French publishing house development of educational literature. Books - foreign literature. I. History of book publishing in France

The book in France, as in Russia, has played an important role in the cultural and spiritual development of the nation throughout its centuries-old history. Russian-French literary and book ties go back more than one century, and at the present stage, many problems related to the French book industry have turned out to be relevant for the Russian book market.

The state of the domestic book market practically corresponds to global trends, including those that worry all publishers without exception. For example, the growing decline in interest in reading and the introduction of digital text media (so-called electronic libraries) are poisoning the lives of not only our book printers, but also their French colleagues.

The main problems of this industry can be formulated as follows: the threat of overproduction, attempts to monopolize the market, and a decrease in circulation.

Now in Russia the average circulation is 7 thousand copies (in 2004 - 7700), and according to experts, the downward trend in circulation will continue until 2009. In France in 2005, the circulation amounted to 7,587 copies, while at the same time the last two years have seen a decline in sales.

Geographically, book publishing is concentrated in the capitals - in Moscow and, accordingly, in Paris. If 32% of book production is sold in the capital, then in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which, as is known, is equal to four Frances, only 2.6 percent. By the way, in France there is one regional bookstore per 2 thousand inhabitants, and in Russia - per 49 thousand. It turns out that bibliophiles and lovers of quality literature have to go to the capital for books and buy them from time to time.

This article presents an analysis of the French book market in the period from 2004-2007, its qualitative and economic characteristics, and its position in the market of leading publishing houses. This period was not chosen by chance; it was in 2004 that events occurred that changed the situation on the French market. In conclusion, conclusions are drawn about the prospects for the development of the book market and the special programs that are being created in France.

When compiling this article, materials from French periodicals were used: Livres Hebdo, Le marché du livre, Express, as well as articles from French newspapers Le Monde and Figaro.

Introduction. "Book circulation" in France

In France, as in Russia, the first link in the book publishing business is the publisher. He decides what texts will be published in his publishing house, in what form, and what means he will use to publish and edit them. In most cases, the publisher is not involved in the selection of published publications, using the services of a printing house. The next link is the distributors, who are also responsible for the advertising campaign to attract attention to this book. The structure of book distribution is varied: large industrial groups (for example, Hachette) or large publishing houses such as CDE, which distribute books from other publishers, as well as independent distributors who can find their customers in any corner of France. Books are sold both through specialized bookstores and through supermarkets and mixed-type stores selling book, audio, video and multimedia products (one of the most famous is FNAC; in Russia, one can give the example of Auchan).

Among traditional bookstores, there are about 200 large enterprises with an assortment of 50-60 thousand titles. 4-5 thousand small shops (with an assortment of up to six thousand items) are located, as a rule, in provincial towns and play a very important role in the cultural life of the country. There are growing concerns in the French book market: despite a 2% increase in book sales since 2003, many workers are dissatisfied with temporary work provided by publishers. Book specialists are afraid of the transition to the Anglo-Saxon system - “without publishers and bookstores”: supermarkets provide discounts on book publications if chocolate bars are successfully sold.

2002-2005: end of the independence era

Until 2003, the situation in the French book world was relatively stable: the market was dominated by 2 large groups - VUP (Vivendi Universal Publishing) and Hachette Livre. The first group included such publishing houses as Larousse, Nathan, Plon-Perrin, Robert Laffont, Presses de la Cité. The second group included publishing houses that can be characterized by the now fashionable English-language borrowing “people” (“for the people”) - Harlequin, J’ai lu, le livre de Paris, Le Livre de poche. They were followed by four publishing houses that have approximately the same turnover: Gallimard, Le Seuil, Flammarion and Albin Michel. These prestigious publishing houses were founded more than a century ago, but recently there have been changes in their management: for example, in 2000, Flammarion's publishing assets were sold to the Italian media group Rizzoli-Corriere della Sera (Flammarion specialized in selling art books, beautifully illustrated publications goes abroad - falls into the hands of an Italian media giant). Everything changed in early 2003 after the financial collapse of the Vivendi group, which at that time was headed by Jean-Marie Messier. The new management needed money to pay off old debts and put publishing assets up for sale. The sale concerned shares of the publishing house Bordas, Larousse, 10/18 Presses Pocket. All that remained was to identify the buyer. By agreement with the Minister of Culture, Jean Aillagon, and the President of the Republic, Jacques Chirac, who personally monitored the developments, the Hachette-Lagardère group became the owner of the publishing shares. Political support and Jean-Luc Lagardère's campaign to preserve the country's “cultural heritage that must be saved from American interference” played a decisive role. (Jean Luc Lagardère in the newspaper Le Monde explained everything with his altruism, entitled the article “We want to buy VUP France because we love books”).

Do not forget that at that time Hachette was already the second largest French publishing house. If acquired by Vivendi, the group would become an invincible leader, controlling more than 80% of the book wholesale trade, 75% of the textbook segment and almost 100% of encyclopedias and dictionaries. What's the matter? Does the quasi-monopoly of one publishing house suit the French authorities, who have always supported the policy of pluralism? The Minister of Culture commented on the situation as follows: “There is currently no threat to the emergence of a monopoly on the book market, and Jean-Luc Lagardère and his son Arnault will help preserve and, in the future, develop the country’s cultural heritage.” In order to avoid criticism from European authorities and EU antitrust authorities, Vivendi's publishing assets were purchased through the intermediary bank Natexis. The transaction cost was 1.25 billion euros. Subsequently, the bank must cede its publishing assets to the Hachette group. It was not by chance that Jean-Luc Lagardère used the services of this bank. This bank occupies a special position in the French book world, as one of its shareholders is Gallimard (another publishing house).

If the French authorities agreed to carry out this transaction, the European government was seriously concerned about the current situation. In October 2003, the Commissioner of the Commission on Antimonopoly Policy of the European Union, Mario Monti, presented his 200-page report on the activities of the Lagardère group, in which, in order to resolve the current situation, a proposal was put forward for the necessary liquidation of the “super-powerful” Hachette-Vivendi group due to possible aggressive pricing policies in the book market. The case was carefully studied by the European Union Commission and as a result a decision was made: the Hachette-Lagardère group must cede 60% of the acquired publishing assets of the Vivendi group, but retains the rights to the publishing houses Larousse, Dalloz, Dunoz, Armand Colin and Nathan université. In other words, the European Commission allowed Hachette-Lagardère to maintain control over the trade in textbooks and university publications. The question that remained to be resolved was: who will now become the owner of 60% of the shares? In May 2004, news appeared that Hachette-Lagardère and Wendel Investissements had entered into a deal to buy and sell Vivendi's publishing assets, which were renamed Editis after joining the Hachette-Lagardère group. This deal was confirmed by the European Commission and French authorities.

Thus, in September, when new book releases (rentrée littéraire) take place in France, Mr. Ernest Antoine Seillière, the main shareholder of the investment company Wendel Investissements and, concurrently, the president of Medef (French Enterprise Movement), became the second largest largest publisher in France. It is not difficult to understand why this company was chosen: Wendel Investissements has no experience in the book business and, accordingly, the company is not a serious competitor to Hachette. Financial market operations have won the French book market, emptying the content of the book, depriving it of meaning. More and more books are in supermarkets, where they are subject to the same pricing policy as washing powder or CDs. Many publishers are concerned about the current situation and are in favor of maintaining the independence of the book from its profitability.

Year 2005

The concentration of capital in the hands of one company is the reality that most French publishing houses have to come to terms with today: the 30 largest publishing houses control more than 90% of trade turnover and, at the same time, account for 1% of the total number of registered publishing brands in France. The current situation of a “quasi” monopoly of one publishing house cannot but pose a threat to the development of the book business and affects all links of a single chain - book publishing.

Along with well-known publishing groups such as Hachette, Editis, la Martinière/Le Seuil, Flammarion or Gallimard, there are also a number of publishers in France that, despite not being very large publishing brands, still play a certain role in the book industry. business. Among them are France Loisir (owned by the German company Bertelsmann), which is the third largest French publishing house, whose trade turnover in 2004 amounted to 395 million euros, Atlas publishing house, specializing in the sale of individual publications on newsstands (print, audio, video , DVD products), occupying fourth place with a turnover of 315 million euros, and the Média Participations group of companies, which unites Fleurus, Mango, Rustica, Dargaud, Dupuis and takes 7th place.

12 largest publishing houses in France in 2004
(based on trade turnover in million euros)

Publisher name	Trading company (country)	Trade turnover, million euros
	Lagardère SCA (F)
	Wendell Investissement (F)
	Berstelmann (G)
	Di Agostini (Nid)
La Martiniere/Le Seuil	La Martinière Groupe(F)
Groupe Flammarion
Groupe Gallimard

Groupe Albin Michel
	Reed-Elsevier (Vel-Nid)
	Wolters-Kluver (Nid)

According to “Book Market 2005”, supplement to Livres Hebdo, No. 637, March 17, 2006

Thus, a process of internationalization can be observed: the publishers France-Loisirs and Editions Atlas acquired branches abroad, while foreign publishers showed interest in specialized publishing houses: Reed-Elsevier acquired the publishing assets of Juris-classeurs (law books) and Masson (scientific books). -popular publications, books on health); Wolters-Kluver - Larmy (law) and Iniatives Santé (health books). The Franco-Belgian conglomerate Média Participations controls Fleurus-Mame, Dupuis (religious literature) and Dargaud (comics). Regarding Berstelmann, it should be noted that, in addition to France-Loisirs, the German company has the rights to the Grand Livre du mois (which means that book clubs are also in the hands of a single owner) and Codes Rousseau. The international publishing house Reader's Digest has also strengthened its position in the French book market.

Among other publishing houses that can be noted: specialized publications for schoolchildren and students - Presses Universitaires de France and Belin, fiction - Minuit, Actes Sud, Editions du Rocher, etc. But in this case, the fame of the trademark does not correspond to the size of the publishing house’s trade turnover : Presses Universitaires de France – 16 million euros, Minuit – 3 million euros (108th place in the ranking).

As a result, among the 10,000 publishing houses registered in France, one hundred publishers are controlled by large trading companies, accounting for 90% of sales and, accordingly, are sold on bookstore shelves.

Year 2006

This has not happened in the retail book trade for a long time. Sales, which had not seen a decline for 15 years with the exception of 1997, fell in 2006 for the second year in a row. There is growing concern among publishers and distributors: along with the ever-increasing influence of the “digital” revolution, an increasingly popular opinion is that the book market is structurally changing.

In 2005, they were afraid that the new “Harry Potter” and “Asterix”, together with the Dan Brown phenomenon, would dry up the market: the result of 2005 was a decline in sales by half a percent. It turned out that they were still flowers. In 2006, a new decline in sales was noted, this time minus 1.5%. In the retail book trade, all indicators have decreased, except for the size of the consumer basket, which has remained around 18 euros for three years. People go to bookstores less and less. As in 2005, small bookstores are suffering the most: their sales declined by 4%. The figures for hypermarkets are slightly better – 2%. Only large bookstores were able to avoid the decline in sales. Thanks to either the reputation of book specialists or the quality of the range known among readers, they were not so dependent on “blockbusters”.

The sector indicators are as follows:

Declining sales:

Comic book sales are growing due to the success of manga. Pocket editions attract readers at an affordable price. The documents are gaining popularity in light of the upcoming presidential and parliamentary elections. But in 2006, books for extracurricular reading enjoyed real success - parents do not spare money for the education of their children.

A detailed study of sales volumes by sector shows the current sluggishness of the market. Pocket editions take precedence, gift editions, dictionaries, and encyclopedias fade into the background. The emergence of digital publications reduces sales of dictionaries and encyclopedias; the development of Internet technologies explains the noticeable decline in the market for traditionally popular practical publications.

Meanwhile, thanks to the introduction of new technologies, book production continues to develop. In 2006, the number of new publications increased by 8% and amounted to 57,728 titles, which is twice as much as, for example, ten years ago. Production volumes increased in almost all sectors. The indicators remained the same for publications on mathematics, computer science, esotericism, psychology, medicine, and books on health. In rare cases of decline in production, the largest percentage decline (-14%) is observed for humor books. The graph shows the ranking of publishing houses by the number of new products for 2006: the first place for Hachette is not surprising to anyone.

Translations

While book production increased significantly in 2006 (by 8%), translated publications did not play a significant role in this: 8,284 titles per year (3% less than in 2005), which is 14.4% of the market. The decline affected almost all languages, with the exception of English (+1%) (the language of 60% of all translations), Eastern European languages (+29%), Arabic (+6%) and Chinese (+47%). The latter made a real breakthrough in the French market after France was the guest of honor at the Beijing Book Fair in September 2005. Even despite the fact that today the number of translations from Chinese is only 103 titles.

Most of the novels are translated (41.4%), of which three quarters are from English. The number of translations from German, Italian, Spanish, Chinese and Eastern European languages is growing. At the same time, less and less is translated from other languages, for example, from Russian or Portuguese. In second place in terms of the percentage of translations are comics. The number of translations of books on philosophy (14.4%), religion (16.1%), biographies and autobiographies (10%) is growing.

Circulation

In 2005, the average circulation decreased by 3.2% and amounted to 7,587 copies. However, growth is observed for some sectors: books for teenagers, practical publications, dictionaries, encyclopedias, books on the humanities and esotericism.

Sales

For the second year in a row, there has been a decline in retail book sales: in 2006 it was 1.5%. This especially applies to dictionaries and encyclopedias, scientific, technical and medical publications. Only non-school publications ended the year more successfully than others: sales increased by 3%.

Export

For French books, 2005 turned out to be more successful abroad than at home: turnover increased by 7.3%. But upon closer inspection, the progress is not so surprising. Firstly, the statistics included maps, atlases, diaries, calendars, VAT on which from now on, like on other publishing products, is 5.5%. Secondly, the increase in export volumes to Belgium is greatly overestimated.

Year 2007

Information technology in the book world

In the modern world, the development of information technologies has reached unprecedented heights, and their implementation occurs at lightning speed. Changes in information technology are having a major impact on the publishing industry. The ability to use modern computer technologies and various databases can be a decisive factor for the future development of a publishing house and its success in the market.

Thus, Bernard de Fréminville, former general director of the Dilicom service, calls on everyone involved in publishing to make the most of modern technology and promotes the book in all its forms.

Founder Distique believes that the concept of a book in the modern world is subject to change under the influence of two main factors. The most important factor is information. Data about a particular book has become available to a wide audience thanks to the existence of various databases. The second factor causing changes in the field of book publishing is the advent of electronic books. Bernard de Freminville emphasizes that e-books should be perceived only as texts and not as a finished product. However, the founder of Dilikoma acknowledges the existence of such texts and argues that dictionaries and encyclopedias should be the first to move to electronic media, in addition, modern poetry is much more widespread on the Internet than in print.

But printed books differ from electronic media with texts; even in the modern world they retain a number of advantages, the most important of which is the external design of the printed text.

So the book market is changing, and many publishers are concerned about the changes that are taking place. Modern publishing houses are forced to use information technologies and databases to gain a foothold in the market. Equally important is the ability of publishers to come together to develop a joint solution. Data exchange between publishers is becoming a necessity. However, now if databases are created, they try to protect them from the eyes of competitors.

Bernard de Freminville emphasizes that the future of the entire book business depends on establishing connections between publishing houses. Therefore, he proposes to create a national database funded by publishers, since everyone has the right to have reliable and complete information about the books that are on sale.

Certification of private bookstores

The situation of private bookstores is considered an important problem in the modern book business. They need support from the state. In his September 12 report to Culture Minister Christine Albanel, Antoine Gallimard proposes the creation of an LIR certificate for private bookstores.

Certification will allow for the correct distribution of funds allocated by the state to support small and medium-sized businesses.

For example, certified bookstores will be able to sell certain literary works.

According to Antoine Gallimard, between 400 and 800 bookstores could expect to receive the certificate, which would benefit from tax advantages and increased annual subsidies for the National Society of Books. Priority will be given to small and medium-sized ones, especially in the provinces, as well as specialized bookstores. Antoine Gallimard once again emphasized that certification will not affect sales conditions in any way and will not force publishers to provide discounts.

The most important criterion for obtaining a certificate will be the share of book sales in the total volume of bookstore activity. For bookstores in large cities, the share should be 75%, for small ones - 50%. The certification committee must consist of 12 members and must be completely renewed every 3 years. The committee will include well-known people in the field of literature, experts in the field of economics of publishing, as well as representatives of publishing houses and bookstores.

Although Antoine Gallimard argues that the certificate serves to provide assistance to bookstores from the state and local authorities, and is not discriminatory, the introduction of the certificate raises some concerns on the part of both publishers and bookstores. This measure was already introduced in France in the 1940s by the Vichy government to determine whether bookstores were acceptable or undesirable based on ideological considerations. Times have changed, but private bookstores still express skepticism about certification.

In addition, the text of the report seems rather vague and requires comment. The certification procedure itself is also questionable. The financial side of the issue is also important. Book specialists want to know how certification will affect taxation, whether it will help reduce rent for premises and increase wages for bookstore workers. Publishers recognize the need to support bookstores, but cannot be held responsible for their financial difficulties, since sales conditions have not changed for a long time. For example, Ronald Blunden, a representative of the publishing house Hachette, believes that there is an easier and more radical way to support private bookstores: it is necessary to introduce school textbooks for sale.

Bookstore owners, in turn, fear discrimination against small rural stores and the division of bookstores into certified and non-certified, that is, into good and bad. Certification, in their opinion, is most beneficial for large bookstores.

However, Antoine Gallimard argues that this is only about helping, and not about equalizing bookstores that differ in size, geographical location and product range. It is necessary that every bookstore retains its originality and attractiveness, regardless of the presence of a certificate.

Despite all the diversity of the book world of France and its difference from the book world of Russia, it should be noted the commonality of some problems that are currently becoming global and ubiquitous. Thus, the problem of the existence of small and medium-sized publishing houses is very acute both in France and in Russia. The Russian book market is facing a wave of mergers, incorporations and acquisitions. In conditions of lack of funding, it is easier for small and medium-sized publishing houses to transfer the production of books to a large publishing house, becoming part of it. Among large publishing houses there is currently a struggle for leadership and, perhaps, a merger will help resolve the dispute between the “giants” of the publishing industry.

In addition, a common problem between the two countries is the lack of information about the books that go on sale. Some books are shown on TV (as a rule, these are books on the basis of which scripts for television films and television series are written), the release of other publications is not reflected in any way by the media. Finally, in both countries there is a decline in demand for book products. In a situation of excessive supply and lack of information, consumers simply refrain from purchasing. The book market is suffering from overproduction. As experts from both countries note, the current priority is the creation of bookstores of a new format and the introduction of special structures responsible for the popularization of published literature.

You can't talk about Paris without mentioning art. This city breathes with fantasy and creativity. If I were to rank the most popular French art forms, I would put literature in first place.

Nowhere in the world do people read books with such interest as in Paris. Do you need proof? Go to the subway and you will see. Parisians have the latest literary season in their hands - always paper ones, no e-books for you! Each district of the city has several bookstores, and in the Latin Quarter there are bookstores on every corner. The French extol books, they collect them, read them, leaf through them. The French love books.

Parisians understand that reading increases vocabulary, gives new knowledge and generally entertains when there is nothing else to do. Therefore, spending a free evening or a whole day off reading a book is not shameful, but completely ordinary.

Book culture thrives here on par with the food culture that people love to talk about. But literature plays a huge role in the city, where streets are named after French and foreign writers.

Book exhibition Salon du Livre Paris

Another peculiarity of Parisians: they will never buy a new book if they can buy someone’s old one at a discount. Livres d'occasion It's at a premium here, especially among students and low-income French people. They can be found in bookstores Gibert Josef, dispersed throughout the city. My favorite shop, where there are few people, is located at the Bibliothèque François Mitterrand stop.

But, of course, we should not forget about French publishing houses Gallimard, Flammarion, Grasset or Fayard. From them the French buy beautifully designed collectible books with gold binding and color illustrations, which are stored in family libraries and passed down from generation to generation.

And if you suddenly go down the metro and don’t see any French people with a book in their hand, don’t panic! They, in this case, will be immersed in

Major publishing houses in France:

1.Ashet– ancient. International cooperation (transnational company).

2.Groupe de la Cité– 10 major publishing houses are included in it. Unites French publishing houses.

Publishers:

1) Robert (specializes in the production of educational literature)

2) Galemare 1911 (many connections with Russian emigration)

3) Flamarien

4) Inter press - theological works, religious literature, (GULAG Archipelago) 5) Franz Lauzier 6) Atlas 7) Juris Macien (books on law)

Of the 10,000 publishing houses, 100 are controlled by the largest companies.

France has significant international connections: Quebec is a Canadian province where French is spoken. language, Belgium - Flemish, Switzerland, French Guiana. Many countries speak French, including African ones: Togo, Congo, Cameroon, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria.

The main interest for French publishers is modern Russian literature. They closely monitor new names appearing on our literary horizon, and translate and publish their works with enviable efficiency. Sometimes it turns out that only after publication in the West does a book acquire the right to be published in Russia (for example, O. Strizhak’s novel “The Boy” or “Poor Relatives” by L. Ulitskaya).

In 1994-95, the most popular contemporary Russian writer was Nina Berberova. During these years, four French publishing houses published nine of her books. In poetry, Tsvetaeva is the most popular. Her books were published in publishing houses Souterraine, RivagesiiLibrairieduGlobe.

The most published Russian author in France is F.M. Dostoevsky (15 books in 2 years), followed by V.V. Nabokov (10 books), A.P. Chekhov (9 books), M.A. Bulgakov (8 books). Most often these are reprints or reprints of the circulation in a pocket format.

Many literary publishing houses have theatrical series or sub-series, for example Foliotheatre (Gallimard). They publish mainly works of Russian classics: M.Yu. Lermontov, “Masquerade” (Imprimerie Nationale, series “Repertoire Comedie Française”); A.P. Chekhov, “The Cherry Orchard” (Ed.de 1"Aube); M.A. Bulgakov, “Adam and Eve” (Dumerchez, “Scene” series). The only play by a modern author that was discovered, the drama by A. Vampilov “The Past in the summer in Chulimsk" was published by L "Age d" Homme ("Theatrevivant" series).

All new products in the field of fine arts are associated with publishing houses Flammarion and L "Aged" Homme.

In 1994-1995 books by two famous Russian film directors were published. Publishing House Seuil collected under the title “7 visions” (“Septvisions”) seven scripts by Sergei Parajanov. Cahiersducinema, a magazine recognized as the most intellectual French cinematic publication, also publishes about 12 books a year on cinema and photography. Now this large universal publishing house has about 9 thousand titles in its catalog. Every year it prepares approximately 450 new books for publication. In addition to the already mentioned collection of scripts by S. Parajanov, published in the “Fiction & Cie” series, the publishing house published the story “Morphine” by M. Bulgakov.

Callimard- the main publisher of Russian literature in France. The names of Russian authors are found in many series published by the publishing house: classics of Russian literature are included in the mass series of pocket books "Folio" and "Foliobilingue", as well as in the elite, with extensive reference apparatus, the "Pleiade" series, the "L"lmaginaire series, "Poesie/Gallimard" Contemporary authors appear in the "Dumondeentier" and "Arcades" series. The oldest French publishing house, Gallimard, founded in 1911, is the largest publishing house run by the direct descendants of its founder Gaston Gallimard, with a catalog containing more than 13,000 titles , among which the works of Russian authors occupy a strong place.Many Russian emigrants published in this publishing house in the 20s and 30s, such as Z. Gippius, 1933 Nobel laureate I. Bunin, A. Remizov, etc.

FLAMARION

Flammarion, one of the oldest family publishing houses in France, founded back in 1876, and now owned by the direct descendants of Ernest Flammarion - Charles-Henri Flammarion, the head of the publishing house, and his two brothers. Since 1989, this dynamically developing publishing house has also been present on the Russian book market, releasing translations from its series of pocket books “J"ailu”. In France, the series “XX Century Russian and Soviet” was created, in which they were published as novels ( A. Makanin, “Man Running Away”, 1991), and journalism (A. Sobchak, “Walking into Power”, 1991, in the French translation the book was called “Chroniqued" unechuteannoncee”).

In the 90s, the publishing house focused on Russian classics. The “GF-Flammarion” series, focusing on publishing the best works of French and foreign writers and philosophical texts, included works by A.P. Chekhov, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky.

Great Britain ranks 1st in terms of book production and number of titles. This is the largest book publishing system. The book publishing system turned out to be in demand in countries that began to gain independence.

Characteristics of book publishing in the UK:

1. Once upon a time, GB owned the English colonies, now – the countries of the British Commonwealth of Nations. The influence of GB remained in the fields of science and culture in the former colonies.

2. Export-oriented book publishing.

The publishing system of England is large, with 40-50 thousand publishing houses. The largest GB publishing houses are concentrated close to London, because... there is a large port there (due to its experiential orientation in the book business).

Difference from other book publishing systems:

1. Creation of global publishing concerns (this is a type of activity that allows you to distribute different types of work across different countries).

2. Creation of joint groups uniting the British and Americans (Bologna Book Fair).

3. Stable agreements between market participants

4. Growth in the number of online stores

5. In the UK there are non-state market regulators

Largest publishers:

1. British Publishers Association - 130 publishing houses, income 80% of total turnover.

2. Guild of Independent Publishers - 480 publishing houses

3. Book Distribution Association

4. Association of Literary Agencies.

Publishing system of England – large 40-50 thousand publishing houses. The largest GB publishing houses are concentrated close to London, because... there is a large port there (due to its experiential orientation in the book business). The English publishing system repeats any publication. system in the world.

The Piersen company is a large group, which includes Londman.

The publishing group "Reed Elsevier" is the earliest publishing house on the European continent (16th century), founder of Elsevier. He created a style of scientific literature, where books were called Elseviers.

"Smith and Sons" - ser. 60s the emergence of computer systems that store about 500 thousand titles in a warehouse (they wanted to create a similar system). ISBN

Large German publishing houses:

1. Bertelsmann JSC is a multimedia corporation, one of the largest publishing houses in the world. Has rights to the largest publishing houses in all countries of the world. Bertelsmann Book Club – has a large DB audience. The book club is always a success because... Books are published in large quantities and are successfully sold by club members.

The birthplace of modern book printing is Gutenberg, the first printing press (mechanical).

Germany is a big publisher (fewer books are published now than before). The distribution area of German books is much smaller than in GB (Austria, Switzerland).

The developed publishing system is evenly distributed throughout the territory.

North Hamburg, Berlin, Bremen great publishing potential

South Munich

Frankfurt

Annual fair (for the sale or assignment of rights to a book publication.

Major publishers:

1.JSC Bertelsmann is a multimedia corporation, one of the largest publishing houses in the world. Has rights to the largest publishing houses in all countries of the world. Bertelsmann Book Club – has a large DB audience. The book club is always a success because... Books are published in large quantities and are successfully sold by club members.

In Germany, the NBA system is still strictly observed, and this is monitored by the German Book Trade Association.

Now there are 80,000 book titles - 3rd place in Europe after GB and Russia.

Bertelsmann was founded by Karl Bertelsmann in 1824, has been involved in publishing since 1835. In 1950-80, he united St. 100 printing and other domestic and foreign companies. It publishes fiction, scientific, encyclopedic (including the Lexicotheque in 26 volumes, since 1972), reference, educational and other literature, compact cassettes and video discs. Distributes products primarily through a network of book and music clubs.

In October 2012, the Bertelsmann concern agreed with the British publishing house Pearson to merge its publishing assets - RandomHouse and PenguinGroup. In the new venture - PenguinRandomHouse - 53% of the shares will belong to Bertelsmann and 47% to Pearson. The transaction is planned to be completed in the second half of 2013, after receiving regulatory approvals

"Von Holzbrink" expanded after the war and now has branches in the USA, England and Switzerland. The prestige of the publishing house is emphasized by the list of authors: Boris Pasternak, Thomas Mann, Jean-Paul Sartre, Ernest Hemingway.

The company now includes five publishers in Germany, including the Macmillan group in England and two New York publishers.

Also Raincouver and Kinema.

What was in the lecture:

1st place in the number of bookstores. Very conservative. The requirements are common to all. Not very rapid changes in legislation following changes in the market as a result of electron. Publications are not priority. 2 billion euros are received thanks to online sales. Total turnover for the year is 10 billion euros.

The modern book business in France is characterized by the monopolization of all its branches.

The bulk of capital in the field of book publishing, book trade and printing production is concentrated in the hands of large firms: Librerie Hachette, Larousse, Gaston Gallimard and others. Along with them, there are many small ones that are constantly on the verge of bankruptcy. The process of concentration of capital in the book business is intensifying. This is also evidenced by the fact that more than 80% of the total number of publishing houses is concentrated in Paris. In the 70s In the 20th century, there were 374 publishing houses, of which 175 publishing houses were small, employing less than 5 people, and only 22 publishing houses employed over 100 people.

The Society of Publishers and Booksellers represents and protects the interests of the French book industry. In 1892, under his auspices, the National Syndicate of French Publishers (Le Syntat national des Editeurs) was founded, uniting the vast majority of publishers. In 1950, the Guarantee Society of French Publishers was created, providing bank loans on favorable terms. There are four groups of publishing houses based on the type of organization of book sales: those leading direct sale of books to stores: those organizing a separate book distribution service [for example, the Forum cooperative, which unites a number of publishing houses]; entrusting the distribution of products to another publishing company or a special organization that has its own bookstores.

The book publishing system in France is decentralized and multi-type. Publishing houses are divided into public, government-funded, and commercial, private.

The largest modern book publishing houses in France are presented in Table 3.

Table 3

Publisher name	Specialization
"Kalman Levi" "Boccard" "Custerman" "Armand Colin", "Flammarion", "Gaston Gallimard" "Marcel Didier" "A. Fayar", "Alben Michel" "Nelson", "Plon" "Bernard Grasse" "Filipaccy"	Universal literature.
Scientific publications are financed primarily by the state, public institutions and philanthropists. Wide publishing The activities were launched by the National Center for Scientific Research (NCSR) (Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique), mainly in 1939. Printed products of the NCSR are universal in nature. Along with it, there is the “University Documentation Center and the Society for the Publication of Educational Studies.” manuals for higher education" (Centre de Documentation universitaire et Societe d"Edition d"enseignement Su-perieur reunis)
"Duno" "Gauthier-Villars" "Press Université de France".	Private scientific publishing houses
"Larousse" "Quillet"	Encyclopedias and reference books
"Association Technique Maritime et Aeronautique", "Blondel la Rougerie" "Farnese" "Payot" "Boubee et Cie" "Berger-Levrault" "Hermann" "Editions techniques", Edition Lamarre.	Literature on natural sciences and technology.
"Edition de Bon Pasteur" Edition du Cerfs "Spes" "F. Leroux" (F. Leroux).	Catholic publishing houses
"L"ecole de loisir.	Children's literature
"Library Hachette"	Textbooks, scientific and fiction literature, books for children and youth, illustrated publications, pocket books.
Editeurs Français Reunis	Works of classics of Russian literature.
"Librairie de la Lain" "Librairie Istra" "Librairie des Champs Elysees" "Man-yar" (Magnard), "Lemerre" "Les Editions du Chene" "Robert Laffont"	Fiction
"Boccard" "Cercle d'ar" "Edition Carmen Guillard" "Edition Albert Morance" "Quatre Chemins"	Literature on architecture and art

In the modern world, France ranks sixth in terms of the number of books produced, and fifth in terms of circulation. Literature is published in all branches of knowledge without exception. The release of books by publishing houses in 1997-2002 is presented in table No. 4.

Table 4

Book release by publishing houses in 1997-2002

Publishing house




Pu de France (PUF)





Ellipses-Edition Marketing

LGF(Livre de poche)

The modern book market in France, with its established structure and clearly established connections between publishing houses, book warehouses and stores, can simultaneously offer the reader more than 350 thousand book titles. Every year about 40 thousand new book titles appear in France. What place does Russian books occupy in this stream? Russian-French literary and book connections go back more than one century. Today, specialists and lovers of Russian literature in France, thanks to the accumulated publishing funds and a flexible book supply system, have the opportunity to form a fairly complete library on fiction, history, philosophy, economics and other areas, compiled from books by Russian authors in French.

The bulk of books by Russian authors (more than 70% of all publications) are works of fiction. In this case, preference is given to prose works of contemporary writers. Journalism and history made up about 10% of books (21 titles), books on art - 8% (17 titles), and there is practically no children's literature.

Among the poetic novelties, one cannot fail to note the “Anthology of Russian Poetry” (November 1995), published by Gallimard Publishing House. The book's editor, Katia Granoff, has translated more than 84 Russian poets, from Lomonosov to the present day. The translator's efforts were noted by the French Academy.

The publication of dramatic works occupies an insignificant place; this genre of literature is intended more for professionals than for the general reader. In France, there are a number of specialized theater publishing houses, such as Arche, Librairie theatrale, Actes Sud/Papier, L"Avantscene, Theater, etc. But in the mid-90s, only one of them - Actes Sud/Papier - new publications appeared Russian plays: N.V. Gogol, “The Inspector General,” “Marriage,” “The Players.”

Many literary publishers have theater series or subseries, such as Folio theater (Gallimard). They publish mainly works of Russian classics: M.Yu. Lermontov, “Masquerade” (Imprimerie Nationale, series “Repertoire Comedie Française”); A.P. Chekhov, “The Cherry Orchard” (Ed.de 1 "Aube); M.A. Bulgakov, “Adam and Eve” (Dumerchez, “Scene” series). The only play by a modern author that was discovered, A. Vampilov’s drama “The Past in the summer in Chulimsk" was published by the publishing house L "Age d" Homme (series "Theater vivant").

All new products in the field of fine art are associated with the publishing houses Flammarion and L "Age d" Homme.

In 1994-1995 books by two famous Russian film directors were published. The publishing house Seuil has collected seven scripts by Sergei Parajanov under the title “Sept Visions”. Cahiers du cinema, a magazine recognized as the most intellectual French cinematic publication, also publishes about 12 books a year on cinema and photography. This magazine published “The Diary of Andrei Tarkovsky. 1970--1985.”

The publishing house Arthaud produces a series of guides “Guides Artaud” to Russian cities for travelers with low incomes. Its peculiarity is that it was written by a person “from here,” a professional Moscow translator, the author of a number of manuals on the French language, Albert Andunyan.

The oldest French publishing house, Gallimard, founded in 1911, is the largest publishing house run by the direct descendants of its founder Gaston Gallimard. Its catalog contains more than 13,000 titles, among which works by Russian authors occupy a strong place. In this publishing house in the 20s and 30s, many Russian emigrants published, such as Z. Gippius, 1933 Nobel laureate I. Bunin, A. Remizov and others.

Callimard is the main publisher of Russian literature in France. The names of Russian authors are found in many series published by the publishing house: classics of Russian literature are included in the mass series of pocket books “Folio” and “Folio bilingue”, as well as in the elite, with extensive reference apparatus, the “Pleiade” series, the “L"lmaginaire” series , "Poesie/Gallimard" Contemporary authors appear in the "Du monde entier" and "Arcades" series.

In the pocket series "Folio", you can find the names of all the major Russian writers of the 19th century.

The Folio bilingue series is divided into several subseries with parallel texts in French and the original language. The first Russian authors included in it were N.V. Gogol and I.S. Turgenev, and then they were joined by books by F.M. Dostoevsky (“The Meek One” and “The Dream of a Funny Man”) and a collection of stories by A.P. Chekhov (“The Lady with the Dog,” “The Bishop,” “The Bride”).

Since its founding in 1987, this provincial publishing house (its headquarters is in the city of Arles in the south of France) has been focused on translated literature. Its founder, Hubert Nissen, a publishing specialist and professional translator, member of the Association of French Translators of Fiction (ATLF), set himself the task of “collecting German, Scandinavian, Italian, Spanish, Russian, Greek, Austrian, Belgian and many other texts.”

The first translations from Russian appeared in the catalog of his publishing house in 1980, but Nissen achieved real triumph in 1985 after meeting N. Berberova and publishing her story “The Accompanist.” Very quickly N. Berberova became one of the main authors of the publishing house, her books won recognition from the French reader.

Following Berberova, the Actes Sud catalog included works by other Russian writers, mainly representatives of Russian classical literature of the 19th century, such as F. Dostoevsky, A. Pushkin, A. Chekhov. New translations of their works were carried out by Andre Markovic, who often collaborates with this and other publishing houses.

Flammarion, one of the oldest family publishing houses in France, founded back in 1876, and now belongs to the direct descendants of Ernest Flammarion - Charles-Henri Flammarion, the head of the publishing house, and his two brothers. Since 1989, this dynamically developing publishing house has also been present on the Russian book market, releasing translations from its series of pocket books “J"ai lu”. In France, the series “XX Century Russian and Soviet” was created, in which they were published as novels (A. Makanin, “Man Running Away”, 1991), and journalism (A. Sobchak, “Walking into Power”, 1991, in the French translation the book was called “Chronique d" une chute annoncee”).

For the first time, translations of modern Russian writers appeared in the publishing house’s catalog in 1982. These were the works of A.I. Solzhenitsyn “In the First Circle”, “Cancer Ward”, “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”. Since then, Solzhenitsyn has been one of the leading authors of the publishing house; his books do not disappear from the catalogue. The collected works of A.I. were published. Solzhenitsyn.

The end of the 20th century was marked by the publication of a documentary study of Ark. Vaksberg “Hotel “Lux””, dedicated to the fate of the delegates of the Third International.

It should be noted that the publication of books by both Solzhenitsyn and Waksber gave rise to a number of publications in special literary and book publications, such as A. Beer’s magazine “Lire” or the newspaper “Quinzaine litteraire”, which reviews the most interesting and significant novelties of French book publishing.

After English, German (Der Doppelganger series), Spanish (Otra Memoria series) and Italian (Terra d'Altri series) literature, the Verbier publishing house began in 1992 the Russian series, giving it the name “Slovo ". Its leader, Hélène Chatelain, translator of A.P. Chekhov, A. Amalric and B. Pasternak, was the organizer of numerous demonstrations, film and video screenings about Russian dissidents. The first book in her series was a collection of stories by S. Krzhizhanovsky (“Marque- page", February 1992), then B. Khazanov's novel "Anti-Time" appeared. In 1993, "The Letter Killers Club" by S. Krzhizhanovsky and the first part of V. Shalamov's essay "All or Nothing" were published.

LES EDITIONS DE LA LIBRAIRIE DU GLOBE

The Russian book store "Globus" was opened in Paris in 1953. A small publishing house that exists at the store specializes in the production of encyclopedias, dictionaries, monographs on the Russian language, school linguistic literature, and books on tourism. In 1992, the publishing house decided to begin publishing a bilingual series of Russian poetry. It was opened by the collections of O. Mandelstam. A. Tarkovsky and F. Tyutchev. In 1993, the series was replenished with the names of A. Akhmatova (the preface to the book of her poems was written by I. Brodsky) and M. Tsvetaeva. The third new product of 1993 was “Twelve Chairs” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov.

The Seuil publishing house, which appeared before the Second World War (1935), expanded its activities and achieved success after. 1945 Now this large universal publishing house has about 9 thousand titles in its catalog. Every year it prepares approximately 450 new books for publication. In addition to the already mentioned collection of scripts by S. Parajanov, published in the “Fiction & Cie” series, the publishing house published M. Bulgakov’s story “Morphine” (pocket series “Points Roman”), “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol (series “L"ecole des lettres”), “A Novel Without Lies” by A. Mariengof (series “Le don des langues”).

The publishing house was founded in 1901. It now has a catalog of 6,000 titles and publishes about 380 books a year. Within its framework, there is a series “Domaine russe”, led by translator Lucy Katala, who actively collaborates with modern Russian writers. Thanks to her efforts, books by F. Abramov, V. Astafiev, Z. Boguslavskaya, Yu. Dombrovsky, Ven. appeared in French translations. Erofeeva, M. Kuraev, A. Rybakov, A. Strizhak and others.

Russian novelties also appeared in the publishing houses of S. Bourgois, Belles lettres, Circe, Denoel Difference, Griot and others.

A characteristic feature of the modern stage has been the decline in interest of French book publishers in modern Russian literature. This is explained by the absence, despite the appearance of a large number of new names, of such significant figures in our literature, such as, for example, A.I. Solzhenitsyn, whose works, which appeared in the West in the 70s, captivated European readers, as well as the difficulties that French book publishing has experienced in recent years. These reasons force publishers to turn to the classics as a less risky and cheaper option.

Based on the above, it can be said that a rare French publishing house has not contributed to the increase in book production in the country as a whole. French readers pay great attention to books by Russian authors, which are published by a number of publishing houses: GALLIMARD, ACTES SUD, FLAMMARION, FA YARD, VERDIER, SEUIL, etc. But due to a number of reasons listed above, the attention of French publishers is directed to Russian classics , as the most proven option.

Thus, the modern book market in France, with its established structure and well-established connections between publishing houses, book warehouses and stores, despite economic difficulties, is constantly growing. The country's book market is characterized by monopolization of all its branches. The book publishing system is decentralized and multi-type. Publishing houses are divided into state and commercial; they publish literature in all fields of knowledge. The majority of publications (approx. 70%) are produced by offset printing, the remaining 30% by intaglio or letterpress printing. But nowadays, the emergence of new technical means has completely replaced the offset printing process with digital typesetting.

Among publications, the paperback segment is developing most dynamically. Pocketbooks and comics are selling well. The main consumers of the book are: the general reader, people of science and technology and wealthy people - bibliophiles, collectors.

70% of books are sold through stores of various types, and 30% through various non-store sales channels.

Every third store in the country is private; in Paris there are charity stores organized by various societies.

The most modern form of book trading is voluntary associations of subscribers, the so-called book clubs. Their work is characterized by advertising books intended for printing, collecting consumer opinions, auctions and bookstores on television. Funds from publishers and wholesalers are raised to open printing houses.

Of no small importance is the export of French books. Russian-French book ties are successfully developing and strengthening. The bulk of books by Russian authors published in France are devoted to the current state of Russia, the political situation in the country, and the main events of Russian history. A significant number of publishing houses have books translated from Russian in their catalogs.

But recently, export statistics indicate a decrease in the interest of French book publishers in modern Russian literature. The main reason for this situation is the absence of significant figures in our literature. In this regard, the priority of French publishers is aimed at Russian classics, as a less risky and cheaper option.

Introduction…………………………………………………………….2

I. History of book publishing in France. ………………..…..............3

1.1. Famous book publishers of France (XV - XIX centuries)…..……...3

II. The current state of book publishing in France………….3

2.1. Characteristics of the French book market…………….3

2.2. French publishing houses publishing books by Russians

Conclusion……………………………………………………….13

Appendix……………………………………………………….…15

References……………………………………………………………20

Introduction

Along with the development of science and technology, along with the development of society, the book also develops. A book, as a product created in the sphere of material production, has a material form, distinguished by the originality and individuality of elements characteristic of each historical period of time. The book has an impact on the most subtle sphere of the human personality - on his spiritual world. Under the influence of a book, each individual has various ideas, images, thoughts, which in the process of existence form a cumulative knowledge that gives impetus to a new round in the development of social consciousness.

For centuries, man has always strived for new knowledge. After the fall of the Iron Curtain, social, political, and cultural ties between countries intensified. Getting to know the culture of another country always contributes to a better understanding of each other.

In Russia, the influence of French culture has traditionally been strong. Russian-French literary and book ties go back more than one century, during which book flows in one direction and the other either strengthened or weakened.

Western European books, including French, were in circulation in Russia already at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century. During this period, a number of translations of French publications into Russian were carried out, among them the works of military engineers, Moliere’s comedy “Amphitryon” and other texts introducing the Russian reader to European culture. Throughout the 17th century, French cultural influence grew stronger in Russia. The French language, the language of diplomacy, becomes an integral part of the education of the nobility, and the French book is firmly established both in scientific use and in the life and everyday life of the privileged strata of Russian society.

At the same time, descriptions of Russia appeared in France, compiled by French travelers who visited here, biographies of Peter I, Catherine II, books on the history of Russia. Russian literature of the 19th century, as an important component of world artistic culture, could not fail to interest the educated French reader. P. Mérimée translated “The Queen of Spades” by A. S. Pushkin, and the first Russian writer to become widely known in France was I. S. Turgenev. There is still a library in Paris named after him.

At the present stage, many thoughts, assessments, figures, problems related to the book industry in France have turned out to be very close to the Russian audience. Therefore, studying the history and current state of book publishing in France allows you to most effectively solve problems in the book industry of your country and opens up broad prospects for mutually beneficial cooperation.

The topic of this work, “Book publishing in France,” is undoubtedly relevant now, in the new 21st century. For centuries, man has always strived for new knowledge. After the fall of the Iron Curtain, social, political, and cultural ties between countries intensified. Getting to know the culture of another country always contributes to a better understanding of each other.

I. History of book publishing in France.

1.1. Famous book publishers of France (XV - XIX centuries)

The growing need for books led to the introduction of printing in France in the 15th century. In terms of the time of the emergence of book printing, France was in sixth place, but two of its cities, Paris and Lyon, were destined to play a major role in European book printing. At first, there were few books, and besides, the luxury of design (the use of metal and ivory plates, enamel, precious stones) made the book expensive and inaccessible to the bulk of the population. But gradually, with the emergence of printing houses, books became cheaper and, therefore, more accessible. Books began to be printed in France in their native language. The cities of Paris and Lyon became the centers of book printing.

A significant contribution to the development of French book printing was made by talented publishers: the famous typographer Johann Trechsel, Jean du Pré, the famous calligrapher and miniaturist Antoine Verard, the humanist publishers Etienne, E. Dolet, Badius, the Lyon typographer-publisher S. Grifius, the creator of the new typeface F. Didot and many, many others, whose names are inscribed in golden letters in the history of French book publishing.

Many publishers, especially in the Middle Ages, were persecuted by the church. This was the tragic fate of Etienne Dolet, who was burned at the stake along with his publications. But, despite the persecution, French printers continued their activities in the name of educating the people.

II. The current state of book publishing in France.

2.1. Characteristics of the French book market.

Recently, the changes taking place in the book business have become more and more noticeable. Book publishing professions today continue to specialize. If in Diderot's era a book publisher performed all operations related to the production and distribution of a book, today preparation for publication, printing, marketing, distribution and sale are separated.

French book publishing is concentrated in Paris. Another distinctive feature is the special relationship between book publishing and the state. Book publishing has especially close relations with the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Education. This cooperation led to the adoption of a number of laws that today provide a special legislative regime in the field of book publishing.

In France, since 1982, there has been a law on a fixed price for a book. According to this law, you cannot exceed the publishing price by more than 5%, and you cannot sell books below the selling price.

This law promotes market stability and helps balance the interests of all the main participants in the process of bringing a book from the author to the buyer. There are only a few exceptions to this rule (discounts of up to 5% when selling books through clubs and when purchasing books from the library, as well as discounts on textbooks). The denominations affixed to the publication ensured the transition of competition from the sphere of prices to the sphere of quality of book products and services. Pre-sale preparation of book products is becoming increasingly important for business success. The adoption of the law on a fixed price had no effect on production and sales volumes, as Table 1 confirms.

The Brussels Commission, which plays a decisive role in the European community, is opposed to a single price for books. French book publishers defend the idea that a book is an unusual product that cannot be treated like other household items. In France there is a law according to which all books that are addressed to the category of citizens under 16 years of age, including educational ones, can be sold to school or public libraries, libraries of children's institutions at a price below the selling price. Now publishers are fighting to limit the ceiling on discounts for educational organizations so that some market participants do not have an advantage over others.

As for the structure of book distribution in France, 70% of books are sold through stores of various types (30% - specialized bookstores and 20% each - supermarkets and mixed stores selling book, audio, video and multimedia products), and 30% - through various non-store trade channels (book clubs - 20%, postal and parcel services - 10%). Among traditional bookstores, there are about 200 large enterprises with an assortment of 50-60 thousand titles. 4-5 thousand small shops (with an assortment of up to six thousand items) are located, as a rule, in provincial towns and play a very important role in the cultural life of the country. The role of wholesalers and distributors is very important, of which there are hundreds in France - of very different types and scales of activity.

In France, special attention is now paid to promoting French books outside the country. For example, since 1989, the government program “Pushkin” has been successfully operating, aimed at maximizing the sale of French books in the Russian Federation and other CIS countries. But export statistics indicate some negative trends. Sales of French publications are falling in most “small” non-Francophone markets. This, according to experts, indicates a decrease in interest in the French language in regions such as Central and Eastern Europe. The situation with exports to the countries of Africa, the Arab Maghreb and Lebanon remains extremely unstable. In countries such as Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Taiwan, South Korea and China, French books are hardly sold.

The top ten French export markets are shown in Table 2.

In France, VAT in book publishing is 5.5%, while in other areas it is 19%. By the way, a fixed price for a book and low VAT are common in most countries of the European Union.

As for pricing, book distributors receive 50% of the retail price of mass editions (wholesaler - about 20%, store - 30%); 20% is the publisher's profit, 10% is the royalty, and the remaining 20% is the cost. When applied to scientific publications or books on art, this proportion changes significantly. In France, each subsequent decade the dynamics of price growth continues.

Particular success, starting from the mid-20th century, came from paperback books. They account for more than 30 percent of the country's market turnover. For a long time they were considered the most promising type of publications. The success is explained by the fact that the mass consumer prefers to buy paperbacks because they are on average one and a half times cheaper than bound books, and also because they are published in series or issues of the usual standard. Noisy advertising persistently suggests that it is in these series that the buyer will find works of higher quality, the most entertaining and fashionable. Sometimes they are expressively called “groshen-buki” - penny books.

A significant role is played by all kinds of adapted publications, adapted to the lifestyle of a business person. Publications designed for consumption not by reading, but by viewing, have gained success in the market. These are, for example, the so-called digests - abbreviated books. Thus, “Anna Karenina” can be reduced to eight pages of text, and Dickens’ “Little Dorrit” is summarized in six pages. Or are they comics - picture books, the text of which is limited to captions under colorful pictures.

Finally, pocketbooks, where everything is so subordinated to the principle of standardization that even the volume of a classic work can be “adjusted” to fit the series. For an author who creates a work to order, the volume is given in advance if it is printed in a pocketbook.

It is not without significance that a modern book publisher has to withstand fierce competition with the latest multimedia tools, where everything is subject to a standard form (floppy disks, cassettes). Book production is forced to follow the same path.

Bestseller in translation means “best selling”, that is, leading in terms of sales. Bestsellers have always existed. In the history of books, undoubtedly, the bestseller is the Bible, or, say, Cervantes' immortal novel Don Quixote. But the true age of the bestseller came in the era of multimillion-dollar circulations, when the publisher himself began to fight for the success of the book. The main market requirement for such a book is that it must amaze the reader. The main consumer of the book is the mass reader: the working intellectual, the small entrepreneur. Its consumer demand is formed under the influence of public opinion and advertising. The next category of consumers are people of science and technology, a large management apparatus, whose demand, in addition to what was said above, is determined by the needs of management and scientific and technical creativity.

The third main category of book market consumers are wealthy people, bibliophiles, collectors, many of whom want to invest their savings in an expensive or rare book. Finally, we must not lose sight of the fact that the formation of the book market largely depends on the extreme diversity of political, religious, ethical, artistic, and purely psychological characteristics of reader demand. The relationship between global and regional book markets is a major cultural problem. Book distribution in the country, despite all the ambitious statements about the fundamental freedom of book trade in a democratic society, depends entirely on the economic and social state of society, on the vicissitudes of the book market. “The policy of book distribution is inseparable from politics in general,” notes the French bibliologist.

French book publishing does not receive any direct assistance from public institutions (while the French press and cinema are specifically supported by the state). The state acts more as a partner in book publishing than as a patron.

It is typical for large concerns in the country to reach consumers without going through trade intermediation. Traveling agents of publishing companies with prospectuses and samples of books visit not only wholesale fairs and large bookselling enterprises. They aim to serve both small traders and a general network of people wishing to sell books, various societies, libraries and even individual buyers.

Sociologists note that, on the one hand, the buyer visits bookstores less and less, and on the other hand, he strives to buy what is dictated by fashion, advertising, and social standards. This phenomenon is explained by a certain psychological barrier called “fear of the threshold.” In the buyer's mind, the store is associated with school and exams, and the buyer is supposedly afraid of being “lost” in the mass of books.

The most modern form of selling books directly to publishing houses is book clubs. These are voluntary associations of subscribers who trust the democratically elected board of the club to select books based on their requests and interests. The board of the book club orders books from publishing houses in accordance with this. Their redemption is guaranteed thanks to pre-orders and contributions from club members. As a rule, these publications cost subscribers slightly less than if they bought them in a store. With this system, the costs of wholesale and retail intermediaries are excluded from the cost of the book. The most active subscribers are awarded free bonuses in the form of the same books. Many publishing and bookselling institutions, not formally being book clubs, actively use traditional methods of club work: extensive preliminary advertising of books intended for printing, collection of consumer opinions, serialization, etc. These include various kinds of auctions and bookstores on television with their ordering system .

The number and turnover of bookstores in France is steadily increasing. True, most of them, one way or another, are economically subordinate to publishing monopolies. In France they bear the names of their patrons: “Hachette”, “Flammarion”, “R. Laffont”.

In France, funds from publishers and wholesalers are raised to open so-called Printing Houses , which combine local press offices, retail book trade, and a bibliographic information bureau. The Hachette concern opened an office for the reconstruction of bookstores in 1981; by providing credit to "independent" owners, he refurbishes their businesses in the spirit of modern design and computerized processes.

However, every third bookstore in the country is a small enterprise, where the owners themselves and their family members are behind the counters. The share of their sales is no more than 5 percent of the total turnover, but the buyer’s trust in this type of store is unanimously noted (there is even the concept of a “family store”).

The bookstores of religious corporations and political parties are well organized and generously subsidize their organizational activities, considering the activities of the stores as part of their ideological work.

In Paris, the Librerie du Globe, once organized as an enterprise of the French Communist Party, is still considered one of the largest bookstores.

The reconstruction of the book trade on new grounds was expressed in the formation of so-called book trading chains (“chain stores”). In this regard, the largest company is Hachette. Book trade using coupons (coupons, postcards, checkbooks) - a type of trade on credit - has become widespread. It is strongly recommended by advertising.

Thus, despite economic difficulties, the French book market is not slowing down and continues to increase the number of publications. The paperback segment is developing most dynamically; pocketbooks and comics are selling well. Publications are sold through bookstores or through non-traditional distribution channels - book clubs and printing houses.

Interest in foreign literature has decreased somewhat, but despite this, books by Russian authors play an important role in the French book market.

2.2. French publishing houses publishing books by Russian authors.

The modern book business in France is characterized by the monopolization of all its branches.

The book publishing system in France is decentralized and multi-type. Publishing houses are divided into public, government-funded, and commercial, private.

The largest modern book publishing houses in France are presented in Table 3.

The bulk of books by Russian authors (more than 70% of all publications) are works of fiction. In this case, preference is given to prose works of modern writers. Journalism and history made up about 10% of books (21 titles), books on art - 8% (17 titles), and there is practically no children's literature.

The publication of dramatic works occupies an insignificant place; this genre of literature is intended more for professionals than for the general reader. In France, there are a number of specialized theater publishing houses, such as Arche, Librairie theatrale, Actes Sud/Papier, L"Avantscene, Theater, etc. But in the mid-90s, only one of them - Actes Sud/Papier - appeared new publications of Russian plays: N.V. Gogol, “The Inspector General,” “Marriage,” “Players.”

All new products in the field of fine art are associated with the publishing houses Flammarion and L "Age d" Homme.

In 1994-1995 books by two famous Russian film directors were published. The publishing house Seuil has collected seven scripts by Sergei Parajanov under the title “Sept Visions”. Cahiers du cinema, recognized as the most intelligent French cinematographic publication, also publishes about 12 books a year on cinema and photography. This magazine published “The Diary of Andrei Tarkovsky. 1970-1985."

The publishing house Arthaud publishes a series of guides “Guides Artaud” to Russian cities for travelers with low incomes. Its peculiarity is that it was written by a person “from here,” a professional Moscow translator, the author of a number of manuals on the French language, Albert Andunyan.

The oldest French publishing house, Gallimard, founded in 1911, is the largest publishing house run by the direct descendants of its founder Gaston Gallimard. Its catalog contains more than 13,000 titles, among which works by Russian authors occupy a strong place. In this publishing house in the 20-30s, many Russian emigrants published, such as Z. Gippius, 1933 Nobel laureate I. Bunin, A. Remizov and others.

In the pocket series "Folio", you can find the names of all the major Russian writers of the 19th century.

Flammarion, one of the oldest family publishing houses in France, founded back in 1876, is now owned by the direct descendants of Ernest Flammarion - Charles-Henri Flammarion, the head of the publishing house, and his two brothers. Since 1989, this dynamically developing publishing house has also been present on the Russian book market, releasing translations from its series of pocket books “J"ai lu”. In France, the series “XX Century Russian and Soviet” was created, in which they were published as novels (A. Makanin, “Man Running Away”, 1991), and journalism (A. Sobchak, “Walking into Power”, 1991, in the French translation the book was called “Chronique d" une chute annoncee”).

The end of the 20th century was marked by the publication of a documentary study of Ark. Vaksberg “Hotel “Lux””, dedicated to the fate of the delegates of the Third International.

LES EDITIONS DE LA LIBRAIRIE DU GLOBE

Russian novelties also appeared in the publishing houses of S. Bourgois, Belles lettres, Circe, Denoel Difference, Griot and others.

70% of books are sold through stores of various types, and 30% through various non-store sales channels.

Every third store in the country is private; in Paris there are charity stores organized by various societies.

Conclusion

The book is a great creation of human genius. The invention of the printing press was a turning point in the history of world civilization, and over the six centuries that have passed since then, printed works have occupied such a place in the spiritual life of people that the power of their influence, perhaps, cannot be compared with any other means of culture and enlightenment.

It is difficult to judge how the invention of printing affected the social, economic and cultural life of France without the risk of falling into exaggeration or, on the contrary, underestimation - the too complex mechanism of cause and effect came into motion with the advent of typographic art, as, indeed, always happens during the transition of humanity from one stage of development to another. And the fact that this transition happened so quickly complicates matters even more.

During the era of incunabula, much of the printers' efforts were spent on making printed books indistinguishable from handwritten ones. Hence the text in two columns, Gothic font and large format, and only later, when there was an expansion of the readership, the printed book acquired its own, inherent appearance. But the fifty or sixty years during which printed and manuscript books existed in parallel do not at all simplify the picture, especially since we are talking about one of the most brilliant periods in the history of French culture and economy.

Such publishers as Etienne, E. Dolet, S. Gryphius, Didot, A. Vollard and many others played a major role in the development of French book printing. French book printers have achieved significant success in book design. At first, the books were distinguished by their luxurious design. Metal and ivory plates, enamel, and precious stones were used for decoration. During the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, “Seme” type bindings were used in handwritten books. In the 17th century, copper engraving became widely developed and the “fanfare” style was used. The 18th century is distinguished by an abundance of publications decorated with wonderful copper engravings. In borders and vignettes, the rococo style dominates; mosaic bindings are actively used, but the most typical style is “den-tele”. For expensive publications of the 19th century, steel engravings began to be used; Stereotyping has become widespread, and lithography is gradually being replaced by woodcuts. In the 20th century, the mechanization of bookbinding increased, design methods of book design prevailed, and many mass and specialized publications were produced in paper covers.

Along with book production, an extensive and accelerated system of marketing book products and, consequently, information arose and developed, which now reached the most remote corners of the country in a relatively short period of time. Knowledge that was the preserve of a few has become the property of a mass audience.

At the present stage, the book publishing system in France is decentralized and multi-type. Printing is well developed. There are active book clubs in the country, a well-developed chain of stores; The book trade merges with small-scale multimedia production, and there is trade on credit. The progress of science and technology has opened up new opportunities for the development of book publishing. Thanks to the scientific and technological revolution, book production is developing, computer technology is being actively used, but at the same time, new problems have emerged (lack of space for publishing houses, unprofitability of bookstores, etc.), which the government is trying to resolve. Great attention is paid to the export of French books; Russian-French ties are developing and strengthening. French publishers show particular interest in modern Russian literature and classics. Publishing houses such as GALLIMARD, ACTES SUD, FLAMMARION, FA YARD, VERDIER, SEUIL have books by Russian authors in their catalogs.

The state and prospects for the development of the French book business are increasingly influenced by external factors. In his speech at the XV Moscow International Book Fair, the General Secretary of the Trade Union of French Book Publishers, Jean Sarzana, noted that “an example of the negative impact of external factors is the recent decision of the EU Commission, which refused to introduce a single denomination for books throughout Western Europe, including in France.

Application

Table 1 Publication of books by literature section

Literature sections
Information Sciences
Philosophical Sciences

Social Sciences
Sociology
Policy
Economy

Social conditions, crime
Education - Pedagogy

Natural sciences, mathematics
Engineering - Applied Sciences
Medicine
Health - Diet
Cooking
Enterprise management
Art - Sports
General questions of art
Architecture
art
Photo

Cinema - television

Literature
Literary criticism
Educational children's literature
Children's art
Children's non-fiction


Dramaturgy

Essays, essays

Humor, satire
Fantastic
Detectives

Geography. Biography. Story
Regional problems
Tourism (guides)
Biographies
History of Europe
History of France

table 2

Top ten French export markets "sales in million euros"

Table 3.

Publisher name	Specialization
"Kalman Levi" "Boccard" "Custerman" "Armand Colin", "Flammarion", "Gaston Gallimard" "Marcel Didier" "A. Fayar", "Alben Michel" "Nelson", "Plon" "Bernard Grasse" "Filipaccy"	Universal literature.
Scientific publications are financed primarily by the state, public institutions and philanthropists. Wide publishing The activities were launched by the National Center for Scientific Research (NCSR) (Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique), mainly in 1939. Printed products of the NCSR are universal in nature. Along with it, there is the “University Documentation Center and the Society for the Publication of Educational Studies.” manuals for higher education" (Centre de Documentation universitaire et Societe d"Edition d"enseignement Su-perieur reunis)
"Duno" "Gauthier-Villars" "Press Université de France".	Private scientific publishing houses
"Larousse" "Quillet"	Encyclopedias and reference books
"Association Technique Maritime et Aeronautique", "Blondel la Rougerie" "Farnese" "Payot" "Boubee et Cie" "Berger-Levrault" "Hermann" "Editions techniques", Edition Lamarre.	Literature on natural sciences and technology.
"Edition de Bon Pasteur" Edition du Cerfs "Spes" "F. Leroux" (F. Leroux).	Catholic publishing houses
"L"ecole de loisir.	Children's literature
"Library Hachette"	Textbooks, scientific and fiction literature, books for children and youth, illustrated publications, pocket books.
Editeurs Français Reunis	Works of classics of Russian literature.
"Librairie de la Lain" "Librairie Istra" "Librairie des Champs Elysees" "Man-yar" (Magnard), "Lemerre" "Les Editions du Chene" "Robert Laffont"	Fiction
"Boccard" "Cercle d'ar" "Edition Carmen Guillard" "Edition Albert Morance" "Quatre Chemins"	Literature on architecture and art

Table 4.

Release of books by publishing houses in 1997-2002.

Publishing house




Pu de France (PUF)





Ellipses-Edition Marketing

LGF(Livre de poche)

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