History presentation on the topic "gods of ancient Egypt." History presentation on the topic “gods of ancient Egypt” Download presentation about the god Hapi

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Amon (lit., “hidden”, “hidden”) is the patron god of Thebes, the creator god who headed the Theban triad, which together with him consisted of his wife, the sky goddess Mut, and his son, the moon god Khonsu. With the beginning of the XII Dynasty, the cult of Amun supplants the cult of the original Theban god Montu. Amun is later identified with the sun god Ra and his cult spreads throughout Egypt. He is declared the first king of Egypt, “king of the gods,” “king of both lands,” his name may be enclosed in a cartouche. The ruling pharaoh is declared the son of Amun-Ra. National holidays are associated with Amon, for example, the Valley Festival, when Amon visits the royal necropolises and sanctuaries of the reigning king, or the Opet holiday, when Amon from Karnak went to Luxor. The largest and most ancient temple of Amon is the Temple of Karnak in Thebes.

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Atum is the most ancient deity of the city of Heliopolis, the creator god, the head of the Heliopolis Ennead. Usually he was depicted as a man with a double crown on his head and was called “the ruler of both lands,” i.e. Upper and Lower Egypt, which emphasizes its essential connection with the pharaoh. As follows from the Heliopolitan theogony, Atum created himself, incarnating himself in the image of a primeval hill, and then, having fertilized himself, gave birth to the god Shu and his female complement Tefnut, from whom the rest of the gods of the Ennead then descended. Was early identified with the god Ra, whose cult replaced that of Atum at Heliopolis.

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Anubis is the protector god and patron of the dead; its zoomorphic embodiment is a black jackal or a dog stretched out on its belly, as well as a man with the head of a jackal or dog. During the era of the Old Kingdom (Pyramid Texts), Anubis was revered as the main god of the kingdom of the dead, but during the Middle and New Kingdoms he gave up his place to Osiris, and he himself became a god from Osiris’ entourage. In the kingdom of the dead, Anubis leads the soul of the deceased into the Hall of Two Truths, where it is judged and weighs his heart on the scales. Anubis plays an important role in funeral rituals, embalming and mummification processes. The cult center is the city of Kinopol.

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Bast or Bastet - in Ancient Egypt, the goddess of joy, fun and love, female beauty, fertility and hearth, who was depicted as a cat or a woman with the head of a cat. During the early dynasties, before the domestication of the cat, it was depicted as a lioness. Her father is the Sun; mother - Hathor-Moon. Nut, the goddess of heaven, is her sister, and her brother is Khonsu, who drives out evil spirits. The center of the Bast cult, the heyday of which dates back to the XXII dynasty (Bubastid) X-VIII centuries BC. e. - the city of Bubastis. Attribute Bast - musical instrument sistrum. The goddess was often depicted as a woman with the head of a cat, holding a sister in her hands, and four kittens at her feet. This is how the goddess of fertility was personified by the Egyptians. Bast's son is Mahes. In some cases Bast was identified with Mut, Tefnut, Sekhmet and Hathor.

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Bes (Bes, Besu) - in ancient Egyptian mythology, a dwarf and merry god, the jester of the gods, the patron of the hearth, the deity of happiness and luck, as well as the main protector of the poor, the elderly and children. The demon did not have any temples or sanctuaries, but was revered in the homes of the Egyptians, mostly the poor, who counted on the support of their patron. He was depicted as an ugly dwarf with a beard, a long protruding tongue, an ironic grin, and short thick legs. Very rarely there are images of the Bes with the head and tail of a lion (some Egyptologists consider this fact to be evidence that the Bes was originally associated with a lion). Subsequently, the cult of Bes was adopted by the Phoenicians and Cypriots. Demon is the patron saint of expectant mothers.

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Geb is the god of the earth, the son of Shu and Tefnut, who, together with his sister and wife, the goddess of the sky, gave birth to Nut, Osiris, Isis, Set, Nephthys. He was part of the Heliopolis Ennead of gods. There are practically no zoomorphic images; the most characteristic appearance is a man with the crown of Upper or Lower Egypt on his head. Considered one of the first mythological kings of Egypt, he then transferred power over Egypt to Osiris. He had no special centers of veneration, but was an active protagonist in a large number of myths, in particular, he was the chief judge in resolving the dispute over the right to the throne between Horus and Set, and participated in the trial of Osiris over the dead.

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Horus (Horus) (lit., “height,” “sky”) is one of the most important gods of Ancient Egypt, a solar deity, usually embodied in the form of a falcon or a man with the head of a falcon, sometimes a winged sun. Of all the hypostases of Horus, the most significant are Horus - the son of Isis and Osiris, and Horus of Bekhdet. Horus, the son of Isis, is one of the main characters in the events associated with the death and resurrection of Osiris, he defeats the murderer of Osiris Set and brings Osiris back to life. Horus becomes the successor to the power of Osiris over Egypt, the patron and protector of the pharaohs. The name Horus is included in the five-member title of the pharaoh.

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Isis is the goddess of fertility, water and wind, “great with enchantments,” “mistress of sorcery”; in the established mythological canon, the daughter of Hebe and Nut, the sister and wife of Osiris, the sister of Nephthys, Set, the mother of Horus, one of the most revered goddesses in Egypt. Her cult was widespread in other states during the Hellenistic era.

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Maat - the goddess of truth and order, was considered the wife of the god Thoth. The image of Maat is a woman sitting on the ground with an ostrich feather attached to her head. Maat is mentioned in the Pyramid Texts, but her importance increases at the end of the Old Kingdom era, when she is declared the daughter of Ra. She was important in the funeral cult - the image of Maat was used as a standard at the trial of Osiris. The cult center is the Theban necropolis.

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Meskhenet is a goddess in Egyptian mythology who met a person at his birth, the patroness of women in labor and an assistant to midwives. When the baby is born and makes its first cry, Meskhenet starts dancing with joy, and Besy and Taurt scare away the evil spirits that rush to the newborn. Then Meskhenet, together with her husband Shai, goes to the Heavenly Tree (Tree of Hathor) to find out the fate of the newborn from the Seven Heavenly Goddesses. From this moment on, Shai becomes a person’s guardian angel, and Meskhenet becomes his oracle. The spouses begin to monitor the person’s behavior during life in order to tell the gods of the Great Ennead about all the actions at the trial in the afterlife. She was depicted as a young woman wearing a headdress of multi-colored feathers, accompanied by furry dwarf freaks Besov and the goddess Taurt.

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Meritseger (ancient Egyptian who loves silence), in Egyptian mythology the goddess of the Theban necropolis, guarding the peace of the dead. She was depicted as a woman or a lion with the head of a snake. Patroness of artisans - tomb builders who lived in the area of modern Deir el-Medina.

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Montu is the ancient god of the city of Ermont, in the region of which Thebes rose and became the capital of Egypt, which also revered Montu, hence his traditional epithet - “Lord of Thebes.” In the Theban pantheon of the New Kingdom period, Montu was part of the triad Amun-Mut-Montu and was considered the son of Amun and the goddess Mut. Initially, Montu belonged to the number of solar deities and was often depicted, like Ra, with the head of a falcon; but during the 19th dynasty he acquired the character of the god of war. In this image, he appears in the epic of Pentaura as the patron of the warlike king Ramesses II at the Battle of Kadesh. Montu's wife is Tenenet.

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Nephthys (Greek), Nebethet (Egyptian, lit., “mistress of the house”) is the younger sister of Isis, participating with her in all funeral rites and mysteries associated with Osiris. She was depicted as a woman with a hieroglyph on her head corresponding to her name. She was considered the wife of Set, although there are practically no texts that make this connection not ephemeral.

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Neith, in Egyptian mythology, originally the goddess of the sky, who created the world and gave birth to the sun. She was also considered the patroness of queens, the goddess of war and hunting. She was revered in the city of Sais. Neith was also associated with the mortuary cult; images of her with outstretched wings were placed on the lids of sarcophagi. She was depicted as a woman wearing the crown of Lower Egypt, often breastfeeding two small crocodiles (she was considered the mother of Sebek, as well as all crocodiles). Neith's fetish was a shield with two crossed arrows, so in Greece she was identified with Athena. The heyday of her cult dates back to the reign of the XXVI (Sai dynasty).

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Nefertum is the god of vegetation. The son of Sekhmet and Ptah (in another version, he grew from the body of the goddess of the fields), the personification of the primordial lotus. Nefertum was depicted as a baby on a lotus flower or as a young man wearing a headdress resembling a lotus flower from which two feathers rise. The sacred plant is the lotus (the emblem of Upper Egypt), representing beauty, prosperity, birth and resurrection after death. The center of the cult is Memphis.

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Nut is the goddess of the sky, sister and wife of the earth god Heb, daughter of Shu and Tefnut, mother of Osiris, Set, Isis, Nephthys, one of the goddesses of the Heliopolis Ennead. Just like Geb, she did not have any special places of veneration, but took part in a large number of myths. According to one of the myths, Nut gives birth to the Sun-Pa and stars every day and swallows them every day. When her husband Geb quarreled with Nut, who eats children, the god Shu separated them, raising Nut up and leaving Shu below. In one of the fragments of the Pyramid Texts, Nut, as the wife of Gebe, is called the “queen of Lower Egypt”; later she participates in the funeral cult, raising the souls of the dead to heaven and guarding them in the tomb.

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Osiris is one of the central deities of the Egyptian pantheon, the god of the productive forces of nature, later revered as the king of the underworld, in the established mythological canon the eldest son of Geb and Nut, brother of Seth, Isis (who was also his wife) and Nephthys. Initially, it was apparently identified with the waters of the Nile flood, bringing life and fertility. Osiris was later proclaimed the fourth king of Egypt, receiving power from Geb. According to legend, he taught people agriculture and crafts, i.e. gave them the opportunity to move from barbarism to civilization. One of the most significant mythological cycles for Egyptian culture is associated with Osiris, telling about his insidious murder committed by Set, and the subsequent resurrection of the god by Isis and Horus. Having transferred power over Egypt to Horus, Osiris then becomes king of the underworld of the dead. Osiris was revered throughout Egypt and far beyond its borders, but the city of Abydos, the burial place of the pharaohs, became his main cult center.

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Ptah (Ptah) is the main god of Memphis, but his cult was associated not only with Memphis, but also spread throughout Egypt and beyond. Usually he was depicted as a man dressed in clothes that concealed him and holding a “was” staff in his hand. Ptah’s “main” wife was Sekhmet, but sometimes his wives were also called Maat, Tefnut, Hat Hor. The “soul” of Ptah was considered the sacred bull Apis, and the tongue was the god Thoth. In the Memphis cosmogonic system, Ptah was revered as the demiurge god, who gave birth “with tongue and heart” to the eight other gods, as well as the Heliopolis creator god Atum, i.e. as the creator of the Heliopolitan Ennead. Later, Ptah is united with the god of fertility and patron of the dead, Sokar, and then with Osiris (Ptah-Sokar-Osiris).

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Ra is the sun god, one of the most revered gods of Ancient Egypt. Initially, the creator god was in the theogonic model of the priests of Heliopolis, but during the reign of the V dynasty, originating from Heliopolis, the cult of Ra spread throughout Egypt. Ra is identified with the more ancient Heliopolis creator god Atum and is declared the father of the gods, the creator of the world and people. Later, Ra formed “one complex” with Horus (Ra-Garakhti), with Amon (Amon-Ra) and some other deities.

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Sebek (Sobek) - the ancient Egyptian god of water and the flood of the Nile, depicted with the head of a crocodile; it is believed that he scares away the forces of darkness and is the protector of gods and people. He was compared with the earth god Geb, with the solar deity Ra in the form of Sebek-Ra and with Osiris. Sebek was revered mainly in Fayyum, on the shores of Lake Merida, in Kom Ombo (Ombos), Crocodilopolis, and also in some other places, mostly close to water. His cult was especially widespread during the Middle Kingdom, many of whose pharaohs had residences in the Fayum and sometimes bore names derived from the name Sebek (for example, Sebekhotep or Nefrusebek).

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Seth (Seth, Sutekh) - in the established mythological canon, the son of Geb and Nut, the brother of Osiris, Isis and Nephthys. Set was usually depicted as a man with the head of a donkey. During the period of the Old Kingdom, this god, along with Horus, was considered the protector of Ra from the serpent Apep, as well as the patron of the pharaohs, which was manifested both in the “Pyramid Texts” and in the title of some pharaohs of the 2nd dynasty. But in parallel with this, there was also an idea (apparently later) of Seth as an evil deity, the god of the desert, the insidious killer of Osiris, an idea that then became the main one. The Hyksos, who captured Egypt, identified Seth with the Semitic deity Baal, calling him Sutekh and making the city of Avaris the main place of his cult. The original places of worship of Set are the city of Ombos, as well as the northeastern part of the Delta (near Heracleopolis).

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Sekhmet (Sakhmet, Sokhmet) (lit., “mighty”) - the wife of the main god of Memphis Ptah, usually depicted as a woman with the head of a lioness. Warlike goddess, protector of the pharaoh in battles, destroying his enemies with the flame of her breath. Also a healer goddess, patron of doctors, who were considered her priests. Identified with Tefnut and Hathor.

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Seshat (feminine from “sesh” - “scribe”) is the goddess of writing, daughter or sister (sometimes wife) of the god Thoth. Her image is a woman with a seven-pointed star on her head. Seshat often acted as a hypostasis of other goddesses - Hathor, Nephthys. On the leaves of the shed tree, Seshat recorded the years of the life and reign of the pharaoh. She was also considered the patroness of construction work. Initially, the cult center of Seshat was apparently the city of Sais, but then the main place of her veneration became the city of Hermopolis.

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Taurt (Tauert) - in ancient Egyptian mythology, the patron goddess of birth, pregnant women and newborns. Taurt was depicted as a standing female hippopotamus. Initially she played the role of the goddess of fertility. In addition, Taurt patronized the deceased in the Duat (the afterlife), drove away evil spirits from homes, so her images are often found on amulets and various household items. Sometimes she is mentioned as the wife of the god Set, one of whose guises was also a hippopotamus.

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Thoth is the god of the moon, the god of wisdom, counting and writing, the “Lord of Truth,” a judge in the world of the gods, the patron of scribes and judges. He was depicted as a man with the head of an ibis, holding a scribe's palette in his hand. As the moon god Thoth is the creator of the calendar, by his will the year is divided into years and months; he recorded the dates of birth and death of people, and also kept chronicles. He played a significant role in the cult of the dead - he delivered each deceased to the afterlife, and also recorded the result of weighing his heart on the scales of Osiris. The cult center is the city of Hermopol.

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Hapi is the god of the Nile in Egyptian mythology. The cosmic deity was revered as “the high Nile, which gives life to the whole country with its nourishment,” the giver of moisture and harvest. Hapi's father is the primeval ocean Nun. The god of the Niles of Upper and Lower Egypt (his attributes are the lotus, the emblem of Upper Egypt, and papyrus, the emblem of Lower Egypt), Hapi was revered throughout Egypt, but the center of his cult was the Gebel Silsile gorge, a place where it was believed that the underworld the “keys of the Nile” and the southern tip of Elephantine Island emerge. He was depicted as a fat man with a large belly and female breasts, a tiara made of papyrus on his head, and vessels with water in his hands. The Hapi holiday was timed to coincide with the beginning of the Nile flood. On this day, sacrifices were made to him; papyrus scrolls with lists of gifts written on them were thrown into the river. Hymns to Khapi were carved into the rocks of Gebel Silsile.

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Hathor (Hathor) (lit., “house of Horus,” i.e., “sky”) is the goddess of the sky, in ancient myths represented as a heavenly cow who gave birth to the sun. Her zoomorphic image is a cow or a woman with the horns (and sometimes ears) of a cow. Hathor was considered the wife of Horus. She was later identified with the goddesses Sekhmet and Tefnut and was worshiped in lion form. Hathor-Tefnut was considered the Eye of the god Ra and is associated with a large number of myths (see Tefnut). Later, Hathor was also revered as the goddess of love, music, festivals and was identified by the ancient Greeks with Aphrodite. The cult center is the city of Dendera.

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Shu is the god of the air, filling the space between heaven and earth, the husband of Tefnut, the father of Geb and Nut. Part of the Heliopolis Ennead. There are no recorded special temples in honor of Shu; only the places of his veneration in Heliopolis are known. Ennead - the first nine gods in the theogonic system of Heliopolis: Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Geb, Nut, Axis, Isis, Set, Nephthys. Later, similar enneads (or octads) arose in other cities of Ancient Egypt

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Belief in the afterlife and the cult of the dead - the religion of Ancient Egypt According to the ideas of the ancient Egyptians, life did not end with death. The body died, but the soul “Ka” continued to live in the other world, which was a copy of the real one. And in it “Ka”, the life force, returned to the body. Relatives were obliged to provide the deceased with a decent life in the afterlife. If they do not do this, the dead will “return with the wind,” and their revenge will be terrible. The posthumous gifts included the so-called “Book of the Dead” - a collection of spells that were supposed to protect the dead from danger.

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“Sail, O one who rests in Osiris, on the boat of Ra, complete your journey in peace, O one who rests in Osiris, until you become one, like Maat with the solar disk, in the endless embrace of his light.” One of almost 200 magical spells in the Book of the Dead

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The ancient Egyptians did not believe that after death a person could take a different social position: a pharaoh in the kingdom of the dead could not become a courtier, and a subject could not become a king. Like the alternation of sunrises and sunsets, death and birth are constantly alternating. The real and otherworldly worlds were assigned to different countries of the world, the world of the living - to the east, the dead - to the “beautiful west”. Thus, Luxor on the left bank of the Nile was intended for the living and for the worship of the gods, and from Thebes on the western bank the pharaohs went to the kingdom of the dead. QUESTION: WHY ARE ALL THE FAMOUS TOMBS OF THE PHARAOHS LOCATED ON THE WEST BANK OF THE NILE?

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Mummification From about 3400 BC With the help of the high art of mummification, the bodies of the dead were prepared for travel to the afterlife and for their preservation in eternity. The remains were kept in a supersaturated soda solution for 70 days, then embalming continued and included many technological stages.

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First, embalmers dissected the body and removed its entrails to slow down the process of decomposition. The brain was pulled out through the nose with hooks. The entrails, cleaned and wrapped in shrouds, were subsequently stored in four vessels (canopic jars) in the same tomb as the mummy itself. Only the heart was left in the body. After swaddling, the mummy was sprinkled with soda powder. Finally, the body anointed with incense was wrapped in linen bandages, soaking them in oils and resins. That's why mummies are so dark in color. Amulets were placed between the bandages to protect the deceased. Magic formulas such as: “Let death with its wings destroy the one who disturbs the peace of the pharaoh” were written on the amulets.

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Egyptian pantheon of gods The ancient Egyptians thought that gods could take the form of animals, so they depicted gods with the heads of animals and birds, and considered many animals sacred.

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a - Atum-Ra is the creator god with Udjat - the all-seeing eye and Uraeus - the snake guarding Ra; b - the first pair of gods: Shu - the god of air and Tefnut - the goddess of moisture, sister and wife of Shu c - the second pair of gods: Nut - the goddess of the sky, the daughter of Shu and Geb - the god of the earth d - Osiris - the god of nature and the underworld; Isis - goddess of fertility, sister and wife of Osiris; Set is the evil god of the desert, brother of Osiris; Nephthys is the sister and wife of Set. D - Horus - son of Osiris and Isis, heir to the throne; Hathor - goddess of love and joy

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Mythology The Egyptians attributed all natural phenomena to the actions of the gods. Why does the sun shine and rain? Why does the Sun rise in the east every morning, and at night the stars and the Moon appear in the sky? How did people appear on Earth? They explained the origin of the world with a beautiful legend. Originally there was a bottomless and endless ocean of Nun. But one day the surface of the ocean became agitated, and the great god Amon-Ra emerged from its depths. He cast a spell and dry land appeared. Then he exhaled through the nose of the first god, the air god Shu, and spat out the first goddess Tefnut. She became the goddess of moisture. But Shu and Tefnut immediately disappeared into the darkness reigning around. Then Amon-Ra sent his own eye to search for the children, creating a new one for himself. Bright as the sun, illuminating the path, the divine Eye rushed over the world and soon discovered and returned the children to their father. But the Eye itself had nowhere to return, for in its place a new eye, created by God, shone. The Eye became angry, became angry and turned into a snake. But Amon-Ra wrapped a serpent around the solar disk on his head and commanded him to look vigilantly into the distance, warning of danger. Time passed before Shu and Tefnut created the sky Nut and the earth Geb. Shu separated them by raising Nut above the ground. Therefore, he was often depicted standing on one knee and supporting the vault of heaven. Amon-Ra created the Moon from his second eye, placed it in the sky, and decorated the sky with stars. Nut and Geb gave birth to other gods: Osiris, Set, Isis, Nephthys. From the shed tears of Ra, people appeared, and these people settled throughout the world.

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Amun: patron of the city of Thebes, god of air and harvest, creator of the world; depicted as a man (sometimes with the head of a ram) with a scepter and a crown, with two high feathers and a solar disk. Ra: sun god of Heliopolis, later identified with the Theban god Amon (Amon-Ra); a man with a falcon's head and a solar disk.

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Osiris: god of the annually dying and reborn nature, later god of the underworld and judge of the dead; was depicted as a human mummy wearing a crown framed with feathers, a beard, a scepter and a whip in bent hands.

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Isis: mother goddess, sister and consort of Osiris; a woman with cow horns and a solar disk on her head, holding a stalk of papyrus in her hand.

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Horus: god of sky and light, patron of the pharaohs, who were considered his earthly incarnation; depicted as a man with the head of a falcon wearing a crown. Sometimes Horus was depicted as a winged solar disk with two guardian snakes.

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The beloved daughter of Ra, Tefnut, was a beast. She was both good and evil at the same time. When she was angry, she brought epidemics, drought, and crop failure. People called her Sokhmet, which means “mighty,” and brought her gifts as the goddess of revenge and war. In this case, she was depicted as a lioness or a woman with the head of a lioness, decorated with a solar disk with a snake. This reminded us that Tefnut-Sokhmet was Ra’s beloved daughter, his eye.

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Hathor: goddess of love and fate, goddess of the sky, nurse of the pharaohs and ruler of distant lands; depicted as a cow or a woman with cow horns. If Tefnut was depicted as a young beautiful girl, it means that she embodied love, joy, and fun. And then she was called Hathor. At the same time, she was considered the goddess of the sky, replacing Nut. Therefore, she was also depicted as a woman with cow horns, between which was the disk of the sun.

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Lesson 12 Topic: Gods of Ancient Egypt Educational system “School 2100” 5th grade Usolye-Sibirskoye, Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 2”, Maslennikova G.V.

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1. An Egyptian nobleman fled, betraying his master. 2. Despite the fact that the nobleman was threatened with death in Egypt, he still returns to his homeland. Usolye-Sibirskoye, Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School No. 2", Maslennikova G.V.

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Why were the Egyptians afraid of burial in a foreign land? Usolye-Sibirskoye, Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School No. 2", Maslennikova G.V.

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The Egyptians believed in an afterlife. To do this, it was necessary to meet the following conditions: A) make a mummy from the body, which only Egyptian priests knew how to do; B) to gain immortality it was necessary to go through the court of Osiris, and without the “Book of the Dead”, which was placed in the tomb, this cannot be done. Usolye-Sibirskoye, Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School No. 2", Maslennikova G.V.

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Usolye-Sibirskoye, Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School No. 2", Maslennikova G.V. We know: We need to know: Primitive people and the Egyptians deified the same forces of nature (sun, rain, wind) on which their lives depended. 1) What gods were worshiped. 2) What did the Egyptians believe in? 3) Their religious ceremonies, rituals.

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Earth - Geb Nil - Sobek Sky - Nut Usolye-Sibirskoye, Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School No. 2", Maslennikova G.V.

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The main god of the city of Thebes, with the rise of which he became the supreme deity, the patron of royal power and military campaigns. He was also identified with the sun god Ra, after which he received the name Amon-Ra. He was depicted wearing a high crown of two feathers, sometimes with the head of a ram. Cult: Thebes Animals: goose, ram, snake, Usolye-Sibirskoye, Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School No. 2", Maslennikova G.V.

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God Geb Geb, twin brother and husband of the goddess Nut, god of the earth. Known as the Great Gogotun, he was depicted as a goose. Supposedly he laid an egg from which the sun hatched. Father of Osiris, Isis, Set and Nephthys. Usolye-Sibirskoye, Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School No. 2", Maslennikova G.V.

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Goddess Nut Goddess of the sky, daughter of the god Shu and wife of her brother Geb, god of the earth. She was depicted as a woman stretching across the entire horizon and touching the ground with the tips of her fingers and toes, often with Geb lying below. Usolye-Sibirskoye, Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School No. 2", Maslennikova G.V.

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Sobek God Sobek Sobek, Sebek, in Egyptian mythology, the god of water and the flood of the Nile, whose sacred animal was the crocodile. He was depicted as a crocodile or as a man with the head of a crocodile. The center of his cult is the city of Khatnecher-Sobek (Greek: Crocodilopolis), the capital of the Fayum. It was believed that the lake adjacent to the main sanctuary of Sobek contained the crocodile Petsuchos, as a living embodiment of the god. Sobek's admirers, who sought his protection, drank water from the lake and fed the crocodile delicacies. Usolye-Sibirskoye, Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School No. 2", Maslennikova G.V.

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He taught the Egyptians agriculture, viticulture and winemaking, mining and processing of copper and gold ore, the art of medicine, the construction of cities, and established the cult of the gods. Osiris was usually depicted as a man with green skin, sitting among trees, or with a vine entwining his figure. It was believed that, like the entire plant world, Osiris dies annually and is reborn to new life, but the fertilizing life force in him remains even in death. God Osiris Osiris is the productive forces of nature, the ruler of the underworld, the judge in the kingdom of the dead. Osiris was the eldest son of the earth god Geb and the sky goddess Nut, brother and husband of Isis. Usolye-Sibirskoye, Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School No. 2", Maslennikova G.V.

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Anubis is the patron of the dead, the son of the god of vegetation Osiris and Nephthys, sister of Isis. Anubis is considered the creator of funeral rites and is called the god of embalming. Anubis also helped judge the dead and accompanied the righteous to the throne of Osiris. Anubis was depicted as a jackal or a black wild dog (or a man with the head of a jackal or dog). God Anubis, Usolye-Sibirskoye, Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School No. 2", Maslennikova G.V.

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Isis, Isis, in Egyptian mythology, the goddess of fertility, water and wind, a symbol of femininity and marital fidelity, the goddess of navigation, daughter of Hebe and Nut, sister and wife of Osiris. Isis helped Osiris civilize Egypt and taught women to reap, spin and weave, cure diseases and established the institution of marriage. When Osiris went to wander the world, Isis replaced him and wisely ruled the country. Isis is the goddess of royal power and the throne. Daughter of Nut and Geb. During Hellenism, her cult spread throughout the Mediterranean. Goddess Isis, Usolye-Sibirskoye, Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School No. 2", Maslennikova G.V.

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God Set Set, in Egyptian mythology, the god of the desert, the personification of the evil principle, the brother and killer of Osiris, one of the four children of the earth god Geb and Nut, the sky goddess. The Egyptians imagined him as a man with a thin, long body and a donkey's head. At the same time, Seth also embodied the evil principle - as the deity of the merciless desert, the god of foreigners: he cut down sacred trees, ate the sacred cat of the goddess Bast, etc. Usolye-Sibirskoye, Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School No. 2", Maslennikova G.V. .

God Amon Amon (“hidden”, “secret”), in Egyptian mythology the god of the sun. Amun's sacred animal is the ram and the goose (both symbols of wisdom). God was depicted as a man (sometimes with the head of a ram), with a scepter and a crown, with two tall feathers and a solar disk.

The cult of Amun originated in Thebes and then spread throughout Egypt. Amon's wife, the sky goddess Mut, and his son, the moon god Khonsu, together with him formed the Theban triad. During the Middle Kingdom, Amon began to be called Amon-Ra, since the cults of the two deities united, acquiring a state character.

God Anubis Anubis, in Egyptian mythology, the patron god of the dead, the son of the god of vegetation Osiris and Nephthys, sister of Isis. Nephthys hid the newborn Anubis from her husband Set in the swamps of the Nile Delta. The mother goddess Isis found the young god and raised him.

Later, when Set killed Osiris, Anubis, organizing the burial of the deceased god, wrapped his body in fabrics impregnated with a special composition, thus making the first mummy. Therefore, Anubis is considered the creator of funeral rites and is called the god of embalming.

God Horus Horus, Horus ("height", "sky"), in Egyptian mythology the god of the sky and the sun in the guise of a falcon, a man with the head of a falcon or a winged sun, the son of the fertility goddess Isis and Osiris, the god of productive forces. Its symbol is a solar disk with outstretched wings.

Retiring deep into the swampy Nile Delta, Isis gave birth to and raised a son, who, having matured, in a dispute with Set, sought recognition of himself as the sole heir of Osiris. In the battle with Set, the killer of his father, Horus is first defeated - Set tore out his eye, the wonderful Eye, but then Horus defeated Set and deprived him of his masculinity. As a sign of submission, he placed the sandal of Osiris on Seth's head. Horus allowed his wonderful Eye to be swallowed by his father, and he came to life. The resurrected Osiris handed over his throne in Egypt to Horus, and he himself became the king of the underworld.

God Set Set, in Egyptian mythology, the god of the desert, i.e. “foreign countries”, the personification of the evil principle, brother and killer of Osiris, one of the four children of the earth god Heb and Nut, the goddess of the sky. The sacred animals of Seth were considered to be the pig (“disgust for the gods”), antelope, giraffe, and the main one was the donkey. The Egyptians imagined him as a man with a thin, long body and a donkey's head.

God Thoth Thoth, Djehuti, in Egyptian mythology, the god of the moon, wisdom, counting and writing, patron of sciences, scribes, sacred books, creator of the calendar. The goddess of truth and order Maat was considered the wife of Thoth. Thoth's sacred animal was the ibis, and so the god was often depicted as a man with the head of an ibis.

He was present at the trial of Osiris and recorded the results of weighing the soul of the deceased. Since Thoth participated in the justification of Osiris and gave the order for his embalming, he took part in the funeral ritual of every deceased Egyptian and led him to the kingdom of the dead.

God Osiris Osiris, in Egyptian mythology, the god of the productive forces of nature, the ruler of the underworld, a judge in the kingdom of the dead. Osiris was the eldest son of the earth god Geb and the sky goddess Nut, brother and husband of Isis. He reigned on earth after the gods Pa, Shu and Geb and taught the Egyptians agriculture, viticulture and winemaking, mining and processing of copper and gold ore, the art of medicine, the construction of cities, and established the cult of the gods.

Set, his brother, the evil god of the desert, decided to destroy Osiris and made a sarcophagus according to the measurements of his older brother. Having arranged a feast, he invited Osiris and announced that the sarcophagus would be presented to someone who fit the bill. When Osiris lay down in the capophagus, the conspirators slammed the lid, filled it with lead and threw it into the waters of the Nile. Osiris lay down in the sarcophagus.

The faithful wife of Osiris, Isis, found her husband’s body, miraculously extracted the life force hidden in him and conceived a son named Horus from the dead Osiris. When Horus grew up, he took revenge on Set. Horus gave his magic Eye, torn out by Set at the beginning of the battle, to his dead father to swallow. Osiris came to life, but did not want to return to earth, and, leaving the throne to Horus, began to reign and administer justice in the afterlife. Anubis performs funeral rites over the body of Osiris

Osiris was often depicted as a man with green skin, sitting among trees, or with a vine entwining his figure. It was believed that, like the entire plant world, Osiris dies annually and is reborn to new life, but the fertilizing life force in him remains even in death. Osiris with the head of a ram

Goddess Isis Isis (Isis) in Egyptian mythology, the goddess of fertility, water and wind, a symbol of femininity and marital fidelity, the goddess of navigation, daughter of Hebe and Nut, sister and wife of Osiris. Isis helped Osiris civilize Egypt and taught women to reap, spin and weave, cure diseases and established the institution of marriage.

Goddess Sekhmet Sekhmet (“mighty”), in Egyptian mythology the goddess of war and the scorching sun, daughter of Ra, wife of Ptah, mother of the god of vegetation Nefertum. The sacred animal is Sekhmet the lioness. The goddess was depicted as a woman with the head of a lioness and was revered throughout Egypt.

God Ptah Ptah, in Egyptian mythology, is a creator god, patron of arts and crafts, especially revered in Memphis. Ptah created the first eight gods (his hypostases of Ptah), the world and everything that exists in it (animals, plants, people, cities, temples, crafts, arts, etc.) “with the tongue and the heart.” Having conceived creation in his heart, he expressed his thoughts in words. Ptah was depicted as a mummy with an open head, with a staff standing on a hieroglyph meaning truth.