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Ivan groznyj. Reforms of the Chosen Rada

2 Vasily III - father of Ivan the Terrible; Elena Glinskaya - mother of Ivan the Terrible

M. Gorelik. Death of Vasily III On December 3, 1533, the Grand Duke of All Rus' Vasily III died. Dying, he blessed his three-year-old son Ivan for the great reign under the regent-mother Elena Vasilyevna Glinskaya.

Elena Glinskaya In 1535-1538, during the reign of Elena Glinskaya, a reform of the Russian monetary system was carried out. All low-grade, cut-off coins, as well as coins of old mintage, were removed from circulation. She actually introduced a single currency on the territory of Rus'. All over Russia they began to print money with the image of a horseman with a spear, which is why the coins were called “kopeks” (a silver kopek weighing 0.68 g; one-fourth of a kopek is half a penny). This was a significant step to stabilize the Russian economy.

Ivan grew up as a homeless but watchful orphan in an atmosphere of court intrigue, struggle and violence that penetrated his children's bedchamber even at night. Ivan’s childhood remained in Ivan’s memory as a time of insults and humiliation, a concrete picture of which he gave about 20 years later in his letters to Prince Kurbsky. Childhood of Ivan IV “My late brother George and I began to be raised as foreigners or beggars. What a need we have suffered for clothing and food! We had no will for anything; They did not treat us in any way as children should be treated. (...) How to calculate such severe sufferings that I endured in my youth? How many times I was not given food on time. What can I say about the parental treasury that I inherited? Everything was stolen in an insidious manner.” How did childhood impressions affect the character of the future king?

Boyar rule (1538-1548) Boyar family of the Shuiskys Boyar family of the Belskys Reprisals against political opponents, executions, murders Distribution of land and privileges to their supporters Increased extortions from the population Theft of the state treasury

Royal wedding. 1547 K. Lebedev. Wedding and adoption of the royal title by John IV. On January 16, 1547, the solemn coronation of Ivan took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

Royal wedding. The first “Tsar of All Rus'” In 1547, when Ivan was 16 years old, Metropolitan Macarius crowned him king in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Barmas - a wide mantle with religious images and precious stones sewn on it, were worn by Russian princes and tsars during coronation and during ceremonial exits.

Royal wedding. 1547 On February 3, Ivan married the young hawthorn Anastasia Romanovna, who belonged to the ancient Zakharyin-Yuryev family.

The Chosen Rada The Chosen Rada is a circle of people close to the young Tsar. (in fact - the Near Sovereign Duma, the unofficial government) The most prominent figures of the Elected Rada were: priest Sylvester, who served in the sovereign’s “home” church - the Annunciation Cathedral of the Kremlin, nobleman Alexei Fedorovich Adashev, Prince Andrei Mikhailovich Kurbsky

The composition of the chosen Rada (1547-1560) Tsar Metropolitan Metropolitan Kostroma Kostroma nobleman Alexei Adashev Tsarskoye confessor Sylvester representative of the nobility Andrei Kurbsky head of the embassy order clerk Ivan Sheremeteva Prince Silver Tasks of Reforms: restriction of the privileges of a large aristocracy, strengthening the military police of the monarchy of hardening of material and financial financial bases of the monarchy Improving the country's governance apparatus

Reforms of the Elected Rada 1549 - convening of the first Zemsky Sobor 1. Governance reform The Zemsky Sobor is the highest estate-representative body of power. They met irregularly and dealt with foreign policy and finance. Remember what estate-representative bodies existed in England and France? Why are these authorities called estate-representative?

Reforms of the Elected Rada 1. Governance reform What higher governing bodies existed under Ivan III? Orders - institutions in charge of branches of government or certain territories of the country; they collected taxes and judged. In the middle of the 16th century. new orders appeared - sectoral (Petition, Posolsky, Local, Razryadny, Robbery, Zemsky, etc.) and territorial (Siberian, Kazan Palace, etc.) The heads of the orders are appointed by the tsar and are responsible only to him. The orders were financed by the treasury. A layer of bureaucracy is being formed.

Reforms of the Elected Rada 2. Reform of local government Local government (investigation and court in particularly important cases) was transferred to the hands of provincial elders (guba - district), elected from local nobles in rural areas and favorite heads in cities. Before the reform, local tax collection was entrusted to the feeding boyars. They were the actual rulers of individual lands. Under Ivan the Terrible, feedings were abolished.

Reforms of the Elected Rada Tsar John IV opens the first Zemsky Sobor In the middle of the 16th century in Russia, an apparatus of state power took shape in the form of an estate-representative monarchy. An estate-representative monarchy is a form of government in which an estate-representative assembly - the Zemsky Sobor - coexisted with autocratic power. a permanent advisory body under the supreme power - the Boyar Duma. The main classes of the state were represented at the Zemsky Sobor - the nobles, the clergy, the upper layer of townspeople (merchants, townspeople) and the black-sown peasantry.

TSAR Metropolitan Boyar Duma Zemsky Sobor orders Local government

Reforms of the Chosen Rada 3. Judicial reform When and by whom was the set of laws adopted by which Russia lived in the first half of the 16th century? 1550 - The Code of Law of Ivan IV was adopted - a new set of laws of Russia limiting the power of governors by reducing judicial functions and strengthening control by the central administration; the prohibition of turning boyar children into slaves; an increase in the “elderly” during the transition of peasants to St. George’s Day; the introduction of a single measure of land tax - a large plow (until 1679) the population of the country was obliged to bear the tax - a complex of natural and monetary duties; regulation of punishments; the right of the highest court belongs to the king; punishments were provided for clerks and boyars for official crimes; nobles are subject only to the king; when examining cases, the presence of elected representatives from the population (tselovniks, elders) is obligatory; for robbery - death penalty; The judicial immunity of patrimonial owners has been abolished.

Reforms of the Elected Rada 4. Military reform A Streltsy army is formed (3 thousand people are personally controlled by the Tsar, stationed in Moscow, supported by the treasury; by 1600 - 25 thousand people) In peacetime, Streltsy are allowed to engage in crafts and trade The basis of the army is the noble militia (service began at the age of 15, land allotment for service - 150 - 450 dessiatines of land) 1556 - “Code of Service” “Sovereign Genealogy” - regulating local disputes (localism was prohibited during the war) What is localism?

subordination of priests to the metropolitan, creation of a church hierarchy; a church court was created; rituals are regulated; from among the local saints revered in individual Russian lands, an all-Russian list was compiled; new works of art had to be created following approved models; Reforms of the Chosen Rada 5. Church reform Before the reforms: relative independence of priests. There is no uniformity in church rituals 1551 - the Stoglavy Sobor (Cathedral of the Russian Church) limited the growth of church land ownership (it was decided to leave in the hands of the church all the lands acquired by it before 1551, but in the future they could receive lands only with royal permission); the church is prohibited from engaging in usury; Schools for training priests were organized. Stoglav

Reforms of the Elected Rada What is the significance of the reforms that were carried out by the Elected Rada and Ivan IV in the middle of the 16th century? the rights of the noble boyars in all spheres of government are limited; the social base of the autocracy becomes the nobility, economically dependent on the tsar; the new management system eliminated historically formed local management features; all links of the management system are largely subordinate to the king; Zemsky councils play the role of a counterweight to the boyars, an estate-representative monarchy is formed; a centralized state is being formed in Russia and the autocratic power of the tsar is strengthening; The country's military power strengthened.

















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Presentation on the topic: Ivan IV the Terrible

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Ivan IV the Terrible IVAN IV the Terrible (1530-84), Grand Duke of “All Rus'” (from 1533), the first Russian Tsar (from 1547), son of Vasily III. From the end 40s rules with the participation of the Chosen Rada. Under him, the convening of Zemsky Sobors began, the Code of Law of 1550 was drawn up. Reforms of administration and the court were carried out (Gubnaya, Zemskaya and other reforms). In 1565 the oprichnina was introduced.

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Ivan IV the Terrible Under Ivan IV, trade ties were established with England (1553), and the first printing house was created in Moscow. The Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) khanates were conquered. In 1558-83, the Livonian War was fought for access to the Baltic Sea, and the annexation of Siberia began (1581). The domestic policy of Ivan IV was accompanied by mass disgraces and executions, and increased enslavement of the peasants.

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Childhood of Ivan IV After the death of his father, 3-year-old Ivan remained in the care of his mother, who died in 1538, when he was 8 years old. Ivan grew up in an environment of palace coups, the struggle for power between the boyar families of the Shuisky and Belsky, warring among themselves. The murders, intrigues and violence that surrounded him contributed to the development of suspicion, vindictiveness and cruelty in him. Ivan’s tendency to torment living beings manifested itself already in childhood, and those close to him approved of it. One of the strong impressions of the tsar in his youth was the “great fire” and the Moscow uprising of 1547. After the murder of one of the Glinskys, a relative of the tsar, the rebels came to the village of Vorobyovo, where the Grand Duke had taken refuge, and demanded the extradition of the rest of the Glinskys. With great difficulty they managed to persuade the crowd to disperse, convincing them that they were not in Vorobyovo. As soon as the danger had passed, the king ordered the arrest of the main conspirators and their execution.

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The beginning of the reign The king’s favorite idea, realized already in his youth, was the idea of ​​unlimited autocratic power. On January 16, 1547, the solemn crowning of Grand Duke Ivan IV took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Signs of royal dignity were placed on him: the cross of the Life-Giving Tree, barmas and the cap of Monomakh. After receiving the Holy Mysteries, Ivan Vasilyevich was anointed with myrrh. The royal title allowed him to take a significantly different position in diplomatic relations with Western Europe. The grand ducal title was translated as “prince” or even “grand duke.” The title “king” was either not translated at all, or translated as “emperor”. The Russian autocrat thereby stood on a par with the only Holy Roman Emperor in Europe. From 1549, together with the Elected Rada (A.F. Adashev, Metropolitan Macarius, A.M. Kurbsky, priest Sylvester), Ivan IV carried out a number of reforms aimed at centralizing the state: the Zemstvo reform of Ivan IV, the Guba reform, reforms were carried out in the army, 1550 the new Code of Law of Ivan IV was adopted. In 1549 the first Zemsky Sobor was convened, in 1551 the Stoglavy Sobor, which adopted a collection of decisions on church life “Stoglav”. In 1555-56, Ivan IV abolished feeding and adopted the Code of Service.

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Beginning of reign In 1550-51, Ivan the Terrible personally took part in the Kazan campaigns. In 1552 Kazan was conquered, then the Astrakhan Khanate (1556), the Siberian Khan Ediger and Nogai Bolshie became dependent on the Russian Tsar. In 1553, trade relations with England were established. In 1558, Ivan IV began the Livonian War for the capture of the Baltic Sea coast. Initially, military operations developed successfully. By 1560, the army of the Livonian Order was completely defeated, and the Order itself ceased to exist. Meanwhile, serious changes took place in the internal situation of the country. Around 1560, the king broke with the leaders of the Chosen Rada and placed various disgraces on them. According to some historians, Sylvester and Adashev, realizing that the Livonian War did not promise success for Russia, unsuccessfully advised the tsar to come to an agreement with the enemy. In 1563, Russian troops captured Polotsk, at that time a large Lithuanian fortress. The Tsar was especially proud of this victory, won after the break with the Chosen Rada. However, already in 1564 Russia suffered serious defeats. The king began to look for those “to blame”, disgraces and executions began.

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Oprichnina The Tsar became increasingly imbued with the idea of ​​establishing a personal dictatorship. In 1565 he announced the introduction of oprichnina in the country. The country was divided into two parts: the territories that were not included in the oprichnina began to be called zemshchina, each oprichnik swore an oath of allegiance to the tsar and pledged not to communicate with the zemstvo people. The guardsmen dressed in black clothes, similar to monastic clothes. Horse guardsmen had special insignia; gloomy symbols of the era were attached to their saddles: a broom - to sweep out treason, and dog heads - to gnaw out treason. With the help of the oprichniki, who were exempt from judicial responsibility, Ivan IV forcibly confiscated the boyar estates, transferring them to the oprichniki nobles. Executions and disgraces were accompanied by terror and robbery among the population.

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Oprichnina A major event of the oprichnina was the Novgorod pogrom in January-February 1570, the reason for which was the suspicion of Novgorod's desire to go over to Lithuania. The king personally led the campaign. All the cities along the road from Moscow to Novgorod were plundered. During this campaign in December 1569, Malyuta Skuratov strangled Metropolitan Philip, who was trying to resist the tsar, in the Tver Otroch Monastery. It is believed that the number of victims in Novgorod, where no more than 30 thousand people lived at that time, reached 10-15 thousand. Most historians believe that in 1572 the tsar abolished the oprichnina. The invasion of Moscow in 1571 by the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey, whom the oprichnina army could not stop, played a role; Posads were burned, the fire spread to Kitay-Gorod and the Kremlin.

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Results of the reign of Ivan IV The division of the country had a detrimental effect on the state's economy. A huge number of lands were ravaged and devastated. In 1581, in order to prevent the desolation of estates, the tsar introduced reserved summers - a temporary ban on peasants leaving their owners on St. George's Day, which contributed to the establishment of serfdom in Russia. The Livonian War ended in complete failure and the loss of the original Russian lands. Ivan the Terrible could see the objective results of his reign already during his lifetime: it was the failure of all domestic and foreign policy endeavors. Since 1578, the king stopped executing people. Almost at the same time, he ordered that synodics (memorial lists) be compiled for those executed and contributions sent to the monasteries for the commemoration of their souls; in his will of 1579 he repented of his deeds.

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Sons and wives of Ivan IV Periods of repentance and prayer were followed by terrible attacks of rage. During one of these attacks on November 9, 1582 in the Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, a country residence, the tsar accidentally killed his son Ivan Ivanovich, hitting him in the temple with a staff with an iron tip. The death of the heir plunged the tsar into despair, since his other son, Fyodor Ivanovich, was unable to rule the country. Ivan the Terrible sent a large contribution to the monastery to commemorate the soul of his son; he even thought about leaving for the monastery.

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Sons and wives of Ivan IV The exact number of wives of Ivan the Terrible is unknown, but he was probably married seven times. Not counting the children who died in infancy, he had three sons. From his first marriage to Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva, two sons were born, Ivan and Fedor. The second wife was the daughter of the Kabardian prince Maria Temryukovna. The third is Marfa Sobakina, who died unexpectedly three weeks after the wedding. According to church rules, it was forbidden to marry more than three times. In May 1572, a church council was convened to permit a fourth marriage - with Anna Koltovskaya. But that same year she was tonsured a nun. The fifth wife was Anna Vasilchikova in 1575, who died in 1579, the sixth was probably Vasilisa Melentyeva. The last marriage took place in the fall of 1580 with Maria Naga. On November 19, 1582, the tsar’s third son, Dmitry Ivanovich, was born, who died in 1591 in Uglich.

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Excerpts from the Code of Laws Code of Laws 1550 Summer 7058 June Tsar and Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich of All Rus' [with] his brothers and boyars the Code of Law laid down: how to judge the boyars, and the okolnichy, and the butler, and the treasurer, and the clerk, and everyone clerks, and the governor of the city, and the volost of the volost, and the tiun and all sorts of judges. 1. The court of the Tsar and the Grand Duke is to be judged by the boar, and the guard, and the butler, and the treasurer, and the clerk. And in court, do not be friendly and do not take revenge on anyone, and do not make a promise in court; Likewise, every judge should not make promises in court. 2. And to whom the boyar, or the butler, or the treasurer, or the clerk will prosecute, and accuse someone not according to the court ingenuously, or he will sign the list and give the right letter1, and then the truth will be searched, and the boyar, and the butler, and the guard, and the treasurer, and the diak has no penalty in that; and the plaintiff will be sued for his head, and what was taken should be given back. 3. And to whom a boyar, or a butler, or a treasurer, or a clerk takes a promise in court and accuses them not according to the court3, but is searched for the truth, and take the plaintiffs’ action against that boyar, or the butler, or the treasurer, or the clerk4, and the duties of the tsar and the grand duke, and the ride, and the truth, and the gossip, and the walked, and the right ten and the iron, take three times, and in the penalty whatever the sovereign will indicate.

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Excerpts from the Code of Law 4. And to whom the clerk prepares a list or records the case not according to the court, not as it was at the trial, without the boyar, or without the butler, or without the treasurer’s knowledge, but it will be found out in truth that he has promised took it, and on that clerk took him in half in front of the boyar and threw him into prison. 5. A clerk who is not registered in court for a promise without a clerk’s order, and that clerk is executed with a trade penalty, beaten with a whip.<...>8. And give the boyar, and the butler, and the treasurer and the clerk in court for a ruble case6 on the guilty person a fee, whoever is guilty, looking for7 or the defendant, and the boyar, or the butler, or the treasurer on the guilty one, eleven money, and the clerk seven money, and the clerk two money; and if the case is higher than a ruble and lower than a ruble, they will be charged duties according to calculation; and they don’t need more than that.<...>And the boarin, or the butler, or the treasurer, or the clerk, or the clerk, or the laborer, will take whatever is left over, and take it three times over. And whoever brings a blow against a boyar, or a clerk, or a clerk, or a trade worker, for taking too much from him in addition to the duties, and it will be discovered that he lied, and that complainant will be executed with a trade penalty and thrown into prison.<...>

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* Homework §25 read, answer questions; study the presentation material; find and study additional material on the Internet.

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* Lesson plan 1. The beginning of the reign of Ivan IV. 2. Royal wedding. 3. Reforms of the Chosen Council. 4. Russia by the middle of the 16th century.

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* 1. The beginning of the reign of Ivan the Terrible Vasily III Ivanovich - Grand Duke of Moscow (1505-1533), son of Ivan III the Great and Sophia Paleologus, father of Ivan IV the Terrible Vasily III (1505-1533)

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* 1. The beginning of the reign of Ivan the Terrible Vasily was the second son of Ivan III and the eldest son of Ivan’s second wife Sophia Paleolog Ivan III, pursuing a policy of centralization, took care of the transfer of full power through the eldest son, with the limitation of the power of his younger sons. Therefore, already in 1470 he declared his eldest son from the first wife of Ivan the Young as his co-ruler. However, in 1490 he died of illness. Two parties were created at court: one grouped around the son of Ivan the Young, the grandson of Ivan III Dmitry Ivanovich and his mother, the widow of Ivan the Young, Elena Stefanovna, and the second around Vasily and his mother Sophia on March 21, 1499. Vasily was declared the Grand Duke of Novgorod and Pskov, and on April 14, 1502, the Grand Duke of Moscow and Vladimir and All Rus', autocrat, that is, he became co-ruler of his father

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* 1. The beginning of the reign of Ivan the Terrible After the death of Ivan III in 1505, Dmitry was chained and died in 1509. Vasily was no longer afraid of losing his power. The first marriage was arranged by his father Ivan, who first tried to find him a bride in Europe, but the search did not end in success. He had to choose from 1,500 noble girls. The father of Vasily Solomonia's first wife, Yuri Saburov, was not even a boyar. Since the first marriage was barren, Vasily obtained a divorce in 1525. At the beginning of 1526, he married Elena Glinskaya, the daughter of the Lithuanian prince Vasily Lvovich Glinsky. On August 25, 1530, their son Ivan was born, the future Ivan the Terrible, and then his second son, Yuri Vasily III, died on December 3, 1533 from blood poisoning

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* 1. The beginning of the reign of Ivan the Terrible After the death of her husband in December 1533, Elena Vasilievna carried out a coup, removing from power the guardians (regents) appointed by her husband’s last will and became the ruler of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The most important point in the reign of Elena Glinskaya is the implementation of a monetary reform (started in 1535) She actually introduced a single currency on the territory of Rus'. This was a silver penny weighing 0.68 g; one fourth of a penny - half Elena died on April 4, 1538. According to rumors, she was poisoned by the Shuiskys; data from the study of her remains indicate the probable cause of death was poisoning (mercury)

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* 1. The beginning of the reign of Ivan the Terrible The boy ruler, endowed with a smart mind, mocking and dexterous, from an early age felt like an orphan, deprived of attention. Surrounded by pomp and servility during ceremonies, in everyday life in the palace he had a hard time experiencing the neglect of the boyars and princes, the indifference and insults of those around him. Added to this was the fierce struggle for power of the boyar groups of the Glinsky and Belsky, Shuisky and Vorontsov. Later, already in his mature years, Tsar Grozny could not forget his childhood hardships: “We used to play children’s games, and Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Shuisky would sit on a bench, leaning his elbow on our father’s bed and putting his foot on a chair, but he wouldn’t even look at us.” Some of the boyars (Glinsky, Belsky ) pursued a policy of limiting the power of governors and volosts - representatives of the center in counties and volosts

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* 1. The beginning of the reign of Ivan the Terrible Others (the Shuiskys), on the contrary, advocated strengthening the position of the feudal aristocracy (distribution of lands, privileges, tax and judicial, to boyars, monasteries). First one group, then another, came to power. In such an environment the Grand Duke grew up. Already in those years, unattractive traits were forming in his character: timidity and secrecy, suspiciousness and cowardice, distrust and cruelty. Watching scenes of civil strife and reprisals, he himself, growing up, began to get a taste for it - he gave, for example, the order to his hounds to hunt down Prince Andrei, whom he disliked. Shuisky The Young Grand Duke was outraged by the unjust deeds of the boyars in cities and volosts - seizures of peasant lands, bribes, court fines, etc. “Black people” - peasants and artisans, and, most importantly (in the eyes of Ivan IV) - the treasury and order suffered from their extortion and peace in the state

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* 2. Crowning on December 13, 1546, Ivan Vasilyevich for the first time expressed to Macarius his intention to marry, and before that to crown the kingdom “following the example of his ancestors.” A number of historians (N. I. Kostomarov, R. G. Skrynnikov, V. V. Kobrin) It is believed that the initiative to accept the royal title could not have come from a 16-year-old boy. Most likely, Metropolitan Macarius V. O. Klyuchevsky played an important role in this. Klyuchevsky adheres to the opposite point of view, emphasizing the sovereign’s early desire for power; the idea of ​​a wedding came as a complete surprise to the boyars. The ancient Byzantine kingdom with its divinely crowned emperors has always been an image for Orthodox countries , however, it fell under the blows of the infidels. Moscow, in the eyes of Russian Orthodox people, was supposed to become the heir of Constantinople - Constantinople

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* 2. Crowning to the Tsar In January 1547, when Ivan was 16 years old, he was crowned in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Crowning of Ivan IV to the Tsar. According to the “rite of wedding” compiled by Metropolitan Macarius, a convinced supporter of the autocracy of the Moscow sovereign, Ivan Vasilyevich began to be called “Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus'” The next month, the young Tsar married Anastasia Romanovna Yuryeva, daughter of the okolnichy Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin-Yuryev. New relatives of the Tsar who appeared at the court received high ranks and positions

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* 2. Crowning of the kingdom In the summer of 1547, an uprising broke out in Moscow. On June 21, a huge fire almost burned the wooden capital to the ground - 25 thousand households burned down, 80 thousand Muscovites were left homeless, almost the entire population, 1,700 people died. The outbreak of an epidemic and famine decimated people . Rumors spread: “The Glinskys set Moscow on fire, and the Tsar’s grandmother Anna Glinskaya cast a spell: she took out human hearts and put them in water and sprinkled them with that water while driving around Moscow, and that’s why Moscow burned out.” This turn of events turned out to be beneficial for the Zakharyins and their supporters

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* 2. Crowning of the kingdom The fall of the government accelerated the uprising of ordinary Muscovites. On June 26, they gathered at a meeting, and by his decision, the rebels moved to the Kremlin, captured and killed one of the Glinskys - the uncle of the Tsar, the boyar Prince Yuri Vasilyevich, his brother Mikhail Vasilyevich Glinsky managed to escape from the capital Tsar Ivan, who left Moscow due to the fire, holed up in the village of Vorobyovo near Moscow (on the Vorobyovy Gory). Here on June 29, the rebels came, armed with anything, and demanded that the tsar give them Anna and Mikhail Glinsky for reprisal. Ivan tried to persuade them to stop the uprising, insisting that he did not have the Glinskys. Muscovites, believing him, went to the city. The uprising soon subsided. Ivan IV retained the memory of it for the rest of his life: “From this, fear entered my soul and trembling into my bones, and my spirit was humbled.”

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* 3. Reforms of the Elected Rada By the end of the 40s. under the young tsar, a circle of court figures was formed, to whom he entrusted the conduct of state affairs. Prince Andrei Kurbsky later called this new government the “Chosen Rada.” The main role in it was played by Alexey Fedorovich Adashev, one of the rich Kostroma nobles, the tsar’s bed servant, who by his will became a Duma nobleman (the third rank in the Boyar Duma after the boyar and okolnichy), as well as the head of the Ambassadorial Prikaz (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the 16th - 17th centuries) Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovaty, Duma clerk (fourth Duma rank), confessor of the Tsar Sylvester, several noble princes and boyars. The composition of the “Elected Rada” is the subject of debate

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* 3. Reforms of the Elected Rada In 1549, Ivan IV convened the “Cathedral of Reconciliation”, subsequently such councils began to be called Zemsky Sobor. Zemsky Sobor in Rus' - a meeting of representatives of various segments of the population of the Moscow state to discuss political, economic and administrative issues. Zemsky Sobors became estate representative bodies. authorities in Russia in the 16th-17th centuries A class-representative monarchy arose in Russia

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THE BEGINNING OF THE RAGE OF IVAN IV. REFORM OF THE ELECTED RADA MBOU "Lyceum No. 12", Novosibirsk teacher of the VKK Stadnichuk T.M.

In December 1533, the Grand Duke of Moscow and All Rus' Vasily III died. Before his death, he appointed a guardianship council consisting of seven influential boyars to take care of his three-year-old son Ivan. They had to

“take care” of the young ruler and involve him in state affairs until Ivan turns 15 years old, after which he will have to begin to rule the country on his own.

BOYAR RULE. ELENA GLINSKAYA

In just a few

days after the death of Vasily III, the guardian boyars elevated Ivan IV (1533-1584) to the throne. Such a rush was caused by the fact that the younger brother of Vasily III, the appanage prince Yuri Dmitrovsky, who before the birth of Vasily’s first-born son could present his rights to the throne, was considered the heir to the throne. By order of Elena Glinskaya, Prince Yuri was imprisoned, where three years later he died of hunger.

BOYAR RULE. ELENA GLINSKAYA

The widow of Vasily III, Elena Glinskaya, who was burdened by the boyar's guardianship of her son, took control of the state

into your own hands. She brutally dealt with another possible

a contender for the grand-ducal throne, appanage prince Andrei Staritsky (1537), around whom the Glinsky’s opponents began to rally.

BOYAR RULE. ELENA GLINSKAYA

Regency of Elena Glinskaya (1533-1538):

  • Currency reform:

    • In 1534 the Moscow Mint was founded. A unified monetary system was introduced. New coins were minted from silver: 1 kopeck = 2 money = 4 half

  • Lip hut:

    • Labial elders are elected locally (from nobles and black-sown

    peasants). Them

    part transferred

    judicial functions

    feeders.

BOYAR RULE ELENA GLINSKAYA

The boyars hated Elena Glinskaya and her entourage for not giving them power. In 1538, Glinskaya died suddenly. In Moscow they believed that she was poisoned.

The struggle of the boyar clans began. The Shuiskys seized power:

  • distributed to their

    • supporters of the land and

    privilege,

  • exempted from taxes
  • granted the right to trial

    • Theft of the treasury +

    reprisals against opponents.

IVAN'S PERSONALITY iv4.

1. What do you think was the attitude towards education among Russian rulers? Justify your answer.

2. Remember what titles the rulers of Russian lands bore at different times.

From early childhood he saw executions and disgraces. People to whom

he was tied up, - Ivan Ovchina-Obolensky, Ivan Velsky - were killed. Over time, Ivan got used to reprisals. At the age of 13, Ivan himself ordered Andrei Shuisky to be hunted down by dogs.

IVAN'S PERSONALITY iv

  • He did not receive a systematic education, but was naturally gifted, loved to read, and was especially interested in descriptions of the lives of great rulers

    • past and speculation about divine origin

    supreme power.

  • He was a good speaker. In his speeches he liked to refer

    • from Roman history

  • Became a talented writer.
  • Collected the largest in Europe

    • library.

  • He composed church music.
  • He loved to play chess.
KINGDOM WEDDING.

The first of the Moscow sovereigns to officially accept the royal title and solemnly crowned the kingdom “according to the wedding rites” compiled by Metropolitan Macarius, a staunch supporter of the autocracy of the Moscow sovereign. Ivan Vasilyevich began to be called “Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus'.”

1547 Ivan IV was crowned king in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

KINGDOM WEDDING.

  • Equation of Ivan IV with the khans of Kazan and Astrakhan, heirs of the Golden Horde.
  • The royal title puts Ivan IV above the kings of Denmark, Sweden, France, and England.
  • Ivan IV rose above the Russian princes; he is a great sovereign (lord), and not first among equals.
  • Continuity of power declared

    • king from the Byzantine emperors.

  • The king protects as God's anointed

    • interests of the Church.

  • The rise of Russia in the eyes

    • Orthodox peoples of Europe.

  • The royal title indicates

    • foreign policy

    claims of Ivan IV

KINGDOM WEDDING.

Immediately after Ivan's wedding to the throne, a review of brides was announced. Letters with the following content were sent to many Russian cities: “... which of you have daughters who are girls, then you

I wish I could go with them to the city right now for the inspection, but under no circumstances would I have the girls’ daughters with me.

concealed..."

March 1547

marriage to Anastasia Romanovna Yuryeva-Zakharyina

MOSCOW UPRISING

By the end of boyar rule, the central government had lost all authority. The people, crushed by taxes and arbitrariness, grumbled. As a result, on June 24, 1547, during a terrible fire in Moscow, a riot began. Popular uprisings convinced the tsar of the need to carry out reforms aimed at strengthening central power.

“From this, fear entered my soul and trembling into my bones, and my spirit was humbled,” Ivan IV later recalled. He was forced to listen to the heated speech of the court priest Sylvester about his negligence in state affairs.

ELECTED RADA

By the time Ivan IV was crowned king, a circle of talented statesmen had formed around him: the Elected Rada, the closest sovereign's Duma (unofficial government), would last until 1560.

  • Nobleman

    • A.F. Adashev,

  • priest Sylvester,
  • Princes M. I. Vorotynsky and A. M. Kurbsky,
  • Boyarin I.V., Sheremetev,
  • clerk I.M. Viscous,
  • Metropolitan Macarius.

A.F. ADASHEV

SYLVESTER

ELECTED RADA

In 1549, Ivan IV ordered a meeting of representatives of the boyars, clergy and service people in Moscow to discuss reforms. This was the first Zemsky Sobor in the history of Russia - a meeting of representatives of all Russian lands.

In subsequent years

to Zemsky Sobors

began to invite

representatives

almost everyone

layers of the population. They

gathered for

solutions most

important government

questions.

ELECTED RADA

In 1550, a new Code of Law was approved at the Zemsky Sobor (1497):

  • the size of the elderly was increased when peasants transferred (on St. George’s Day) from one landowner to another,
  • punishments for robbers were tightened,
  • penalties for bribes were introduced,
  • the rights of governors were limited,
  • The Boyar Duma was given the right to be the highest legislative body under the Tsar.
  • All laws had to undergo the procedure of boyar verdict (approval).
ELECTED RADA

1553-1560 – formation of a system of central government bodies - orders (preserved until the end of the 17th century). Orders are established to provide basic state needs:

  • Petitioner,
  • Ambassadorial,
  • Local,
  • Streletsky,
  • Pushkarsky,
  • Rogue,
  • Printed,
  • Falconer,
  • Zemsky,
  • Yamskaya, etc.
ELECTED RADA

In 1551, a church council was held - the Stoglavy (the adopted collection of documents consisted of 100 chapters) It was led by Metropolitan Macarius, Ivan IV took an active part in its work.

  • Unification of church rituals.
  • Recognition of all local saints as all-Russian ones.
  • Regulation of icon painting.
  • Prohibition of usury by priests.
  • The rights of monasteries are limited.
  • Non-jurisdiction of the clergy to secular authorities.
ELECTED RADA

1550-1556 – military reform:

  • During hostilities, localism was limited - persons who showed military talent were appointed to the highest military positions, regardless of the nobility of the family.
  • A favorite has been created

    • thousand - core

    local militia,

    directly

    subordinate to the king.

  • First attempt

    • creation of regular

    the army became an institution

    Streltsy regiments

    (received a salary)

ELECTED RADA

1556 “Code of Service” - determined the exact norms of compulsory service for all farmers:

The basis of the army

Noble militia:

1 warrior from 150 acres of land; Service begins at the age of 15, is inherited, land allotment for service is 150-450 dessiatines. The Don Cossacks are gradually joining the army. The humble service class becomes the social support of the tsar in the confrontation with the boyars

ELECTED RADA

The result of the reforms of the Elected Rada was the strengthening of the central state power and its social support - the nobility, as well as the formation of an estate-representative monarchy.

  • Death of Queen Anastasia
  • Disagreements between Ivan IV and members of the Elected Rada on issues of domestic and foreign policy

Vasily III - father of Ivan the Terrible

Elena Glinskaya - mother of Ivan the Terrible


Dying, he blessed his three-year-old son Ivan for the great reign under the regent-mother Elena Vasilyevna Glinskaya.

M. Gorelik. Death of Vasily III


Elena Glinskaya

  • P The government of Elena Glinskaya is taking measures to strengthen the army, build new and reorganize old fortresses.
  • Like Princess Olga, who founded in the 10th century. quite a few new settlements, Elena Vasilyevna gave the order to build cities on the Lithuanian borders, to restore Ustyug and Yaroslavl, and in Moscow in 1535, the builder Peter Maly Fryazin founded Kitay-Gorod.
  • Emigrants from other countries flocked to rich Muscovy; 300 families left Lithuania alone. However, the largest event in Elena Vasilievna’s domestic policy was the monetary reform of 1535, which led to the unification of monetary circulation in the country and overcoming the consequences of fragmentation.

Elena Glinskaya

  • In 1535-1538, during the reign of Elena Glinskaya, a reform of the Russian monetary system was carried out.
  • All low-grade, cut-off coins, as well as coins of old mintage, were removed from circulation.
  • She actually introduced a single currency on the territory of Rus'. All over Russia they began to print money with the image of a horseman with a spear, which is why the coins were called “kopeks” (a silver kopek weighing 0.68 g; one-fourth of a kopek is half a penny).
  • This was a significant step to stabilize the Russian economy.

Childhood of Ivan IV

“My late brother Georgiy and I began to be raised as foreigners or beggars. What a need we have suffered for clothing and food! We had no will for anything; They did not treat us in any way as children should be treated. (...) How to calculate such severe sufferings that I endured in my youth? How many times I was not given food on time. What can I say about the parental treasury that I inherited? Everything was stolen in an insidious manner.”

  • Ivan grew up as a homeless but watchful orphan in an atmosphere of court intrigue, struggle and violence that penetrated his children's bedchamber even at night.
  • Ivan’s childhood remained in Ivan’s memory as a time of insults and humiliation, a concrete picture of which he gave about 20 years later in his letters to Prince Kurbsky.

How did childhood impressions affect the character of the future king?


Boyar rule (1538-1548)

Boyar family of Shuisky

Boyar family of Belsky

Reprisals against political opponents, executions, murders

Theft of the state treasury

Distributing land and privileges to his supporters

Increase in collections from the population


Royal wedding. 1547

In January 1547, Ivan announced to the boyars and Metropolitan Macarius that he wanted to get married and take a new title - tsar.

On January 16, 1547, the solemn coronation of Ivan took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

K. Lebedev. Wedding and adoption of the royal title by John IV.


February 3rd Ivan married the young hawthorn Anastasia Romanovna, who belonged to the ancient Zakharyin-Yuryev family.


Historical significance of the proclamation of Ivan IV as Tsar

  • It equated Ivan IV with his eastern neighbors - the Astrakhan and Kazan khans - the heirs of the Golden Horde, the recent rulers of Rus' and with European rulers.
  • Elevated Ivan IV above other princes. He was revered as a great sovereign
  • It mattered for the church: from that moment on, the royal government took care of preserving the rights and privileges of the church. The king was considered “God’s anointed one.

Royal wedding. 1547

In June 1547, Ivan faced new trials. During the summer heat and strong wind, a terrible fire broke out in Moscow and lasted ten hours. The city was almost completely burned out, about 4 thousand Muscovites died from fire and smoke.

Driven to despair, people blamed everything on the Glinsky princes, with whom they associated the troubles of boyar rule.

With great difficulty, Ivan managed to calm the people, although he himself later admitted: “Fear entered my soul and trembling entered my bones.”

P. Pleshanov. Tsar Ivan the Terrible and Priest Sylvester during


Elected Rada

Elected Rada – a circle of people close to the young king. (in fact, the Nearby State Duma, the unofficial government)

The most prominent figures of the Chosen Rada were:

priest Sylvester , served in the “house” church of the sovereign - the Annunciation Cathedral of the Kremlin, nobleman Alexey Fedorovich Adashev , prince Andrey Mikhailovich Kurbsky


Composition of the Elected Council (1547-1560)

  • The Tsar's mentor, Metropolitan Macarius
  • Kostroma nobleman Alexey Adashev
  • Tsar's confessor Sylvester
  • Representative of the nobility Andrey Kurbsky
  • Head of the embassy department clerk Ivan Viskovaty
  • Boyars Sheremetevs
  • Prince Silver
  • Reform objectives:
  • Limitation of the privileges of the great aristocracy
  • Strengthening the military-police support of the monarchy
  • Strengthening the material and financial base of the monarchy
  • Improving the country's governance apparatus

1549 – 1560

Reasons for the emergence of the Chosen Rada

  • consistent failures of the “boyar groups” to establish themselves in the supreme power;
  • people's dissatisfaction with the dominance of temporary workers;
  • the young king’s weak abilities to rule the state;
  • the need for reforms.

1. Management reform

1549 – convening of the first Zemsky Sobor

Zemsky Sobor – highest class representative body of power

We met irregularly and worked on solutions

foreign policy and finance


2. Local government reform

Before the reform, local tax collection was entrusted to the feeding boyars.

They were the actual rulers of individual lands.

Under Ivan the Terrible, feedings were abolished.

Local management (investigation and court in particularly important cases) was transferred to the hands of lip prefects ( lip - district), elected from local nobles in rural areas and favorite goals in cities.


In the middle of the 16th century, an apparatus of state power emerged in Russia in the form

estate-representative monarchy

Estate-representative monarchy - This is a form of government in which a class-representative assembly, the Zemsky Sobor, and a permanent advisory body under the supreme power, the Boyar Duma, coexisted with autocratic power.

The main classes of the state were represented at the Zemsky Sobor - the nobles, the clergy, the upper layer of townspeople (merchants, townspeople) and the black-sown peasantry.


TSAR

Metropolitan

Boyar Duma

Zemsky Sobor

orders

Local government


3. Judicial reform

1550 - accepted Code of Law of Ivan IV –

new set of laws of Russia

When and by whom was the code of laws by which Russia lived in the first half of the 16th century adopted?

  • regulation of punishments;
  • the right of the highest court belongs to the king;
  • punishments were provided for clerks and boyars for official crimes;
  • nobles are subject only to the king;
  • when examining cases, the presence of elected representatives from the population (tselovniks, elders) is obligatory;
  • for robbery - death penalty;
  • The judicial immunity of patrimonial owners has been abolished.
  • limiting the power of governors by reducing judicial functions and increasing control by the central administration;
  • the prohibition of turning boyar children into slaves;
  • an increase in the “elderly” during the transition of peasants to St. George’s Day;
  • introduction of a single measure of land tax - large plow (until 1679)
  • the population of the country was obliged to bear taxes - a complex of natural and monetary duties;

4. Military reform

Streltsy army is being formed

(3 thousand people were personally controlled by the tsar, stationed in Moscow, supported by the treasury;

by 1600 – 25 thousand people)

In peacetime, archers are allowed to engage in crafts and trade

The basis of the army is the noble militia (service began at the age of 15, land allotment for service - 150 - 450 acres of land)

1556 – “Code of Service”

What is localism?

"The Sovereign's Genealogist" – streamlining local disputes (during the war localism was prohibited)


5. Church reform

1551 – Stoglavy Cathedral

(Cathedral of the Russian Church)

Before reforms:

relative independence of priests.

There is no uniformity in church rituals

  • the growth of church land ownership was limited (it was decided to leave in the hands of the church all the lands acquired by it before 1551, but in the future they could receive lands only with royal permission);
  • the church is prohibited from engaging in usury;
  • Schools for training priests were organized.
  • subordination of priests to the metropolitan, creation of a church hierarchy;
  • a church court was created;
  • rituals are regulated;
  • from among the local saints revered in individual Russian lands, an all-Russian list was compiled;
  • new works of art had to be created following approved models;

Reforms of the Chosen Rada

What is the significance of the reforms that were carried out by the Elected Rada and Ivan IV in the middle of the 16th century?

  • the rights of the noble boyars in all spheres of government are limited;
  • the social base of the autocracy becomes the nobility, economically dependent on the tsar;
  • the new management system eliminated historically formed local management features;
  • all links of the management system are largely subordinate to the king;
  • Zemsky councils play the role of a counterweight to the boyars, an estate-representative monarchy is formed;
  • a centralized state is being formed in Russia and the autocratic power of the tsar is strengthening;
  • The country's military power strengthened.