The mineral resources of the Amur Region occupy a prominent place in its economy.
The leading mineral resource of the Amur region is gold: alluvial and hydrothermalite. In the region, 13 gold-bearing areas have been identified, the total area of which is 155 thousand km2.
The reserves and predicted resources of coal in the region suitable for open-pit mining are at least 8.0 billion tons. The total resource potential of the region's coals is almost 70 billion tons.
The explored reserves of iron ore in the Amur region amount to 388.8 million tons. Deposits and occurrences of titanium, lead, zinc, copper, tin, molybdenum, tungsten, antimony, bismuth, mercury, silver, platinoids, aluminum, rare and trace elements, and beryllium have been identified. A significant number of deposits of various types of non-metallic minerals have also been identified. In addition, there are deposits and occurrences of flux, cement and construction limestones, graphite, quartz-kaolin-feldspathic sands. In recent years, a number of zeolite deposits have been identified and explored in the region.
29 thousand rivers more than 10 km long flow through the territory of the Amur Region, including rivers such as the Amur, Zeya, Selemdzha, Gilyuy, Bureya. The total length of large rivers in the region exceeds 77,000 km. The region has significant hydropower potential. The main source of hydropower resources is the Amur River with its tributaries, the Zeya and Bureya. The geomorphological and hydrographic characteristics of these rivers make it possible to use certain sections of the rivers for the construction of hydroelectric power stations.
Nature
A distinctive feature of the nature of the Amur region lies in its contrast: in the north there is a harsh and cold climate, fast mountain rivers, predominantly mountainous terrain with taiga flora and fauna; in the south there are plains and a milder climate, full-flowing rivers of the Amur region with a smooth flow, fertile “Amur chernozems”, the predominance of flora and fauna characteristic of forest-steppe spaces.
In the Amur region, animals and plants of the north and south mix in an amazing and even exotic way. For example, the plants of the Amur region are thousands of species of shrubs, trees and grasses representing the East Siberian, Manchurian, Okhotsk and Daurian floras. The nature of the Amur region does not leave any tourist indifferent. The copses of white birch and oak are mesmerizing; The valleys are beautiful, decorated with a carpet of irises, lilies, peonies, and orchids.
Climate
The climate of the Amur Region is transitional from sharply continental in the northwest to monsoon in the southeast.
Zeya, Selemdzhinsky and Tynda districts, as well as the cities of Zeya and Tynda in the Amur Region are equated to regions of the Far North.
In the north of the region, the average January temperature drops to −31°C. In the intermountain depressions below. To the south, temperatures rise from −26 C to −22 ° C. The average January temperature in Blagoveshchensk is −21.5°C, the absolute minimum is −45.4°C.
Summer in the south of the region is warm with sufficient or excessive moisture (from 20 C to 22 ° C); in the intermountain valleys of the north, July temperatures rise to 16-19 ° C. In mountainous areas, the temperature reaches 12 °C with altitude. Average absolute maximum temperatures in the north of the region can reach 38°C, and in the south up to 40°C.
The annual precipitation in the region is high: in the northeastern mountainous and eastern regions its value ranges from 900 to 1000 mm. In areas gravitating towards the Amur and the lower reaches of the Zeya River, there is less precipitation.
The entire region is characterized by a summer maximum precipitation, which is due to the monsoon climate.
Animal world
In the animal world, as well as in the plant world, there was a mixture of different faunas - East Siberian, Amur, Okhotsk, Mongol-Daurian, high-mountain.
The region is home to 64 species of mammals, more than 320 species of birds, 9 species of reptiles, 6 species of amphibians; in rivers and lakes there are over 70 species of fish.
The forests are inhabited by ungulates (elk, wapiti, roe deer, wild boar) and fur animals (sable, weasel, squirrel, muskrat, otter, fox).
Brown bears live in forests everywhere.
A typical inhabitant of the northern taiga is the lynx; wolverine is common in large forest areas.
The regions of the Far North are inhabited by reindeer, ermine, and wolverine. The mountainous areas of the region are home to rare animals - bighorn sheep and musk deer.
The world of birds in the region is diverse. In the taiga there are typical inhabitants - capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, and grouse.
There are many different species of fish in rivers and lakes, among which you can simultaneously find inhabitants of the north and south. Northern species include grayling, taimen, lenok, and burbot, which prefer to live in cold, fast-flowing rivers. Among the southern ones are the perch, grass carp, white bream, silver carp, redfin, yellowcheek, Chinese perch (auha), Amur false gudgeon, kaluga.
Thanks to special climatic conditions and the absence of continental glaciation, representatives of the ancient pre-glacial ichthyofauna have been preserved - Amur pike, Amur chebak, silver crucian carp, grayling, taimen.
Resources
The region is located in zones of subtaiga and deciduous forests. The total area of forest fund land is 2294.5 thousand hectares, forest cover is 36%, the total standing timber stock is 175.3 million cubic meters. The main species are Mongolian oak, Korean cedar, Ayan spruce, larch, and birch. Forests are located mainly in the mountainous part of the region. In the Middle Amur Lowland there is a woodland of oak, birch, and larch.
On the territory of the Jewish Autonomous Region, gold, tin, coal, peat, and building materials are mined. 15 placer gold deposits were taken into account. The total reserves of clays and loams are estimated at over 20 million cubic meters, sand - 25 million cubic meters. Non-metallic minerals are mainly used to extract cement raw materials and associated components used in metallurgy; The deposits are located along the Trans-Siberian Railway. Two brucite deposits have been identified - Savkinskoye and Kuldurskoye. The latter is the only operating deposit in Russia, the raw materials of which are used to produce electrical periclase.
In the largest rivers of the region, commercial fishing is carried out for 17 species of fish. The greatest commercial value is sturgeon and chum salmon, which enter most rivers in the region in the fall to spawn.
Nature
The flora of the region includes 1,392 plant species, including more than 200 honey plants, about 300 medicinal species, the forests are rich in berries, mushrooms and nuts. Of the 1.7 million hectares of forest land, 165 thousand hectares are occupied by cedar-broad-leaved forests, 250 thousand hectares by spruce-fir, 165 thousand hectares by larch, 347 thousand hectares by oak.
Climate
The climate is temperate, monsoon. Winters are light and cold (average January temperatures range from −19°C in the far south, in Amurzet to −25°C in the mountains), summers are warm and humid. The terrain has a significant influence on the climate. There is 600-700mm of rainfall throughout the year, with about 75 percent of the rainfall occurring between May and September.
Favorable soil and climatic conditions, a significant length of the growing season, a high annual sum of positive temperatures and an abundance of precipitation in the warm season make it possible to grow many agricultural crops - grains and legumes (including soybeans and corn), vegetables, potatoes, and melons.
Animal world
The fauna is diverse: brown and Himalayan bears, Amur tiger, Nepalese marten, fox, weasel, sable, wild boar, elk, red deer, pheasant, and various breeds of ducks are found here. The mammal fauna includes 59 species.
The reservoirs of the region are home to 73 species of fish, including white and black carp, silverfish, yellow-cheeked salmon, kaluga, chum salmon, lenok, Amur bream, sturgeon, carp, burbot, taimen, silver carp, grayling, pike and others. Seven species that require special protection are listed in the Red Book of Russia.
Resources
The region has large reserves of hard and brown coal. Some types of coal produce flammable gas, coke, synthetic gasoline and humates. The iron ore reserves of the Sulumat deposit amount to more than 650 million tons.
Eastern Transbaikalia contains significant reserves of silver (16%), copper (21%), gold (43%), and fluorspar (fluorite) - 38%. Copper reserves exceed 24 million tons. Tungsten resources are estimated at 300 thousand tons, and tin resources in the southern part of the region alone are estimated at 100 thousand tons.
Also in the Trans-Baikal Territory there are three mineragenic zones for the extraction of antimony (100 thousand tons). Lithium resources are estimated at 180 thousand tons. Reserves of tantalum, niobium and zircon amount to 744 million tons. The total predicted resources of germanium are estimated at 500 thousand tons.
Eastern Transbaikalia has uranium resources of hundreds of thousands of tons.
The region has huge reserves of feldspathic raw materials (46.5 million cubic meters), refractory (5 million cubic meters) and refractory (50 million cubic meters) clays, zeolites (more than 1 billion tons), graphite (165 million tons).
Forests in the Trans-Baikal Territory are mountainous in nature. The area of forest land in 2006 was 34,048 thousand hectares. The average forest cover of the region is 67% and varies by region from 6% to 85%. Most of the logging enterprises are located in Khiloksky, Mogochinsky and neighboring areas.
Nature
The soil cover of agricultural land is mainly represented by chernozem (32.5%) and chestnut (36.5%) soils. Chestnut soils are more common in the Aginsky district (62.7%). The most powerful and characteristic chernozems are distributed in the Mogoituy region - more than 60.5%. Gray forest soils, meadow-chestnut, meadow-swamp, solonchak, sod-taiga, sandy loam and loamy soils are also widespread. The soils of the Aginskaya steppe are generally quite fertile and, with the application of mineral and organic fertilizers and the correct processing system, can produce good and stable yields of grain and fodder crops.
The vegetation is characterized by larch forests, pine and birch forests. Shrub thickets are common. The steppe areas are dominated by leimus-fescue and cold wormwood steppes. The slopes of the hills are occupied by leimus, chamomile, fescue, tansy, wheatgrass and feather grass steppes. Along the river valleys, yellow lily, forb and foot-sedge associations are common. On saline soils there are xiphoid-iris communities.
Forests are concentrated mainly in the northern and western parts of the district and consist of a few species: Daurian larch, Scots pine, Siberian cedar, Siberian spruce, Siberian fir, flat-leaved birch and aspen.
The predominant plants of the district are adapted to a cold and dry climate, a short growing season with no drought in mid-summer. Steppes are characterized by sparse, low-growing grass with a powerfully developed root system. There are many valuable plants growing in the district: medicinal, industrial, fodder, which must be used rationally.
Climate
The climate of the region is sharply continental with insufficient precipitation.
In the Trans-Baikal Territory, the Kalarsky, Tungiro-Olekminsky and Tungokochensky districts are equated to the regions of the Far North.
Winter is long (long) and harsh, with little snow, with a large number of clear days; the average January temperature is −19.7 (−21) °C in the south and −37.5 °C in the north. The absolute minimum is −64 °C – recorded at the mine named after the XI Years of October in the Kalarsky district. Transition seasons (spring and autumn) are short. Spring is cold, dry, windy. Summer is short and warm (sometimes hot) - dry in the first half and humid in the second. Variations in daily and annual temperatures are large, in some areas the annual range is 94 °C or more. The average July temperature is +13 °C in the north (as well as on the plains) to +20.7 °C in the south (up to +21 °C in the mountains), the absolute maximum is +42 °C - recorded in the village of Novo-Tsurukhaituy, Priargunsky district . The frost-free period averages 80-140 days. Autumn is warm.
Precipitation ranges from 200-300 (in the south and steppe regions; 350-450 mm in mountain taiga) to 600 millimeters (in the north) per year, most of it falls in summer and autumn.
Animal world
The fauna of the Trans-Baikal region is represented by a combination of Siberian taiga and steppe Mongolian fauna with a small proportion of Manchurian species. Mammals are represented by approximately 8 dozen species, including: moose, wapiti, wild boar, Siberian roe deer, brown bear, fox, wolf, sable, common squirrel, mountain hare, weasel, and musk deer. Many different species of birds: ducks, geese, cranes, woodpeckers, etc.
Some species are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, including the gazelle, manul, tarbagan, Amur tiger, Daurian hedgehog, bustard, steppe eagle, white-naped and black cranes, Siberian crane, and demoiselle.
Resources
The Kamchatka waters of the Sea of Okhotsk, the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean are among the most productive fishing zones of the World Ocean; natural reproduction of over 2 million tons of biological resources of the seas is ensured here.
The marine resources of the region are of global importance (fish, including salmon that comes to spawn in the rivers of the peninsula; seafood, including crab).
In the Kamchatka Territory, 12 deposits of thermal and thermal energy waters have been explored, 10 deposits and 22 promising areas of indigenous gold have been identified and studied to varying degrees. There are residual reserves of alluvial platinum. The largest reserves of nickel-bearing provinces, in terms of the scale of mineralization, occupying 3-4 place in the world among ore deposits of this class.
The predicted land resources of the Kamchatka Peninsula in terms of hydrocarbon potential are estimated at 150 million tons of oil and about 800 billion cubic meters of gas.
Nature
Kamchatka belongs to a zone of active volcanic activity; there are about 300 large and medium-sized volcanoes, 29 of them are active.
Most of the peninsula is covered with stone birch forests; alder and cedar dwarf trees are common in the upper parts of the mountain slopes. In the central part, especially in the Kamchatka River valley, forests of Kuril larch and Ayan spruce are common. In the floodplains of the rivers, forests grow with the participation of fragrant poplar, hairy alder, choicenia, and Sakhalin willow. In the second tier and undergrowth, green-fleshed hawthorn, Asian bird cherry, Kamchatka rowan, shrubs - Kamchatka elderberry, blunt-eared rosehip, elderberry rowan, Kamchatka honeysuckle, meadowsweet, shrubby willows and many other species are common. Kamchatka, especially coastal areas, is characterized by tall grasses - species such as Kamchatka shelamaynik, bear's angelica, and sweet hogweed reach a height of 3-4 meters.
Climate
The climate in the northern part of the region is subarctic, on the coasts it is temperate maritime with a monsoon character, and in the interior regions it is continental. Winter is long, snowy, average temperatures in January-February range from −7… −8 °C in the south and southeast, −10… −12 °C in the west, to −19… −24 °C in the center and north. Summer is short, usually cool and rainy, average temperatures in July and August range from +10...+12 °C in the west, +12...+14 °C in the southeast and up to +16 °C in the central part. The amount of precipitation varies greatly: from 300 mm per year in the extreme northwest of the region to 2500 mm per year in the southeast.
Animal world
The fauna is represented by many species, among the largest land mammals are the brown bear, bighorn sheep, reindeer, elk, and wolverine. Also common are fox, sable, squirrel, mink, ermine, weasel, muskrat, Arctic ground squirrel, black-capped marmot, pika, voles and shrews. The wolf is quite rare and is more typical for the northern part of the peninsula. Among the relatively rare species in Kamchatka are also chiropterans, or bats - Brandt's bat, northern bat, eastern brown long-eared bat (presumably found in the lower reaches of the Kamchatka River). The coasts and coastal waters are inhabited by sea otters, sea lions, fur seals, spotted seals, anturas, cetaceans - killer whales, gray whales, porpoises and others.
About 240 species of birds are found in Kamchatka, among which marine colonial and wetland species are especially noticeable. Passeriformes are also numerous, and birds of prey are also found (steller's sea eagle, white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, gyrfalcon, peregrine falcon, goshawk, osprey, etc.)
There are no land reptiles on the peninsula; there are only two species of amphibians - the Siberian salamander and the lake frog.
Resources
The Magadan region is one of the largest regions of Russia in terms of potential mineral resources. The region is traditionally associated with a high level of mining of precious and non-ferrous metals: more than 11% of explored placer gold, 15% of ore gold and about 50% of silver of the total explored reserves of these metals in Russia are concentrated on its territory.
Oil and gas. The total recoverable reserves of the North Okhotsk shelf are 1.4-2.5 billion tons of oil and 2.7-4.5 trillion cubic meters of gas condensate.
The region has significant reserves of other minerals - deposits of hard and brown coal, non-ferrous and precious metals: silver, tin, tungsten, lead, zinc, copper.
The region is located in the zones of tundra, forest-tundra and northern taiga, taiga forests are sparse. The total area of forest land is 45,728.1 thousand hectares, forest cover is 38.4%, the total standing timber stock is 486.4 million cubic meters.
Various species of valuable game animals live here. The most important are traditionally considered to be commercial species of ungulates (elk, reindeer, bighorn sheep), fur-bearing animals (sable, mink, fox, otter, etc.), as well as brown bear. In addition, waterfowl and upland game are hunted. The area of hunting grounds is 46,140 thousand hectares. Reindeer husbandry is developed.
The water area of the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk, adjacent to the territory of the region, has an area of about 600 square meters. km and belongs to the most highly productive areas of the World Ocean. The main aquatic biological resources of the region are fish stocks - primarily commercial ones: herring, pollock, Far Eastern salmon, as well as several types of crabs.
Nature
In the relief of the Magadan region, the main place is occupied by mountain ranges, and only on the coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk, in the lower reaches of rivers, are small plains located.
The region lies within the Chersky and Okhotsk-Anadyr seismic belts. The strength of earthquakes can reach up to 8 points on the Chersky ridge, and up to 7 points along the coast.
The leading place in the region's topography belongs to the mid-altitude highlands. Most of the region is located within the Yana-Kolyma fold system. In the west of the region, the chains of the Chersky ridge stretch for more than 1,500 km.
The Magadan region (except for the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk) is located in the permafrost zone. Three quarters of the region's territory is occupied by tundra and forest-tundra. Mountain forest podzolic soils predominate. Taiga forests are sparse, the main species being larch.
Climate
The climate is sharply continental and harsh. Winters are long (up to 8 months), severe, summers are cool. The average temperature in January is from -19°C to -23°C on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and -38°C in the interior parts of the region; in July, respectively, +12°C and +16°C. Precipitation is 300 - 700 mm per year.
Animal world
The forests of the region are home to squirrel, mountain hare, fox, bears (brown and white), reindeer, elk, etc., as well as valuable game animals: ermine, otter, weasel, wolverine, lynx, arctic fox. There are numerous birds: partridges, ducks, geese.
The Sea of Okhotsk is rich in fish (salmon, herring, navaga, cod, etc.), as well as marine mammals (fur seal, seal, whales); the rivers and lakes are inhabited by nelma, grayling, char, burbot, and perch.
Resources
About 200 large deposits of 30 types of mineral raw materials, including tin, tungsten, bismuth, rare metals, boron and cement raw materials, and porcelain stone, have been identified in the region. Brown and hard coal and various building materials are mined in the region: sand, crushed stone, gravel, clay, granite, marble. Deposits of placer gold, zeolites, collectible garnets, medicinal mud, fresh and mineral groundwater are being developed.
The mountain rivers of the region have significant and absolutely untapped hydropower potential.
Up to 80% of the territory of the region is occupied by exclusively diverse forests: coniferous, broad-leaved, small-leaved trees and shrubs, many of which are endemic (Manchurian apricot, actinidia, ginseng). The forested area is 12.3 million hectares, the total wood reserves are 1.75 billion m³. Forests of the third group occupy about 60% of the forested area, and forests where logging is possible - about 75%. For the Primorsky Territory, the cutting rate is about 10 million m³ per year. The forests of the Primorsky Territory are also rich in pine nuts and medicinal plants (schizandra, ginseng, eleutherococcus).
Nature
The nature of the Primorsky Territory combines northern and southern elements: here you can find northern fir, spruce, pine, mighty cedars, and next to them subtropical trees of Amur velvet, which is also called cork. Next to the birch and rowan there is a Manchurian walnut and aralia. In the dense coastal taiga, real subtropical vines are often found - Amur grapes, lemongrass. And, of course, the legendary ginseng is the root of life. Ginseng is one of the representatives of the most ancient family of Araliaceae flowering plants that grew on the earth in the Tertiary period. The presence in the coastal flora of relict plants that survived the Quaternary and Ice Ages, healing for humans, makes this region unique.
Climate
The climate has a pronounced monsoon character. Winter is short but frosty: the average January temperature ranges from minus 12°C to minus 14°C on the coast and from -20°C to -27°C in inland areas. Summer is cloudy, with rain, often with cyclones. Average July temperatures range from +14°C to +21°C. Precipitation is 600-900 mm per year. Most precipitation falls in the summer months, especially during the passage of typhoons. A cold current runs along the coast, which is associated with prolonged fogs. The growing season lasts from 120-130 days in the north, to 160-200 days in the south of the region. The radiation balance is characterized by a smaller number of sunny days than at the corresponding latitudes of the European part of Russia, although the duration of clear weather in the region is significant and sufficient for the ripening of many agricultural crops.
Animal world
The distribution of wild animals throughout Primorye is determined by climate, terrain, vertical zonation and biodiversity of the plant world. It is thanks to the presence of the mountainous country of Sikhote-Alin, the foothill and flat expanses of the Ussuri taiga, the abundance of rivers and lakes, and the unique sea coast that we observe a special diversity of animals in the Primorsky Territory.
Primorye is home to 82 species of mammals, including: tiger, leopard, sika deer, goral, wapiti, musk deer, roe deer, raccoon dog, sable, Ussuri cat, fox, otter, weasel, wolverine, squirrel, chipmunk, hare and many others.
The feathered world of Primorye is extremely diverse. 458 species of birds have been registered here, many of which are included in the Red Books of various ranks. For example, of all the rare birds listed in the Red Book of Russia, more than half live in forests, on the sea coast, lakes and rivers of Primorye.
The fauna of the Sea of Japan is rich and diverse. In terms of fish species diversity, the Sea of Japan has no equal among all the seas of Russia. There are 179 species of fish here alone, including: herring, flounder, pollock, navaga, salmon, greenling, smelt, etc. Invertebrate animals: crabs, shrimp, shellfish (mussels, scallops, oysters), octopus, sea cucumber, squid, sea urchin, whelk, etc. There are up to 100 species of freshwater fish in the lakes and rivers of Primorye.
Resources
The republic is rich in mineral resources. On the territory of Buryatia, geologists have explored more than 700 deposits of various minerals.
Among the identified deposits there are 247 gold (228 alluvial, 16 ore and 3 complex). The list of strategic types of mineral raw materials includes 7 deposits of tungsten, 13 of uranium, 4 of polymetals, 2 of molybdenum and beryllium, and one of tin and aluminum.
The Republic of Buryatia has a large pre-estimated raw material base of uranium. The balance reserves of 8 fluorspar deposits are capable of meeting the needs of metallurgical enterprises in Siberia and the Far East for lump fluorite. The balance reserves of 10 deposits of brown coal and 4 deposits of hard coal will be enough for hundreds of years to meet the needs of the fuel and energy complex of Buryatia.
On the territory of the republic, 2 deposits of asbestos, a number of jade and construction raw materials, as well as apatite, phosphorite, graphite and zeolites have been identified. The subsoil of Buryatia contains:
- 48% of Russia's balance zinc reserves
- 24% of Russia's balance lead reserves
- 37% of Russia's balance molybdenum reserves
- 27% of Russia's tungsten balance reserves
- 16% of Russia's balance reserves of fluorspar
- 15% of the balance reserves of chrysotile asbestos in Russia
Nature
The Republic of Buryatia is part of a mountainous zone with altitudinal zones, occupying a significant part of the south of Eastern Siberia. The relief is characterized by powerful mountain ranges and vast, deep and, sometimes, almost closed intermountain basins. The area of the mountains is more than 4 times the area occupied by the lowlands. Buryatia is characterized by a significant elevation above sea level, and as a result, very low average atmospheric pressure. The lowest level is the level of Lake Baikal - 456 m in the Pacific Ocean, and the highest is the glacier-covered peak of Munku-Sardyk in the Eastern Sayan - 3491 m above sea level.
Most of the territory of Buryatia is occupied by forests (83% of the area). In spring, Daurian rhododendron (called wild rosemary by the local population) blooms. Medicinal plants are successfully used in folk and Tibetan medicine.
On the territory of Buryatia there is a large part (60% of the coastline) of Lake Baikal.
The rivers of the republic belong to three large water basins: Lake Baikal, the Lena and Angara rivers. Moreover, 52% of the territory of Buryatia is located in the Lake Baikal basin.
There are about 35 thousand lakes on the territory of the republic with a total surface area of 1,795 km². The most significant reservoirs include Gusinoye, Bolshoye Eravnoye, Maloye Eravnoye, and Baunt.
Climate
The climate of Buryatia is sharply continental. Winter is cold, with dry frost. The main snowfalls occur in November-December. The second half of winter is characterized by little snow. Spring is windy, with prevailing northwest winds, frosts and almost no precipitation. Summer is short, with hot days and cool nights, with heavy rainfall in July and August. Autumn comes unnoticed, without sudden changes in weather; in some years it can be long and warm. The average temperature in summer is +26 °C, in winter -25 °C, and the average annual temperature is -1.6 °C. The average annual precipitation is 244 mm.
In general, the climate is formed under the influence of three contrasting components: the dry and cold climate of the northern regions, the hot and dry Mongolian deserts and the humid Pacific.
An essential feature of the climate of Buryatia is the long duration of sunshine - 1900-2200 hours, in terms of this indicator it is not inferior to, and sometimes exceeds, the southern regions of Russia.
Barguzinsky, Bauntovsky Evenki, Kurumkansky, Muysky, Okinsky, Severo-Baikalsky districts are equated to regions of the Far North.
Animal world
Buryatia has a unique and diverse flora and fauna. Currently, 446 species of terrestrial vertebrates are registered in the republic. Amphibians of Buryatia are represented by six species from two orders. There are 7 species of reptiles in the republic. The republic's avifauna includes more than 348 species of birds. 85 species of mammals from 7 orders have been recorded in Buryatia.
Lake Baikal and the surrounding area are inhabited by 2,500 different species of animals and fish, 250 of which are endemic. The most famous are the Baikal omul, a commercial fish of the salmon family, and the viviparous golomyanka, a transparent fish without scales or a swim bladder. The symbol of Baikal is the seal. The mystery of the origin of this freshwater seal in the lake has not yet been solved.
The taiga is inhabited by sable, squirrel, fox, weasel, ermine, lynx, roe deer, musk deer, wapiti, elk, wild boar, and bear.
The Baikal sturgeon, davatchan, white Baikal grayling, taimen and tench are listed in the Red Book of Russia and Buryatia.
Resources
The territory of the republic is unique not only in Russia, but also on a global scale in terms of the diversity and size of mineral deposits. There are known deposits of oil, gas, coal, ores of ferrous, non-ferrous, rare and precious metals, diamonds, various mining and mining chemical raw materials and building materials. To date, about 1,500 deposits of various types of mineral raw materials have been identified, including 150 kimberlite pipes.
Yakutia remains one of the main gold-mining regions of Russia, and also provides more than 90% of Russia's diamond production. Deposits of non-metallic minerals are also widespread in Yakutia.
The Republic is the only supplier of antimony in the country; complex deposits and ore occurrences of rare metals have been identified.
Deposits of building materials (cement raw materials, gypsum, zeolites, building stone, brick clay, sand, pebbles, etc.), ornamental stones (charoite) are found in many regions of the republic and, if necessary, are used for local needs.
The total area of forest fund lands is 255610.8 thousand hectares; forest cover - 46.7%; the total stock of standing timber is 8934.1 million m3.
Forests are distributed extremely unevenly in terms of area, stock and predominant species; forest cover ranges from 93% in the southern uluses to 25% in the northern ones. More than 98% of the forests are valuable coniferous forests. The main forest-forming species is Daurian larch.
Nature
The territory of Yakutia is a reserve of genetic and landscape diversity of global significance. Its flora contains 1850 species of higher plants, 575 bryophytes (444 phyllophytes, 131 liver mosses), 550 lichens, 2678 algae and 600 fungi.
In the flora of higher plants, 230 species are considered food plants for farm animals. Medicinal plants: 88 species of herbs, 26 shrubs and shrubs, 7 trees. Plants of Yakutia are distinguished by a high content of nitrogenous substances, proteins, soluble carbohydrates and polysaccharides, as well as a high content of vitamins.
Climate
The climate is sharply continental, characterized by long winter and short summer periods. The maximum amplitude of the average temperatures of the coldest month - January and the warmest - July is 70 - 75 C. According to the absolute value of the minimum temperature (in the eastern mountain systems - basins, depressions and other depressions to - 70 ° C) and the total duration of the period with negative temperature (from 6.5 to 9 months a year) the republic has no analogues in the Northern Hemisphere.
The absolute minimum temperature almost everywhere in the republic is below − 50 degrees.
The average annual precipitation ranges from 150-200 mm (Central Yakutia, intermountain basins and river valleys of northeastern Yakutia) to 500-700 mm (slopes of the mountains of eastern Yakutia).
Permafrost is widespread throughout the territory.
Animal world
The basis of the fauna of the region is made up of Arctic and Siberian types of fauna, and to a lesser extent - Chinese, American, Central Asian, Mongolian and Indo-Malayan faunal complexes.
Typical animals of the tundra and forest-tundra are lemmings, arctic foxes, tundra reindeer, large polar wolves, tundra partridges and snowy owls.
Typical predatory inhabitants of the northern light forest and middle taiga are: brown bear, timber wolf, lynx, fox; from ungulates: elk, wapiti, forest reindeer, roe deer, musk deer; from mustelids: wolverine, sable, ermine, weasel, weasel; The most common birds are pine forests: partridge, hazel grouse, wood grouse, black grouse, as well as black crow and raven. The mountains are inhabited by the black-capped marmot, pika haymaker, bighorn sheep - "chubuku", musk deer, golden eagle, and peregrine falcon. Typical steppe animals include the long-tailed ground squirrel, black kite, and skylark.
Of the rare and endangered terrestrial vertebrates, 15 species of birds and 4 species of mammals living on the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.
The ichthyofauna of reservoirs is extremely valuable and includes 50 species of fish from 18 families: lampreys, sturgeons, herrings, salmons, whitefish, graylings, smelts, pikes, chukuchans, loaches, carp, cod, perch, eelpouts, sticklebacks, slingshots, lipariids, flounder.
Resources
The region initially has high natural resource potential, for which it ranks 39th in Russia. In addition to the biological resources of the sea, for which Sakhalin is in first place in Russia, the main resource is hydrocarbon fuel. In terms of the volume of explored reserves of gas condensate, the Sakhalin region ranks 4th in Russia, gas - 7th, coal - 12th and oil - 13th. The region ranks 26th in Russia in terms of timber reserves.
In addition, there are placers of titanomagnetite, manifestations of ore gold, mercury, manganese, tungsten, silver, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, titanium, strontium, talc, and asbestos. On the Kuril Islands, among mineral resources, there are known deposits of sulfur pyrite and native sulfur, polymetallic ores, deposits of brown iron ores, placers of ilmenite-magnetite sands, as well as ore occurrences of gold, silver, mercury, copper, tin, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, selenium, molybdenum and other metals. There are practically unlimited resources of building materials and thermal waters.
The region is rich in forest. The total area of forest land is 7077.5 thousand hectares, forest cover is 64.8%, the total standing timber stock is 629.0 million cubic meters. In the north of Sakhalin, sparse larch taiga dominates; south of 52 deg. north latitude forests of Ayan spruce and Sakhalin fir predominate; in the southwest the role of broad-leaved trees (maples, velvet, Manchurian ash, Mongolian oak, etc.) is increasing.
The seas washing the shores of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands are home to many valuable species of commercial fish (salmon, cod, flounder, herring, greenling, saury, saury, etc.), invertebrates (crabs, shrimp, squid, gastropods, scallops, sea urchins , cucumaria) and marine mammals (fur seals, sea lions, seals). Algae (kelp, ahnfeltia) are of great commercial importance.
Nature
The flora of the islands includes 1,400 plant species. Sakhalin belongs to the coniferous forest zone. Deciduous forests (poplar, willow, alder) grow in river valleys. In the central and southern parts, birch, elm, maple, ash, and yew predominate. Valuable medicinal plants grow on the island: aralia, eleutherococcus. Berry plants and wild rosemary are widespread. In the conditions of the island, gigantism of some herbaceous plants, such as Sakhalin buckwheat, butterbur, and angelica, is manifested. By the end of summer, many grasses grow to 3 meters in height, and bear's pipe grows up to 4 meters.
Climate
The climate in the region is temperate, monsoon. Characterized by cold, wetter winters than on the mainland and cool, rainy summers. Winter lasts from 5 to 7 months, summer - from 2 to 3 months.
The average January temperature ranges from -6ºC in the south to -24ºC in the north of the island. The absolute recorded minimum is -54ºС. In August, the average temperature in the south is +19ºС, in the north +10ºС. The absolute maximum is +38ºС. The annual precipitation is 600–1200 millimeters.
The territory of the North of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands are classified as regions of the Far North, the rest of the territory of Sakhalin is classified as areas equated to regions of the Far North
Animal world
The region is characterized by a variety of fauna. In total, about 487 species of vertebrate animals have been recorded on the territory, including: mammals - 67 species, birds - 370, reptiles - 7, amphibians - 5, cyclostomes - 2 species. Of the entire diversity of the region’s fauna, 4 species of mammals, 21 species of birds and 2 species of reptiles are listed in the Red Book of Russia.
The following game animals live in the Sakhalin region: brown bear, wolverine, fox, sable, hare, reindeer, squirrel, chipmunk, ermine, otter. There are wapiti and musk deer. Forest birds are also numerous: capercaillie, hazel grouse, woodcock, partridge, tit, woodpecker, mallard, teal, guillemots, cormorants. In the last 20 years, the following have been acclimatized on the islands: sika deer, Ussuri raccoon, muskrat, and Barguzin sable.
Bird colonies are common in the Kuril Islands.
Sakhalin rivers and lakes and the sea around the island are rich in fish. Wide variety of salmonids; There are Sakhalin sturgeon, pike, crucian carp, carp, and the largest freshwater fish - kaluga.
Tyuleniy Island, located east of Sakhalin, is a unique nature reserve where there is a rookery for fur seals. Steller sea lions, the largest pinnipeds, also live in the Sakhalin-Kuril basin. They are called the maritime symbols of the only island region in Russia.
Resources
The Khabarovsk Territory has large and diverse natural resources - land, water, forest and other biological resources, numerous minerals.
The land fund of the region is more than 78,763 thousand hectares, of which 639 thousand hectares are farmland.
More than 120 thousand large and small rivers flow through the territory of the region with a total length of 541 thousand km. Most of them belong to the Amur system - one of the longest rivers in Russia. Its total length is 4440 km; its length across the region is more than 1000 km. There are more than 55 thousand large and small lakes in the region. More than 100 species of fish live in rivers and lakes - carp, taimen, Amur sturgeon and kaluga, silver carp, yellow-cheeked fish, topgazer, snakehead, etc. Along the rivers flowing into the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk, primarily along the Amur and its channels, fish of the salmon family go to spawn to the upper reaches of taiga rivers.
Significant biological resources are concentrated in the coastal waters of the Sea of Japan and especially the Sea of Okhotsk. Of commercial importance are navaga, flounder and some other species of fish, shellfish, algae, as well as marine animals.
The sea coast of the region is, first of all, ports: Vanino and Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, De-Kastri and Cape Lazarev, Okhotsk and Mago. Through these ports, Khabarovsk Territory and Russia are connected with almost all countries of the world.
The most extensive land use in the region is forestry. The vast majority of forests are dominated by coniferous species, but broad-leaved trees also grow along with them. Such valuable hardwood species as elm, oak, ash, maple, etc. grow. Woody vegetation is represented in the region by 200 species. Among the non-timber resources of the Khabarovsk Territory, unique Far Eastern medicinal plants - ginseng, Eleutherococcus, Schisandra, and Aralia - are of particular value. Food resources are significant - pine and other nuts, wild berries, mushrooms, ferns. Many melliferous and herbaceous plants grow.
The subsoil of the region stores large reserves of mineral raw materials, fuel and energy resources. More than a hundred types of mineral resources have been explored and identified: gold, silver, tin, coal, iron ore, peat, copper, lead, tungsten, platinum, raw materials for building materials, etc. Resources of alunites, mercury, copper, and rare earth elements have been identified.
Nature
Permafrost is widespread in the north. The mountainous regions of the Khabarovsk Territory are located in the taiga zone (mountain larch and spruce-fir forests). In the Amur Lowland there are larch and oak-larch forests of the subtaiga type. Soddy-podzolic soils, meadow-marsh and swamp soils predominate. Forests (main species - larch, spruce, oak) occupy 1/2 of the territory. Significant areas of the Amur and Evoron-Tugur lowlands are also occupied by swamps.
Climate
Climatic conditions change when moving from north to south, and also depend on proximity to the sea and on the shape and nature of the relief.
Winter in the region is long, snowy, and harsh. The cold period of the year lasts on average six months (from late October to late April). The average January temperature is from −22 °C in the south and to −40 °C in the north, on the coast from −18 °C to −24 °C. The absolute minimum temperature even in the south of the region reaches −50 °C. Summer is hot and humid. The average July temperature in the south is +20 °C, in the north about +15 °C.
The annual precipitation ranges from 400-600 mm in the north and up to 600-800 mm on the plains and eastern slopes of the ridges. In the south of the region, up to 90% of precipitation falls from April to October, with especially high precipitation in July and August.
In the Khabarovsk Territory, two districts: Ayano-Maysky and Okhotsky (as well as the Shantar Islands) are regions of the Far North.
Territories equated to the regions of the Far North: Vaninsky, Verkhnebureinsky, Komsomolsky, Nikolaevsky, named after Polina Osipenko, Sovetsko-Gavansky, Solnechny, Tuguro-Chumikansky and Ulchsky districts; cities: Amursk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur and Sovetskaya Gavan; urban-type settlement Elban, Amur region; villages of Achan, Dzhuen, Voznesenskoye, Ommi, Padali, Amur region.
Animal world
The forests are inhabited by ungulates (elk, wapiti, roe deer, musk deer, wild boar), fur-bearing animals (sable, weasel, squirrel, muskrat, otter, fox, wolf, bear), and the Ussuri tiger, black (Himalayan) bear, and lynx. The regions of the Far North are inhabited by reindeer, ermine, and wolverine.
On the seashore there are rookeries for sea lions, bearded seals, sealed seals, and ringed seals.
The forests are home to rare representatives of the fauna: the bustard, the burntback, the white-naped crane, the Far Eastern stork, and the Japanese crane.
Resources
The mineral resource potential of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is one of the highest in the Far East. The subsoil of the district contains deposits of gold, tin, silver, copper, tungsten, mercury, platinum group metals, coal, oil, gas and other minerals.
The resources of the marine hunting industry are very significant. The seas washing the Chukotka Peninsula are inhabited in huge numbers by fin whales, minke whales, killer whales, beluga whales and other cetacean mammals; walruses, bearded seals, seals, striped seals and other pinnipeds.
The most commercially valuable animals are elk, wild reindeer, sable, arctic fox, and red fox. Also inhabited are wolverines, wolves, brown bears, American minks, muskrats, stoats, and snowshoe hares.
Nature
The territory of the district is located in several natural zones, so its vegetation cover is very diverse. Over 900 species of higher plants and 400 species of mosses and lichens are found here, and many species are represented only here. About half of Chukotka's area is occupied by high-mountain tundras and rocky semi-deserts and deserts; no more than a third of their area is covered by vegetation. Permafrost does not allow plant roots to penetrate to depth, so the flora growing here is small in height with a poorly developed root system. Most plants creep along the ground, with flowering stems rising above them only for a short time. The tundra is dominated by dwarf willows and birches, dwarf cedar, sedge and cotton grass. In the river valleys, light coniferous forests consisting of Daurian larches are occasionally found, and even more rarely, relict choicenia-poplar forests.
Climate
Most of the district's territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle.
The climate is harsh, subarctic, on the coasts - marine, in the interior - continental. The duration of winter is up to 10 months.
The average temperature in January is from −15 °C to −39 °C, in July from +5 °C to +10 °C. The absolute minimum recorded was −61 °C, the absolute maximum was +34 °C. Precipitation is 200-500 mm per year.
The growing season in the southern part of the district is 80-100 days. Permafrost is widespread everywhere.
Animal world
The fauna of Chukotka is also diverse; its peculiarity is that many species of Arctic fauna do not spread further to the west.
Polar bear, brown bear, reindeer, bighorn sheep, sable, lynx, wolf, arctic fox, wolverine, ermine, chipmunk, mountain hare, fox, muskrat, mink, hemlock. Musk oxen were bred on Wrangel Island.
Large mammals live in the Chukchi seas: whale, walrus, seal, sealed seal, sealed seal. There are about 402 species of fish in the marine area, of which 50 species are commercial. There are 4 types of crabs, 4 types of shrimp, 2 types of cephalopods. The rivers are home to about 30 species of fish - mainly salmon, as well as whitefish, grayling, whitefish, and burbot.
There are about 220 species of birds - guillemots, guillemots, auklets, kittiwake gulls, geese, swans, ducks, loons, partridges, waders, owls, etc.
The Far East is located off the coast of the Pacific Ocean and consists of mainland, peninsular and island parts. In addition to the Kuril Islands, it also includes the Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin Island, the Commander Islands and other isolated islands located near the eastern borders of Russia.
The length of the Far East from the northeast (from Chukotka) to the southwest (to the borders of Korea and Japan) is 4.5 thousand kilometers. Its northern part is located beyond the Arctic Circle, so there is snow almost all year round, and the seas washing the coast are not completely cleared of ice even in summer. The land in the northern part of the Far East is bound by permafrost. Tundra dominates here. In the southern part of the Far East, conditions are much milder.
The south of the Far East is mainly dominated by low and medium-altitude mountain ranges, such as Bureinsky and Dzhugdzhur. In the north there are highlands (Kolyma, Chukotka) and plateaus (Anadyr), which arose as a result of volcanic activity. Only a quarter of the territory of the Far East is occupied by plains. They are mainly located in those places of the coast where tectonic activity is low, as well as in intermountain depressions, so their area is relatively small.
The climate of Kamchatka, of course, cannot be compared with the climatic conditions of Mediterranean resorts; summers here are quite cool and rainy. There is another interesting feature of the peninsula: in winter, an area of high pressure forms over the central part, so the winds blow from here to the outskirts, that is, not from the sea, but, on the contrary, towards it to the east and west.
But the climatic “disadvantages” are more than compensated for by the beauty of Kamchatka’s nature. Just imagine the pictures, from sea terraces giving way to alpine meadows with luxurious tall grass intermountains and first going into sparse forests of stone birch, turning in places into lush thickets of alder and dwarf cedar, add to these beauties volcanic hills, mesmerizing snowy peaks of the mountain range and valleys on which, every now and then fountains emit clouds of steam. Among the fauna here you can find brown bear, reindeer, bighorn sheep, and Kamchatka sable, but especially a great variety of the ubiquitous squirrels. It is impossible not to mention the richness of the seas washing the coast of Kamchatka: crabs, cod, Pacific herring, navaga, pink salmon, coho salmon, chum salmon and many other types of fish, which abound not only in the seas, but also in local “shops”.
But, perhaps, let’s leave geography alone and move on to the essence of our story - geysers. Of course, Iceland, Japan, New Zealand, New Guinea, California, Tibet, and North America can boast of hot water fountains, but we will talk about our Valley of Geysers in Kamchatka.
Periodically gushing hot springs - geysers - are common in areas where volcanic activity exists or has recently ceased. 
Magadan region
The region is located on the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean.
¾ of the territory is occupied by tundra and forest-tundra.
The main rivers of the region: Kolyma, Ayan-Yuryakh.
The southernmost of the Russian Far East lies between the Asian mainland and the Korean peninsula, and the Japanese, separating it from other Pacific seas and the ocean itself.
The Sea of Japan is dominated by natural boundaries, but in some areas it is limited by conventional lines.
In the north, the border between the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk runs along the line between Cape Sushchev and Cape Tyk.
In the La Perouse Strait, the border is the line between Cape Crillon and Cape Soya. In the Sangar Strait, the border runs along the line of Cape Syria - Cape Esan, and in the Korea Strait along the line of Cape Nomo (Kyushu Island) - Cape Fukae (Goto Island) - Island. Jeju - Korean Peninsula.
Within these boundaries, the sea is contained between parallels 51°45′ and 34°26′ N. w. and meridians 127°20′ and 142°15′ E. d.
As a rule, the highest peaks of the Sikhote-Alin have a sharply defined contour and are covered in large areas with large stone placers. The relief forms resemble heavily destroyed circuses and carts of mountain glaciation.
They are composed of sand and shale deposits with numerous intrusion breakthroughs, which led to the presence of deposits of gold, tin and base metals. In tectonic depressions within the Sikhote-Alin there are deposits of hard and brown coal.
Basalt plateaus are common in the foothills, of which the largest plateau in area is to the west of Sovetskaya Gavan. Plateau areas are also found on the main watershed. The largest is the Zevin plateau, on the watershed of the upper reaches of Bikin and the rivers flowing into the Tatar Strait. In the south and east, Sikhote-Alin consists of steep mid-mountain ridges, in the west there are numerous longitudinal valleys and basins, and at altitudes of more than 900 m there are chars. In general, Sikhote-Alin has an asymmetrical transverse profile. The western macroslope is flatter than the eastern one. Accordingly, rivers flowing to the west are longer. This feature is reflected in the very name of the ridge. Translated from the Manchu language - the ridge of large western rivers.
Mount Snezhnaya 
____________________________________________________________________________________________
SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
Far East.
A third of the territory of Russia, its population is no more than 5% of the total number of residents of the country. In 1999, their number barely exceeded 7 million people, and over the next 10 years it increased by 22%. The population of the largest cities in this region - Vladivostok and Khabarovsk - fluctuates around half a million. And the smallest administrative center of Chukotka, the city of Anadyr, does not reach 12 thousand people. In search of greater comfort and better opportunities, people continue to leave these harsh regions, despite the efforts of local authorities to find new ways of development and the meaning of existence of people in these regions.
According to the residents themselves, the reason for depopulation is low due to weak entrepreneurial activity and job cuts, as well as a lack of preschool and educational institutions. Owners of small and medium-sized businesses argue that the reason is the low consumer power of the population, weak urban infrastructure, “administrative barriers” and the lack of qualified specialists. A powerful deterrent to the transition of medium-sized businesses to large ones is corruption at different levels and in the form of criminal elements as such.
It should be noted that the Far Eastern cities are relatively young. For example, Khabarovsk was founded in 1880, Vladivostok, with a population of more than 600 thousand people, was founded in 1860 as a military fortress, but 20 years later it became a city. The development of lands far from the capital region has always been a priority for Russia, and therefore a lot of effort and money went into the development of the territories. Thus, in these northern cities there are many cultural institutions that the central part of the country can only envy, and the Far Eastern Federal University has been created with six hundred educational programs. This is a real giant that forms an entire campus in the very heart of Vladivostok.
Thanks to their advantageous location, Khabarovsk and Vladivostok are ahead of other cities in terms of infrastructure development and human resources. An undeniable advantage is good transport links: the availability of air, railway and road communications. The proximity of China helps to organize the supply of raw materials and goods and attract investors. Cities such as Blagoveshchensk and Artem are not far behind in this regard. Where there is also a productive dialogue between the authorities and entrepreneurs, business support programs, healthy competition, and a low level of corruption.
Residents of Yakutsk, the birthplace of diamonds, on the contrary, are not spoiled by developed infrastructure, support from local authorities and a decent standard of living. This category of cities with spartan conditions includes Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Magadan. However, Yakutia and Kamchatka attract tourists with their extreme and wild beauty. Alpine skiing, hunting, dog sledding, ecotourism and ethnographic excursions are just a small list of available entertainment.
Far East It is customary to call the territory of Russia located off the coast of the Pacific Ocean. This territory also includes the Kuril Archipelago located directly in the Pacific Ocean, over which there has been a dispute for many years. The Far East consists of mainland, peninsular and island parts. In addition to the Kuril Islands, it also includes the Kamchatka Peninsula, the island, and other (smaller) single islands located near the eastern borders of Russia.
The length of the Far East from the northeast (from) to the southwest (to the borders of Korea and) is quite large and amounts to 4.5 thousand kilometers. Its northern part is located beyond the Arctic Circle, so there is snow almost all year round, and the seas washing the coast are not completely cleared of ice even in summer. The land in the northern part of the Far East is shackled. It dominates here. In the southern part of the Far East, conditions are much milder. One of the indicators of the unusualness of this part is that trees characteristic of the north are adjacent to plants more often found in the subtropics. Thus, climatic conditions in different points of this territory differ quite greatly from each other. This is especially true for temperature conditions, which are elevated everywhere. Proximity also has a great influence on the climate of the entire Far East.
Far Eastern cedar cones
Only a quarter of the territory of the Far East is occupied. They are mainly located in those coastal areas where tectonic activity is low (West Kamchatka, North Sakhalin), as well as in intermountain depressions (Middle Amur, Anadyr, Central Kamchatka), so their area is relatively small. The relief of the Far East was formed mainly during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods. It was then that folded zones and intermountain depressions appeared. The ocean had some influence on the formation of the relief. For example, the entire modern and eastern slope was under water at that time. Only later did these areas appear on the surface, where they are still located.
From west to east, the character of the Far East changes from more ancient to younger, and from folded-block to folded and block-folded. The highest sections of the mountains (the Dzhagdy, Bureinsky, Badzhalsky, Sikhote-Alin and others ranges) were occupied in ancient times. Traces of this have been preserved in our time in the idea of various small landforms (hills, ravines and troughs).
Thus, as a result of various internal (tectonic) and external (glaciation, ocean waters), various types of relief were formed:
- -denudation mid-mountains and low-mountains with areas of glacial landforms on Paleozoic and Mesozoic block-folded structures
- erosion-denudation lowlands of Sikhote-Alin and Sakhalin on Mesozoic and Cenozoic folded-block and folded structures with lava plateaus
- denudation-erosion strata plains of intermountain depressions
- plains of intermountain depressions on Mesozoic and Cenozoic folded structures.
Ussuri taiga
Depending on the nature of tectonic processes, they also change on the surface. For example, on the Kuril Islands, under which the thickness reaches 15-20 kilometers, three elements of the tectonic structure are mainly developed. These are island arcs and deep-sea trenches. Their formation was carried out sequentially. At the first stage, a deep-sea trench formed at the point of contact between the oceanic and continental plates. At the second stage, a marginal sea is formed, and then a rift basin is formed near the islands.
The relief of the Kamchatka Peninsula and the mainland of the country is a reflection of an older period. Continental and transitional (from oceanic to continental) earth's crust, block-folded structures, and longitudinal-transverse troughs predominate here. In the relief of this territory, these features are expressed by lowlands and volcanic forms. Here, for example, is the intermountain Anadyr-Penzhina Plain.
The structure of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands mainly consists of Cretaceous and sedimentary rocks. In places of troughs, loose Neogene deposits are also present. Modern processes of relief formation in the Far East are determined by tectonic processes and permafrost (in the northern part).
Active tectonic processes currently occurring in the Far East are the cause of various. There are several active volcanoes and geysers in this area. Quite often, strong (up to 10 points) seaquakes occur in this part of the planet. The latter cause the emergence of huge ocean waves. All these disasters lead to significant destruction and even casualties. Therefore, this part of Russia is the most unfavorable from the point of view of the presence of dangerous natural phenomena.
The Far Eastern Federal District is the most remote region of the Russian Federation. It includes ten territorial units, including Sakhalin, Yakutia, Kamchatka Territory and Amur Region. The region borders Korea, Japan, the USA and China.
Active settlement of the land began in the 19th century, although it is known about many nationalities that have lived in the territory of the modern region since the Stone Age. Today, an impressive industrial complex has been created on the territory of the Far Eastern District. Demographic diversity is no less widespread.
Population of the Far East
The Far East is sparsely populated. On an area of 6169.3 thousand square meters. km (39% of the country's area) is home to about 7.6 million people (a little more than 5% of the Russian population). That is, the average population density is 1.2 people per square kilometer. For comparison, the population density in Central Russia is 46 people per square meter. km. However, the population is distributed extremely unevenly across regions. For example, Primorsky Krai and southern Sakhalin have a density of 12 people. per sq. km, the same figure in the Kamchatka or Magadan regions fluctuates between 0.2 and 0.3.
The demographic situation in the region is characterized by negative dynamics, however, the rapid development of the agro-industrial complex provokes mechanical population growth, and with it natural population growth. The bulk of the population of the Far East consists of Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars and Jews.
But the galaxy of indigenous peoples deserves special attention: Nanais, Aleuts, Evenks, Chukchi, Eskimos and many others. The previously mentioned rapid industrial development has a negative impact on the number of indigenous peoples. The habitat and traditions are gradually collapsing under the influence of industry and culture of the Russians.
Industry of the Far East
The lands of the Far East are a rich storehouse of natural and fossil resources. The leading positions in the region's agro-industrial complex are occupied by three sectors: mining, forestry and fishing. The mining industry is focused on the extraction, enrichment and, partly, processing of non-ferrous metal ores. Tin, mercury, lead, zinc, and tungsten are supplied from the Far East to European Russia and for export. Particularly noteworthy are the volumes of gold, silver and diamonds produced. There are currently 827 mineral deposits under active development throughout the region. In the Magadan region and Yakutia, mineral extraction accounts for 60% of the total industry.
The vast expanses of the region are where about a quarter of all Russian timber reserves, or 20 billion cubic meters, are stored. Many industry enterprises producing paper, furniture, and plywood use these materials. The main export of timber occurs in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, the Amur Region, Sakhalin and Yakutia.
The Far East leads among other regions of the country in fishing and seafood production. Canned Far Eastern products are well known in Russia and far beyond its borders. Among the main types of commercial fish, herring, pollock, tuna, and salmon are especially actively caught. In addition, there is active fishing for crabs, scallops, mussels, squid, and processing of caviar and seaweed.
Agriculture of the Far East
The climate of the Far Eastern region is diverse, but neither the Arctic, nor the subarctic, nor the maritime climate is suitable for the full development of agriculture. However, in the south of the region, in the Primorsky Territory and the Amur Region, about 2% of Russian arable land is located. Grain crops (rice, wheat, oats), fruit and vegetable crops are actively grown here. Of particular note is the cultivation of soybeans.
The livestock sector of agriculture is represented by meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding. In the northern regions of the region, reindeer husbandry and fur farming are actively developing.
