Unrecognized heroes: The communists demand that veteran status be given to all who deserve it. Heroes of the Soviet Union in the period before and during World War II Communist, Chekist, hero

72 years have passed since the end of the Great Patriotic War, and many war veterans have not received a fair attitude from the authorities. This problem was faced by a part of the veterans in those regions of the USSR who worked during the war years within the rear borders of the active fronts, at local air defense facilities, the construction of defensive structures, airfields and other military facilities.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation proclaimed Russia a social state, that is, the legislation consolidated the main thing in its activities: social policy and social protection of a person. The social state is understood as a state based on justice. War veterans are a special target for the efforts of the welfare state.

The legislative act that forms the basis of the system of social support for veterans in the Russian Federation is currently the Federal Law "On Veterans" dated January 12, 1995 No. 5-FZ.

Federal law establishes two main criteria for classifying citizens as veterans of the Great Patriotic War:

1) participation in hostilities to defend the Fatherland or to provide military units of the active army in areas of hostilities;

2) military service or work in the rear during the Great Patriotic War for at least 6 months, excluding the period of work in the temporarily occupied territories of the USSR.

If a person has been awarded medals or orders of the USSR for service and independent work during the Great Patriotic War, then this person is recognized as a veteran of the Great Patriotic War, regardless of the length of service, work in the rear during the war.

Unfortunately, when establishing legal guarantees of social protection for veterans of the Russian Federation, there are cases of incorrect determination of the status of a veteran of the Great Patriotic War, that is, an understatement of status, which deprives people of a well-deserved social measure.

When determining the status of a veteran of the Great Patriotic War, if he worked in the rear at an enterprise or plant, it is very difficult to prove by documents that these industrial facilities belong to military facilities, because the current legislation does not contain the concept of a “military object”. The Great Patriotic War veteran certificate is issued on the basis of documents confirming the fact of work within the rear borders of active fronts, operational zones of active fronts, at air defense facilities, on the construction of defensive structures, naval bases, airfields and other military facilities, and certificates from archival institutions on the timing of the location of the corresponding military facility, within the rear borders of operating fronts, operational zones of operating fleets, on the front-line sections of railways and highways.

And now a little about military objects, concepts, types.

On 10/04/1932, the Council of People's Commissars approved the Statute on the Air Defense of the USSR, according to which the local air defense was separated into an independent component of the entire air defense system of the Soviet state.

Militarily and economically important enterprises are called air defense facilities.

All city enterprises in the threatened zone were targets of local air defense. In this regard, the draft law proposes to supplement subparagraph 2 of paragraph 1 of Article 2 of the Federal Law "On Veterans" dated 01/12/1995 No. 5-FZ with the definition of a "military object" in accordance with international law, "a military object is an object that, by virtue of its location, purpose or use makes an effective contribution to military action and destruction, the capture or neutralization of which, under the existing circumstances, gives a clear military advantage. "

The adoption of the bill will further contribute to the observance of the interests of war veterans, to determine the correct legal status, allowing full use of the system of social support for veterans in the Russian Federation.

I would like to show by the concrete example of the Saratov region that this law should be adopted. From September 9, 1942 to March 1943, at least 150 thousand Saratov residents worked at local air defense facilities and on the construction of defensive structures within the rear borders of the active fronts.

If we analyze the official figures of the Social passport of the Saratov region for 2005-2012, then you come to a disappointing conclusion. According to the Ministry of Social Development of the Saratov Region, there were 3 people on the list of persons who worked at air defense facilities, local air defense, on the construction of defensive structures within the rear borders of the active fronts in 2012, of which one lived in the city of Saratov.

Such a meager number of war veterans in the Saratov region with the status of nn. 2 p. 1 art. 2 of the Law "On Veterans" says only one thing, that they were all carried out as war veterans with the status of clauses 4, clauses 1, article 2, i.e. like home front workers. So, once again, local officials took away the social protection measures they were entitled to from the honored people who gave everything for Victory.

I will give just one example, as one of the veterans of the plant, a non-transportable disabled person of the second group E.P. Fedotova did everything to protect her constitutional right, and what came of it. From September 2013 to February 2014, all the offices of officials were passed in search of justice, from the Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Saratov Region for Social Issues to the Ombudsman in the Saratov Region, but everywhere there was one answer - solve your problem in court ... In April 2014, the Leninsky District Prosecutor tried to defend the constitutional right of a war veteran entitled to the status of a war veteran under clause 2, clause 1, article 2, but the court of first instance refused to recognize the veteran's rights ( decision of April 15, 2014 No. 2-920 / 14).

A verbatim quote from the decision of the court of first instance “... the court comes to the conclusion that although the 292 Saratov State Aviation Plant No. 292 was a military facility located within the rear borders of the existing Don Front, Ye.P. Fedotova did not. was not engaged in its construction or construction of other defensive structures ”. With such inner convictions of the judges, they will never assign the status of veterans to those people who forged us Victory.

To date, Saratov judges have blocked all attempts to defend the honor and dignity of war veterans. The decisions and appellate rulings of the courts contradict common sense and confuse both experts and legal professionals. The result of the litigation was a heart attack and the death of a veteran who did not manage to defend his constitutional right. Can this be called the murder of a veteran? This question must be answered by the conscience of those who passed this sentence!

Fortunately, there are other court decisions that restore justice. For example, the Moscow City Court acknowledged the correctness of the prosecutor of the Northern Administrative District and ordered the defendant (social security department) to establish the status of a veteran of the Great Patriotic War under Art. 19, not Art. 20 (appeal ruling of the Moscow City Court dated October 16, 2012 in case No. 11-22627).

But we, according to the same law, have 2 court decisions, absolutely contradicting each other. Using the example of two war veterans who have the same destiny, but live in different regions of the Russian Federation (Moscow is the capital of the Russian Federation, Saratov is a regional city, but during the war both cities were front-line cities), in violation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the judges make diametrically opposite decisions. This means that you and I, dear deputies, did not work out the legislation so that the judge would open the code, look at the article and say: you are a participant in the war and receive the corresponding benefits. Since there is a contradiction, then this is our flaw. I propose to amend the legislation so that the interpretation is unambiguous.

It should be added that the law was not passed. 92 people voted for its adoption (the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Liberal Democratic Party and "Fair Russia"), 2 against (United Russia members Kuzmin and Gribov), 1 abstained. 355 people (the overwhelming majority, of course, United Russia) did not vote.

Russia every year celebrates Victory Day on a grand scale, but so far not all the main characters of this Victory have received the status of veterans. In some regions, local authorities are trying with all their might not to give this status, so as not to pay benefits to those who provided us with a peaceful life. Valery Rashkin spoke to the State Duma, very emotionally urging his colleagues to adopt amendments to the law "On Veterans".

- 72 years have passed since the end of the Great Patriotic War, and many war veterans have not received a fair attitude from the authorities. This problem was faced by a part of the veterans in those regions of the USSR who worked during the war years within the rear borders of the active fronts, at local air defense facilities, the construction of defensive structures, airfields and other military facilities.

The legislative act that forms the basis of the system of social support for veterans in the Russian Federation is currently the Federal Law "On Veterans" of January 12, 1995 No. 5-FZ.

Federal law establishes two main criteria for classifying citizens as veterans of the Great Patriotic War:

1) participation in hostilities to defend the Fatherland or to provide military units of the active army in areas of hostilities;

2) military service or work in the rear during the Great Patriotic War for at least 6 months, excluding the period of work in the temporarily occupied territories of the USSR.

Unfortunately, when establishing legal guarantees of social protection for veterans of the Russian Federation, there are cases of incorrect determination of the status of a veteran of the Great patriotic war, that is, an understatement of status, which deprives people of a well-deserved social measure.

And now a little about military objects, concepts, types.

04.10.1932 The Council of People's Commissars approved the Statute on the Air Defense of the USSR, according to which the local air defense was separated into an independent component of the entire air defense system of the Soviet state.

Militarily and economically important enterprises are called air defense facilities.

All city enterprises in the threatened zone were targets of local air defense. In this regard, the bill is proposed to supplement subparagraph 2 of paragraph 1 of Article 2 Federal Law "On Veterans" dated 12.01.1995 No. 5-FZ, defining a "military object" in accordance with international law, "a military object is an object that, by virtue of its location, purpose or use, makes an effective contribution to hostilities and destruction , the capture or neutralization of which, under existing circumstances, gives a clear military advantage. "

If we analyze the official figures of the Social passport of the Saratov region for 2005-2012, then you come to a disappointing conclusion. According to the Ministry of Social Development of the Saratov Region, registered in 2012, there were 3 people who worked at the objects of air defense, local air defense, on the construction of defensive structures within the rear borders of the active fronts, of which one lived in the city of Saratov.

I will give only one example, as one of the veterans of the plant, a non-transportable disabled person of the second group Fedotova E.P. did everything to protect her constitutional right and what came of it. From September 2013 to February 2014, all the offices of officials were passed in search of justice, from the Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Saratov Region for Social Issues to the Ombudsman in the Saratov Region, but everywhere there was one answer - solve your problem in court ... In April 2014, the Leninsky District Prosecutor tried to defend the constitutional right of a war veteran entitled to the status of a war veteran under clause 2, clause 1, article 2, but the court of first instance refused to recognize the veteran's rights ( decision of April 15, 2014 No. 2-920 / 14).

Verbatim quote from the decision of the court of first instance “… The court comes to the conclusion that although the 292 Saratov State Aviation Plant No. 292 was a military facility located within the rear borders of the active Don Front, Ye.P. Fedotova did not. was not involved in its construction or the construction of other defensive structures "... With such inner convictions of judges they will never assign the status of veterans to those people who forged us Victory.

But we, according to the same law, have 2 court decisions, absolutely contradicting each other.Using the example of two war veterans who have the same destiny, but live in different regions of the Russian Federation (Moscow is the capital of the Russian Federation, Saratov is a regional city, but during the war both cities were front-line cities), in violation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the judges make diametrically opposite decisions. This means that you and I, dear deputies, did not work out the legislation so that the judge would open the code, look at the article and say: you are a participant in the war and receive the corresponding benefits. Since there is a contradiction, then this is our flaw. I propose to amend the legislation so that the interpretation is unambiguous. Thanks.

Press service of the Moscow City Committee of the Communist Party

FROMokolov Boris Innokentyevich - operative of the Special Department of the KGB of the USSR for the 108th motorized rifle division of the 40th Army of the Turkestan Military District (Limited contingent of Soviet troops in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan), captain.
Born on October 19, 1953 in the capital of Buryatia - the city of Ulan-Ude in the family of an employee. Russian. Member of the CPSU since 1977. Graduated from the 10th grade, Irkutsk Aviation College. He worked at an engineering plant.
IN Soviet army from May 1973 - called up for military service in the Trans-Baikal Military District. From the troops he entered the military school. Graduated from the Kazan Higher Military Engineering School in 1979. He served in the engineering units of the Leningrad Military District.
Since August 1981 - in the KGB of the USSR. He graduated from the Higher courses of military counterintelligence of the KGB of the USSR in Novosibirsk in 1982. He served in the Special Departments of the KGB in parts of the Leningrad Military District.
Since December 1983, for two and a half years, Boris Sokolov served with a limited contingent of Soviet troops in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan as an operative in the KGB Special Department for the 108th Motorized Rifle Division. He took part in 64 military operations with a total duration of 269 days. In the battles he was twice wounded and wounded by shrapnel. He remained in Afghanistan until the end of the trip, even after being awarded the title of Hero, giving up the right to early leave for the Union.
Haveby the kaz of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of December 10, 1985 for the courage and heroism shown in the provision of international assistance to the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan to the captain Sokolov Boris Innokentyevich awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal (No. 11536).
In 1986-1991, he served in a special department of the USSR State Security Committee for the Moscow Military District. Since 1992, he served in the military counterintelligence agencies of the Ministry of Security and the Federal Grid Company of Russia, then in the Office of Economic Counterintelligence - the Department of Economic Security of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation. He headed the representative office of the FSB of Russia in one of the foreign countries.
Major General. He was awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Red Star, and medals.
Biography supplemented by Anton Bocharov
(Koltsovo village, Novosibirsk region)

COMMUNIST, CHECKIST, HERO
Afghanistan has left a tragic mark in the hearts of hundreds of thousands of Soviet people. The time has come to tell about the fact that army chekists took part in this difficult war alongside soldiers and officers in all military affairs. Military counterintelligence officers who performed their duty to ensure the safety of a limited contingent of Soviet troops went through the harsh school of Afghanistan shoulder to shoulder with the soldiers.
One of them is Boris Sokolov. His Afghan everyday life was not much different from the everyday life of hundreds of other military counterintelligence officers who deserved the good memory of everyone with whom fate brought them on the dangerous roads of Afghanistan. They exposed and suppressed many espionage and sabotage terrorist actions of the rebels and their Western patrons against the Soviet troops, and freed dozens of Soviet Army personnel from captivity.
From the presentation of Captain Boris Innokentievich Sokolov for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union:
"He took part in 64 operations with a total duration of 269 days. During the operations he showed courage, courage and courage. In a difficult combat situation he acted confidently, made competent decisions, more than once ensured the successful completion of combat missions by the unit."
In combat conditions, the business qualities of an officer are in full view, and even more so for him as a Chekist. So it was on that March day in 1984, when, when Soviet soldiers were boarding helicopters, they came under heavy fire from the gang. Sokolov and the chief of staff, Major Yakushev, managed to organize an effective defense, ensuring the landing of soldiers in combat vehicles. And the last to leave the battle.
In war, it is difficult to separate the life of an Aramaic counterintelligence officer from the everyday life of others. soviet officers... Only, perhaps, it is a little more difficult for the counterintelligence officer, because he also has his own, KGB tasks. However, the enemy does not make discounts on this.
In January 1984, Sokolov and senior lieutenant A. Golovin seized important documents containing information about the involvement of Western special services in large hostile actions against Afghanistan, lists of agents of the rebels. The price for this is a terrible battle, in which Boris also took part.
More than once the communist Sokolov had to take command in critical combat situations. This happened in February 1984, when Boris, shell-shocked, still managed to lead the unit and withdraw it from the battle with minimal losses.
And one more, perhaps the most significant stroke in the combat biography of Boris Sokolov. The Chekist unit in which he served was actively involved in the release of captured Soviet servicemen. This work, always associated with mortal risk, demanded from military counterintelligence officers great personal courage and readiness for self-sacrifice: one had to have tremendous self-control and courage to go unarmed to the camps of spooks and negotiate with them at gunpoint. They helped many Soviet servicemen then return to their mothers.
Until recently, Boris Sokolov was one of those heroes who could not be written about. Now, as you can see, they write about this, and even in posters.

This article contains statistics on Heroes of the Soviet Union. The main attention is paid to the pre-war period and the period of WW2. This does not include statistics on the cosmonauts and Heroes of the USSR awarded this title after WW2.

In August 1933, the steamer Chelyuskin set out on a voyage, with an Arctic expedition on board. On February 13, 1934, at 3.30 pm, the Chelyuskin, crushed by ice, sank. 111 people remained on the ice.

In the difficult conditions of the polar winter, with a huge risk to life, Soviet pilots tracked down and rescued the needy polar explorers. On April 13, the rescue pilots received a telegram from the leaders of the Communist Party and the Soviet government: “We are delighted with your heroic work to save the Chchelyuskin people. We are proud of your victory over the forces of the elements. We are glad that you justified the best hopes of the country and turned out to be worthy sons of our homeland ... We enter into a petition to the Central Executive Committee of the USSR:

1. About the establishment of the highest degree of distinction associated with the manifestation of heroic deeds - the title of Hero of the Soviet Union ... "This telegram was published in the most widespread newspaper Pravda, 1934, on April 17.

On April 20, 1934, the first Resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR was issued on conferring the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

On June 19, 1934, in the Kremlin, Mikhail Kalinin presented seven pilots with the country's highest award - the Order of Lenin and a special diploma of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. After the establishment of the Gold Star medal in August 1939, medal No. 1 was awarded to A.V. Lyapidevsky.

Heroes of the Soviet Union, awarded this title for the deeds performed in the pre-war years
Composition	Rescuing people, testing new technology, developing the Arctic	When protecting borders	When performing international duty	Total
Total people	45/1	438/1	143/3	625*/5
communists	28/1	293/1	118/3	439/5
komsomol members	4	86	20	110
russians	37/1	303	106/1	446/2
ukrainians	3	90/1	20	113/1
belarusians	-	13	7/1	20/1
other nationalities	5	32	10/1	47**/1
up to 20 years	-	3	-	3
up to 25 years	1	132	25	158
up to 30 years	13	132	64/2	209/2
up to 40 years (incl.)	28	153/1	53/1	234/2
over 40 years old	3/1	18	1	22/1
soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen ***	-	142	27	169
junior officers	5	247	93	345
senior officers	6/1	41	16/2	63/3
senior officers	5	8/1	7/1	20/2
no military rank	29	-	-	29

In total, 412 people, including 282 communists and 74 Komsomol members, were awarded the title of GSS for their courage and bravery shown in the Soviet-Finnish war. The highest degree of distinction of the Motherland was noted by the commanders of the troops of the North-Western Front, the commander of the 1st rank S.K. Timoshchenko, the commander of the 7th Army, the commander of the 2nd rank K.A. Meretskov, the commander of the 50th rifle corps, Divisional Commander F.D. Gorelenko, commander of the 136th rifle division brigade commander S.I. Chernyak. From the side of the GSS - representatives of all branches of the Armed Forces, branches of the armed forces and special forces: 154 soldiers of the rifle troops, 75 aviators, 75 tankers, 64 artillerymen, 19 sailors, 10 soldiers of the engineering troops, 1 cavalryman, 13 border guards and 1 pilot of the Civil Air Fleet.

In the pre-war years, this high rank was awarded for exemplary fulfillment of military duty in the defense of Soviet borders and the provision of international assistance to other peoples, soldiers of the Soviet Army and the Navy, participants in high-latitude expeditions, testers of new technology - 597 people (including 5 people twice), or 95, 4% of the total number of Heroes of the USSR. Among them: soldiers of the Ground Forces - 68.8%, Air Force - 27.1%, Navy - 4.1%.

Communists accounted for 70.1% of the total number of the SCA, Komsomol members - 17.6%.

Among the GSS of the pre-war years there are representatives of various nations and nationalities. Of these: 71.2% are Russians, 18.1% are Ukrainians, 3.2% are Belarusians, 7.5% are representatives of other nationalities. Most of them are young people, under the age of 40 - 96.5%.

On July 8, 1941, the first decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on awarding the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was broadcast on the radio.

By the end of 1941, 126 more names were added to the list of Heroes of the USSR.

Heroes of the Soviet Union, awarded this title for deeds performed in the first period of the Great Patriotic War (June 22, 1941 - November 18, 1942)
Composition	Ground troops	Air force	Air defense	Navy	Total
Total people	241	286/1	28	70*/1	625**/2
communists	159	253/1	25	60/1	497/2
komsomol members	28	29	2	6	65
russians	159	210	20	55/1	444/1
ukrainians	41	60/1	6	6	113/1
belarusians	4	8	1	1	14
other nationalities	37	8	1	8	54***
up to 20 years	13	24	-	3	40
up to 25 years	76	128	8	17	229
up to 30 years	69	78	18	29/1	194/1
up to 40 years (incl.)	70	56/1	2	19	147/1
over 40 years old	13	-	-	2	15
	110	9	-	13	132
junior officers	101	232	27	46	406
senior officers	26	44/1	1	6/1	77/2
senior officers	4	-	-	2	6
no military rank	-	1	-	3	4

* Including 3 merchant sailors

** In addition, 18 partisans and fighters (see tab. 7)

*** Including: Georgians - 7 people; Jews and Kazakhs - 5 people each; Avars, Azerbaijanis, Kyrgyz, Estonians - 2 people each; Abkhazian, Adygean, Balkarian, Buryat, Kalmyk, Komi, Lezgin, Mari, Mordvin, Turkmen, Uzbek, Finn, Chechen.

For courage shown in battles in the first period of the Second World War, 625 people - representatives of all types of the Armed Forces - were awarded the highest degree of distinction - the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

The largest number of those who received the rank of the GSS were military personnel of the Air Force - 286 people, or 45.8%. Among them there are 144 warriors of fighter aviation, 55 - bomber, 49 - long-range, 32 - assault, 6 - reconnaissance aviation and special aviation.

A significant number of the GSS was in the Ground Forces - 241 people, or 38.6% of the total. They bore the brunt of the fight against the enemy. Among them are 163 soldiers of rifle troops, 6 artillerymen, 3 cavalrymen, 45 soldiers of armored and mechanized troops, 5 - engineers, 3 - airborne troops, 1 - railway, 15 - border and internal troops.

In the Navy, the number of GSS is 70, or 11.2% of the total. 30 of them are soldiers of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet, 10 - of the Northern, 27 - of the Black Sea Fleet, 3 - of the Merchant Marine Fleet. 44 GSS - aviators, 9 - marines, 7 - sailors of surface ships, 5 - submariners, 2 - coastal defense soldiers, 3 - sailors of the cargo ship "Old Bolshevik".

Among the GSS, more than half were commanders of platoons, companies, battalions and their peers; 21.1% - privates and sergeants. The Communists of the SSS made up 79.5%, the Komsomol - 10.4%.

The SCAC includes representatives of 28 nationalities, Russians - 71%.

In terms of age, the SCA are mostly young people. 74.1% are under the age of 30, 23.5% are under 40, and only 15 people are over 40 years old.

Until the fall of 1941, all awards were made only by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

On October 22, 1941, the right to award orders and medals on behalf of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was granted to military councils of fronts and fleets, and from November 10, 1942 - also to military councils of armies and flotillas, commanders of corps, divisions, brigades and regiments. The awarding of the Order of Lenin and the conferring of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union were still condemned by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, which now received the opportunity to more quickly resolve such issues.

Heroes of the Soviet Union, awarded this title for the deeds performed in the second period of the Great Patriotic War (November 19, 1942 - December 31, 1943)
	Ground troops	Air force	Air defense	Navy	Total
Total people	3052/1	478/8	43	85	3658*/9
communists	1723/1	454/7	42	73	2292/8
komsomol members	505	11/1	1	6	523/1
russians	2121/1	354/4	31	70	2576/5
ukrainians	509	94/4	10	12	625/4
belarusians	50	13	2	-	65
other nationalities	372	17	-	3	392**
up to 20 years	610	12	-	1	623
up to 25 years	874	224/2	27	28	1153/2
up to 30 years	637	175/4	10	22	844/4
up to 40 years (incl.)	723/1	67/2	6	28	824/3
over 40 years old	208	-	-	6	214
soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen	1633	5	-	19	1657
junior officers	1091	395/4	29	54	1569/4
senior officers	282/1	77/4	14	12	385/5
senior officers	46	1	-	-	47

* In addition, 30 partisans and underground fighters.

** In this chile: Tatars - 63 people; Jews and Kazakhs - 41 people each; Uzbeks - 34 people; Mordvins - 33 people; Armenians - 27 people; Bashkirs - 22 people; Georgians - 20 people; Chuvash - 17 people; Ossetians - 12 people; Azerbaijanis - 11 people; Turkmen - 8 people; Poles and Tajiks - 6 people each; Mari - 5 people; Kabardians, Udmurts and Czechs - 4 people each; Karelians, Lithuanians - 3 people each; Avrs, Buryats, Kalmyks, Komi, Khakassians, Estonians - 2 people each; Abkhazian, Adyghe, Assyrian, Greek, Dargin, Dungan, Spaniard, Karachai, Kyrgyz, Kumyk, Lak, Lezgin, Circassian, Chechen, Evenk, Yakut.

2,438 people were awarded the title of GSS (in 1943 - 1,622 people, in 1944 - 816 people). In addition, for the crossing of the Dnieper and other rivers, for the feats accomplished in subsequent years, another 56 people were awarded the title of GSS.

It was the most numerous detachment of the GSS since the beginning of the Second World War. The main brunt of the fighting when crossing the Dnieper and holding the bridgeheads fell on the shoulders of the soldiers of the Ground Forces. Warriors of this type of the Armed Forces, awarded the title of GSS, make up the majority - 94.7%, of which about 70% are infantrymen.

Heroes of the Soviet Union, awarded this title for the deeds performed during the final liberation of the Soviet land (December 1943 - October 1944)
	Ground troops	Air force	Air defense	Navy	Total
Total people	1718/5	811/11	9/1	268/3	2806/20
communists	1089/5	762/11	8/1	207/3	2066/20
komsomol members	255	27	1	27	310
russians	1175/1	621/9	7/1	193/2	1996/13
ukrainians	335/2	127/2	1	49/1	512/5
belarusians	50/2	37	-	5	92/2
other nationalities	158	26	1	21	206*
up to 20 years	438	66/1	-	18	522/1
up to 25 years	516	475/5	8	112	1111/5
up to 30 years	335	202/4	1/1	84/1	622/6
up to 40 years (incl.)	335/4	68/1	-	52/2	455/7
over 40 years old	94/1	-	-	2	96/1
soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen	829	5	-	77	911
junior officers	682	677/11	8/1	157	1524/12
senior officers	179/4	129	1	34/3	343/7
senior officers	28/1	-	-	-	28/1

* Including: Tatars - 32 people; Georgians - 22 people; Armenians - 21 people; Jews - 18 people; Kazakhs - 15 people; Uzbeks - 11 people; Chuvash - 10 people; Mordvins - 9 people; Azerbaijanis - 8 people; Komi and Ossetians - 5 people each; Adyghe and Udmurts - 4 people each; Bashkirs, Kyrgyz, Latvians, Tajiks, French and Estonians - 3 people each; Karelians, Lezgins, Mari - 2 people each; Avar, Altai, Greek, Kalmyk, Korean, Kumandin, Kumyk, Moldovan, Lithuanian, Nanaci, Nogay, Pole, Svan, Tuvan, Gypsy, Circassian, Chechen and Yakut.

The largest number of GSS at this stage of the war was in the Ground Forces - 1718 people, which is 61.2%, including 5 people were awarded the second Gold Star medal. More than 1000 of them served in the rifle troops, over 300 in the armored and mechanized troops, about 200 in the artillery and mortar forces, 30 people in the airborne troops.

The SCAC Air Force had 811 people, or 28.9%. Among them, 382 served in assault aviation, 193 - in fighter aircraft, 112 - in distant, 72 - in bomber and 52 - in reconnaissance aviation and special aviation. 11 people were awarded the title of GSS for the second time.

In the Navy, 268 people became GSS, or 9.6%. 134 of them served in the naval aviation, 78 - in the marines, 33 - on surface ships, 15 - in river military flotillas and 8 - submariners. 3 people were awarded the second Gold Star medal.

It is indicative that 1895 GSS, or 67.5%, are commanders and political workers. Of these, 18.1% are senior officers and almost 1.5% are senior officers. 8.7% are communists and Komsomol members.

Of the total number of those awarded the title of GSS, 80.4% were under the age of 30, of which 18.6% were under 20. Among the SCA there are representatives of 43 nationalities: 71.1% - Russians, 18.2% - Ukrainians, 3.3% - Belarusians, other nationalities - 7.4%.

Heroes of the Soviet Union awarded this title for deeds performed during the battles in Europe (1944 - 1945)
	Ground troops	Air force	Air defense	Navy	Total
Total people	3396/34	756/40	12	38/2	4202/76
communists	2427/34	662/39	12	23/2	3124/75
komsomol members	447	62/1	-	8	517/1
russians	2389/19	564/28	6	29/1	2979/48
ukrainians	614/10	125/8	4	3	746/18
belarusians	53/1	32/1	2	3	90/2
other nationalities	349/4	35/3	-	3/1	387*/8
up to 20 years	688	95	-	4	788
up to 25 years	1073/3	406/27	7	9	1495/30
up to 30 years	709/2	162/7	4	5/2	880/11
under 40	670/6	90/5	1	18	779/11
over 40 years old	256/23	2/1	-	2	260/24
soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen	1231	4	-	13	1248
junior officers	1421/2	581/13	11	17	2030/15
senior officers	602/9	151/23	1	7/2	761/34
senior officers	142/23	20/4	-	1	163/27

* Including: Tatars - 62 people; Jews - 43 people; Georgians - 42 people; Armenians - 38 people; Kazakhs - 35 people; Uzbeks - 22 people; Azerbaijanis - 21 people; Mordvins - 17 people; Bashkirs - 14 people; Chuvash - 13 people; Ossetians - 11 people; Mari - 10 people; Turkmen - 9 people; Kyrgyz - 6 people; Tajiks - 5 people; Abkhazians, Dungans, Kabardians, Kalmyks, Karelians, Latvians and Lithuanians - 3 people each; Komi, Poles, Udmurts and Estonians - 2 people each; Altai, Bulgarian, Buryat, Kurd, Lak, German, Finn, French, Czech and Yakut.

Heroes of the Soviet Union, awarded this title for deeds committed in the third period of the Great Patriotic War (January 1, 1944 - May 9, 1945)
Composition	Ground troops	Air force	Air defense	Navy	Total
Total people	5114/39	1567/51	21/1	306/5	7008*/96
communists	3516/39	1424/50	20/1	230/5	5190/95
komsomol members	702	89/1	1	35	827/1
russian	3555/20	1185/37	13/1	222/3	4975/61
ukrainians	949/12	252/10	5	52/1	1258/23
belarusians	103/3	69/1	2	8	182/4
other nationalities	507/4	61/3	1	24/1	593**/8
up to 20 years	1125	162/1	-	22	1309/1
up to 25 years	1590/3	881/32	15	121	2607/35
up to 30 years	1044/2	364/11	5/1	89/3	1502/17
under 40	1005/10	158/6	1	70/2	1234/18
over 40 years old	350/24	2/1	-	4	356/25
soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen	2060	9	-	90	2159
junior officers	2103/2	1258/24	19/1	174	3554/27
senior officers	781/13	280/23	2	41/5	1104/41
senior officers	170/24	20/4	-	1	191/28

* Besides, 201 people are partisans, underground fighters and members of the Resistance movement.

** Including: Tatars - 94 people; Georgians - 64 people; Jews - 61 people; Armenians - 59 people; Kazakhs - 50 people; Uzbeks - 33 people; Azerbians - 29 people; Mordvins - 26 people; Chuvash - 23 people; Bashkirs - 17 people; Ossetians - 16 people; Mari - 12 people; Kyrgyz and Turkmen - 9 people each; Tajiks - 8 people; Komi - 7 people; Latvians and Udmurts - 6 people each; Karelians and Estonians - 5 people each; Adyghe, Kalmyk, Lithuanian and French - 4 people each; Abkhazians, Dungans, Kabardians and Poles - 3 people each; Altai, Lezgins and Yakuts - 2 persons each; Avar, Bulgarian, Buryat, Greek, Korean, Kuman, Kumyk, Kurd, Lak, Moldovan, Nana, Nogay, German, Swan, Tuvan, Finn, Gypsy, Circassian, Czech and Chechen.

In the Ground Forces, out of the total number of the GSS, more than 3,000 people served in the rifle troops, over 900 in the armored and mechanized troops, and 500 in the artillery and mortar troops, the rest in the airborne, cavalry, engineering and communications troops.

Among the GSS who served in the Air Force, 706 were from assault aircraft, 463 from fighter aircraft, 183 from bomber aircraft, 137 served in long-range aviation and 78 in reconnaissance and special purposes.

Almost all offensive operations 1944-1945 were carried out with the direct participation of sea fleets, river and lake flotillas. Representatives of the Navy made up 4.4% of the total number of the SCA. Among them, 144 people served in the naval aviation, 78 - in the marines, 37 - on surface ships, 32 - in river and lake flotillas and 15 people - submariners.

If in the first period of the Second World War there were 6 people among the senior officers of the GSS, in the second - 47, then in the third period - 191 people, including 28 people were awarded the Gold Star medal twice.

Communists and Komsomol members accounted for almost 86%. The SCA includes representatives of 54 nationalities. Compared with the previous periods of the war, the number of soldiers under the age of 20 who were awarded the title of GSS has significantly increased. If in the first period of the SSS, who did not reach 20 years, there were 40 people, in the second - 623, then in the third there were already 1309 people.

Heroes of the Soviet Union - partisans, underground fighters and members of the European Resistance movement
	Partisans	Underground	Members of the resistance movement	Total
Total people	172/2	61	16	249/2
communists	133/2	32	13	178/2
komsomol members	22	25	-	47
pioneers	3	-	-	3
russian	87	20	7	114
ukrainians	36/2	25	3	64/2
belarusians	37	8	1	46
other nationalities	12	8	5	25*
up to 20 years	13	2	-	15
up to 25 years	12	21	-	33
up to 30 years	48	12	6	66
under 40	68	13	6	66
over 40 years old	31/2	13	4	48/2

* Including: Lithuanians - 8 people; Latvians - 4 people; Germans - 3 people; Azerbaijani; Veps, Jew, Kalmyk, Karelian, Karachai, Mordvin, Tatar, Uzbek and Czech.

249 people - partisans, underground fighters, members of the Resistance movement - were awarded the highest degree of distinction of the Motherland - the title of GSS. An analysis of the figures given in the table shows that the majority of Heroes-parisans make up 69.1%, underground members - 24.5%, members of the Resistance movement and scouts - 6.4% of the total number of GSS - participants in the struggle behind enemy lines.

Among the partisans, underground fighters, members of the Resistance movement. who became the GSS, 71.5% were communists, 18.9% were Komsomol members. Among them are 16 secretaries of underground regional committees, city committees and district committees of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and 14 commissars of partisan detachments and formations. Among the GSS, Russians accounted for 45.8%, Ukrainians - 25.7%, Belarusians - 18.5%, in total - representatives of 16 nationalities aged 13 to 83 years.

Among them, more than 30% are workers and about 40% are collective farmers, many young people, including pioneers, about 10% are women.

Heroes of the Soviet Union, awarded this title for the deeds performed during the Great Patriotic War
	Ground troops	Air force	Air defense	Navy	Partisan formations and underground organizations	Total
Total people	8447/44	2332/61	92/1	513/7	249/2	11633/115
communists	5434/44	2132/59	87/1	406/7	178/2	8237/113
komsomol members	1238	129/2	4	53	47	1471/2
russian	5861/23	1750/42	64/1	393/5	114	8182/71
ukrainians	1507/13	406/15	21	74/1	64/2	2072/31
belarusians	159/3	90/1	5	11	46	311/4
other nationalities	920/5	86/3	2	35/1	25	1068/9
up to 20 years	1750	198/1	-	27	15	1990/1
up to 25 years	2542/3	1233/34	50	172	33	4030/37
up to 30 years	1758/2	617/15	33/1	154/5	66	2628/23
under 40	1810/11	281/9	9	143/2	87	2330/22
over 40 years old	687/28	3/2	-	17	48/2	655/32
soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen	3810	23	-	134	-	3967
junior officers	3304/2	1885/28	75/1	295/1	5	5564/32
senior officers	1098/14	401/28	17	74/6	15	1605/48
senior officers	235/28	22/5	-	7	7/2	271/35
no military rank	-	1	-	3	222	226

Among the GSS awarded this title during the Second World War, soldiers, sergeants and foremen made up 34.1%, junior officers - 47.8%, senior officers - 2.3%.

71% were communists and about 13% were Komsomol members.

People under 25 years old accounted for 51.8%, over 40 years old - 5.6%.

Heroes of the Soviet Union, awarded this title for deeds performed during the Soviet-Japanese war
Composition	Ground troops	Air force	Navy	Total
Total people	40/4	1/1	52/1	93/6
communists	36/4	1/1	43/1	80/6
komsomol members	3	-	6	9
russian	26/2	1/1	46/1	73/4
ukrainians	8/1	-	4	12/1
belarusians	2	-	1	4
other nationalities	4/1	-	-	4*/1
up to 20 years	2	-	1	3
up to 25 years	2	-	6	8
up to 30 years	8	-	14/1	22/1
under 40	12	-	36	38
over 40 years old	16/4	1/1	5	22/5
soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen	7	-	12	19
junior officers	9	-	21/1	30/1
senior officers	9	-	15	24
senior officers	15/4	1/1	4	20/5

The largest number of the GSS, 52 people, are representatives of the Navy: 44 people from the Pacific Fleet, 7 from the Red Banner Amur Flotilla and People's Commissar of the Navy N.G. Kuznetsov. Among the hero sailors, 14 served in the marines, 15 in the Pacific Fleet aviation, and 22 on surface ships. The fact that more than half of the GSS - participants in the war with Japan are sailors is explained by the conditions of the theater of military operations.

The largest number of the GSS who served in the Ground Forces and were awarded this title for deeds in the Far Eastern Company, 26 soldiers from the composition of the strklkovy wax, 6 - armored, 4 - artillery, 2 - engineering troops, one soldier served in the cavalry.

Among the SCAC are representatives of the High Command (including the commander-in-chief soviet troops at the Far Vlstok Marshal of the Soviet Union A.M. Vasilevsky), commanders of fronts (fleets), armies (flotillas); commanders of corps, divisions, brigades, ships, regiments, battalions; headquarters officers, commanders of companies, platoons, squads, crews of tanks and aircraft, gun crews; rank and file. In particular, among the GSS - 20 marshals, generals and admirals, 54 officers, 19 petty officers, Red Army and Red Navy men.

Among the GSS - participants in the battles with Japan, communists and Komsomol members accounted for 95.7%.

Heroes of the Soviet Union, awarded this title twice or more (1934 - 1984)
	In the pre-war years	During the Great Patriotic War	IN post-war years	Total
Total people	5	115	30	150
communists	5	113	30	148
komsomol members	-	2	-	2
russian	2	71	25	98
ukrainians	1	31	3	35
belarusians	1	4	1	6
other nationalities	1	9	1	11*
up to 25 years	-	38	-	38
up to 30 years	2	23	2	27
under 40	2	22	19	43
over 40 years old	1	32	9	42
junior officers	-	32	9	42
senior officers	3	48	17	68
senior officers	2	36	4	42
no military rank	-	-	8	8

* Including: Armenians and Jews - 2 persons each; Bashkir, Karelian, Kazakh, Ossetian, Pole, Tatar, Chuvash.

Three communists, three rank-and-file soldiers of the great army of Bolshevism - Soviet soldiers Ivan Gerasimenko, Alexander Krasikov and Leonty Cheremnov - in the fight against the German fascist invaders, they performed an immortal feat that made their names the pride of the Lenin-Stalin party.

This happened during the offensive of our units in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Volkhov River. A platoon of junior lieutenant Polonsky, having the task of scouting the enemy's fire system, infiltrated to the front edge of his defense and started a battle. In the midst of the battle, machine guns from two bunkers suddenly hit the soldiers from the flank.

As soon as the soldiers were confused, lay in indecision - and everything would have perished. But the communists Gerasimenko, Krasikov and Cheremnov instantly, without waiting for an order, rushed forward. They ran to the bunkers, destroyed the Germans with grenades and began to pull out Nazi machine guns through the embrasures. The heroes apparently wanted to shoot the Germans from German weapons. But the situation prevented them from completing their bold plan.

Taking advantage of the success of Gerasimenko, Krasikov and Cheremnov, the platoon rushed further and fell under the crossfire of three other bunkers, who had been silent before. Three communists saw that their comrades in battle were in mortal danger. At the same minute, at the command of Gerasimenko, they rushed one by one to the bunkers.

They no longer had grenades, they were not tired of arming themselves with machine guns. It seemed that this time they were powerless to help their comrades in any way. It seemed that a few more minutes would pass - and the German machine guns would mow down the entire platoon. It was an unheard-of and unequal duel: three fighters against three fortified firing points. But these fighters were communists - and the victory remained with them.

Gerasimenko, Krasikov and Cheremnov did not have grenades, but their souls burned selfless love for their homeland, sacred hatred for the enemy. They did not have machine guns, but their will to win was unyielding, their determination to carry out a battle order, to strike the enemy was adamant. They had no grenades or machine guns, but they had bodies in which the hot hearts of the Bolsheviks beat - and with their bodies, like armor, they covered their comrades.

Without saying a word, without a command, three communists rushed to the embrasures, from which machine-gun fire was bursting, and pressed against them. The machine guns drowned in the blood of the heroes and fell silent in powerlessness. The rest of the fighters rushed on, destroying the enemy.

This is how the communists fight. This is how the sons of the great party of Lenin-Stalin defend their homeland.

The immortal feat of Ivan Gerasimenko, Alexander Krasikov and Leonty Cheremnov reveals with tremendous power to the people, to the Red Army, all the greatness and all the immense might of our native Bolshevik party. Communists, they were created by the Party in its image and likeness - and this is, first of all, the sources of their heroism, this is the explanation of their feat.

This is the party of Lenin-Stalin, for which there is nothing higher than the welfare of the people, the happiness of the people, fosters in our people a willingness to devote to the cause of the people "all their strength, all their abilities and, if necessary, all their blood, drop by drop" (Stalin).

This is the party of Lenin-Stalin, which led the people through all trials and difficulties to victory on the barricades of October, in civil war, created a great Soviet state and a mighty Red Army, fosters fearlessness, perseverance and an iron will to victory in our people.

This is the party of Lenin-Stalin, which in the days of the Patriotic War against the German-fascist invaders took on the main burden of the struggle and sent its best sons into the ranks to organize victory, educates our people as heroes capable of conquering even death.

The communists Gerasimenko, Krasikov and Cheremnov believed and knew that the decisive victory would be ours, that our just cause would win, and the enemy would be defeated. But for them it was also clear that victory never comes by itself, that the path to it is winding, full of obstacles and difficulties, and only he will reach its shining peaks, who, not fearing dangers, not stopping before difficulties, stubbornly, in spite of everything, moves forward and forward. For them, it was obvious that the conquest of victory requires the exertion of all forces, up to the readiness for self-sacrifice. And when it was necessary, Gerasimenko, Krasikov and Cheremnov, fearlessly, not knowing doubts and fear, went to their deaths in the name of victory - and
won.

The greatest courage and noble self-sacrifice of the three communists cleared the way for their part. Polonsky's platoon fought for an hour and a half against the Nazis and brutally avenged the death of the heroes. Fighting friends Gerasimenko, Krasikov and Cheremnov destroyed 55 German soldiers and officers in an unequal battle and destroyed about a dozen bunkers. The information obtained by this reconnaissance in force made it possible to quickly break the enemy's resistance in this sector. Our troops, pursuing and exterminating the Germans, paused for a minute at the graves of three communists and went even faster forward to Leningrad to help out the great city of Lenin - and this was the best tribute to the blessed memory of the unforgettable soldiers.

The communists Gerasimenko, Krasikov and Cheremnov are no longer in our fighting ranks. But thousands and hundreds of thousands of other communists, educated by the party, are still alive. Hundreds and thousands of non-party fighters are replacing the fallen heroes in the ranks of the party. This is the immortality of the three communist heroes. This is the immortality of our party, the guarantee of our victory.

LETTER ABOUT THREE COMMUNIST HEROES

GERASIMENKO, KRASILOV
AND CHEREMNOV

On February 14, Krasnaya Zvezda wrote about the immortal feat of three communists - Ivan Gerasimenko, Alexander Krasilov and Leonty Cheremnov. In a difficult moment, when the outcome of the entire battle was hanging by a thread, in order to save the situation, they closed the embrasures of three enemy bunkers with their bodies.

Who are they, these fearless and selfless warriors?

The squad leader Ivan Savvich Gerasimenko came to the Red Army from the steppes of Ukraine - there, on the generous black soil of the Dnieper region, under the hot Ukrainian sun, his native village Znamenka stretches. He loved his homeland and selflessly worked at the machine, increasing its wealth. He saw the mighty, creative force of the Communist Party, which turned Ukraine into a flourishing country of abundance and happiness of the people. And Gerasimenko wanted to become a part of this great power - he joined the ranks of the communists.

When the Great Patriotic War began, the communist Gerasimenko came out with arms to defend his homeland. The party tempered his will and taught him to despise death. In battles, he was always ahead, as befits a communist.

Here is what is said in the combat characteristics of Ivan Savvich Gerasimenko:

“Being in the unit since September 1941, Comrade Gerasimenko proved to be a disciplined junior commander. As an agitator in the department, he worked with the soldiers every day.

In the night battle from 18 to 19 January at the Kirillov Monastery, Comrade. I. Gerasimenko showed courage and courage. Before the battle comrade. I. Gerasimenko promised that he would bring the "language", and he kept his promise. Risking his life and making self-sacrifice, he completed the task. He brought in a “tongue,” stabbing and shooting seven fascists. ”

This combat characteristic was given to Ivan Savich when he was admitted from candidates for party members. He had such a high opinion of the title of a party member that, having already accomplished an outstanding feat, he was sincerely convinced that all his merits were not enough to justify the high title of a party member. Having vowed to "carry out all the combat missions assigned to me," he modestly wrote further in his statement: "Please do not refuse my request!"

And, of course, he was not refused! On January 24, 1942, his application was examined at a party meeting, and Sergeant Ivan Savvich Gerasimenko became a member of the Communist Party.

At the same meeting, the applications for the entry into candidates of the Red Army soldiers Leonty Cheremnov and Alexander Krasilov were discussed.

Cheremnov wrote in his statement: “Please accept me as a candidate for the CPSU (b). I will honor the title of the party candidate. I will do my best to exterminate the fascists. "

Battalion commissar Grachev, recommending Leonty Cheremnov to the party, wrote: “Comrade. L. A. Cheremnov showed exceptional courage in hand-to-hand combat with the German fascists. " These short, mean words characterize Cheremnov enough. A tightly tailored Siberian, he devoted all his strength to the fight against the enemies of his fatherland.

I really liked this brave and strong fighter. Ivan Savich Gerasimenko, who immediately at the party meeting looked closely at every communist, assessing with his stern glance who is worth what. Ivan Savich also liked another Siberian, Alexander Krasilov, who was accepted as a candidate at the same meeting.

The secretary of the party bureau read out loudly, the combat characteristics of Krasilov: “In the battles against the German fascists, he proved himself as a fearless, courageous fighter. Participated in the blocking of one enemy strongpoint. By his example he drew comrades forward. He enjoys good authority. "

During the break, Ivan Savvich approached the newly admitted communists and got into a conversation. The Siberians looked at the sergeant with respect, although he was ten years younger than them. They also found a common
theme. Ivan Savvich's wife moved to the east and worked at the evacuated Moscow plant.

She entered a laborer, but she worked for only 8 days, and immediately she was transferred to the machine, - said Ivan Savvich.

He writes that as soon as the war ends, then we, they say, will go to Moscow and live in our capital ...

This is how the three talked about the closest to them and somehow immediately became friends, liked each other. Everything was clear in their simple working life before the war, one was their joy - to do their job well, beautifully, soundly. And here, on the fields of the Patriotic War, they met as old acquaintances. It was no accident that in the last battle for them, these three fearless were ahead of everyone. It is no coincidence that when death loomed over the entire platoon, these three communists, without saying a word, without a command, obeying one command of the heart, rushed straight to the enemy embrasures to close them with their bodies.

Death is easy when a bullet strikes suddenly, when you don't see it, you don't expect it. But what strength do you need to have in order to run towards your inevitable death? To feel that you are running for the last time on your native land, that you are seeing this low winter sky and the roofs of a Russian village covered with snow for the last time, you hear a human voice for the last time ...

All this was felt and realized by the three fearless, and nevertheless ran towards the machine-gun bursts. The victory over the hated enemy was dearer to them than life. Against the background of a snowy field, their figures were clearly visible to the German machine gunners. Promptly advancing, these figures grew in size, blocking the battlefield. German machine gunners fired at them, almost without aiming, from the confusion that seized them - they had never seen such courage and contempt for death, Suddenly something dark tightly closed the embrasures in one bunker, in another, in a third. And the German machine gunners realized that they were defeated by a mighty and unknown force of self-sacrifice.

... In the silence of a winter day in front of the destroyed bunkers, bare their heads, the soldiers of the Red Army stood, shocked by the greatness of the feat of the three communists. And they, leaning against the embrasures, lay in identical positions, clutching the barrels of machine guns with their frozen hands forever, and all the snow around was scarlet, as if illuminated by the rising sun.

Political instructor L. VILKOMIR.
TROOPS OF GENERAL MERETSKOV.
(By telegraph).

Unrecognized heroes: The communists demand that veteran status be given to all who deserve it. Heroes of the Soviet Union in the period before and during World War II Communist, Chekist, hero

GERASIMENKO, KRASILOV AND CHEREMNOV

GERASIMENKO, KRASILOV
AND CHEREMNOV