On August 7, 1803, two sloops left the port of Kronstadt. On their sides were the names “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, although more recently they bore other names - “Leander” and “Thames”. It was under new names that these ships, purchased by Emperor Alexander I in England, were destined to go down in history as the first Russian ships to circumnavigate the entire globe. The idea of a round-the-world expedition belonged to Alexander I and the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Count Nikolai Rumyantsev. It was assumed that its participants would collect as much information as possible about the countries that would be on their way - about their nature and about the life of their people. And in addition, it was planned to establish diplomatic relations with Japan, through which the travelers’ route also passed.
Yuri Lisyansky, captain of the sloop "Neva"

Conflicts on board

Ivan Kruzenshtern was appointed captain of the Nadezhda, and Yuri Lisyansky became the captain of the Neva - both at that time were already quite famous sailors who had been trained in England and participated in naval battles. However, another co-leader was “attached” to Kruzenshtern on the ship - Count Nikolai Rezanov, appointed ambassador to Japan and endowed with very great power, which the captain, naturally, did not like. And after the sloops left Kronstadt, it turned out that Rezanov was not Kruzenshtern’s only problem. As it turned out, among the members of the Nadezhda team was Fyodor Tolstoy, a well-known brawler, duelist and lover of eccentric antics in those years. He had never served in the navy and did not have the necessary education for this, and he got on the ship illegally, replacing his cousin, who had the same first and last name and did not want to go on a long journey. And the brawler Tolstoy, on the contrary, was eager to set sail - he was interested in seeing the world, and even more wanted to escape from the capital, where he was facing punishment for another drunken brawl.

Fyodor Tolstoy, the most restless member of the expedition During the journey, Fyodor Tolstoy had fun as best he could: he quarreled with other members of the crew and pitted them against each other, made fun, sometimes very cruelly, of the sailors and even of the priest accompanying them. Kruzenshtern put him under arrest several times, but as soon as Fedor’s imprisonment ended, he returned to his old ways. During one of his stops on an island in the Pacific Ocean, Tolstoy bought a tame orangutan and taught him various pranks. In the end, he launched the monkey into Kruzenshtern’s own cabin and gave it ink, with which it ruined the captain’s travel notes. This was the last straw, and in the next port, Kamchatka, Kruzenshtern put Tolstoy ashore.

Sloop "Nadezhda" By that time he had finally fallen out with Count Rezanov, who refused to recognize his captain's authority. The rivalry between them began from the very first days of the voyage, and now it is impossible to say who initiated the conflict. In the surviving letters and diaries of these two, directly opposite versions are expressed: each of them blames the other for everything. Only one thing is known for sure - Nikolai Rezanov and Ivan Kruzenshtern first argued about which of them was in charge on the ship, then they stopped talking to each other and communicated using notes passed by the sailors, and then Rezanov completely locked himself in his cabin and stopped answering even notes to the captain.

Nikolai Rezanov, who never made peace with Krusenstern

Reinforcements for the Colonists

Autumn 1804 "Neva" and "Nadezhda" separated. Krusenstern's ship went to Japan, and Lisyansky's ship went to Alaska. Rezanov's mission in the Japanese city of Nagasaki was unsuccessful, and this was the end of his participation in the round-the-world expedition. "Neva" at this time arrived in Russian America - a settlement of Russian colonists in Alaska - and its crew took part in the battle with the Tlingit Indians. Two years earlier, the Indians had driven the Russians out of the island of Sitka, and now the governor of Russian America, Alexander Baranov, was trying to return this island. Yuri Lisyansky and his team provided them with very important assistance in this.

Alexander Baranov, founder of Russian America in Alaska Later, “Nadezhda” and “Neva” met off the coast of Japan and moved on. "Neva" went ahead along the eastern coast of China, and "Nadezhda" explored the islands in the Sea of Japan in more detail, and then set off to catch up with the second ship. Later, the ships met again in the port of Macau in southern China, for some time they sailed together along the coasts of Asia and Africa, and then the Nadezhda fell behind again.

Sloop "Neva", drawing by Yuri Lisyansky

Triumphant return

The ships returned to Russia at different times: the Neva on July 22, 1806, and the Nadezhda on August 5. The expedition members collected a huge amount of information about many islands, created maps and atlases of these lands, and even discovered a new island, called Lisyansky Island. The previously almost unexplored Aniva Bay in the Sea of Okhotsk was described in detail and the exact coordinates of Ascension Island were established, about which it was only known that it was located “somewhere between Africa and South America.”

Thaddeus Bellingshausen All participants in this circumnavigation, from captains to ordinary sailors, were generously rewarded, and most of them continued to pursue a maritime career. Among them was midshipman Thaddeus Bellingshausen, who traveled on the Nadezhda, and 13 years later led the first Russian Antarctic expedition.

215 years ago, the first round-the-world voyage in the history of the Russian fleet began. The expedition on the ships Nadezhda and Neva, commanded by Ivan Krusenstern and Yuri Lisyansky, lasted three years. According to experts, the circumnavigation of the world became a marker of the maturity of the Russian fleet and opened a new era in its history. The expedition made it possible to make a number of geographical discoveries and gave a start in life to such people as the discoverer of Antarctica Thaddeus Bellingshausen and the Pacific Ocean explorer Otto Kotzebue. About the glorious page in the history of the Russian fleet - in the RT material.

Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky became friends within the walls of the Naval Cadet Corps, which was located in Kronstadt at that time. Ivan came from a Russified German noble family, a descendant of the German diplomat Philip Krusenstern. He was born in 1770 into the family of a judge and spent his youth in Estonia. Yuri was three years younger than his friend. He came to study in Kronstadt from Little Russia - he was the son of the archpriest of the Church of John the Evangelist in the city of Nezhin. The young people easily found a common language and together dreamed of distant travels.

“The first Russian round-the-world expedition led by Grigory Mulovsky was supposed to take place back in 1788. But its start was prevented by the war with Sweden,” St. Petersburg State University professor, Doctor of Historical Sciences Kirill Nazarenko told RT.

Krusenstern and Lisyansky dreamed of participating in the journey under the leadership of Mulovsky, but fate decreed otherwise. Because of the war, young people were released early from the Naval Corps and sent to the active fleet. 17-year-old midshipman Kruzenshtern still came under the command of Mulovsky, but not on the expedition, but on the ship “Mstislav”, which participated in the war with the Swedes. Ivan distinguished himself in battles and was noted by his commander. However, Mulovsky died in the battle near the island of Öland, and the first round-the-world voyage of Russian sailors was postponed indefinitely.

After participating in the battles of 1790, Krusenstern was promoted to lieutenant. In 1793, he was sent to study in the Royal Navy of Great Britain. Ivan took part in hostilities against French ships off the coast of North America, and then reached India and China through South Africa. The British did not want to take foreigners on ships going to Asia, and Krusenstern had to go to India on a frigate that could barely float, on which English sailors were afraid to hire.

“From the perspective of the 21st century, we, of course, see the geographical mission as the main one, but in those days everything was not so simple. It is impossible to say with certainty what was more important then - putting Russian names on the map or organizing trade in seal skins with China,” the expert emphasized.

Before the start of the voyage, Alexander I personally inspected the ships and was pleased with them. The maintenance of one of them was undertaken by the imperial treasury, and the other by the Russian-American company. Both sloops officially flew the flag of war.

Experts emphasize that the identity of the expedition leader was the result of a balanced decision by the Russian authorities. “Despite Krusenstern’s initial initiative, St. Petersburg hypothetically had hundreds of other candidates. The head of the expedition had to be at the same time a good naval officer, an excellent organizer, a business executive, and a diplomat. In the end, they decided that it was Kruzenshtern that had the optimal balance of all these qualities,” Konstantin Strelbitsky, chairman of the Moscow Fleet History Club, told RT.

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky selected officers for their teams according to themselves. Among them were the future discoverer of Antarctica Thaddeus Bellingshausen and the Pacific Ocean explorer Otto Kotzebue. Sailors were recruited exclusively from volunteers, offering them a very significant salary for that time - 120 rubles a year. Krusenstern was offered to involve British sailors in the team, but he rejected this idea.

The candidacies of some of the expedition participants turned out to be “brought down from above” - we are talking, in particular, about the envoy Rezanov with his retinue, several scientists and “well-bred” young people from among the representatives of St. Petersburg secular society. And while Kruzenshtern easily found a common language with the scientists, serious problems arose with the others.

Firstly, among the representatives of the “secular society” was the adventurer and guard duelist Lieutenant Count Fyodor Tolstoy, who decided to escape from Russia for a while in order to avoid punishment for another offense. On the ship, Tolstoy behaved defiantly. One day he showed his tame monkey how to smear paper with ink and launched it into Krusenstern’s cabin, as a result of which some of the expedition leader’s notes were completely lost. Another time he got the ship's priest drunk and glued his beard to the deck. In a close team, such behavior was fraught with big problems, so in Kamchatka Kruzenshtern put Tolstoy ashore.

Secondly, already during the voyage, it became clear from secret instructions that envoy Rezanov, who constrained the sailors with his large retinue, was also endowed with extremely broad powers. As a result, Kruzenshtern and Rezanov constantly quarreled and eventually stopped talking, exchanging notes instead.

The team supported their boss. Rezanov was furious at the obstinacy of the military and promised to judge the crew and personally execute Kruzenshtern. The head of the expedition reacted to this calmly and stated that he would go to trial directly in Kamchatka, even before leaving for Japan, which would automatically disrupt the envoy’s mission. The ruler of the Kamchatka region, Pavel Koshelev, reconciled them with great difficulty. At the same time, Rezanov wrote in his memoirs that the entire crew apologized to him, but all the other eyewitnesses claimed that it was Rezanov who had to apologize to Krusenstern.

Closed Japan

The expedition left Kronstadt on August 7, 1803. The ships called at a number of European ports and on the island of Tenerife, and on November 26 crossed the equator. For the first time in history, the Russian flag was raised in the Southern Hemisphere. On December 18, the ships approached the shores of South America and made a stop in Brazil. When they again headed south, Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky agreed that if bad weather separated the ships in the Cape Horn area, they would meet either at Easter Island or Nukagiwa Island. And so it happened. Having lost each other in the fog, “Nadezhda” and “Neva” again united into one group only off the coast of Nukagiwa, where the Russian sailors were greeted kindly by the Polynesians. After Nukagiwa, the expedition reached the Hawaiian Islands and split: Kruzenshtern moved to Kamchatka, and Lisyansky to Alaska.

In Petropavlovsk, the head of the expedition, having resolved the problem with Tolstoy, sorted out relations with Rezanov and replenished food supplies, set a course for Japan. There they were not greeted very warmly. The state adhered to a strict isolationist policy and among the Europeans - with a number of reservations - maintained trade relations only with the Dutch.

On September 26, 1804, the Nadezhda arrived in Nagasaki. Russian sailors were not allowed to go into the city, providing only a fenced area on the shore for rest. Rezanov was given a comfortable house, but was not allowed to leave it. After a long wait, an imperial official arrived to see the Russian envoy. Rezanov was forced to fulfill the rather humiliating requirements of Japanese etiquette - he spoke to the emperor's representative while standing and without shoes.

However, all these unpleasant procedures did not lead to any results. The Japanese emperor returned the gifts from the Russian Tsar and refused to establish economic relations. At the end of the negotiations, Rezanov could only relieve his soul by being rude to Japanese officials. And Kruzenshtern was glad that he had the opportunity to explore the western shores of the Japanese islands, which were forbidden to approach. He was no longer afraid of ruining non-existent diplomatic relations.

After a failed mission, Rezanov left as an inspector for Alaska, where he acquired the ships “Juno” and “Avos” and went to California to resolve issues of supplying Russian America with provisions. There, the 42-year-old diplomat met the 15-year-old daughter of the local Spanish governor, Concepcion Arguello, and proposed marriage to her. The girl agreed and the engagement took place. Rezanov immediately went to Russia to obtain permission from the Pope through the emperor to marry a Catholic, but in Siberia he caught a cold, fell off his horse in a fever and broke his head. He died in Krasnoyarsk. Having learned about the fate of the groom, the beautiful Spaniard remained faithful to him and ended her days in the monastery.

While Kruzenshtern visited Kamchatka and Japan, Lisyansky arrived in Alaska. At this time, a war provoked, according to one version, by American merchants between the Russian-American Company and its allies, on the one hand, and the union of the Tlingit Indian tribes, on the other, just began there. “Neva” in this situation turned out to be a very formidable military force and contributed to the Russian victory, which led to a truce. Having loaded up with furs in Alaska, Lisyansky headed for China. Krusenstern, who had already visited Hokkaido and Sakhalin, was already waiting for him there.

The friends managed to sell the furs quite profitably and load the holds of the ships with Chinese goods. After this, “Nadezhda” and “Neva” went home. In the Indian Ocean, the ships again lost each other and returned to Kronstadt within a few days of each other in August 1806.

Another high-quality level of the Russian fleet

During the expedition, the coasts of Japan, Sakhalin and Alaska were explored, an island named after Lisyansky as part of the Hawaiian archipelago was discovered, and a reef named after Kruzenshtern was discovered south of Midway Atoll. In addition, Russian sailors refuted myths about the existence of several islands in the North Pacific Ocean, invented by European sailors. All officers participating in the expedition received new ranks, orders and large cash bonuses. Lower ranks - medals, right to resignation and pension.

Krusenstern was engaged in science and served in the Naval Cadet Corps, which he eventually headed in 1827. In addition, he served on the governing councils of a number of government bodies and was an honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Lisyansky retired in 1809 and took up literary activity.

According to Konstantin Strelbitsky, the moment to send the first round-the-world expedition was chosen very well. “It was at this time that the fleet did not take part in active hostilities and was in allied or neutral relations with most of the main fleets of the world. The expedition members did an excellent job of exploring new sea routes. The Russian fleet has moved to another qualitative level. It became clear that Russian sailors are capable of withstanding many years of voyage and successfully operating as part of a group,” he noted.

Kirill Nazarenko also considers the expedition of Krusenstern and Lisyansky an important milestone in the history of the Russian fleet. “The circumnavigation in itself has become an important marker of changes in the quality and maturity of the Russian fleet. But it also marked the beginning of a new era of Russian discoveries. Before this, our research was connected with the North, Siberia, Alaska, and in 1803 Russian geographical science entered the World Ocean,” the expert emphasized.

According to him, the choice of Krusenstern as the leader of the expedition was successful. “His name stands today on a par with such outstanding navigators as Cook and La Perouse. Moreover, it should be emphasized that Kruzenshtern was much more educated than Cook,” Nazarenko noted.

According to Konstantin Strelbitsky, the first round-the-world expedition brought invaluable experience to the Russian fleet, which needed to be passed on to new generations of sailors. “Therefore, the name of Kruzenshtern has become a real brand for the Naval Corps,” Strelbitsky summed up.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky were combat Russian sailors: both in 1788–1790. participated in four battles against the Swedes. The voyage of Krusenstern and Lisyansky is the beginning of a new era in the history of Russian navigation

Purpose of the expedition

Route and map of the round-the-world expedition of Krusenstern and Lisyansky

Make the first circumnavigation in the history of the Russian fleet. Deliver and pick up goods from Russian America. Establish diplomatic contacts with Japan. Show the profitability of direct trade in furs from Russian America to China. Prove the benefits of the sea route from Russian America to St. Petersburg in comparison with the land route. Conduct various geographical observations and scientific research along the expedition route.

Expedition composition

The expedition started from Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803. under the leadership of , who was 32 years old. The expedition included:

Three-masted sloop "Nadezhda", with a displacement of 450 tons, a length of 35 meters. Purchased in England specifically for the expedition. The ship was not new, but it endured all the difficulties of sailing around the world. The total number of the team is 65 people. Commander - Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern.
Three-masted sloop "Neva", displacement 370 tons. Purchased there specifically for the expedition. He endured all the difficulties of circumnavigating the world, after which he was the first Russian ship to visit Australia in 1807. The total number of the ship's crew was 54 people. Commander - Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich.

Emperor Alexander I personally inspected both sloops and allowed the military flags of the Russian Empire to be raised on them. The emperor accepted the maintenance of one of the ships at his own expense, and the costs of operating the other were covered by the Russian-American Company and one of the main inspirers of the expedition, Count N.P. Rumyantsev.

Every single one of the sailors were Russian - this was Krusenstern’s condition

Results of the expedition

And in July 1806, with a difference of two weeks, the Neva and Nadezhda returned to the Kronstadt roadstead, completing the entire journey in 3 years 12 days. Both of these sailing ships, like their captains, became famous throughout the world. The first Russian round-the-world expedition had enormous scientific significance on a global scale. The research conducted by Krusenstern and Lisyansky had no analogues.
As a result of the expedition, many books were published, about two dozen geographical points were named after famous captains.

On the left is Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern. On the right is Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky

The description of the expedition was published under the title “Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Kruzenshtern,” in 3 volumes, with an atlas of 104 maps and engraved paintings, and has been translated into English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Italian and Danish.

But the further fate of the sailing ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva” was not very successful. All that is known about the Neva is that the ship visited Australia in 1807. “Nadezhda” perished in 1808 off the coast of Denmark. A Russian training sailing vessel, the frigate Nadezhda, is named after the sloop Nadezhda. And the legendary bark “Kruzenshtern” bears the name of her truly great captain.

Film about the first Russian trip around the world

Film "Neva" and "Nadezhda". The first Russian voyage around the world." Channel "Russia"

Filming took place in places associated with the expedition. These are 16 geographical points - from Alaska to Cape Horn. The viewer will have a clear opportunity to appreciate the scale of the accomplishment of Russian sailors. Filming also took place on the sailing ship Kruzenshtern. Instruments, household items, maritime traditions - everyone will be able to imagine themselves in the role of a participant in the hike, to feel the hardships that befell them.
For the first time, engravings made by members of the expedition and brought to life using computer graphics will be shown. Some scenes were filmed in specially built pavilions and stylized as a movie from the early 20th century. For the first time, the diaries of the participants in the voyage will also be heard: they are read in the film by peers of the heroes - famous actors.
The travel narrative is not limited to the historical film genre. The description of the voyage is interspersed with a story about the present day of the most important stopping points of the expedition.

The first Russian circumnavigation 1803-1806 Ivan Krusenstern and Yuri Lisyansky

Purpose of the expedition

Expedition composition

Ships:

Three-masted sloop "Nadezhda", with a displacement of 450 tons, a length of 35 meters. Purchased in England specifically for the expedition. The ship was not new, but it endured all the difficulties of sailing around the world.

Three-masted sloop "Neva", displacement 370 tons. Purchased there specifically for the expedition. He endured all the difficulties of circumnavigating the world, after which he was the first Russian ship to visit Australia in 1807.

Personnel

Head of the expedition Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich.

Age at start – 32 years.

He is also the captain of the expedition's flagship, the sloop Nadezhda.

On board the Nadezhda were:

midshipmen Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Otto Kotzebue, who later glorified the Russian fleet with their expeditions

Ambassador Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov (to establish diplomatic relations with Japan) and his retinue

scientists Horner, Tilesius and Langsdorf, artist Kurlyantsev

mysteriously, the famous brawler and duelist Count Fyodor Tolstoy, who went down in history as Tolstoy the American, also ended up on the expedition.

Every single one of the sailors were Russian - this was Krusenstern’s condition.

The total number of the team is 65 people.

Sloop "Neva":

Commander - Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich.

Age at start – 30 years.

The total number of the ship's crew is 54 people.

In the holds of both ships there were iron products, alcohol, weapons, gunpowder, and many other things for delivery to Russian America and Kamchatka.

Start of the first Russian round-the-world expedition

The expedition left Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803. On the way we stopped at Copenhagen, then to the small English port of Falmouth, where the ships were caulked again.

Canary Islands

The expedition approached the archipelago on October 19, 1803. They stayed in the harbor of Santa Cruz for a week and on October 26 headed south.

Equator

On November 26, 1803, ships flying the Russian flag “Nadezhda” and “Neva” crossed the equator for the first time and entered the Southern Hemisphere. According to maritime tradition, a celebration of Neptune was held.

South America

The shores of Brazil appeared on December 18, 1803. We stopped at the harbor of the city of Destero, where we stayed for a month and a half to repair the mainmast of the Neva. Only on February 4, 1804, both ships moved further south along the South American coast.

Cape Horn

Before rounding Cape Horn, Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky agreed on a meeting place, since both understood that in this place the ships would be easily scattered by bad weather. The first option for the meeting was Easter Island, the alternate was Nukagiwa Island. "Nadezhda" safely rounded Cape Horn and on March 3, 1804 entered the Pacific Ocean.

Nukagiwa

They missed Easter Island in strong winds, so Kruzenshtern went straight to the alternate meeting place on Nukagiwa Island, where he arrived on May 7, 1804. Along the way, the islands of Fetuga and Uaguga from the Marquesas group were mapped. On May 10, the Neva also approached Nukagiwa. A week later, both ships set sail towards the Hawaiian Islands.

Equator

Hawaiian Islands

The ships approached them on June 7, 1804. Here they had to part. "Neva" with a cargo of goods for the Russian-American company went towards Alaska, to Kodiak Island. "Nadezhda" headed for Kamchatka, from where it was necessary to go with the embassy to Japan and explore the island of Sakhalin. The meeting of both ships was now expected only in Macau in September 1805, where the Nadezhda would approach upon completion of the diplomatic mission, and the Neva with a cargo of furs from Russian America.

Journey of Hope

Kamchatka

The Nadezhda entered Avacha Bay on July 14, 1804. The population of Petropavlovsk at that time was about 200 people. Governor General Koshelev arrived here from Nizhnekamchatsk (then the capital of the peninsula), who in every possible way contributed to the repair of the ship and preparations for the visit to Japan. The doctor and the artist left the expedition, and the brawler Tolstoy was forcibly “written ashore.” On August 30, 1804, Nadezhda set course for Japan.

Japan

It is known from the history of Japan that any foreign ships were prohibited from entering Japanese ports. And residents of the Islands of the Rising Sun were strictly forbidden to contact foreigners. Such forced self-isolation saved Japan from possible colonization and trade expansion by Europeans, and also contributed to the preservation of its identity. Only merchants of the Dutch East India Company were allowed to trade in the port of Nagasaki, the southernmost point of the country. The Dutch had a monopoly on trade with Japan and did not allow competitors into their possessions, hid sea maps with coordinates, etc. Therefore, Krusenstern had to guide the Nadezhda to Nagasaki almost at random, simultaneously surveying the Japanese coast.

To Nagasaki

Krusenstern's ship with Ambassador Rezanov entered Nagasaki harbor on October 8, 1804. On board the Russians were several Japanese, who had once fallen to the Russians as a result of the crash, and whom the expedition carried with them as translators.

A Japanese representative came onto the ship and asked hoo-is-hoo, they say where and why they arrived. Then the Japanese pilot helped the Nadezhda enter the harbor, where they dropped anchor. There were only Japanese, Chinese and Dutch ships in the harbor.

Negotiations with the Japanese

This topic deserves a separate story and a separate article. Let's just say that the Japanese "blinded" the Russian "diplomatic mission" in the port of Nagasaki until April 18, 1805 - five and a half months! And Kruzenshtern and Rezanov had to go home without a sip.

The Japanese emperor “paused for a long time”, then replied through his officials that there would be no agreements with the Russians, and he could not accept the gifts of the Russian emperor - several huge mirrors in expensive frames. They say that Japan is not able to adequately thank the Russian emperor due to its poverty. Laughter, and that's all! Either the Dutch did a good job here, or the Japanese themselves did not want any contacts with Russia.

True, the Japanese administration supplied the ship with food all the time the ship was in port. And she loaded the road with food, water and plenty of salt completely free of charge. At the same time, Krusenstern was categorically forbidden to return along the western coast of Japan.

Return of "Nadezhda" to Kamchatka

Coming out of Japanese “captivity”, Kruzenshtern decided not to give a damn about the Japanese ban and went along the western coast, putting it on the map. At sea he was his own master and was not afraid of anyone - his past combat experience gave him every reason to do so. He landed on the shore several times and got to know this mysterious country as closely as he could. It was possible to establish contacts with the Ainu - residents of the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido.

Sakhalin

The Nadezhda entered Anivu Bay in the south of Sakhalin on May 14, 1805. The Ainu also lived here and the Japanese administration commanded. Kruzenshtern was determined to explore Sakhalin in more detail, but Rezanov insisted on returning to Kamchatka as soon as possible to report to St. Petersburg on the results of his “embassy”.

Kamchatka

On June 5, “Nadezhda” returned to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Rezanov went ashore, sent a report to the capital, and he himself departed for Russian America to Alaska on a merchant ship. On July 5, 1805, Nadezhda again went to sea and headed for Sakhalin. But Krusenstern was unable to go around Sakhalin and determine whether it was an island or a peninsula. On August 30, the Nadezhda team entered Avachinskaya Bay of Petropavlovsk for the third time. Kruzenshtern began to prepare for a trip to Macau.

Macau

This is the name of a Portuguese colony-fortress-port on the Chinese coast. Leaving Petropavlovsk on October 9, 1805, “Nadezhda” was in Macau on November 20. The Neva was nowhere to be seen.

Travels of the Neva

Russian America

The sloop "Neva", under the leadership of Lieutenant-Commander Lisyansky, approached Kodiak Island on the southern coast of Alaska on July 10, 1804. The island was one of the first places of capital for the Russians to settle in America. Lisyansky brought the ship into the harbor of St. Paul - a kind of administrative center of this Russian province. Here he learned that an armed attack by the Indians there had been carried out on the second Russian center - the Arkhangelsk Fortress in Sitka Bay, significantly south and east of Kodiak. The fortress was burned and the inhabitants were killed. The conflict broke out not without the help and instigation of the Americans, by which time they began to actively penetrate these places.

Alexander Andreevich Baranov, the legendary ruler of Russian America, went “to war” to recapture the Arkhangelsk fortress with the help of Indians and Aleuts friendly to the Russians. Baranov left Lisyansky a message in which he asked him to urgently come to Sitka to provide armed assistance. However, it took the Neva crew almost a month to unload the ship’s holds and repair the equipment. On August 15, the Neva headed towards Sitka.

Novoarkhangelsk – Sitka

On August 20, Lisyansky was already in Sitka Bay. Here he met Alexander Baranov, who made a strong impression on him. Together they developed a plan for a military operation. The guns and sailors of the Neva played a decisive role in restoring the “status quo” in relations with the Tinklit Indians. Not far from the burned old fortress, a new settlement, Novoarkhangelsk, was founded. On November 10, the Neva left Sitka and headed for Kodiak.

Back in Kodiak

“Neva” arrived within five days. Since winter was approaching, it was decided to spend the winter here, make repairs, rest and fill the holds with precious junk - the furs of the Russian-American Company. At the beginning of the next summer, June 13, 1805, Lisyansky's ship left the harbor of St. Paul and headed for Sitka to pick up the furs Baranov had stored, and then go to Macau.

Again in Sitka - Novoarkhangelsk

The Neva arrived on June 22, 1805. Over the winter, Baranov managed to rebuild the settlement, restore peace with the local Indians, and prepare a large number of furs. Having loaded soft gold into the holds, Lisyansky set course for Macau on September 2, 1805.

To Macau

Krusenstern arrived in Macau on November 20, 1805. Lisyansky reached the Chinese shores only on December 3rd. Here I had to stay for more than two months, “getting used to” the local conditions, the economic and political situation, maneuvering, and bargaining. In this, both sailors Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky showed remarkable abilities. And they emerged victorious in the trade war with local merchants. Instead of furs, the holds of the ships were filled with tea, porcelain and other goods marketable in Europe. On February 9, 1806, “Nadezhda” and “Neva” left the Chinese coast and headed for their homeland.

Across two oceans

The ships were scattered on the approach to the Cape of Good Hope. The captains had previously agreed to meet off St. Helena. Krusenstern arrived in St. Helena on May 3, 1806. Here he learned that Russia was at war with Napoleon and France. Without waiting for the Neva, Nadezhda went north to her native land, deciding for safety to go around England from the north, so as not to collide with the French in the English Channel.

In the meantime, Lisyansky decided to set a kind of record - to go from China to Europe without calling at intermediate ports. The ship no longer had heavy loads, took enough supplies of food and water, and sailed with full sails. Therefore, Lisyansky did not appear on St. Helena Island and, accordingly, did not know about the war with France. He calmly entered the English Channel, and there he decided to call at the British port of Portsmouth. Having rested in Portsmouth for a couple of weeks, on July 13, 1806, the Neva went to sea again and on August 5, 1806 was already home. And on August 19, 1806, the sails of the “Nadezhda” appeared in sight of their native shores.

Thus ended the first circumnavigation of Russian sailors, an unprecedented voyage filled with dangers and adventures, interesting and significant events for history.

It should be said that from the point of view of benefits, the expedition completely justified itself, bringing considerable profit to the merchants, glory to the Fatherland and forever inscribing the names of Russian navigators Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky in the history of navigation.

Emperor Alexander I royally awarded I.F. Kruzenshtern and all members of the expedition.

all officers received the following ranks,

commanders of the Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree and 3000 rubles.

lieutenants 1000 each

midshipmen 800 rubles lifetime pension

lower ranks, if desired, were dismissed and awarded a pension of 50 to 75 rubles.

By the highest order, a special medal was knocked out for all participants in this first trip around the world

“A trip around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Krusenstern” in 3 volumes, with an atlas of 104 maps and engraved paintings. This was the name of the work written personally by Kruzenshtern and published at the expense of the imperial cabinet., St. Petersburg, 1809. Subsequently it was translated into many European languages.

Russian travelers and pioneers

Again travelers of the era of great geographical discoveries

Introduction

The 19th century was the time of the largest geographical discoveries made by Russian explorers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors - explorers and travelers of the 17th-18th centuries, they enriched Russians’ ideas about the world around them and contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. For the first time, Russia realized an old dream: its ships entered the World Ocean.

The purpose of my work is to study and determine the contribution to the development of geography - works, expeditions, studies of Russian voyages around the world.

The first Russian trip around the world I.F. Krusenstern and Yu.F. Lisyansky

In 1803, at the direction of Alexander I, an expedition was undertaken on the ships Nadezhda and Neva to explore the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. This was the first Russian round-the-world expedition, which lasted 3 years. It was headed by Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the largest navigator and geographer of the 19th century.

Small ships were purchased from Great Britain. Before sailing, Emperor Alexander I personally inspected the sloops purchased from the British in Kronstadt. The Emperor allowed military flags to be raised on both ships and the costs of maintaining one were paid for at his own expense, while the other was paid for by the Russian-American Company and one of the main inspirers of the expedition, Count N.P. Rumyantsev.

The first half of the voyage (from Kronstadt to Petropavlovsk) was marked by the eccentric behavior of Tolstoy the American (who had to be landed in Kamchatka) and the conflicts of I.F. Krusenstern with N.P. Rezanov, who was sent by Emperor Alexander I as the first Russian envoy to Japan to establish trade between the countries.

The expedition left Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803. She called at Copenhagen and on September 28 arrived in Falmouth, where she had to once again caulk the entire underwater part of both ships. Only on October 5, the expedition went further to the south and entered the island of Tenerife; On November 14, at 24° 20" west longitude, she crossed the equator. The Russian flag flew for the first time in the southern hemisphere, which was celebrated with great solemnity.

Having reached 20° south latitude, Kruzenshtern searched in vain for Ascension Island, the position of which was very confusing. The repair of the ship Neva forced the expedition to stay off the Brazilian coast from December 9 to January 23, 1804. From here, the voyage of both ships was at first very successful: on February 20 they rounded Cape Horn; but they were soon met by strong winds with hail, snow and fog. The ships separated and on April 24 Kruzenshtern alone reached the Marquesas Islands. Here he determined the position of the islands of Fetuga and Ouaguga, then entered the port of Anna Maria on the island of Nukagiwa. On April 28, the ship Neva also arrived there.

On the island of Nukagiwa, Kruzenshtern discovered and described an excellent harbor, which he called the port of Chichagova. On May 4, the expedition left the Washington Islands and on May 13, at 146° west longitude, again crossed the equator towards the north; On May 26, the Hawaiian (Sandwich) Islands appeared, where the ships split up: “Nadezhda” headed for Kamchatka and further to Japan, and “Neva” set off to explore Alaska, where it took part in the Battle of Arkhangelsk (Battle of Sitka).

Taking from the ruler of the Kamchatka region P.I. Kosheleva guard of honor (2 officers, a drummer, 5 soldiers) for the ambassador, "Nadezhda" headed south, arriving at the Japanese port of Dejima near the city of Nagasaki on September 26, 1804. The Japanese forbade entry into the harbor, and Kruzenshtern dropped anchor in the bay. The embassy lasted six months, after which everyone returned back to Petropavlovsk. Kruzenshtern was awarded the Order of St. Anne, II degree, and Rezanov, as having completed the diplomatic mission entrusted to him, was released from further participation in the first round-the-world expedition.

"Neva" and "Nadezhda" returned to St. Petersburg on different routes. In 1805, their paths crossed in the port of Macau in southern China. "Neva" after entering Hawaii provided assistance to the Russian-American company led by A.A. Baranov in the reconquest of the Mikhailovsky Fortress from the natives. After an inventory of the surrounding islands and other research, the Neva carried goods to Canton, but on October 3 it ran aground in the middle of the ocean. Lisyansky ordered the rostras and carronades to be thrown into the water, but then a squall landed the ship on a reef. To continue sailing, the team had to throw even such necessary items as anchors into the sea. The item was subsequently picked up. On the way to China, the coral island of Lisyansky was discovered. "Neva" returned to Kronstadt before "Nadezhda" (July 22).

Leaving the shores of Japan, “Nadezhda” went north along the Sea of Japan, almost completely unknown to Europeans. On the way, Kruzenshtern determined the position of a number of islands. He passed the La Perouse Strait between Iesso and Sakhalin, described Aniva Bay, located on the southern side of Sakhalin, the eastern coast and Terpeniya Bay, which he left on May 13. The huge amount of ice he encountered the next day at 48° latitude prevented him from continuing his voyage to the north, and he descended to the Kuril Islands. Here, on May 18, he discovered 4 stone islands, which he called “Stone Traps”; near them he encountered such a strong current that, with a fresh wind and a speed of eight knots, the Nadezhda ship not only did not move forward, but was carried onto an underwater reef.

With difficulty, having avoided trouble here, Kruzenshtern on May 20 passed through the strait between the islands of Onnekotan and Haramukotan, and on May 24 he again arrived at the port of Peter and Paul. On June 23 he went to Sakhalin. To complete the description of its shores, 29 passed the Kuril Islands, the strait between Raukoke and Mataua, which he named Nadezhda. On July 3, he arrived at Cape Terpeniya. Exploring the shores of Sakhalin, he walked around the northern tip of the island, descended between it and the coast of the mainland to a latitude of 53 ° 30 "and in this place on August 1 found fresh water, from which he concluded that the mouth of the Amur River was not far, but due to the rapidly decreasing depth, he could go I didn’t dare go ahead.

Sloop "Nadezhda".

The next day he anchored in a bay, which he called the Bay of Hope; On August 4 he went back to Kamchatka, where repairs to the ship and replenishment of supplies delayed him until September 23. When leaving Avachinskaya Bay, due to fog and snow, the ship almost ran aground. On the way to China, he searched in vain for the islands shown on old Spanish maps, withstood several storms and arrived in Macau on November 15. On November 21, when the Nadezhda was completely ready to go to sea, the ship Neva arrived with a rich cargo of fur goods and stopped in Whampoa, where the ship Nadezhda also went. At the beginning of January 1806, the expedition completed its trading business, but was detained by the Chinese port authorities for no particular reason, and only on January 28 did the Russian ships leave the Chinese shores.

Coming out of the Sunda Strait, the ship "Nadezhda" again only thanks to the rising wind managed to cope with the current into which it fell and which carried it to the reefs. On April 3, Nadezhda separated from Neva; After 4 days, Kruzenshtern rounded the Cape of Good Hope and on April 22 arrived at St. Helena Island, having traveled from Macau in 79 days. After 4 days, Kruzenshtern left and on May 9 again crossed the equator at 22° west longitude.

Even on the island of St. Helena, news was received about the war between Russia and France, and therefore Krusenstern decided to go around Scotland; On July 5, he passed between the islands of Fair Isle and Mainland of the Shetland archipelago and, having sailed for 86 days, arrived on July 21 in Copenhagen, and on August 5 (17), 1806 in Kronstadt, completing the entire journey in 3 years 12 days. During the entire voyage on the Nadezhda ship there was not a single death, and there were very few sick people, while on other ships then many people died during inland voyages.

Emperor Alexander I awarded Krusenstern and his subordinates. All officers received the following ranks, commanders of the Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree and 3000 rubles each, lieutenants 1000 each, and midshipmen 800 rubles for life pension. Lower ranks, if desired, were dismissed and awarded a pension of 50 to 75 rubles. By the highest order, a special medal was knocked out for all participants in this first trip around the world.

A description of this expedition was printed at the expense of the imperial office under the title “Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Kruzenshtern,” in 3 volumes, with an atlas of 104 maps and engraved paintings, St. Petersburg, 1809.

This work has been translated into English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Italian and Danish. Republished in 2007.

Kruzenshtern's journey constituted an era in the history of the Russian fleet, enriching geography and natural sciences with much information about countries that were little known. This voyage is an important milestone in the history of Russia, in the development of its fleet; it made a significant contribution to the study of the world ocean and many branches of the natural and human sciences.

From this time on, a continuous series of Russian trips around the world began; The management of Kamchatka has changed for the better in many ways. Of the officers who were with Kruzenshtern, many later served with honor in the Russian fleet, and cadet Otto Kotzebue was himself later the commander of a ship that sailed around the world.

During the voyage, more than a thousand kilometers of the coast of Sakhalin Island were mapped for the first time. The participants of the trip left many interesting observations not only about the Far East, but also about other areas through which they sailed. The commander of the Neva, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, named after him. A lot of data was collected by the expedition members about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Arctic oceans.

The results of the observations were presented in a report by the Academy of Sciences. They turned out to be so significant that I.F. Krusenstern was awarded the title of academician. His materials were the basis for what was published in the early 20s. "Atlas of the South Seas". In 1845, Admiral Krusenstern became one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society. He trained a whole galaxy of Russian sailors and explorers.

Expedition route.

Kronstadt (Russia) - Copenhagen (Denmark) - Falmouth (Great Britain) - Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) - Florianopolis (Brazil, Portugal) - Easter Island - Nukuhiva (Marquesas Islands, France) -- Honolulu (Hawaii Islands) -- Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (Russia) -- Nagasaki (Japan) -- Hakodate (Hokkaido Island, Japan) -- Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (Sakhalin Island, Russia) -- Sitka (Alaska, Russia) - Kodiak (Alaska, Russia) - Guangzhou (China) - Macau (Portugal) - St. Helena Island (UK) - Corvo and Flores Islands (Azores, Portugal) - Portsmouth (Great Britain) - Kronstadt (Russia).

Participated in the first Russian trip around the world. Krusenstern and Lisyansky - The first Russian trip around the world. Return to homeland. Expedition results