Topic: The History of Great Britain "s Wars
Topic: History of the Wars of Great Britain
Though the involvement in wars is not the best characteristic of the country, it shows its greatness and strength to the others. The UK has a long history of wars having been involved in numerous conflicts on all but one continents of the world. It is difficult to imagine, but Great Britain was in the state of war with more than one hundred countries. The greatest rivals of the Kingdom were France, the USA and others. Nowadays and for many decades its military forces have been and still are the ones of the best prepared armies in the world. And despite the fact that the military history of the UK started only in the many dramatic wars had happened on the territory of the modern country before that.
Although participating in wars is not the best characteristic of a country, it shows its greatness and strength to others. Britain has a long history of warfare, engaging in numerous conflicts on every continent in the world except one. It's hard to imagine, but Britain was at war with over a hundred countries. The Kingdom's greatest rivals were France, the United States and others. Today and for many decades its armed forces have been and remain one of the best trained armies in the world. And despite the fact that military history Great Britain began only in the 18th century after the unification of all its parts, many dramatic wars occurred on the territory modern country before.
The Hundred Years "War was the longest millitary conflict of the country and lasted 116 years. It was the war against France and usually historians divide it into four distinct periods. The Kingdom of England fought for the control over the territory of the Kingdom of France . First it was a dynastic conflict, but later it turned out to be a real war, which resulted in the appearance of the first standing armies in Europe. England did not manage to return its continental possessions, and it was the leading factor for the beginning of the civil wars there.
Hundred Years War was the country's longest military conflict and lasted 116 years. It was a war against France, and historians generally divide it into four different periods. The Kingdom of England fought for the territory of the Kingdom of France. At first it was a dynastic conflict, but later turned out to be a real war, which led to the emergence of the first standing armies in Europe. England failed to regain its continental possessions, and this became a major factor in the outbreak of civil war there.
The civil wars in England are known as the Wars of Roses. the throne between the supporters of the rival branches and one more reason for their beginning. Henry Tudor defeated the last king of the House of York, and his dynasty ruled the country until 1603.
The Civil Wars in England are known as the Wars of the Roses. These were wars for the throne between supporters of rival branches, and social and financial problems were another reason for them. Henry Tudor defeated the last king of the House of York, won the victory and his dynasty ruled the country until 1603.
Another Civil War dates back to 1641, when a series of conflicts took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists, who were not satisfied with the policy of the government. There were three wars, and the Battle of Worcester was the final one giving the victory to the supporters of the parliament. The monarchy was replaced by the Commonwealth of England and later the Protectorate.
Another Civil War dates from 1641, when a series of conflicts occurred between parliamentarians and Royalists who were not happy with the government's policies. Three wars were fought there, and the battle of Worcester was the last and won the victory for the supporters of parliament. The monarchy was replaced by the Commonwealth of England and later by the Protectorate.
The series of wars between the English and the Dutch taking place in the 17-18th centuries are known as the Anglo-Dutch Wars. aimed at gaining control over the trade routes and the seas. There were four wars between them and numerous causes for starting them. of the English towards the Dutch, several more reasons appeared as both of the countries to grab the newly-gained possessions of Spain and Portugal. The Dutch also supported the American rebels and this could not but made England angry. So there were numerous battles both in the sea and on the land. The Dutch colonies were given back and both countries started to develop their fleets and armies. Later, Britain took control over the Dutch colonies, but it was only after the Napoleonic Wars.
The series of wars between the British and the Dutch taking place in the 17th and 18th centuries are known as the Anglo-Dutch Wars. Both countries wanted to gain control over trade routes and seas. Four wars took place between them and there are numerous reasons for starting them. In addition to the belligerent mood of the British towards the Dutch, several more reasons appeared, since both countries wanted to seize the newly acquired possessions of Spain and Portugal. The Dutch also supported the American rebels, and this could not but anger the British. Thus, numerous battles appeared, like at sea. and on land. The Dutch colonies were returned and both countries began to develop their navies and armies. Later, Britain took control of the Dutch colonies, but this only happened after the Napoleonic Wars.
Several more wars before the invasion of Napoleon had taken place in Great Britain including the War of the Austrian Succession, King George’s War, the Seven Years ’War and others. All of them were partially connected with the North American colonies and as the result of the last one Britain gained control over the majority of the American colonies.
Several wars took place in Britain prior to Napoleon's invasion, including the War of the Austrian Succession, the King George Wars, the Seven Years' War, and others. All of them were partially associated with the North American colonies and, as a result of the latter, Britain gained control over most of the American colonies.
Great Britain was a part of the coalition in the wars against France and despite those ones, who sued for peace, continued to fight against Napoleonic France in the Anglo-French War and the War of the Seventh Coalition.
Great Britain was part of the coalition in the wars against France and, despite those who asked for peace, continued to fight against Napoleonic France in the Anglo-French War and the War of the Seventh Coalition.
The Second war of Great Britain and the USA was in 1812-1815. It was declared by the Americans, but their military forces were unprepared for the war with the most powerful empire in the world. So the union with the Canadian forces beat back the invasion of the US army.
The second war between Great Britain and the United States took place in 1812-1815. It was declared by the Americans, but their armed forces were unprepared for war with the most powerful empire in the world. Therefore, the alliance with the Canadian forces repulsed the invasion of the US Army.
Gradually the British Empire took interest in the Asian and African countries in order to expand the territory of its colonies. As a result such wars as the Anglo-Afghan, the Opium (against the Chinese), the Boer, Somali ones took place.
Gradually, the British Empire became interested in Asian and African countries in order to expand the territory of its colonies. As a result, there were wars such as the Anglo-Afghan, Opium (against the Chinese), the Boer wars, Somalia.
Great Britain took part in both World Wars, but one of the most contradictory conflicts, the results of which even now influence the population of the country,
On the continent of Eurasia there is a wonderful country called England. We have known it since the 9th century, when King Egbert of Wessex united most of the country into one state.
And now let's go a little through the history of this country through the most interesting facts.
1 thousand BC - 700 BC - there was a settlement of the Celtic tribes - Britons.
Then I - V centuries - 55 BC. - the invasion of Julius Caesar, after which England soon became part of the Great Roman Empire.
V - VI centuries - the country was conquered by the Anglo-Saxons (Jutes, Saxons and Angles), the formation of the Anglo-Saxon heparchy (consisting of seven kingdoms).
XIII century - Parliament began its existence.
Probably everyone has heard about 1337 - 1453 - the centenary war (note that the war lasted for 116 years), with France, as a result - the loss of territories.
XV century - dependence on the peasants was eliminated.
XV-XVI centuries - absolutism.
XVI century - the land was taken away from the peasants.
XVII century - English bourgeois revolution.
XVIII century - the seizure of colonies.
The beginning of the 9th century - an industrial revolution.
IX century - Australia, New Zealand, Burma, India, Cyprus, Egypt were colonized, a war was launched against China.
1939 - England entered World War II, Churchill's military alliance with the USSR.
1970 - the collapse of the British colonial empire.
1956 - attack on Egypt, 58 on Jordan.
Since 1973 - member of the EEC.
So we ran briefly through history. England is a unique country. Its weather is especially unique. After all, it does not depend on what month, in December it can be quite summer days, and in the spring you can observe snow. The cloudy twilight is complemented by a haze of fog all year round. Doesn't that really add romance to the country?
If I went on a trip, then my choice would fall on England. Only a small matter remains - which city to choose. It's up to your taste, be it the capital - London or the little-known Slough.
Video brief history of England
A Brief History of England (video)
History of Great Britain
The United Kingdom was created in the 1000th year and the first year. At that time, it included England, Wales, Scotland and the entire territory of Ireland. In the first decade, Southern Ireland left the Union. The alliance of the British, Scots and Welsh is known throughout the world as "Great Britain".
The first documentary references to Great Britain date back to fifty-five years BC. It was then that the Roman invasion of the Romans was on the island. They managed to subdue the entire territory of the island, with the exception of the northernmost regions.
History of Great Britain
With the Romans, the territory of Great Britain was converted to Christianity, and many cities were built and built. In the fifth century, when the Roman emperor fell, Britain captured the Ang and the Saxons, who came from what is now Germany and named their country England. Vikings from Scandinavia sometimes attacked the eastern and northern regions of England. Then Scotland and Wales remained under the rule of the Celtic tribes.
In the sixteenth and sixteenth century, the Normans came to power in England - a tribe of Vikings who conquered northern France.
During the Middle Ages, England often waged war with its neighbors, but in the mid-sixteenth century it entered into a relationship with Wales, and in the seventh year of the eighteenth century Scotland and the United Kingdom joined them. In the same century, the state began to occupy the position of the most powerful maritime empire.
In the eighteenth century, the country moved from agricultural production to a more progressive industry. Despite the fact that Great Britain played an important role in both world wars, its influence on world politics has undoubtedly diminished significantly in the past century. By the 1960s, most of the British colonies had become independent, and in the 1970s, the United Kingdom joined the European Union.
In the 1960s and 1980s, the country experienced an economic downturn, as a result of which external and domestic politics the country has changed dramatically.
Much for the British, she became the first woman to take over as the country's prime minister - the world famous Margaret Thatcher. Today Britain is building its economy on its own, especially in the services sector - tourism, finance, education, consulting and banking.
The characteristics of today's United Kingdom can be described as attempts to revive developed industry and science, to transfer power from the center to the landscape, to spread moral values and, of course, loyalty to famous British traditions.
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RANDOM PHOTOS
HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN FROM ANCIENT TO THE MIDDLE AGES
The special geographical position of Great Britain has always distinguished it from other European countries.
Great Britain has not always been an island.
She became them only after the end of the last ice age, when the ice melted and flooded the low-lying lands that were on the site of today's English Channel and the North Sea.
Of course, the Ice Age was not one long, uninterrupted winter.
Ice then came to the islands, then retreated to the north, making it possible for the first man to settle in new places. The earliest evidence of human presence in the British Isles - flint tools - dates back to around 250,000 BC.
However, the noble endeavors of these people were interrupted by another cold snap, and did not resume until about 50,000 BC, when the ice receded and a new generation of people arrived on the islands, the ancestors of the modern inhabitants of Great Britain.
By 5000 BC. Britain finally became an island inhabited by small tribes of hunters and fishermen.
Around 3000 BC
BC. the first wave of settlers arrived on the island, who grew grain, kept livestock and knew how to make pottery. Perhaps they came from the territory of Spain or even North Africa.
They followed them around 2400 BC. other people arrived who spoke Indo-European and knew how to make tools from bronze.
CELTES
About 700 BC
BC. Celts, who were tall, blue-eyed people with blond or red hair, began to arrive on the islands. Perhaps they migrated from central Europe or even from the south of Russia.
The Celts knew how to work iron and make them more advanced weapons, which convinced the earlier inhabitants of the island to move westward to Wales, Scotland and Ireland. To cement their success, groups of Celts continued to move to the island in search of permanent residence for the next seven centuries.
The Celts lived in separate tribes, ruled by a warrior class. Of these warriors, the most powerful were the priests, druids, who could not read and write, and therefore memorized all the necessary knowledge of history, medicine, etc.
ROMANS
Julius Caesar made an unofficial visit to the British Isles in 55 BC.
BC, but the Romans took over Britain only a century later, in 43 AD. Under the Romans, Britain began to export food, hunting dogs and slaves to the continent. They also brought writing to the island. While the Celtic peasants remained illiterate, educated city dwellers could easily communicate in Latin and Greek.
The Romans never took over Scotland, although they tried to do so for a good hundred years.
They eventually built a wall along the northern border of the unconquered lands, which later defined the border between England and Scotland. The wall was named after the Emperor Hadrian, during whose reign it was erected.
With the collapse of the great Roman Empire came the end of Roman control over the British. In 409 the last Roman soldier left the island, leaving the "Romanized" Celts to be torn apart by the Scots, Irish and Saxons who periodically raid from Germany.
ANGLO SAX
The wealth of Britain by the fifth century, accumulated over the years of peace and tranquility, haunted the hungry Germanic tribes.
At first, they raided the island, and after 430 they returned to Germany less and less, gradually settling into British lands. Illiterate and warlike people were representatives of three Germanic tribes - Angles, Saxons and Jutes.
The Angles captured the northern and eastern territories of modern England, the Saxons - the southern territories, and the Jutes - the lands around Kent. However, the Jutes soon completely merged with the Angles and Saxons and ceased to be a separate tribe.
The British Celts were very reluctant to cede land to England, but under pressure from the better-armed Anglo-Saxons, they retreated into the mountains to the west, which the Saxons called the 'Wales' (land of outsiders). Some Celts went to Scotland, while others became slaves to the Saxons.
The Anglo-Saxons created several kingdoms, the names of some of which still remain in the names of counties and counties, for example, Essex, Sussex, Wessex.
A hundred years later, the king of one of the kingdoms proclaimed himself the ruler of England. King Offa was wealthy and powerful enough to dig a huge moat along the entire length of the border with Wales. However, he did not control the lands of all England and with his death his rule came to an end.
The Anglo-Saxons developed a good system of government, under which the king had a council, then called Witan, which consisted of soldiers and ministers of the church and made decisions on difficult issues.
The king could ignore the advice, but that was dangerous. Also, the Saxons divided the territory of England into districts and changed the way of plowing the land. The villagers now plowed long, narrow strips of land with a heavier plow and used a three-field farming system, which, incidentally, survived into the eighteenth century.
CHRISTIANITY
It is not known how Christianity was brought to Great Britain, but it is known for certain that this happened before the beginning of the 4th century.
AD In 597, Pope Gregory the Great sent the monk Augustine to officially bring Christianity to Britain. He went to Canterbury and became the first archbishop of Canterbury in 601. By the way, he converted only a few families of noble and wealthy people to Christianity, and Celtic priests brought Christianity to the people, who went from village to village and taught the new faith. The two churches were very different, but the Celtic church had to retreat when Rome took control of the lands of Britain.
Also, the kings of the Saxons preferred the Roman church for economic reasons: villages and cities grew around the monasteries, trade and relations with continental Europe developed. Anglo-Saxon England became famous in Europe for the export of wool, cheese, hunting dogs, utensils and metal products. She imported wine, fish, peppers and ornaments.
VIKINGS
Towards the end of the eighth century, new hungry tribes began to arrive, driven by the hunt for Britain's wealth.
They were Vikings, like the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, Germanic tribes, but they came from Norway and Denmark and spoke the North Germanic language. Like the Anglo-Saxons, at first they only briefly visited the islands. In the end, they got tired of sea travel, and they decided to settle on the islands, having previously destroyed as many villages, churches and monasteries as possible.
In 865, the Vikings captured the north and east of the island and, having converted to Christianity, settled and did not bother the locals.
King Alfred fought with them for more than ten years and only after he won the decisive battle in 878 and eight years later captured London, made peace with them.
The Vikings controlled the north and east of England, and King Alfred controlled everything else.
DISPUTE ABOUT THRONE
By 590, England had regained its peaceful state, which it had been in before the Viking invasion. Soon the Danish Vikings began to control the western part of England, and after the death of another Saxon king, the Danish Vikings began to control most of England. After the death of the Viking king and his son, Edward, one of the sons of the Saxon king, ascended the throne.
Edward devoted more time to the church than to government. By the time of his death, there was a church in almost every village, and a huge number of monasteries were also built.
King Edward died without leaving an heir, so there was no one to lead the country. A dispute over the throne broke out between the representative of the powerful Saxon family Harold Godwinson and the Norman Duke William. In addition, the Danish Vikings also have their eyes on the alluring English throne. In 1066, Harold was forced to fight off the persistent Vikings in the north of Yorkshire.
As soon as Harold defeated the Danes, the news came that William, along with his army, had arrived in England. Harold's tired soldiers were unable to defeat William's fresh army, whose warriors were better armed and trained.
Harold was killed in action, and William marched with an army to London, where he was crowned on Christmas Day 1066.
AT THIS TIME IN ... WALES.
By the early eighth century, most of the Celts had been driven back into Wales. Due to the fact that Wales is a mountainous country, the Celts were forced to settle in narrow valleys. The rest of the land was barren and inaccessible, and only domestic animals could graze on it. That is why the Welsh population remained small until the eighteenth century, when it finally exceeded half a million.
People lived in clans, forming villages and small clusters of farms.
The leaders of such clans, or tribes, proclaimed themselves kings, gradually capturing neighboring villages and expanding their possessions. In the 10th and 11th centuries, there were six kingdoms in Wales. Kings generally didn’t die, and the lives of ordinary people were no less dangerous when the king’s men approached their villages. in 1039, Wales effectively ceased to be independent after the Welsh kings swore allegiance to Edward, King of England.
IRELAND.
Ireland was not conquered by either the Anglo-Saxons or the Romans. Celtic culture flourished. As in Wales, people lived in lineages on which they were completely dependent. The kings of these tribes were chosen according to the system according to which the strongest should rule. There were four kingdoms in Ireland.
Christianity was brought to Ireland around 430.
AD It was brought by a British slave, Patrick, who later became the patron saint of Ireland. Christianity brought with it writing, which allowed history to be written and weakened the position of the Druids, who relied on memory rather than the written word.
But the Vikings came, and the relatively peaceful period in the life of Ireland was over.
History of England
The Vikings took away everything they could, with particular attention to the values in the monasteries. The Viking raids forced the Irish kings to unite. In 859, Ireland chose its first king, but this did not lead to the actual unification of Ireland.
History of the English language.
Story in English started in England. English is a West Germanic language that was originally spoken in England. English is currently the most widely used language in the world. The history of the English language includes the spread of the English language over a significant number of countries and continents.
English is the first language of most people in several countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland and New Zealand. It is the third most spoken native language in the world, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish.
English is the most popular language as a second language. The total number of people speaking English - native and non-native - exceeds the number of people speaking any other language. English language - official language The European Union, many Commonwealth countries and the United Nations, as well as many world organizations.
The history of the origin of the English language.
The history of the English language began in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and in what is now southeastern Scotland, but was then under the control of the Kingdom of Northumbria.
It was in this region that the English language originated. Thanks to the vast influence of Great Britain from the 18th century, through the British Empire, and the United States from the middle of the 20th century, it has become widespread throughout the world and has become the leading language of international communication in many regions. Historically, English is a fusion of closely related dialects. Old English, was brought to the east coast of Great Britain by Germanic (Anglo-Saxon) settlers.
Significant amount English words based on Latin roots because Latin was used in some form by the Christian church.
English History: From the Roman Colony to the British Empire
A close connection with the Romance languages appeared in the dictionary and spelling. This is how the Middle English language was formed. The changes that began in the south of England in the 15th century led to the formation of modern English based on Middle English. Due to the assimilation of words from many other languages throughout history, modern English contains a very large vocabulary. Modern English has not only assimilated words from other European languages, but also from all continents, including words of Hindi and African origin.
This is the history of the English language.
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Key dates in British history
| 55-54 g. | Julius Caesar visits Britain. |
| 43 BC | Claudius conquers Britain. |
| 409 BC | Roman army withdraws from Britain. |
| 450 onwards | Development of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. |
| 597 BC | Arrival on the island of St. Augustine, who begins to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. |
| 789-95 | The first raids of the Vikings. |
| 832-60 BC | The Scottish and Pictish tribes form the Scottish Kingdom ruled by Kenneth Macalpin. |
| 860s | The Vikings have arrived. |
| 871-99 | The reign of King Alfred the Great in the Kingdom of Wessex. |
| 1066 BC | William the Conqueror wins the crown by beating his rival Harold Godwinson. |
| 1215 BC | King John signs Magna Carta. |
| 13th century | The first universities are founded: Oxford and Cambridge. |
| 1301 BC | Edward II proclaimed his son Prince of Wales. |
| 1314 BC | Battle of Bannockburn: Scotland is still an independent state. |
| 1337 BC | The Hundred Years War begins between France and England. |
| 1348-49 biennium | The bubonic plague kills one third of the population of England. |
| 1381 BC | The uprising of the peasants. |
| 1387-94 | J. Chaucer writes The Canterbury Tales. |
| 1400-06 biennium | The last more or less significant revolt of the Welsh against the rule of the British. |
| 1411 g. | The first university in Scotland (St. Andrew's University) was founded. |
| 1455-87 | War of the Scarlet and White Roses. |
| 1477 g. | William Caxton printed the first book in England. |
| 1534-40 biennium | Reformation. Henry VIII breaks with the Roman Catholic Church. |
| 1536-42 biennium | Wales and England unite, and the former is given a portion of the parliamentary seats to the latter. |
| 1547-53 | Protestantism becomes the official religion in England. |
| 1553-58 | The reaction of the Catholics. Book: England. History of the country |
| 1558 g. | Loss of Calais, the last property of England in France. |
| 1588 g. | The defeat of the Spanish flotilla. |
| 1588-1603 | The Reign of Elizabeth I: Moderate Protestantism. |
| 1590-1613 | Shakespeare writes his compositions. |
| 1603 g. | Scotland and England unite, creating, together with Wales, Great Britain, ruled by King James VI of Scotland. |
| 1643-51 | Civil war between the monarch and parliament. |
| 1649 g. | Execution of Charles I. |
| 1653-58 | The reign of Oliver Cromwell. |
| 1660 g. | Restoration of the monarchy; ruled by Charles II. |
| 1665 g. | Great Plague: England's last plague. |
| 1666 g. | Fire in London. |
| 1688 g. | Glorious Revolution |
| 1707 g. | Consolidation of the parliaments of England and Scotland. |
| 1721-42 | The first prime minister, Robert Walpole, is in power. |
| 1760-1830 | Industrial revolution. |
| 1775-83 | American War of Independence. |
| 1801 g. | Unification of Great Britain and Ireland. |
| 1805 g. | The Battle of Trafalgar, the decisive naval battle in the war with Napoleon. |
| 1815 g. | Waterloo, Napoleon's defeat. |
| 1825 g. | The first passenger railway was opened. |
| 1833 g. | Slavery is prohibited on the territory of the British Empire (the slave trade was banned in 1807). |
| 1837-1901 | Queen Victoria's reign. |
| 1910-36 | During the reign of George V, the British Empire reached its height and maximum territory. |
| 1914-18 | World War I. |
| 1918 g. | Women over the age of 30 are allowed to vote in elections. |
| 1921 g. | Ireland separates. Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom. |
| 1928 g. | Women are given the right to vote from the age of 21, thus, their rights are equal to those of men. |
| 1928 g. | Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. |
| 1939-45 | The Second World War. |
| 1947 g. | India and Pakistan are given independence; the process of liberation of the colonies of the British Empire begins. |
| 1952 g. | Queen Elizabeth II assumes the throne. |
| 1973 g. | United Kingdom joins the European Union. |
| 1979-90 | In power, Margaret Thatcher, the first woman prime minister. |
| 1993 year | Opening of the tunnel along the bottom of the English Channel, connecting England with France |
| 1997 year | The Labor Party wins the general election. |
| 1999 year | Hereditary peers forfeited the right to sit in the House of Lords |
Conditionally British history is divided into 2 stages: before 1707 and after. Stage 1 is characterized by the fact that all 4 kingdoms had their own history line. From 43 AD and for 4 centuries, these lands were ruled by the Romans. In the 11th century, the lands passed to the Normans, and at this time feudalism appeared here. At the beginning of the 17th century, they were already united by one monarch, he was Jacob I.
And in 1707, an agreement was signed, as a result of which the Kingdom of Great Britain appeared, uniting England and Scotland. This period saw the heyday of the kingdom's power. It becomes a strong maritime power, culture, art and science are developing. Ireland joined the United Kingdom in 1800. Of course, the history of this country is more like a fairy tale and we will return to this topic more than once ...
The capital of Great Britain
London is a unique city. It is not only the capital of Great Britain, but also the Kingdom of England, and it is also the largest english city where all the most important economic, political and historical objects are concentrated. By the way, it has been serving as the capital for over 200 years, starting from the time of Roman Britain.
UK population
The UK conducts a population census every 10 years. The last one was 4 years ago. Based on her, UK population has over 63 million people. The most populous part of the territory is in England. More than 80% of the UK population prefers to live in cities.
The ethnic composition here is very diverse, which is not typical for European states. The English are the largest ethnic group, followed by the Scots and Welsh, with the Welsh being slightly smaller. Relationships among ethnic groups throughout history are quite complex. This is due not only to different customs, but the geography of Great Britain is different throughout its entire length.
State of Great Britain
The unitary state of Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. This means that the head of state is Queen Elizabeth II. All branches of government are in her hands, she is also the supreme commander in chief. She can dissolve parliament and appoint ministers. The British government has legislative power and consists of 2 chambers: the House of Commons and Lords.
UK politics
The active foreign policy of Great Britain lies in its cooperation with other countries and in its participation in international programs. Great Britain is a member of NATO, OSCE, Council of Europe and the European Union.
Language of Great Britain
English is the official language of Great Britain. Due to the numerous colonies that this state held around the world, this language gained immense popularity. Each kingdom has its own dialects. At school, each student is required to learn an additional second language, usually either German or French.
The United Kingdom or The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the island state in the Western Europe.
The capital of Great Britain is London. It`s the cultural center of the country. There is an International London Heathrow Airport, a famous Tower Bridge over the river Thames, a Westminster Abbey, the National Gallery of Art and many other beautiful places to visit.
London is situated on the British islands and it is settled down on a zero meridian which is also called Greenwich.
The English sometimes callLondon The Big Smoke or The Great Smoke.
The are about 60 million people living in Great Britain. Most of them are English, Scottish and Irish.
They also have many traditions, like wearing kilts in Scotland and cooking special food for festivals. They celebrate many events in different ways. But all the members of the family take part in it.
People in Great Britain are kind and polite.
Many famous people was born and lived in Great Britain.
The best writer of his time was as good actor as a writer. He appeared in his own plays at the Globe Theater and other London theaters.
I know Great Britain is by the right considered The state of the future and I would like to go to London and see the most beautiful sights in the capital of this country. I hope my wish will come true.
Translation:
The United Kingdom or the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is an island nation in Western Europe.
The capital of the Great Britain is London. This is the cultural center of the country. The main air gates of the country are Heathrow International Airport, the famous Tower Bridge over the River Thames, the world famous Westminster Abbey, the National Gallery of Art and many other attractions for tourists to visit are located in London.
London is located in the British Isles, located on the prime meridian, which is also called Greenwich.
London is sometimes called Big Smoke by the British.
Approximately 60 million people live in the UK. Most of them are English, Scots and Irish.
They have many traditions such as wearing plaid kilts in Scotland and preparing special food for festivals. People celebrate different events in different ways. All family members take part in this.
People in the UK are kind and polite.
Many prominent personalities were born and lived in the UK.
William Shakespeare is one of them. He wrote many of the greatest plays like Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Macbeth and others. Most of them are tragedies.
Shakespeare was born in 1564 and died in 1616. He lived in Stratford-on-Avon with his wife Anne Hathaway and his children.
The best writer of his time was as good an actor as he was an author.
He has appeared in his own plays at the Globe Theater and other London theaters.
I know that Great Britain is rightfully considered the Country of the Future, and I would like to travel to London and see the most beautiful sights of this country's capital. I hope that my wishes will come true.
Gumerova Adel
Standardization
The late medieval and early modern periods saw a fairly steady process of standardization in English south of the Scottish border. The written and spoken language of London continued to evolve and gradually began to have a greater influence in the country at large. For most of the Middle English period a dialect was simply what was spoken in a particular area, which would normally be more or less represented in writing - although where and from whom the writer had learned how to write were also important. It was only when the broadly London standard began to dominate, especially through the new technology of printing, that the other regional varieties of the language began to be seen as different in kind. As the London standard became used more widely, especially in more formal contexts and particularly amongst the more elevated members of society, the other regional varieties came to be stigmatized, as lacking social prestige and indicating a lack of education. In the same period a series of changes also occurred in English pronunciation (though not uniformly in all dialects), which go under the collective name of the great Vowel Shift. These were purely linguistic sound changes which occur in every language in every period of history. The changes in pronunciation weren’t the result of specific social or historical factors, but social and historical factors would have helped to spread the results of the changes. As a result the so-called pure vowel sounds which still characterize many continental languages were lost to English. The phonetic pairings of most long and short vowel sounds were also lost, which gave rise to many of the oddities of English pronunciation, and which now obscure the relationships between many English words and their foreign counterparts.
