Learning to read and write "sound analysis of the word sleigh". Synopsis of directly organized activities in the senior group Positional changes in consonant sounds in Russian

Before proceeding to perform phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

21 letters for consonants;
10 letters - vowels;
and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not in themselves determine any sound units.

You often pronounce the sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, more letters than sounds can be used in a word. For example, "children's" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [ts]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "Yu" in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive sound speech by ear. Under the phonetic analysis of the word is meant the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such an analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, in phonetic parsing, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment, and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter analysis, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the correct spelling is:

black -> [h"orny"]
apple -> [yablaka]
anchor -> [yakar"]
tree -> [yolka]
sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish between the letter record (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets - ;
a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
shock [´] - with an accent;
in complex word forms from several roots, a secondary stress sign [`] is used - grave (not practiced in the school curriculum);
the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Yo, b and b are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
for double consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of pronouncing the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and word parsing with online examples, in accordance with the general school norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowels and consonants.

How to make a phonetic parsing of a word?

The following diagram will help you conduct a letter analysis:

Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
Count how many vowels and consonants are in it.
Mark the stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) singles out a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable division in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
In transcription, disassemble the word by sounds.
Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
Opposite each letter, in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "yu", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
Analyze each phoneme separately and mark its properties with a comma:
- for a vowel, we indicate in the characteristic: the sound is a vowel; shock or unstressed;
- in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-deafness.
At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is an example of phonetic analysis by composition for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'e′n'iye]. In this example, there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-ni-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

I [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [c] - acc., paired hard, paired sound [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired . sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, percussion [n '] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired. sound, sonorous and [and] - vowel, unstressed [th] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed ____________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word is 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationship and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What are the sounds?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are stressed and unstressed. A consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian live speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

[b] - peppy and [b '] - squirrel;
or [d] - [d ’]: home - do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If in doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached a dimensionless scale, and sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

Vowel sounds unlike melodic consonants, they flow freely, as if in a singsong voice, from the larynx, without barriers and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you strive to pronounce the consonant, the more vigorously you will close the oral cavity. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on a vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six percussive sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [y], [s]. And, recall, there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, u. The vowels E, Yo, Yu, I are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words alphabetically, the letters listed are stressed.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of exhalation, increased duration of sound, and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced distinctly and expressively, the sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to perform. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains the main form is called strong position. Only a stressed sound and a syllable can occupy such a position. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more distinctly, with the greatest force and duration.
A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In Russian, only one phoneme “U” retains unchanging phonetic properties: kuruza, plank, u chus, u catch - in all positions it is pronounced distinctly like [u]. This means that the vowel "U" is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “Yu”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´h’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [cocoa "o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra" dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “e” - [o]: turn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. Parsing the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position will also not be difficult.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after placing the stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamok" and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

I'm at home [ya to "ma].
New houses [but "vye da ma"].

V unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, it is pronounced differently than it is written:

mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
he - online = [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
witness = [sv'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And a qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristic depending on its position:

primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
in open syllables (consist of only one vowel);
under the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

Yes, different 1st degree of reduction. She is subject to:

vowels in the first prestressed syllable;
open syllable at the very beginning;
repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n'iz'd'e´shn'y].

(bare syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

forward-re -di [fp'ir'i d'i´];
e-ste-ve-nno [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all pre-stressed syllables in sound analysis refer to reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called "weak position of the second degree."

kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t '];
model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
swallow [la´-hundred-ch'ka];
kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in steps: the second, third (after hard and soft consonants, - this is outside the curriculum): study [uch'i´ts: a], numb [atsyp'in'e´t '], hope [nad'e´zhda]. In a letter analysis, the reduction of a vowel in a weak position in a final open syllable (= at the absolute end of a word) will appear very slightly:

cup;
goddess;
with songs;
turn.

Sound letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

During phonetic analysis, the vowels e, e, u, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "Yu" always:
- - cringe [yo´ zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’ny], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], capacity [yo´ mkast’];
- - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], yule [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], briskness [yu ´rkas’t’];
at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
- - spruce [ye´ l '], I go [ye´ f: y], huntsman [ye´ g'ir '], eunuch [ye´ vnuh];
- - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
- (*to perform sound-letter analysis of unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
in the position immediately after the vowel "Yo" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except when the indicated letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specific cases:
- - reception mnik [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sing t [payo´t], kluyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
- -ay rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
after the separating solid “b” sign “Yo” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
after the dividing soft "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ha], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stresses are of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the literal analysis of the remaining iotated sounds and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" denote two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

at the very beginning of a word:
- - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yilo´vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], his [yivo´], egoza [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
- - January [yi nva´rsky], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
- (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye wrap’io´idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge´niy, European [ye wrap’e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rchia, etc.).
immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
- in a timely manner [piles vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi zh: a´t '], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´shch'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
- bark [la´yi t '], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi ts], belt [po´yi s], declare [zai v'i´t '], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
after a separating hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [sii do´bny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "ekanye", while the Moscow school has "hiccups". Previously, the yottered "Yo" was pronounced with a more accentuated "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow standards in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter "I" after the soft sign "b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on ku´r'yi' x "no´shkakh], rabbit [cro´l'ich'yi], no family [with 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi] But: The vowel "O" after a soft sign "b" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavillo n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, shigno n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels "Yu" "E" "Yo" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

sound units "Yo" "Yu" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
- yo - [o],
- e - [e],
- yu - [y].
Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [yellow], silk [sho´ lx], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'ice´ Fri], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
The letters "I" "Yu" "E" "Yo" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [']. Exception only for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
- ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], light [l'o´ hk'y], honey agaric [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´ nak];
- e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e´ n '], mirror [z'e´ rkala], smarter [smart'e´ ye], conveyor [kanv'e´ yir];
- i - [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
- yu - [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
- Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do phonetic analysis by composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding softness apostrophe: hotel [ate´ l '], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet´ t].
Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'and snowy], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [n'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lay down [l'i ga´t'], five grater [n'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonant sounds of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonant sounds are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet for their designation is used 21 letters. However, performing a sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
- [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
- [in] - [in ’]: in height - in June,
- [g] - [g ’]: city - duke,
- [d] - [d ']: dacha - d elfin,
- [h] - [h ’]: z won - z ether,
- [k] - [k ’]: to onfeta - to engur,
- [l] - [l ’]: l odka - l lux,
- [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
- [n] - [n ’]: new - n ectar,
- [n] - [n ’]: n alma-p yosik,
- [p] - [p ’]: r chamomile - r poison,
- [s] - [s ’]: with uvenir - with a surprise,
- [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t tulip,
- [f] - [f ’]: flag flag - February,
- [x] - [x ’]: x orek - x hunter.
Certain consonants do not have a hardness-softness pair. Unpaired include:
- sounds [g], [c], [w] - always solid (life, cycle, mouse);
- [h ’], [u’] and [y ’] are always soft (daughter, more often, yours).
The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the sonority-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and participation of the organs of articulation.

Sonorants (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they hear a maximum of voice and a little noise: lion, paradise, zero.
If, during the pronunciation of a word, both a voice and noise are formed during the sound analysis, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, s, etc.): factory, b people, life from n.
When pronouncing deaf consonants (p, s, t, and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is emitted: stack a, chip a, k ost yum, circus, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: a bow (b, p, d, t) - a gap (g, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial-labial (b, p, m) , labio-dental (f, c), anterior lingual (t, d, h, s, c, f, w, u, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, d, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing, try placing your hands over your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget a friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat cabbage soup? - Fi! - similarly, these replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonant sounds in Russian

The consonant sound, like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter can phonetically denote a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a nearby consonant. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation by deafness-voicedness operates. The voiced double consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [club´p];
before deaf consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], hug [aph wat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
making sound letter parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless double consonant standing before a voiced one (except for [d'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [r] - [r ']) is also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a deaf noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [h] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing by the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings of the "-th", "-his" names of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "G" is transcribed as a sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school program on phonetics, this process is called contraction of consonants: separate [ad: 'il'i´t'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced to sounds [d'd'], silent smart [b'ish: y ´many]. When parsing by composition, a number of words in sound-letter analysis show dissimilation - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, the common feature of the two adjacent consonants changes: the combination “GK” sounds like [hk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o′h'k'y], soft [m'a′h' k'iy].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before "b";
the softness of the consonant sound in the syllable in the letter will help determine the vowel that follows it (e, e, i, u, i);
[u’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
the sound [n] always softens before the soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'icen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z '] spruce, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd '] idat, ba [n'd '] um, and [n'd '] ivid , blo[n'd'] in, stipe[n'd'] ia, ba[n't'] ik, wi[n't'] ik, zo[n't'] ik, ve[n' t '] il, a [n't '] personal, co[n't '] text, remo[n't '] to edit;
the letters "N", "K", "R" during phonetic analysis of the composition can soften before soft sounds [h '], [u ']: glass ik [staka′n'ch'ik], changer ik [sm'e ′n'shch'ik], donut ik [po′n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e′n'sh'ik], boulevard ina [bul'var'r'shch'ina], borscht [ Borsch'];
often the sounds [h], [s], [r], [n] in front of a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e'nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
in order to correctly perform sound-literal analysis, consider the words of exception when the consonant [r] before soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during literal analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiced consonants before sibilant consonants and their transcription in sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiced: [d-t] or [s-s] before hissing (w, w, u, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

Letter analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: visitor [pr'iye´zhzh y], ascension [your e´stv'iye], izzhelta [i´zhzh elta], take pity [zhzh a´l'its: a].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you should designate one of the repeated sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

Letter combinations with hissing "szh" - "zzh", are pronounced as a double solid consonant [zh:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - like [w:]: squeezed, sewn, without a tire, climbed.
The combinations "zh", "zhzh" inside the root during sound-letter analysis is recorded in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
The combinations "sch", "sch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are pronounced as a long soft [u':]: account [u': o´t], scribe, customer.
At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place "sch", "zch" is transcribed as [sch'h']: without a number [b'esch' h' isla´], with something [sch'ch' em mta] .
With a sound-letter analysis, the combinations "tch", "dch" at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], young man ik [little´h ': ik], report ot [ah': o´t].

Cheat sheet for likening consonants at the place of formation

mid → [u':]: happiness [u': a´s't'ye], sandstone [n'isch': a´n'ik], peddler [razno´sh': ik], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
zch → [u’:]: carver [r’e´shch’: hic], loader [gru´shch’: hic], storyteller [raska´shch’: hic];
ZhCh → [u’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ u’: ik], man [mush’: i´na];
shh → [u’:]: freckled [v’isnu′shch’: common];
stch → [u’:]: tougher [zho´shch’: e], whip, rigger;
zdch → [u’:]: traverser [abye´shch’: ik], furrowed [baro´shch’: whit];
ss → [u’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t ’], generous [rasch’: e′dr’ils’a];
van → [h'sh']: split off [ach'sh' ip'i′t'], snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat'], in vain [h'sh' etna], carefully [h' sh'at'el'na];
tch → [h ':] : report [ah ': o't], homeland [ah ': izna], ciliated [r'is'n'i'ch ': i'ty];
dh → [h’:] : underline [patch’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t '];
zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t '], ignition [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t '];
ssh → [sh:]: bringing [pr’in’o′sh: th], embroidered [rash: y´ty];
zsh → [w:] : inferior [n'ish: y'y]
th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-literal analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about′by], not for anything [n'e′ zasht a], anything [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
thu → [h't] in other cases of literal parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] and so on;
ch → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, and also in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
ch → [ch'n] - literal analysis for all other options: fabulous [fairytale'n], country [yes'ch'n], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
!zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, a double pronunciation and transcription [u ’] or [pcs ’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

"T" - in combinations:
- stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sny], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words ladder, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
- stl → [sl]: happy [w’: asl ’and’vy "], happy ivchik, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and spread, the letter “T” is pronounced in them);
- ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g’iga´nsk ’y], agency, presidential;
- sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat up I [vzye´s: a], swear I [kl’a´s: a];
- sts → [s:] : tourist cue [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
- ntg → [ng]: roentgen en [r'eng 'e´n];
- “-tsya”, “-tsya” → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [we´ts: a], look, fit, bow, shave, fit;
- ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and the suffix: children's [d'e'ts k'y], fraternal [brother's];
- ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete men [sparts: m’e´n], send [acs yla´t ’];
- ts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratts a [bra´ts: a], ottsepit [atz: yp'i´t'], to father u [katz: y'];
"D" - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
- zdn → [zn]: late [po´z'n' y], starry [z'v'o´zn y], holiday [pra′z'n 'ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm' e′zn y];
- ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
- ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala´nsk ’y], Thai [taila´nsk ’y], Norman y [narm´nsk ’y];
- zdts → [sts]: under the bridles [pad sts s´];
- nds → [nc]: Dutch s [gala´nts s];
- rdts → [rc]: heart [s’e´rts e], evina’s heart [s’irts yv’i´na];
- rdch → [rch "]: heart-ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
- dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsing the word it is written as a double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t '], twenty [two´ts: yt '] ;
- ds → [ts]: factory [zavats ko´y], kinship [rational tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods to [k’islavo´ts k];
"L" - in combinations:
- sun → [nc]: sun e [so´nts e], sun state;
"B" - in combinations:
- vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'u´stva], sensuality [h'u´stv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´st 'in: y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk”, the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [paye´stka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

Two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude character [:] in literal parsing: class, bath, mass, group, program.
Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l '], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. The literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book. M. 1959

References:

Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
Tutorial. - "Institute for advanced training of educators", Tambov: 2012
Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format of a school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

Program content: Continue learning the sound analysis of words; learn to distinguish between vowels, hard and soft consonants; To consolidate the ability to invent words for a given sound "(C)"; to consolidate the ability to divide 2 and 3 compound words into syllables; be able to finish a sentence.

vocabulary work: Snowman, sleigh, rough, lair.

Methods and techniques: playful, visual, verbal, practical.

Material and equipment: A picture-scheme of the word SANIS, red, blue, green sound chips, a pointer, a Snowman, a beautiful sled, a snowflake with the sound "(C)", a bell, paper stencils of small snowmen.

Move: Emotional mood.

The sun shines brightly

(children stretch their hands up)

Gives us smiles.

(smile, throw up their hands)

It's frosty outside

(hug their shoulders)

Snowflakes are spinning.

(perform "flashlights" with the hands)

Let's dress warmly

(imitate dressing)

And let's go for a walk.

(walking in place)

We will be on sleds

(perform swings with arms bent at the elbows forward and backward)

Ride down the hill.

I have a magical snowflake. On a snowflake, the sound "(C)". She will help us get to the snowy meadow. Get up in pairs. Each couple must come up with a word that begins with the sound "(C)".

(Children come up with words (snow, owl, sausage, trail, falcon, bench, plum, scooter, magpie, nipple, ostrich, stem, dragonfly. They go to a snowy clearing.

They see very beautiful sledges there).

What a beautiful unusual sleigh, but no one is visible around. Let's analyze the word SANIE, maybe someone will appear.

(Children go to the tables and analyze the word SANI)

Parsing the word SANI.

We know that there are sounds that can be pronounced for a long time and loudly, while nothing interferes with the mouth.

What are these sounds called? (vowels).

What chips denote vowel sounds? (Red).

What are the sounds that prevent us from pronouncing lips, teeth, tongue? (Consonants).

What are consonant sounds? (hard and soft)

What chips denote solid consonants? (in blue).

What chips denote soft consonant sounds? (Green).

Take cards-houses for sounds and sounders. Be careful.

What is the first sound in the word SANI ? (Sound "(C)").

(Consonant. When we pronounce it in the mouth, teeth and tongue interfere.)

What is the consonant sound: hard or soft? (This is a hard consonant)

What chip will we designate the solid consonant sound "(С)"? (blue)

What is the second sound in the word SANI? (Sound "(A)")

Is it a vowel or a consonant? (Vowel. When we pronounce it, nothing prevents us)

What chip will denote the vowel sound "(A)"? (red)

What is the third sound in the word SANI? (Sound "(N)")

Is it a vowel or a consonant? (Consonant. When we pronounce it, the language interferes.)

Is the sound "(N") hard or soft consonant? (This is a soft consonant)

What chip will we designate it? (Green. The sound "(H)" is indicated by a green chip)

What is the last sound in the word SANI ? (“I)” is a vowel; nothing in the mouth interferes with its pronunciation.)

What chip shall we designate it? (red)

How many sounds are in the word SANI? (four sounds)

How many vowels? (Two)

Name the first vowel . ("(A)")

What is the second vowel? ("AND)")

How many consonants are in the word SANI? (Two)

Name a hard consonant sound. ("(WITH)")

What is a soft consonant sound? ("(N)"

Divide the word SANI into syllables. (Sled)

How many syllables are in the word SANI? (Two)

Think of a word sentence with the word SANI. (We have a fast sleigh.)

I invite you to play in the snowy meadow.

Fitness minute.

Come on buddy, dare buddy

Roll your snowball in the snow

(They walk in a circle pretending to roll a snowball in front of them)

It will turn into a thick lump

Become a snowman

(Draw a large circle with their hands and stack on top of each other)

His smile is so bright

Two eyes, a hat, a mouth, a broom.

So we made a snowman!

(They show their eyes, a hat - they put their hand on their head, nose, broom - stand straight and straighten your back).

Look, here comes the snowman. It was he who arrived on a magical sleigh.

What snowman? (Beautiful, elegant, cheerful, white, snowy, mischievous, cold, playful, perky, dashing, long-awaited, funny, bold, bright, etc.).

He has a magic bell. If you correctly divide the word into syllables, then he will ring the bell for you, if not correctly, he will not ring.

The game "Divide the word into syllables"

(Children divide words into syllables: frost, ice floe, hail, wind, blizzard, snowflake, snowfall, ice, snowball, cold, winter, icicle, snow, blizzard).

The Snowman has a lot of friends in the animal forest and loves to play with them. Let's play with him. You should finish the sentence which the Snowman will start.

In winter, the hare is white, and in summer ... (gray)

The hare has a short tail, and the ears ... (long)

The hare has long hind legs, and the front legs ... (short)

The hare is fluffy, and the hedgehog ... (prickly)

The hedgehog sleeps during the day, but hunts ... (at night)

The hedgehog is small, and the bear ... (big)

The squirrel is gray in winter, and in summer ... (red)

The squirrel has a long tail, and the hare ... (short)

The squirrel lives in a hollow, and the hare under ... (bush)

The fox has soft fur, and the wolf ... (coarse)

The fox lives in a hole, and the wolf in ... (lair)

Let's Read The Snowman pure tongue.

Ma-ma-ma - it's winter in the yard.

Om-om-om - we'll go for a walk.

Os-os-os - let it be frosty outside.

Os-os-os - I wrapped my nose with a scarf.

It's hot for the Snowman, it's time to say goodbye. The snowman really liked visiting us, and he gives you little snowmen.

(The snowman gives the snowmen and leaves, the children play with the snowmen after class).

References:

Edited by Varentsova N. S., Starzhinskaya N. S. Preparation for teaching literacy in kindergarten. Minsk. "People's Asveta" 1992.
Martemyanova L. N., Melnikova E. V., Mukhametrahimova L. N. Emotional moods of children // Educator of preschool educational institution No. 3. 2008, p. 78.

Guys! We've got a package!

Let's read what is written on it?

From whom: "From Grandfather Literate"

From: "From the country of ABVGDeiki"!

To: “Older children, the Malinka group”

Let's print it out and find out what's inside.

(Children and the teacher open the package, take out a chest and a letter from there)

- The chest is not simple! With a magic lock! And another letter.

“Dear guys of the Skazka group!

Grandfather Literate writes to you from the country of ABVGDeyki! I heard that you guys are very inquisitive and love to study. I sent a gift for you in a chest. But the chest is not ordinary, with a magic lock. He has the key, but it must be found. My magical assistants hid the key in your group. If you complete my tasks correctly, you will know where to find it. When you open the chest, a surprise awaits you. But you will learn about this later. I wish you success!

Grandfather Literacy "

- Blimey! Curious to know what's in the box? Shall we complete tasks to find the key?

(children's answers)

Exercise 1.

1. Find the same sound in words:elephant, mask, fox, bus, table, master, pine, beads. (children's answers)

2. Name the words that start with a sound With . (children's answers)

- What do you know about sound With ?

Children's answers (consonant, deaf, hard and soft)

Sound characteristic With : when we make a sound With: her lips part in a smile, her teeth are visible. The tip of the tongue is hidden behind the teeth, a trickle of air comes out of the mouth. If you put the back of your hand to your throat and make a sound, your throat will not tremble. The throat is the house of the voice. The sound is pronounced dull and is called a deaf consonant. Can be pronounced firmly sugar, catfish, Sasha) and gently (hay, cornflower)

We have completed the first task.

Task 2.

Guess the riddle:

I ride it until the evening dawn,

But my lazy horse carries only from the mountain,

And I always go up the hill on foot

And I drive my horse by the rope. ( Sled)

Sound analysis of the word is carried out:

How many sounds are in a word?

What is the first sound in the word? What is he?Consonant, firm

- What chip will we designate a consonant, solid sound? (blue)

What is the 2nd sound in the word? What is he? Vowel

What chip will we designate a vowel sound? (red)

- What is the 3rd sound in the word? What is he? Consonant, soft

What chip will we designate a consonant, soft sound? (green)

- What is the 4th sound in the word? What is he? Vowel

- What chip are we going to designate?

- How many syllables are in a word? 2

Name the first syllable? SA

What is the name of the second syllable? NO

Well done, the second task was completed correctly.

Task 3 .

"What sound got lost?" Change the letters in the words so that the poem makes sense.

1. They say one fisherman

I caught a shoe in the river

But then he

Got hooked d om (with ohm)

2. On yellowed grass

Throws le into (le s) its foliage

3. The lazy person lies on a cot,

Gnawing, crunching p ears (with ears)

Well done guys, you also coped with the third task.

Task 4

Game - task "On the contrary"

Name the words that are opposite in meaning to these words in meaning (antonyms) that begin with a sound With

cloudy - sunny

cowardly - brave

Frivolous - serious

The world is a quarrel

open person - secretive

Pickle - fresh

Tight shoes - loose

Sour apple - sweet

Now let's get some rest.

Fizminutka:

Pinocchio stretched, spread his arms to the sides,

Once - bent down, the Key was not found.

Two - bent down to get us the key,

Three - bent over. You have to get on your toes.

(Children recite a poem. Perform movements)

If you guess the riddle, you will find out where the key to the magic chest lies.

He has four legs

We put spoons on it.

We put vases, cups, mugs.

Chairs for him girlfriends.

Decorates the kitchen, hall.

What kind of furniture? It is a table)!

The key is on the table. Let's open the chest and see what surprise awaits us.

Surprise - medals from Grandfather LITERATURE for good work. Thank you Gramotey Grandpa!

Guys, tell me, did you like doing the tasks of Grandfather Gramotey today?

What did you like the most?

What tasks did you have difficulty doing?

You are all great! With your help, you can open any locks!

Thank you all for your work.

Before proceeding to perform phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

21 letters for consonants;
10 letters - vowels;
and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not in themselves determine any sound units.

What is phonetic parsing?

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter analysis, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the correct spelling is:

black -> [h"orny"]
apple -> [yablaka]
anchor -> [yakar"]
tree -> [yolka]
sun -> [sontse]

the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets - ;
a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
shock [´] - with an accent;
in complex word forms from several roots, a secondary stress sign [`] is used - grave (not practiced in the school curriculum);
the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Yo, b and b are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
for double consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of pronouncing the sound.

How to make a phonetic parsing of a word?

The following diagram will help you conduct a letter analysis:

Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
Count how many vowels and consonants are in it.
Mark the stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) singles out a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable division in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
In transcription, disassemble the word by sounds.
Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
Opposite each letter, in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "yu", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
Analyze each phoneme separately and mark its properties with a comma:
- for a vowel, we indicate in the characteristic: the sound is a vowel; shock or unstressed;
- in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-deafness.
At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Sound characteristic of letters:

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationship and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What are the sounds?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are stressed and unstressed. A consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian live speech?

The correct answer is 42.

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

[b] - peppy and [b '] - squirrel;
or [d] - [d ’]: home - do.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

The stress in any word forms can only fall on a vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are in Russian phonetics?

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more distinctly, with the greatest force and duration.
A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

I'm at home [ya to "ma].
New houses [but "vye da ma"].

V unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, it is pronounced differently than it is written:

mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
he - online = [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
witness = [sv'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristic depending on its position:

primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
in open syllables (consist of only one vowel);
under the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

Yes, different 1st degree of reduction. She is subject to:

vowels in the first prestressed syllable;
open syllable at the very beginning;
repeated vowels.

(bare syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

forward-re -di [fp'ir'i d'i´];
e-ste-ve-nno [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all pre-stressed syllables in sound analysis refer to reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called "weak position of the second degree."

kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t '];
model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
swallow [la´-hundred-ch'ka];
kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-vy].

cup;
goddess;
with songs;
turn.

Sound letter analysis: iotized sounds

During phonetic analysis, the vowels e, e, u, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "Yu" always:
- - cringe [yo´ zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’ny], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], capacity [yo´ mkast’];
- - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], yule [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], briskness [yu ´rkas’t’];
at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
- - spruce [ye´ l '], I go [ye´ f: y], huntsman [ye´ g'ir '], eunuch [ye´ vnuh];
- - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
- (*to perform sound-letter analysis of unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
in the position immediately after the vowel "Yo" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except when the indicated letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specific cases:
- - reception mnik [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sing t [payo´t], kluyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
- -ay rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
after the separating solid “b” sign “Yo” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
after the dividing soft "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ha], family [s'em'ya´ ]

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" denote two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

at the very beginning of a word:
- - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yilo´vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], his [yivo´], egoza [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
- - January [yi nva´rsky], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
- (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye wrap’io´idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge´niy, European [ye wrap’e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rchia, etc.).
immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
- in a timely manner [piles vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi zh: a´t '], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´shch'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
- bark [la´yi t '], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi ts], belt [po´yi s], declare [zai v'i´t '], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
after a separating hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [sii do´bny].

Important:

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels "Yu" "E" "Yo" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

sound units "Yo" "Yu" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
- yo - [o],
- e - [e],
- yu - [y].
Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [yellow], silk [sho´ lx], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'ice´ Fri], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
The letters "I" "Yu" "E" "Yo" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [']. Exception only for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
- ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], light [l'o´ hk'y], honey agaric [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´ nak];
- e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e´ n '], mirror [z'e´ rkala], smarter [smart'e´ ye], conveyor [kanv'e´ yir];
- i - [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
- yu - [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
- Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do phonetic analysis by composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding softness apostrophe: hotel [ate´ l '], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet´ t].
Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'and snowy], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [n'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lay down [l'i ga´t'], five grater [n'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonant sounds of the Russian language

How many consonant sounds are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet for their designation is used 21 letters. However, performing a sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
- [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
- [in] - [in ’]: in height - in June,
- [g] - [g ’]: city - duke,
- [d] - [d ']: dacha - d elfin,
- [h] - [h ’]: z won - z ether,
- [k] - [k ’]: to onfeta - to engur,
- [l] - [l ’]: l odka - l lux,
- [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
- [n] - [n ’]: new - n ectar,
- [n] - [n ’]: n alma-p yosik,
- [p] - [p ’]: r chamomile - r poison,
- [s] - [s ’]: with uvenir - with a surprise,
- [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t tulip,
- [f] - [f ’]: flag flag - February,
- [x] - [x ’]: x orek - x hunter.
Certain consonants do not have a hardness-softness pair. Unpaired include:
- sounds [g], [c], [w] - always solid (life, cycle, mouse);
- [h ’], [u’] and [y ’] are always soft (daughter, more often, yours).
The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

Sonorants (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they hear a maximum of voice and a little noise: lion, paradise, zero.
If, during the pronunciation of a word, both a voice and noise are formed during the sound analysis, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, s, etc.): factory, b people, life from n.
When pronouncing deaf consonants (p, s, t, and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is emitted: stack a, chip a, k ost yum, circus, sew up.

Positional changes of consonant sounds in Russian

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation by deafness-voicedness operates. The voiced double consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [club´p];
before deaf consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], hug [aph wat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
making sound letter parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless double consonant standing before a voiced one (except for [d'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [r] - [r ']) is also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

When parsing by the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before "b";
the softness of the consonant sound in the syllable in the letter will help determine the vowel that follows it (e, e, i, u, i);
[u’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
the sound [n] always softens before the soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'icen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z '] spruce, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd '] idat, ba [n'd '] um, and [n'd '] ivid , blo[n'd'] in, stipe[n'd'] ia, ba[n't'] ik, wi[n't'] ik, zo[n't'] ik, ve[n' t '] il, a [n't '] personal, co[n't '] text, remo[n't '] to edit;
the letters "N", "K", "R" during phonetic analysis of the composition can soften before soft sounds [h '], [u ']: glass ik [staka′n'ch'ik], changer ik [sm'e ′n'shch'ik], donut ik [po′n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e′n'sh'ik], boulevard ina [bul'var'r'shch'ina], borscht [ Borsch'];
often the sounds [h], [s], [r], [n] in front of a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e'nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
in order to correctly perform sound-literal analysis, consider the words of exception when the consonant [r] before soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiced consonants before sibilant consonants and their transcription in sound-letter parsing

Letter analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: visitor [pr'iye´zhzh y], ascension [your e´stv'iye], izzhelta [i´zhzh elta], take pity [zhzh a´l'its: a].

Letter combinations with hissing "szh" - "zzh", are pronounced as a double solid consonant [zh:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - like [w:]: squeezed, sewn, without a tire, climbed.
The combinations "zh", "zhzh" inside the root during sound-letter analysis is recorded in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
The combinations "sch", "sch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are pronounced as a long soft [u':]: account [u': o´t], scribe, customer.
At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place "sch", "zch" is transcribed as [sch'h']: without a number [b'esch' h' isla´], with something [sch'ch' em mta] .
With a sound-letter analysis, the combinations "tch", "dch" at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], young man ik [little´h ': ik], report ot [ah': o´t].

Cheat sheet for likening consonants at the place of formation

mid → [u':]: happiness [u': a´s't'ye], sandstone [n'isch': a´n'ik], peddler [razno´sh': ik], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
zch → [u’:]: carver [r’e´shch’: hic], loader [gru´shch’: hic], storyteller [raska´shch’: hic];
ZhCh → [u’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ u’: ik], man [mush’: i´na];
shh → [u’:]: freckled [v’isnu′shch’: common];
stch → [u’:]: tougher [zho´shch’: e], whip, rigger;
zdch → [u’:]: traverser [abye´shch’: ik], furrowed [baro´shch’: whit];
ss → [u’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t ’], generous [rasch’: e′dr’ils’a];
van → [h'sh']: split off [ach'sh' ip'i′t'], snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat'], in vain [h'sh' etna], carefully [h' sh'at'el'na];
tch → [h ':] : report [ah ': o't], homeland [ah ': izna], ciliated [r'is'n'i'ch ': i'ty];
dh → [h’:] : underline [patch’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t '];
zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t '], ignition [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t '];
ssh → [sh:]: bringing [pr’in’o′sh: th], embroidered [rash: y´ty];
zsh → [w:] : inferior [n'ish: y'y]
th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-literal analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about′by], not for anything [n'e′ zasht a], anything [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
thu → [h't] in other cases of literal parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] and so on;
ch → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, and also in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
ch → [ch'n] - literal analysis for all other options: fabulous [fairytale'n], country [yes'ch'n], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
!zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, a double pronunciation and transcription [u ’] or [pcs ’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

"T" - in combinations:
- stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sny], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words ladder, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
- stl → [sl]: happy [w’: asl ’and’vy "], happy ivchik, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and spread, the letter “T” is pronounced in them);
- ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g’iga´nsk ’y], agency, presidential;
- sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat up I [vzye´s: a], swear I [kl’a´s: a];
- sts → [s:] : tourist cue [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
- ntg → [ng]: roentgen en [r'eng 'e´n];
- “-tsya”, “-tsya” → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [we´ts: a], look, fit, bow, shave, fit;
- ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and the suffix: children's [d'e'ts k'y], fraternal [brother's];
- ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete men [sparts: m’e´n], send [acs yla´t ’];
- ts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratts a [bra´ts: a], ottsepit [atz: yp'i´t'], to father u [katz: y'];
"D" - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
- zdn → [zn]: late [po´z'n' y], starry [z'v'o´zn y], holiday [pra′z'n 'ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm' e′zn y];
- ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
- ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala´nsk ’y], Thai [taila´nsk ’y], Norman y [narm´nsk ’y];
- zdts → [sts]: under the bridles [pad sts s´];
- nds → [nc]: Dutch s [gala´nts s];
- rdts → [rc]: heart [s’e´rts e], evina’s heart [s’irts yv’i´na];
- rdch → [rch "]: heart-ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
- dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsing the word it is written as a double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t '], twenty [two´ts: yt '] ;
- ds → [ts]: factory [zavats ko´y], kinship [rational tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods to [k’islavo´ts k];
"L" - in combinations:
- sun → [nc]: sun e [so´nts e], sun state;
"B" - in combinations:
- vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'u´stva], sensuality [h'u´stv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´st 'in: y].

Two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude character [:] in literal parsing: class, bath, mass, group, program.
Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l '], terrace, apparatus.

References:

Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
Tutorial. - "Institute for advanced training of educators", Tambov: 2012
Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

a differentiate hard and soft consonants, exercise children in drawing up a word scheme with soft consonants,

1. Selection of a consonant sound, paired for hardness-softness. Didactic game "Wand"

Pencil:

Today I brought a magic wand to your lesson. It will help you out too: it will help you choose the right soft sounds for hard ones. I will call a hard sound, and the one with a stick, a paired soft sound. If you find it difficult to find a pair, say: "Wand, help me out!"

M-M P-P R-R N-N F-?

K-K Y G-G V-V F-F Sh-? etc

2. Sound analysis of the words LEMON and SANI, laying out the word scheme with colored chips.

As always, the riddle will help you name the word we will be working with today.

BRIGHT YELLOW, AROMATIC,

SOUR, BUT TASTES PLEASANT.

HOW GOOD WITH TEA IT IS.

CALLED ... ( Lemon)

Say the word LEMON so that we hear the first sound. ( Sound L)

- Is the sound L pronounced hard or soft? ( Soft)

Put a chip on the diagram that indicates a soft consonant sound.

Put the chips representing the following sounds.

How many sounds are in the word LEMON? ( five sounds). Read the word.

Name the consonant sounds in this word and show them on the diagram. ( L, M, N)

How many vowels are in a word? ( Two vowels). Where do they stand in the word? Name the vowels. ( AND ABOUT)

What syllable is stressed? ( Syllable MON). Put an accent mark. What is the number of stressed syllables in the word? ( Second)

Remove the chips from the diagram in the following order.

a) first vowel

b) second vowel

c) second consonant

d) third consonant

What sound was left on the diagram? Tell us everything you know about this sound. ( Sound L - consonant, sonorous, soft, stands at the beginning of a word)

Listen to the task: independently draw up a diagram of the word SANI

(After completing the task, a detailed sound and syllabic analysis of the word SANI is carried out)

Read the word.

How many sounds are in the word SANI?

How many syllables? ( two syllables)

What is the first syllable? ( SA syllable)

What is the first sound? ( Sound C).

What is the first vowel? ( Sound A)

How many consonants are in the word SANI? ( Two consonants)

What is the hard consonant sound in this word.

Name a soft consonant sound.

Let's play "Live Sounds" (The teacher distributes the roles of sounds between the children and gives tasks to each sound).

3. Formation of words by replacing a hard consonant with a soft one. Didactic game "The Princess and the Pea"

Remember Andersen's fairy tale "The Princess and the Pea". There was one pampered princess who was put to sleep on seven mattresses and featherbeds, but she still felt a small hard pea under them. And here is another princess in the picture. It lies on words with solid sounds. Once we can replace them with similar words with soft consonants, the peas will turn into soft pillows. Shall we try? (If the word is named correctly, the teacher replaces the image of a pea in the picture with an image of a pillow)