France since 1944, but after the adoption of the Constitution of the fourth republic in 1946, left him due to disagreements with left-wing politicians. To him, a convinced supporter of a strong centralized government seemed to give the government to the collective authority to give power in the country to the National Assembly. Time has shown that he was right. When Algerian crisis came in 1958, Charles de Gaulle returns to politics, his party wins the election, holds a referendum on the new Constitution, and he becomes its first president, endowed with all powers. 
And first of all, de Gaulle completes the war in Algeria. It his act earned him thanks to many French, but the hatred of those who were forced to leave this colony, and for her many others. On de Gaulle, 15 attempts were organized, but he happily escaped death. His indisputable merit was the technical jerk, perfect by France in the postwar years. The French have mastered nuclear technologies and equipped their army atomic weapons, and energy seal - nuclear power plants.
Charles's opinion on American monetary expansion was then surprised by many. Back in 1965, during an official visit to America, he brought Lindon Johnson a whole ship, brown with dollars to the top, and demanded their exchange at the official exchange rate of $ 35 per ounce of gold. Johnson tried to frighten an old soldier with trouble, but did not attack. De Gaulle threatened to get out of the NATO block, which soon did, despite the fact that the exchange was produced. After this episode, America completely refused the gold standard, the fruits of this we all reorganize. The wise president of France saw this danger long ago.
His name ...
France appreciated his general shortly after his death. Today, in the eyes of the French, de Gaulle was almost equal to Napoleon I. His name was named the flagship of the French military fleet, the first atomic aircraft carrier, built outside the United States and without their help, the largest vessel from the water in France in 1994. Today it is the most combat-ready ship in Europe.
Many thousand guests of France set foot on her land at the airport. The ultra-modern design, which is combined with a fantastic technical equipment, makes this airport by a real masterpiece of architecture and technology.
One of the central squares of Paris - D'Etoile, the star of the star, wears the name de Gaulle now. Only knowing the desire of the French in every way to keep any details of the story, you can understand how much it means in their eyes. On the square there is a monument to the general (by the way, the French most often mention him as "General de Gaulle"). Another area called him by name is in Moscow, in front of the hotel "Cosmos".
You can still talk a lot about this extraordinary person. But it particularly touches the fact that he bequeathed to bury himself next to the early deceased daughter, disabled from birth. It turns out that he was also capable of deep and tender love, this soldier and politician who was not afraid of anyone and nothing ...
The history of modern France is impossible to imagine without one of its presidents - Charles de Gaulle, the person is ambiguous, but who made it very much so that France takes a worthy place among leading European states.
Figure de Gaulle was born in the intelligent noble family in the French city of Lille on November 22, 1890.
Military - It sounds proud!
The feature of the de Gaulle family was the highest level of patriotism, which were permeated by all the conversations and thoughts of the parents who instilled the sense of pride in the country and convinced their children in the high mission of France, which she still has to be fulfilled.
Charles Already in the children's and youthful years loved to read and showed interest in history, literature and philosophy. But his special love and addiction became a military case, which has absorbed and the three previous components. It is not necessary to think that a professional military is a servant who knows only military charters and knows how to fully fulfill orders - the requirements of military discipline do not deprive the officer the possibility of self-development, replenish knowledge and expansion of the horizon.
It was these postulates that were put on the Charlay de Galer as the basis of their stay in the Saint-Sir military school. Determining its place in the army, he chooses the infantry, as he considers it the "most military", directly affecting the course of battles.
Mastering the profession of military, Charles continues to read a lot; it is especially attracted by the works on philosophy and the history of France, and his ideal becomes Zhanna D'arkk. De Dalle himself later recalled that at that time he had already decided for himself that the meaning of his life would be the desire to take a feat in the name of France.
As for philosophical views and views, they were formed in many ways under the influence of the philosopher Henri Bergson, who argued that the separation of people on the "oppressors" and "oppressed" - there is a natural process that leads to the conclusion about the benefits of a single solid hand in front of a democratic multifaceted. It is just such a solid hand, according to De Gaulle, he must have exactly.
Another conclusion that Charles de Gaulle learned from philosophical works was the statement that the productive activity of a person is possible only in combining instinct and mind. It is worth noting that this second postulate de Gaulle subsequently applied not once in his political activities, however, with different levels of performance.
Training in the Saint-Sir Military School allowed the future officer to also see the positive aspects and disadvantages of the army device.
In 1913, for Charles de Gaulle became a fateful - in the infantry regiment, where he was sent to the service in the rank of younger lieutenant, the commander was Colonel Philippe Peten. He will have a crucial influence on his further career - both as a military, and as a policy, giving, in fact, start. Charles de Gaulle spoke to his senior comrades, even calling his son in his honor. However, afterwards, when Petren was headed by the French government, which concluded a truce with Hitler's Germany, their ways were separated.
From the First World War to Hitler's Occupation
During World War I, Charles de Gaulle takes part in hostilities, demonstrating courage and dedication. Evidence of this was three injuries received by an officer in hand-to-hand fights under Verden, but the cause of de Gaulle's captivity is German. From the captivity, he tried to run five times, but only after the end of the war was able to return home.
Here he continued his studies at a military school in Paris and wrote several books on tactics and battle strategies using tanks and aviation. In the same period, his own military doctrine appears, the main place in which the leader occupies, the leader, a strong personality.
On the account de Gaulle - not only participation in the First World War, but also work as an instructor in Polish troops during the intervention period to Soviet Russia; Operations in the Rhine region and in the rie. 
The role of the French army in hostilities, the position of Germany, on the side of which France performed as a forced ally, the organization of the "military car" of Germany - all this was analyzed by Charlay de Galember in his books.
By the time of the arrival of Hitler to power in Germany, Charles de Gaulle was already a colonel, thanks to his close attention to him by his commander Philippe Peten, who, however, he did not support the desire to retreat before the impending fascist threat. True, France was not ready to repel the invaders.
Already in the rank of general, two years later, de Gaulle insisted on the continuation of hostilities against the Nazis, but did not receive support from the government. Nevertheless, he remained with his opinion and believed that if France is capitula, it will lose not only unity and independence, but also honor. His calls did not find a review in government circles and, having learned about the Armistice concluded between France and Hitler's Germany, General Charles de Gaulle was forced to go to England. But this departure was not a flight: almost being in exile, through the English radio de Gaulle he constantly appeals to the French with a call not to stop the fight against the fascists. Under the influence of the appeals addressed to France, a new political force is being created - the organization "Fighting France", which, together with de Galer, becomes at the head of the resistance movement. At the same time, de Gaulle forms the temporary government of France in exile, which at the same time becomes recognized by the allies: Great Britain, Soviet Union and connected staff.
By the end of the war with Germany, France becomes a full participant in the Antihygler Coalition, and the head of the resistance of Charles de Gaulle seems to be France following the results of the war, as a winner country, received its "piece of cake" in the form of its own zone of influence in defeated Germany, and subsequently In the United Nations Security Council.
"Uncomfortable" partner
It is worth noting that Charles de Gaulle turned out to be a "uncomfortable" partner for England and the United States - the hopes for strengthening their influence in France were not justified. De Gaulle was too independent and stopping and configured more loyally rather to Stalin than to Roosevelt or Churchill.
It was his independence and inconsistency that led to the fact that transports with American dollars were sent in the United States: De Gaulle considered them absolutely useless "pieces" - he believed only in gold and demanded the exchange of all this "paper stock" on the golden.
Political career Charles de Gaulle was not stable. Having received the confidence of the French and becoming the first president of the fifth Republic, de Gaulle, guided by his views on the role political leader, During the election period, I decided to take the "place above the fight" of political parties, including the fact that the founder of which was himself. He believed that the president could not belong to any party: it should be for all and anyone. However, his calculation was not true - his party of "Hollests" was not able to achieve an explicit advantage, without having support for the president, and lost elections, and de Gaulle himself resigned.
Political Career Charles de Gaulle was associated with take-offs and drops, victories and mistakes. But in any situation in the first place they were the honor and dignity of his own, as a leader, and his countries, hotly beloved France, the interests of which he was ready to defend everywhere and everywhere.
Without seeing the prospects for independent development in the block, in 1963 de Gaulle decided to exit the country from NATO. He did not accept the position of France in this organization on an unequal basis - the idea of \u200b\u200bthe National Magicity of France was fundamental in all actions of Charles de Gaulle.
For the honor of France
For de Gaulle, respect for his country, its sovereignty, preservation of identity, as well as cooperation in the parity basis, were important components in the formation of new organizations of the European and world space and their relationship.
Charles de Gaulle was one of the first to express the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need to form a "United Europe". He was a supporter of the discharge of global tension and establishing and strengthening relations with the Soviet Union, China and other countries.
However, focusing on foreign policy activities and proven himself to be a strong and independent politician who was afraid and disliked in the leadership of England and America, Charles de Gaulle could not always respond in a timely manner to internal problems and find loyal ways to solve them. This is exactly what the internal political crises that have disengaged him to move away from power are explained.
A riots and discontent arising in the student medium in April 1968 have led to the sunset of the Political Career of Charles de Gaulle and turned into mass strikes. The reforms on which de Gaulle went, did not give the desired result, after which he resigned. His phrase: "The French are tired of me, and I tired of them," reflected not only the state of the French society, but also the president himself.
After the care of the resignation, Charles de Gaulle went to Ireland and then to Spain. The last two years of life were given to rest, writing memoirs and criticism of the new power of France, which "killed" the greatness of France.
Charles de Gaulle died suddenly, from the aorta rupture on November 9, 1970. He was buried at the rural cemetery Commune Colombe next to his daughter.
With all the ambiguity and controversivity of the political portrait of Charles de Gaulle, it is impossible not to recognize his huge contribution to the strengthening of France on the world arena, increasing its political weight in the affairs of Europe.
