Rezhevskaya Pond is the city-forming beginning of Rezh and its main decoration. In the Sverdlovsk region, the Rezhevskaya pond, with its relief banks and variety of landscapes, has the reputation of being one of the most beautiful. The Rezhevli residents nicknamed the reservoir “Rezhsky seaside”. Throughout the history of Rezha, the pond has been an important place for organizing socially significant events. Many village-wide holidays were held here, for example, Maslenitsa, and sports competitions were organized. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, horse races were held every winter on the ice of the reservoir next to the Lord's house. For this purpose it was arranged circular track, crowds of onlookers watched the races from the high left bank and the dam. In Soviet times, a skating rink was set up on the pond, hockey games were held, but skiing competitions were especially popular.
There are many natural and historical attractions along the banks of the pond. For example, on the right bank, near the Gavan microdistrict, you can examine deposits of serpentine ornamental stone. Not far from this place rise the Five Brothers rocks, a natural monument of regional significance. In Rezhev’s folklore, “brothers” have a mysterious, sometimes gloomy character. They say that during the Mesolithic times there was a sacred sacrificial place here.
In front of the Five Brothers, the Bystraya River flows into the Rezhevskaya Pond. The picturesque meadow near its mouth is not just a wonderful vacation spot, but also a historical monument. It was here in 1906 that the leader of the Ural Bolsheviks, Ya.M., spoke to the factory workers. Sverdlov. After 11 years, he will enter the Bolshevik elite, heading the party and Soviet apparatus of the country. Yakov Mikhailovich visited Rezha more than once, but it was his Bystrin speech that was included in K.T.’s book. Sverdlova, who became the main story about the life of a revolutionary.
The Rezhevskaya dam is the very first Rezhevskaya building, and the construction of the plant began with it. It is interesting that the construction of the dam cost Savva Yakovlev almost twice as much as all the factory buildings combined. What was the old Rezhev dam like? An embankment, reinforced at the base with larch cages (log houses), blocked the river and formed a dam. On the side of the pond, the embankment was lined with turf. The opposite, “dry” slope had a wooden retaining wall. Two cuts were made in the body of the dam: one permanent (working) and one “spring”, to release the spring flood. On the side of the pond, the dam was protected during ice drift by special wooden structures - ice cutters. From the working slot, water flowed down wooden gutters - chests, from them, along side branches, it fell onto the wheels of the mechanisms by which these mechanisms (hammers, forge bellows, etc.) were put into action. The old wooden dam “worked” for almost two hundred years; only in the late 50s of the 20th century did its major reconstruction begin. In 1973, the new reinforced concrete dam, decorated with a cast iron grating, began to function. It took so long to build that a riddle arose in the Sverdlovsk region: “What is the widest river in the world?” Everyone knew the answer: “River Rezh!”
Based on the book by the publishing house of the travel agency "Malysh and Carlson" "The City of Rezh: 12 Generations." Many interesting facts about the history, sights of Rezh and excursions around the city and its surroundings are presented on our new website "City of Rezh: history, attractions, excursions" - http://www.rezh1773.com/
View and download the electronic version of the book "City Dir: 12 Generations" on the website http://www.mkt1996.ru/
The photo shows the oldest photographic view of Rezh known to us, 1880. View of administrative center on the left bank. The dominant feature is the bulk of the Epiphany Church; also in the center of the photo you can see the building of the Lord's House with a dome, and a little to the right with a tower is the factory administration building.
Rezhevsky plant is the largest brainchild of Savva Yakovlev
On May 22, 1773, the factory owner Savva Yakovlev received permission from the Berg College to build an iron smelting and ironworks plant on the Rezh River. This event is considered the date of birth of the city of Rezha.
Already at the end of 1774 the plant produced production. The first stage of industrial development began on Rezhevskaya land. The situation at that time in the Urals was turbulent. A wave of the Pugachev uprising was rolling in from the south. It is known that during the construction of the enterprise, one of E. Pugachev’s closest associates, Ataman I. Beloborodov, came close to the plant under construction and threatened to burn it down. A military team with a cannon was sent to protect the construction site. Earthen fortifications were built around the plant, and sentinels were posted on the roads. But the plan of the Pugachevites failed, and things did not come to bloodshed.
There is information that Yakovlev personally chose the site for the construction of the Rezhevsky plant. Personally, together with his eldest son Mikhail, he supervised the construction. Among the 22 Yakovlev enterprises in the Urals, the Rezhevsky plant, along with Byngovsky, took second or third place in terms of its value and volume of output, second only to the Nevyansk plant, and among the six built by Savva, it was the largest.
In 1781, the Rezhevskaya land and the Rezhevsk plant became part of the Perm governorate (since 1796, the Perm province), for the first time leaving the Siberian territories with the center in Tobolsk. IN early XIX centuries, after several administrative redistributions within the Perm province, the entire Rezhevskaya land became part of the Yekaterinburg district. Before the abolition of districts in 1923, the lands of the future Rezhevsky district occupied the north-eastern corner of the Yekaterinburg district.
Savva Yakovlev or under the star of Elizaveta Petrovna
The founder Rezha was born in 1713 in the city of Ostashkov, in the family of the tradesman Yakov Sobakin. At the age of nine, the father gave his son as an assistant to the shopkeeper, where Savva was on errands. According to legend, while working in a shop, the smart boy first learned to count, and then to write and read.
In 1733, according to stories, on foot with half a sum of money in his pocket, he went in search of work in the capital Russian Empire. In St. Petersburg, Savva made a stunning career. According to oral information, he started with street trading: selling veal. He traded near the Imperial Summer Garden.
In the first years, it seemed that life was hopeless: no growth, hard work, meager income. But in 1741, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna came to power in Russia. The daughter of Peter the Great had several small weaknesses. The most remarkable thing for the Rezhevlians was the empress’s passion for beautiful male voices. Thanks to his voice, the Ukrainian shepherd Alyoshka Razumovsky became Elizabeth's favorite. It was this weakness of the daughter of Peter I that led to the rise of Savva Sobakin, and then to the founding of the city of Rezh. According to legend, while inviting buyers at the fence of the Summer Garden, Sobakin attracted the attention of Elizaveta Petrovna. From this time on, Savva became the supplier of veal to the empress’s table. High patronage allowed him to conclude a number of profitable deals, first of all, to obtain wine farm-outs in major centers Russia. Having accumulated initial capital, Savva buys a number of light industry enterprises. A successful entrepreneur needed an appropriate title. In 1762, Peter III elevated Sobakin to the hereditary nobility: it was rumored that before that Savva had supplied the emperor with money.
In the summer of 1762, as a result palace coup Catherine II ascended the throne, and on this occasion ordered that vodka be given to the people in taverns for free. Savva, either dissatisfied with the displacement Peter III, either because of greed, disobeyed. In St. Petersburg, a legend has been preserved that for disobedience he was given a cast-iron medal weighing a pound with orders to wear it around his neck on holidays. The court poet G. Derzhavin wrote an epigram “To Skopikhin” about Sobakin, which was read throughout St. Petersburg. But very soon Savva managed to gain the favor of this empress. According to legend, during her journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow for the coronation, Catherine expressed her indignation at the deplorable state of one rural church and ordered that she be reminded of this temple upon her return to St. Petersburg. Savva was either present, or learned about this scene from someone - he immediately gathered craftsmen, who in a short time brought the unfortunate temple into proper shape. Catherine was amazed by Sobakin’s helpfulness, canceled her punishment and ordered his common surname to be changed to the euphonious Yakovlev.
Another time, on the occasion of the victory over Turkey, by order of the Empress, Savva opened taverns, after which a simply unprecedented citywide three-day drunkenness followed. At the end of the drinking binge, the government requested information from the tax farmer about the amount of alcohol consumed and received in response such a huge figure that it was simply stumped. It was decided to conduct an audit to find the truth. As a result, it turned out that all St. Petersburg warehouses could not store as much vodka as was declared by Savva. Yakovlev was put on trial, but soon for some reason he was pardoned, it was rumored that thanks to the patronage of His Serene Highness Prince G. Potemkin.
The newly-minted nobleman becomes a member of the Free Economic Society and often communicates with Lomonosov. They say that it was Mikhail Vasilyevich who became Yakovlev’s first mentor in the mining business, the person who drew the industrialist’s attention to the Ural riches. In the mid-1760s, Savva traveled to the Urals for the first time and began negotiations on the acquisition of several factories. From 1766 to 1779, Yakovlev bought sixteen and built six iron, iron and copper smelting plants. At this time, he managed to create the largest factory enterprise in the Urals, becoming the richest and most successful entrepreneur in Russia. According to N.I. Pavlenko, his rise at that time had no analogues in Russia either in terms of pace or methods of enrichment.
In St. Petersburg, the extraordinary personality of Savva Yakovlev became legendary and firmly entered into city folklore. Savva was considered the largest landowner in the capital. In the city, Yakovlev owned two large plots of land. One, on Vasilyevsky Island, next to the famous Exchange: it housed warehouses with finished products, as well as several residential buildings. The other stretched between the Fontanka River and Sadovaya Street. On it, for Yakovlev, according to the design of Rastrelli himself, a large palace was built next to Sennaya Square in 1766.
Yakovlev played a special role in the history of Sennaya Square. In 1753-1765, at his expense, according to the design of architects B.F. Rastrelli and A.V. Kvasov, one of the most famous St. Petersburg churches, the Assumption Church, popularly nicknamed “Spas-on-Sennaya”, was erected here. The external decoration of the church was completed in the year of the coronation of Catherine II, and in honor of this event a crown was placed on the cross of the main dome. Next to the temple stood a 40-meter bell tower with a huge bell. The vain Yakovlev wanted to place his portrait on the bell next to the portrait of the Empress. The bell was famous. There were legends about him in St. Petersburg. They said that during the life of Savva Yakovlev, this bell was rung only when he allowed it, and as if the tongue of the bell was attached to something with a special chain, which Yakovlev locked with a lock, and kept the key for himself. The parish of the church was that part of the capital that would later be called “Dostoevsky’s Petersburg”; the heroes of the writer’s works were associated with this temple. Fyodor Mikhailovich himself often visited it. The church is also associated with the names of G. Derzhavin, N. Nekrasov, N. Leskov, and the sculptor O. Mikeshin. There is a legend that at one time A.V. Suvorov sang in the church choir. In 1961 the temple was destroyed.
This is interesting: Portraits of Savva Yakovlev
Many museums in the Sverdlovsk region contain copies of the portrait of Savva Yakovlev, painted in 1767 and now presented in the Russian Museum of St. Petersburg. Until recently, it seemed that this was the only image of a major entrepreneur, and its author was considered unknown. But research by Hermitage researcher I. Kotelnikova made it possible to discover two more portraits of Savva in the storerooms of the Hermitage and the Russian Museum; scientists came to the conclusion that these paintings and the previously known portrait belonged to the brush of Mina Kolokolnikov, who, like Yakovlev, came from Ostashkov. The newly discovered canvases depict Savva Yakovlev in earlier periods of his life: from the collections of the Russian Museum (“Portrait of a Young Man in a Blue Caftan”) - in the 1740s, and from the Department of the History of Russian Culture of the Hermitage - in the 1750s.
Mina Kolokolnikov is the only known student of Ivan Nikitin, the most famous artist of the Peter the Great era. Later - the closest assistant to the famous portrait painters of the mid-18th century I. Ya. Vishnyakov and A. P. Antropov. Many researchers consider Kolokolnikov as a transitional link in Russian painting from the beginning to mid-18th century century. In addition to portraits of Yakovlev, Mina painted portraits of Elizaveta Petrovna, Catherine II and other famous contemporaries. Kolokolnikov painted lampshades in the Winter and Summer royal palaces, as well as in the Tsarskoye Selo imperial palace.
Almost until the end of his life he was a serf, and therefore went through many humiliations. The artist could easily be pulled out of the house at any time to complete the order, without paying anything at all. That is why Mina often found himself, as he said, in great squalor and ruin. One day, Mina decided to hide in his house, avoiding his next assignment. The soldiers looking for him destroyed the house, caused a lot of damage, and when they finally found the artist, they dragged him to the office, where they stripped him and wanted to punish him with whips, and only the intercession of the architect Chevakinsky saved Mina from shameful punishment.
Savva Yakovlev, who was known as a tough and even cruel man, treated Mina as a fellow countryman favorably and paid for the portraits of himself and his relatives on time.
This is interesting: The only monument to Savva Yakovlev
In 1824, 40 years after the death of Savva Yakovlev, his grandchildren decided to erect a monument in his honor on the cathedral square of Nevyansk. The granite base for it was purchased in the middle of the 18th century by Akinfiy Demidov for the monument to Father Nikita. But this monument was never finished, because the granite pedestal stood for a long time unnecessarily. And so, intended as a monument to one famous factory owner, this pedestal served as the basis for a monument to another famous entrepreneur.
The Yakovlevs did not spare money for the bust, ordering its execution from famous St. Petersburg masters: the artist O. Kiprensky, who painted the most famous portrait of A. S. Pushkin, and the sculptor M. Krylov.
Upon completion of all work, in August 1826, the bust was sent from St. Petersburg to Nevyansk. Most of the way we drove on water. Semyon Chernavin, a passionate lover of strong drinks, was assigned to watch the valuable cargo. During the long river journey he was constantly tipsy. For this reason, during the transfer of the monument from large Volga ships to flat-bottomed Kama ships, the bust, packed in boxes, fell into the water. The owners, having learned about what had happened, reprimanded Chernavin for the monument that had been damaged in the Kama. This was followed by long instructions: the bust of Yakovlev should be unpacked, wiped dry with a rag, and placed in dried boxes with sawdust, first wrapped in paper. Before completing an important task, Chernavin should have observed decorum and no longer abused alcohol. In Nevyansk, the monument was inaugurated in the spring of 1827 on the square in front of the Transfiguration Church (now the park near the Eternal Flame): a cast-iron column was placed on a granite pedestal, on which a bust of Yakovlev was erected. In honor of the holiday, all the factory workers received a glass of vodka from their owners.
After October Revolution Yakovlev's bust was thrown from its pedestal. And in 1924, after the death of V.I. Lenin, at a funeral meeting, Nevyansk workers decided to raise funds for a monument to the leader. They say that they collected money with great enthusiasm; they collected so much that most of it was donated to orphanages. The monument was cast in 1924 in Leningrad according to the design of sculptor V.V. Kozlov, and in November 1925 it was placed on the Yakovlev pedestal. They say this is one of the first monuments to Lenin in the USSR. By the way, according to Kozlov’s design, the famous monument to Lenin was created in front of Smolny in Leningrad and the original monument to Lenin on the Globe, installed in Nizhny Tagil. Since 1990, the monument on an ancient Yakovlev pedestal has been located on the main square of the city, in front of the Administration of Nevyansk.
Rezhevskaya dam and pond
The centers of many Ural cities today are decorated with a dam and a pond, which, like birthmarks, show us the factory origins of these villages.
The most important and first structure at the Rezhevsky plant was also the factory dam. Interestingly, its construction cost Savva Yakovlev almost twice as much as all the factory buildings combined. What was the old dam like? An embankment, reinforced at the base with larch frames (ryazhi), blocked the river and formed a dam. The length of the dam was 362 meters, and its height reached 7 meters. On the side of the pond, the embankment was lined with turf. The opposite, “dry” slope had a wooden retaining wall. Two cuts were made in the body of the dam: one permanent (working) and one “spring”, to release the spring flood. On the side of the pond, the dam was protected during ice drift by special wooden structures - ice cutters. From the working slot, water flowed down wooden gutters - chests. From them, along the side branches, it fell onto the wheels of mechanisms, through which these mechanisms (hammers, bellows of forges) were set in motion. The dam master, a very respected man at the plant, was responsible for the construction and normal functioning of the dam. To repair and clean the dam, water from the pond was released approximately once every ten years. According to the memoirs of the early 20th century, a lot of fish remained in the puddles that appeared after the water left. They caught it as best they could. There were enough reserves for many months - they salted it in whole barrels. Conflicts often occurred over fish: the Kochnev and factory workers fought wall to wall more than once. At the same time, the factory police hid, valuing their own safety. The old wooden dam operated for almost two hundred years; only in the late 1950s did its major reconstruction begin.
Rezhevsky Pond, which arose as a result of the construction of a dam, has been its city-forming beginning and main decoration throughout the history of the city. In the Middle Urals, Rezhevskaya Pond, with its relief banks and variety of landscapes, has the reputation of being one of the most beautiful. The Rezhevli residents nicknamed the reservoir “Rezhsky seaside” during the Brezhnev era. Throughout the history of Rezha, the pond was a place for organizing many holidays and sports competitions.
Production
The construction of the industrial buildings of the Rezhevsky plant began on the right bank, in the area of the modern nickel plant, with the construction of a blast furnace with 12 hammers for the production and processing of cast iron. Later, another blast furnace was built nearby, two large factories with 20 hammers for converting cast iron (brittle and non-ductile, suitable only for casting metal) into iron, a forge and a nail shop, as well as a sawmill and warehouses. Most of the production was initially located on the right bank of the Rezh, only one production workshop, warehouses and plant management were located on the left bank.
The operation of the plant was ensured by auxiliary industries: loggers, charcoal burners (who turned wood into charcoal), miners, dozens of people ensured the delivery of raw materials and the removal of finished products.
For logging purposes, a forest dacha was assigned to the Rezhevsky plant (mostly located south of Rezh), from which logging was carried out; the plant was prohibited from cutting wood outside the dacha. Therefore, the problem of its renewal was very important. The forester (the caretaker of forests and smoking areas) was responsible for this. Initially, while there was a lot of forest and, as often happens, it seemed that this resource was inexhaustible, the forester’s status differed little from the average worker. But over time, from the second half of the 19th century century, this position becomes one of the first at the plant both in terms of pay and authority. Forest fires were also a big problem: at the beginning of the 19th century there was a mention of forest inspectors who monitored not only the fire situation, but also the illegal logging of the owner’s forest. In the last quarter of a century, such people were called foresters. Cordons were set up for foresters: a fire tower was erected in the middle of the forest on a high place, from which surveillance was carried out, a house with outbuildings was built nearby, and a vegetable garden was built. There are references to the Ilyinsky, Okunevsky, Osinovsky cordons placed to guard the forest of the Rezhevskaya dacha.
The felling of the forest was carried out in the spring. For production charcoal Mostly pine was cut; birch and spruce were also used. Brigades were created to fell the forest. The work was very hard, and living conditions were also difficult: they had to live in the forest in dugouts or huts. There is evidence that such work was often assigned as punishment. In the summer the tree dried out. In the fall, work began again: the wood was piled up, processed, chopped and burned into coal in special pits, all work was supervised by a smoking supervisor (Lunegov was the very first among the famous commanding charcoal burners, mention of him dates back to the beginning of the 19th century).
Iron ore was mined at several mines in the vicinity of the plant, and richer ore from Nizhny Tagil was also used. The iron ore deposits were supplied good roads, in low-lying areas fortified with beds and embankments: such roads were suitable for transportation in any bad weather. Ore was mined in open pits. Workers carried ore on stretchers from huge pits along special ladders. Water from the quarries was also pumped out manually. Only from the middle of the 19th century did pumps begin to be used for these purposes.
The life of a factory worker was hard. As a rule, people began to work at the age of 12-13, initially performing auxiliary work and earning pennies. Hard labor conditions and a 12-14 hour working day quickly exhausted any physically strong person and by the age of 40 turned him into an old man. There was real hell in the workshops. The unbearable heat, gas and dust, and the frantic pace of work forced people to pour cold water on each other in the summer, and to run out into the yard and literally roll in the snow in the winter. The charcoal dust, which was poured onto the “youngsters”, that is, children, on hot iron sheets so that they would not be welded, clogged the lungs. The continuous blows of hammers and the roar of furnaces led to deafness, and poor lighting led to loss of vision.
Village near the factory. Shvetsovs, Cherneevs, Komarovs...
In 1773, near the plant under construction on the right bank of the pond, its builders and then workers began to settle. According to legend, the settlement took place next to a source of clean water - a spring that flows behind the modern building of school No. 1. Later, this key was nicknamed the Golden Key: the fact is that in the first half of the 19th century gold was panned here. Initially, the Rezhevskaya village was formed chaotically, there were no rules for its development, and the concept of “street” was absent. Houses were built where they considered it convenient and necessary to build, without regard to the general layout of the village. The size of vegetable gardens in those days was not specified in any way; each family had the kind of vegetable garden that it considered necessary to have. In the middle of the Rezh, islands of forest were preserved - here and there individual spruce, pine and entire copses grew. Rezhevli residents collected mushrooms right outside their gardens.
The first workers of the Rezhevsky plant were predominantly dependent people (possession workers in their status resembled serfs): either transferred by Savva Yakovlev to the new plant from Nevyansk, Verkhniy Tagil, Byngov, or newcomers from central Russia who became dependent on the factory owner. These were completely different people compared to the freer rural population who settled the Rezhevskaya land in the 17th century. Among the first Rezhev working families we can name the Morozovs, Komarovs, Cherneevs, Proskurins, Shchvetsovs, Ushakovs, Barakhnins.
As the company grows, the factory village also expands. Yakovlev's clerks willingly accepted “newcomers” into the plant, whether they were former serfs or Old Believers. For such people, a special “annual hut” or “year-old house” was built in the village. Each new fugitive lived there secretly for a year. After this, he was given a place for a hut, and he became a full-fledged resident of the village.
A significant part of the workers of the village in the 18th – 19th centuries were Old Believers (who rejected the official church), transferred from the Nevyansk factories and arrived from central Russia in search of salvation from repression. The owners of the plant appreciated the strict everyday norms of the Old Believers (denial of alcohol, idleness) and their hard work. That is why very often Old Believers became leaders of the Rezhevsky plant, selecting assistants also from the Old Believers environment. It is known that Rezhevsky factory managers (clerks) Polycarp and Titus Zotov, Pavel Yakornov, Pyotr Kitaev were Old Believers.
On the left, more elevated bank of the pond, the administrative center of the village is being created: residential buildings are being built for the factory management and plant management. The factory office building (factory management), in the basement of which there was an iron warehouse, was built at the end of the 18th century. This building has survived to this day (located on the territory of a former mechanical plant: the second workshop) and is considered the oldest building in the city, the only one that has survived from the 18th century. In addition to the warehouse, in the basement of the office there was a guard tent where troublemakers were kept (the height of the room was three and a half meters and the only window in the ceiling made it impossible to escape). There is also information that in the basement of the office there was a storage room in which factory valuables were stored (money, and later gold, which the Rezhevsky plant had been actively mining since 1819). Like this: in one basement there is a treasury, a warehouse and a prison.
Village near the factory. Smorodentsev, Lotsmanov, Yudin
On the left, “administrative” bank, probably from the foundation of the village, a wooden chapel was cut down; references to it are found at the end of the 18th century; it was located “a hundred fathoms from the manor’s house,” in the very center of the village, that is, probably , on the site of the future Epiphany Church (now a technical school). During the first decades of Rezhevsky history, the population of the village was assigned to the St. Nicholas Church in the village of Glinskoye, the very first temple within the boundaries of the Rezhevsky district. It is known that on special occasions Glinsky priests came to Rezh and held services in the Rezhev chapel (for example, at the end of the 18th century - priest Smorodentsev). In general, it is believed that the owners did not build a church for a long time, limiting themselves to a chapel, due to savings (it was necessary to maintain not only the church, but also its clergy), and also because a significant part of the population of the village were Old Believers.
Among the leisure establishments of the first half of the 19th century, one can note a damask shop (tavern) and a more “serious” drinking house.
In the first decades of Rezhev’s history, the village did not have its own school; the first mention of teaching Rezhev’s children dates back to 1824, at which time Andrei Lotsmanov, who is traditionally called the first Ural revolutionary (he had experience teaching activities, having worked for some time at the school at the Verkh-Isetsky plant, the very first educational institution in the mining district). Lotsmanov taught in the factory office building, since there was no special building for the school. Probably, with his departure from Rezh, the collective education of children ended. According to E. Chernoukhov, teaching experiments in Rezh, in the office or private homes, may have been repeated, but certainly did not have consistency and systematicity. Most likely, private lessons were practiced in some houses. By the way, while in Rezh, Lotsmanov wrote the story “The Negro, or Returned Freedom,” obviously the first literary work in the history of our city.
This is how K. Bogolyubov describes in his historical story “Andrei Lotsmanov” a lesson in the Rezhevsky factory office in the 1820s. “The factory school was located in the office building, next to the factory police room. Through the thin partition you could hear everything that was happening in the next room. The students sat huddled closely together in a small, dim room. There were boxes of sand on the tables in front of them, since there was not enough paper. They wrote with wooden pointed sticks and what was written was leveled after the teacher looked. There were ten schoolchildren aged from eight to fifteen years. Most worked at the factory. They all had to be taught to read and write.” Historical sources from the 1830s - 1840s note a stable figure: 11 - 12 percent of the factory population in Rezh were taught basic literacy.
We find the first mention of Rezhevsky medicine in the description of the Rezhevsky plant by P. Tomilov in 1807: “There is no special hospital, and the patients are at home, using the hired... headquarters doctor Postupalsky.” That is, the Yakovlevs hired a doctor in Yekaterinburg who periodically visited the Rezhevsky plant, visiting the houses of the sick. Soon, medical students began working in the village on a permanent basis: smart young men were selected from the local population, who were taught to read and write; at the Yekaterinburg hospital they received the most necessary practical medical training. For the first time, a medical student at the Rezhevsky plant was mentioned in 1812, this is Nikolai Yudin, in fact, this is the first known Rezhevsky physician. Rezhev's medical students could open abscesses, heal bruises, aches, pain in the lower back, remove cast iron fragments from bodies that had flown off hammers and anvils, and could perform autopsies on the bodies of the dead. But all this at first still happened at home. Only in 1823, presumably in the area of what is now Pushkin Street, was the first Rezhevsky hospital opened, which could admit at least a dozen patients for inpatient treatment.
At the highest place near the plant, on Orlovaya Gora, a village cemetery was formed. For more than two centuries, this has been the main Rezhevsk necropolis. To this day, the cemetery has preserved several ancient tombstones dating back to 19th century. According to legend, Orlova Mountain got its name from the nickname of the legendary robber chieftain, Orel’s grandfather.
Heirs of Savva Yakovlev
Under Savva Yakovlev, the Rezhevsky plant was considered one of the most modern and largest in the Urals. A significant part of its production buildings, unlike many enterprises, were built not from wood, but from brick. In terms of cast iron production from 22 Yakovlev factories, Rezhevskaya took second place after Nevyansk.
After the death of S. Yakovlev in 1784, disputes began between the heirs over the division of his huge industrial empire. The future of the Yakovlev factories is acquiring national importance. Famous courtiers act as mediators in the disputes between the heirs, including Prince G. Potemkin and Senator I. Elagin. The decrees on the division were approved by Catherine II herself. The debate continues until the beginning of the 19th century. As a result, Yakovlev's enterprises in the Urals were divided between Savva's three sons Peter, Ivan and Sergei. The middle son Ivan received a smaller share of the inheritance. But, like all fairy-tale Ivans, ours also turned out to be no fool. Having bought his mother's share for next to nothing, he not only surpassed his brothers, but also became the largest breeder in the Urals. In total, he inherited 9 factories, united in 1797 into the Verkh-Isetsky district. The Rezhevsky plant in this district occupied second place in terms of importance and production. At the beginning of the 19th century, the district system in the Urals was officially approved. The Verkh-Isetsky district at that time was considered the largest and most advanced in terms of technical equipment and product quality.
Alexey Ivanovich Yakovlev. The heyday of the Rezhevsky plant
In 1804, after the death of Ivan Savvich, the Verkh-Iset industrial empire was inherited by his son Alexey, who owned the district's factories until his death in 1849.
Under him, the production of the famous branded products began - high-quality sheet iron roofing, which stood for a hundred years without any painting. Emperor Alexander I, during his trip to the Middle Urals in 1824, was surprised by the excellent organization of production at the factories of Alexei Ivanovich. The sovereign was amazed at the level social sphere at Yakovlev’s enterprises (although, quite likely, this was a skillful embellishment of reality). Having examined the hospital of the Verkh-Isetsky plant, Alexander I publicly admitted: “Cornet Yakovlev has such a lovely hospital for workers, Russian Emperor there is no such thing for our soldiers.”
The superiority of Alexei Yakovlev's factories was generally recognized at that time. So the owner of the Nizhne Tagil factories Nikolai Demidov writes to the inventor of the first steam locomotive in Russia, Efim Cherepanov: “Alexey Ivanovich Yakovlev is the first breeder in my eyes.” This circumstance greatly worried the Nizhny Tagil Demidovs. That is why Efim Cherepanov was sent to Yakovlev factories more than once on espionage missions, which, apparently, he carried out without much zeal.
The name of Alexey Ivanovich Yakovlev is associated with a golden age in the industrial development of the Rezhevsky plant.
This is interesting: A. S. Pushkin and the Yakovlevs
Alexei Yakovlev's son Ivan was not at all like his businesslike father. Fabulously rich and carefree, he lived in grand style: feasts, holidays, accompanied by antics that were talked about throughout St. Petersburg. Ivan Alekseevich especially loved gambling. Playing cards, apparently, brought him together with A.S. Pushkin, who lost to Yakovlev a decent amount for those times - 6 thousand rubles. In the spring of 1829, Pushkin wrote a letter of confession to Ivan: “It’s hard for me to be guilty before you, and it’s hard for me to apologize, especially since I know your delicacy of gentlemen. You're leaving the other day, and I'm still in debt. My debtors do not pay me, and God grant that they are not bankrupt at all, and I (between us) have already lost about 20 thousand. In any case, you will be the first to receive your money. I hope to pay them before you leave. Otherwise, let me hand them over to Alexei Ivanovich, your father; and you warn me, do me a favor, that these 6 thousand are loaned to me by you. At the end of May and the beginning of June I will have a lot of money, but for now I’m broke and struggling.”
Meanwhile, Ivan Yakovlev leaves for Paris, where he lives for several years, maintaining the same lifestyle and shocking the Parisians. From Paris, he tries to facilitate Pushkin’s departure to France, when the poet dreamed of leaving Russia, he writes encrypted letters to Pushkin for some reason. But for some reason Alexander Sergeevich remains in Russia.
In the summer of 1836, Yakovlev returned from Paris. Pushkin still has not repaid the debt, he writes that he remembers and will definitely return it. But he doesn’t have time - death in a duel prevented him. Millionaire Yakovlev could forgive the debt in favor of an orphaned family, but he demanded a return. They say he stroked his vanity that a famous poet was in his debt. The money was returned by the guardianship, which was supervised by Emperor Nicholas I.
Rezhevsky clerks and factory managers. Zotov, Kozlov, Kitaev
The managers of the Verkh-Isetsky district (which included the Rezhevsky plant) during this period were people from the people: talented, technically competent, they achieved that sheet iron with the brand “A.Ya. – Siberia”, meaning “Alexey Yakovlev – made in Siberia”, became not only in Russia, but in Europe and the USA synonymous with high quality. The most famous manager of the district is the famous Grigory Zotov, a talented inventor and expert in mining. At the factories of the district, he introduced a rolling production method, which made it possible to obtain sheet roofing iron of excellent quality. Under him, the Verkh-Isetsky factories (including Rezhevskaya) became the most efficient in the Urals. In 1824, Emperor Alexander I, during his visit to the Urals, stopped in Yekaterinburg, where he had an informal conversation with the serf Gregory for more than an hour. The Emperor tried to find out how Zotov managed to achieve such brilliant success. Soon, by the will of the sovereign, Zotov and his family were freed from serfdom; he was allowed to write directly to the tsar about everything related to the mining industry. Zotov is one of the owners of the Kyshtym factories. Having become the owner, he himself applied the most severe measures to the forced workers: dozens of them died in his factories. In 1827, Count Stroganov’s commission revealed, as they would now say, gross violations of human rights. Grigory Zotov, who was dubbed the “Kyshtym Beast,” and his relative Pyotr Kharitonov find themselves in exile. For other owners, the situation at the factories was not the best, but Zotov is an Old Believer; with the coming to power of Nicholas I, an attack on the Old Believers began; Zotov probably became a contracted victim of this attack.
The managers (clerks) of the Rezhevsky plant were comparable to the district authorities. Strong, rough, and sometimes cruel, they came from simple craftsmen and therefore knew the process of metallurgical production firsthand. They ensured that the Rezhevsky plant began to be set as an example for other enterprises, people went to the plant to learn from the experience of the Rezhevsky plant, and the quality of the products of the Rezhevsky plant at this time was considered the standard. Excellent organization of the production process at the Rezhevsky plant, high quality his products were noted more than once by his contemporaries. In 1835, the magazine “Mining” gave an excellent assessment of Rezhevsky metal. The author of the publication complained that other Ural factories could not achieve such quality. “The sheet iron of the Nizhny Tagil factories, which is excellently soft, despite all efforts, cannot be given the same appearance as Rezhev’s..., meanwhile, in the Alapaevsk plant, sheet iron produced according to the Rezhev’s method, although not exactly similar, is nevertheless close to this the last one." At the end of the 1820s, the manager of the Goroblagodatsky factories with a center in Kushva more than once sent his craftsmen “to inspect the factory equipment at the Verkh-Isetsky and Rezhevsky factories as better than others arranged for the factory economy.”
The very first of the famous Rezhevsky plant managers (customers), Grigory Levitskov, served in this position until 1790; probably, under his leadership, the first Rezhevsky plant administration (later the second workshop of the RMZ) was built; perhaps he stood at the very origins of the Rezhevsky plant. From 1825 to 1832, the duties of a clerk at the plant were performed by Yakov Kozlov, by whose decree the first temple in Rezh was built - the wooden Church of St. John the Baptist on Orlovaya Mountain; in Soviet times, he became the hero of the historical stories of K. Bogolyubov “Zarnitsa” and “Andrei Lotsmanov " In the 1830s, Pavel Yakornov, a representative of the famous dynasty of Ural craftsmen and clerks, served as a clerk at the Rezhevsky plant. From the early 1840s to the 1860s, the Rezhevsky plant was led by Pyotr Kitaev, a representative of an even more famous mining family; he probably served in the position of plant manager (clerk) for the longest period of time. Under Kozlov, Yakornov and Kitaev, a large-scale reconstruction was taking place at the plant: many factory buildings were rebuilt in stone, and at the same time a stone Lord's house was being built.
The most famous Rezhevsky managers in history are the Zotovs, representatives of the legendary and by far the most famous Ural dynasty of craftsmen and factory administrators, not far behind their first masters, the Demidovs, in their fame. Polikarp Zotov, brother of the “Kyshtym Beast” Grigory Zotov, led the Rezhevsky plant from 1811 to 1817. It was at this time that among the servants of Grigory Zotov there were many Rezhelevans: was it not his brother who was engaged in the supply of live goods? After the death of his father, until 1825, the legendary Tit Zotov, even more famous than his uncle (in the opinion of D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak), served as Rezhev’s clerk. It is he who organizes gold mining on the Rezhev factory lands, and after freeing himself from the Yakovlevs - on Siberian soil, it is he who becomes the hero of the works of the Ural classic Mamin-Sibiryak, the hero of Yekaterinburg legends and traditions.
This is interesting: The King of Russian Gold
According to a number of researchers, together with his uncle Grigory, Tit Zotov became the prototype of the elder Privalov from “Privalov’s Millions” by D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak. In general, it was our classic Mamin-Sibiryak who left most of the memories about the life of the famous Rezhevlian, for example, in his essay “The City of Yekaterinburg.”
Titus was born in 1795. Most of Zotov's childhood and youth were spent in Rezh, where his father Polycarp served as a manager at the Yakovlev factory. Since 1814, gold mines were opened one after another in the Urals, when Titus became the manager of the Rezhevsky plant, such mines were opened in the area of the Rezhevsky plant. The world's first gold rush began. Being a serf of the Yakovlevs, Titus Zotov, according to legend, paid off (according to another version, he was freed thanks to a conversation between his uncle Gregory and Emperor Alexander I) and, having become free, began to trade in gold on a large scale. He moved to Yekaterinburg, after which he opened mines not only in the Urals, but also in Siberia. By the 1840s, Tit Zotov, along with Anika Ryazanov, according to D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak, became the first and most successful king of gold mining in Russia. He was one of the main heroes of the “gold rush”, which, starting in the Urals, swept Siberia and North America, where it was described by the American writer Jack London. Over 10 years in the Siberian taiga, Zotov mined gold worth 30 million rubles and became one of richest people in Russia (the construction of a decent stone temple at that time cost 30 thousand rubles). Soon he lost all measure in his expenses and began to lead a truly royal lifestyle. They say that the fantastic life of the former Rezhevlian reached its apogee when in 1847 his son married the daughter of another Golden King Anika Ryazanov, and this wedding, according to legend, lasted whole year, a case unprecedented in the history of Russia. During the wedding, they squandered money in terrible ways: from the balcony of his mansion (located on the site of a modern agricultural academy), Zotov used to throw the musicians a hundred per song if he got into the spirit (a craftsman’s salary for two years).
Tit Zotov is known as a donor for church needs. For example, in 1846, he allocated a decent amount for the manufacture of a silver shrine for the relics of St. Simeon of Verkhoturye; in 1914, Emperor Nicholas II donated a canopy for this shrine.
Products of the Rezhevsky plant
The main product of the Rezhevsky plant was sheet iron: it did not rust, did not require painting, had a shiny surface, and was distinguished by an unusually long service life. Approximately half of the iron produced in Rezh was exported, most of all to the USA, the other half to St. Petersburg and the Nizhny Novgorod Fair. According to legend, in the USA, even after twenty years of service, Rezhev’s iron was more expensive than new European iron. Such advantages are, first of all, explained by the characteristics of Rezhevsky ore (nickel admixture) and iron processing technology: after rolling, the metal was hammered, resulting in a hardening that protected the iron from rusting. In addition to sheet iron, the Rezhevsky plant produced a variety of working tools, nails, and household items, for example, irons. The legendary Rezhev frying pans were very much valued on the market; according to stories, they did not require any oil when frying. In addition to producing purely civilian products, the plant carried out military orders. For the first time a large military order was received during Patriotic War 1812. At that time, the enterprise produced the entire range of artillery shells that were in Russian service. Pallets for shells and sets of metal parts for cannons and carts were also produced. Rezhev's weapons contributed to the victory over Napoleon, which was noted by the government. All military supplies for the Russian army were carried out by Yakovlev free of charge. In addition, for free, Yakovlev covered with his iron all the government buildings in Moscow that were damaged during the famous fire when Napoleon entered the throne.
Rezhevskoe gold. Mellini, Zotov, Markov
In 1745, the Shartash peasant Erofey Markov discovered the first gold deposit in Russia near Yekaterinburg. As a respectable citizen, I reported this to my superiors, but they could not immediately find gold in that place. As often happens, Erofey paid for his honesty, enduring many trials and humiliations. Finally, in 1747, gold was discovered, and in 1748, the first gold mine in Russia, the Shartash mine, was founded. In memory of the mine, a memorial sign. Much later in the 1890s, a distant descendant of Erofei, Gavrila Markov, worked at the Rezhevsky plant as a caretaker of gold mines, living on the first floor of the Lord's House (a building with a dome), where bailiffs now work.
In 1812, a decree was issued that allowed private initiative in the search and extraction of gold, and also guaranteed the inviolability of private lands in the event of gold reserves being discovered there. The Yakovlevs and other private owners, for whom previously the discovery of gold on their lands was like death, since it could lead to the loss of these lands along with the factories, begin an active search. It was in 1812 that the old Rezhev legend dates the first discovery of gold in the village. At this time, a group of prisoners of war of Napoleon’s army arrived at the Rezhevsky plant, among them was the Italian Giuseppe Mellini, who, being a glass blower, established the production of window glass in Rezh. While searching for sands suitable for making glass in the area of modern Trudovaya Street, Mellini allegedly discovered gold quite by accident, which he notified the plant administration about.
In 1814, Lev Brusnitsyn, at the confluence of the Berezovka and Pyshma rivers (on the way to Yekaterinburg we cross Pyshma near that very place), discovered a method for washing placer gold. The use of this method showed that there is a lot of gold in the Middle Urals: this is how the “gold rush” began, which later swept Siberia and North America. In 1819, when Tit Zotov was the clerk at the Rezhevsky plant, the first mines were opened on the territory of the dacha of the Rezhevsky plant. A gold mining factory appears at the plant. In terms of gold production, the plant is consistently among the first in the Middle Urals, at other times ahead of the famous Berezovsky (Ekaterinburg) mines. Volumes in different years differed, but figures of 20–40 kilograms of gold mined per year are consistently found. The volumes of 646 kilograms (40 poods 14 feet and 3 spools) of gold mined in 1824 (the final of the reign at the Rezhevsky plant of the “king of Russian gold” Titus Zotov) or 616 kilograms (38 poods 3 pounds 41 spools 61 shares) look simply fantastic - in 1899.
Gold was mined both directly in the village and in its surroundings. According to stories, the spring that flows behind the building of the First School was called the Golden Key in those years, because gold was panned in it. Well-known mines in the closest surroundings are the left bank of the Rezh River in Kochnevo, Proboyny, Mezhevoye, in the bed of the Bystraya and Talitsa rivers, in the area of the village of Pershino. In total, during the reign of clerk Tit Zotov, 13 mines were opened within the dacha of the Rezhevsky plant, to end of the 19th century centuries they become somewhat larger. In the middle of the century, there were 57 gold washing machines operating at these mines.
All work at the mines was supervised by craftsmen from the Rezhevsky plant; they formed a team of those wishing to earn extra money in mining (as a rule, these were residents of the surrounding village). The most primitive tools: pick, crowbar, wheelbarrow. The miners lived in dugouts and half-dugouts; washing work involved water and led to corresponding diseases. From the second half of the 19th century, gold panning began to be mechanized and technical innovations were introduced.
Gold has always attracted dishonest people, so several similar stories have come down from Rezhev’s past. One of them is how artisan A. Sokolov robbed prospectors. Accepting gold, he seemed to blow away waste rock, and at the same time, as if by chance, grains of gold were blown away, which he later picked up and pocketed. “One day one of the prospectors said to Sokolov with annoyance: “Andrei Vladimirovich, you blow again, and then I’ll leave without everything!”
Development of the village. The first temples. Ponomarev, Bayborodin, Chernobrovin
In 1830, Rezh, for the first time in its history, began to develop according to master plan. According to this plan, Rezhevskaya Pond becomes the main city-forming element of the village. A grid of streets is formed around the pond, their roadways are decorated with artisans' estates, the main part of which were residential buildings with windows and facades facing the street. The artisan's house consisted of a room, a kitchen and a cold closet. Next to the house there was a closed courtyard with outbuildings located along the perimeter: a delivery house, or, in other words, a garage of the 19th century, a barn where all kinds of supplies were stored, a stable, above which there was a hayloft with an opening for supplying hay. In the garden, out of harm's way, outside the yard, there was a bathhouse. You can at least vaguely imagine the craftsman’s estate by visiting the ancient house of the dam master I. Bayborodin, at 15 Pushkina.
The main street in the village, Bolshaya (now Lenin), was oriented towards the wooden Church of St. John the Baptist, the first Rezhevsky temple, creating an extraordinary visual connection between the earthly world and the heavenly world. It seems that this is the very first and, interestingly, perhaps the main architectural ensemble in Rezh, connecting Caesarean (the main street, and then the square) and Bogovo. The church was built on the initiative of the clerk Y. Kozlov in 1830. This Kozlov already in the 20th century became a literary hero in the stories about the life of the first Ural revolutionary A. Lotsmanov: in them the clerk is presented as an experienced man in production, tough with people and completely insensitive to any education. The first in Rezh, St. John the Baptist Church, is wooden, rather cramped, simply plastered inside, without painting; already in the 1830s, ministers complained that the roof of the church was leaking and the plaster was falling off. The first Rezhevsky priest’s name was Antioch Ponomarev, he served in the Rezhevsky church for more than 20 years and established himself as a modest, zealous and God-fearing man. While on full content Yakovlev (salary, housing and mowing), the priest had to not only enlighten local residents with the “light of the Gospel”, but also instill in the craftsmen a spirit of obedience to the factory authorities.
Since 1826, the authorities in Russia and the Urals began a powerful campaign against the Old Believers: closing of churches, repression. At the same time, they are trying to influence the Old Believers using the carrot method, offering them the preservation of their rituals, but subject to submission Orthodox clergy. Those who agreed were called co-religionists and were allowed to build their own churches. In 1839, at the dam, on the right bank of the pond, on the site of the modern Monument of Military and Labor Glory, at the request of I. Bayborodin, S. Peskov and P. Kruglov, a wooden Assumption Church of the same faith was built. According to a photograph from the beginning of the 20th century, it had a fence with a beautiful gate. The Assumption Church was famous for its wonderful icons, which by 1840 were completed by the famous Nevyansk icon painter I.P. Chernobrovin; the works of this master are mentioned in many regional textbooks. Today, the icons of Chernobrovin are preserved in the St. Nicholas Church in the village of Byngi. The Nevyansk icon painting school is one of the most famous in the history of the Urals and Siberia, its most famous representatives were the Bogatyrevs and Chernobrovins, the most famous among the latter is our Ivan Chernobrovin.
Spiritual center of the village
Since those ancient times, the place around the Dormition Edinoverie Church has acquired the significance of the most important spiritual center, first in the village, and then in the city. Moreover, in contrast to the Epiphany Church and the square, which a little later appeared on the “imperious” left bank, the right bank spiritual center, somehow it happened, forever became popular. The Assumption Church, despite many years of opposition from the authorities to the Old Believers, was built exclusively with people’s savings; later, a building for a ministerial school (now school No. 1) will be erected nearby; by the way, also with people’s money, the school will become the most revolutionary (opposition again to the authorities) educational institution in village, and in 1973 again largely on folk remedies on the site of the Assumption Church they will erect the most popular monument in existence - the Monument to the Military and Labor Glory of the Rezhevlians. Since that distant 1839, this place has developed some kind of special spiritual atmosphere, which both in the royal and Soviet times served as an important unifying principle for the Rezhelians. By the way, school graduates and newlyweds don’t like to be photographed anywhere as much as in this place: maybe it’s no coincidence that they are drawn here?
Lord's house
At the same time, the factory buildings are being rebuilt. And on Pokrovskaya Street (now Sovetskaya) two buildings are being erected, which today have become the main monuments of the heyday of the Rezhevsky plant, perhaps the only monuments of the classicism era on the territory of Rezh. Today, near the Rezhevskaya embankment, in the center of the city, stands an ancient building with a dome, where the mineralogical reserve and other organizations operate today. Nearby there is a building where a branch of Sberbank and the Ruslan trading house operate; already in the 1950s, an upper floor was added to the house.
Initially, these two buildings made up a single complex intended for the residence of the managers of the Rezhevsky plant; this complex was called the Lord's House. The buildings were united by a stone fence with a gatehouse, partly preserved to this day. Behind the fence between the two houses there was a huge utility yard, followed by a garden (apparently formed in the second half of the 19th century), which was called the Lord's, now it is a park area in front of school No. 3. In addition to walking alleys with gazebos, the garden had a greenhouse with flowers ( Obviously, this is the first place in Rezh for growing flowers), including gladioli, greenhouses with vegetables.
Many legends and traditions are associated with the factory manager’s house. One of the legends says that factory treasures were stored in the basement of the building: indeed, in our time, a basement with a very “cunning” entrance was discovered here. But the most interesting stories are related to the mysterious underground passages that connected the factory manager’s house with many buildings of the old city.
Rezhevsky dungeons
In the 19th century, in Rezha, according to stories, a the whole system underground passages connecting the most important buildings of the village. Stretching for hundreds of meters, this system was a complex engineering structure: passages precisely connected several buildings located at considerable distances from each other, were protected by fasteners, had some kind of dead-end corridors and rooms, and many doors. No one knows for sure why these transitions were created. Therefore, rumor offers a variety of explanations for the origin of Rezhev’s dungeons, including mysterious and scary ones. V. Ya. Skornyakov recalled that when he was a child, a friend showed him and his friends the way to the dungeons, but he himself refused to go underground, explaining that there were a lot of big, fat rats there. The teenagers went down to the indicated place and discovered the passage. There they saw a door with a lot of old shoes behind it. Then the second one. Behind her stood a mountain of skulls. Someone said that these were the skulls of Old Believers. The teenagers were unable to open the third door due to the subsidence of the ground. At the end of the 20th century, the dungeons made themselves known with several failures and aroused the interest of specialists. But the city did not have funds to conduct research.
Epiphany Church. Power center of the village
The wooden Church of St. John the Baptist, small, remote from the center and rather poor, did not meet the needs of the local population. Almost immediately after its construction, appeals followed to Alexei Yakovlev with a request to build a stone parish church in the center of the village. A similar appeal from 1837 is known. But the tight-fisted entrepreneur did not approve of such plans: “When the time comes, I will prescribe it.” Such a time came 10 years later: according to the design of the architect of the Ural Mining Administration K. G. Tursky, one of the most famous Ural architects, the construction of the grandiose Epiphany Church began. The work was carried out from 1847 to 1860, when the Church of the Epiphany was consecrated, which, along with the Lord's House, became the main monument of the era of classicism in Rezh.
Toursky at that time created not only the architectural dominant of the village, he predetermined the political, official center of Rezh for decades. Before the revolution, residents of Rezhevli would gather on the square in front of the temple during the most important events for them and for the entire country. During the Civil War, the Bolsheviks, in the likeness of Red Square in Moscow, would try to create a necropolis on the square for revolutionary heroes. Later, a platform will be installed here, and all rallies and demonstrations will take place in this square. It is here that the monument to Lenin will be erected, and it is in front of the former Epiphany Square that the building of the city committee of the CPSU (now the district administration) will be erected in the middle of the 20th century. In 1917, not everything was completely destroyed - the memory of the place was preserved, influencing the lives of new generations.
According to the memoirs of contemporaries, the interior of the Church of the Epiphany was rich: the carved wooden iconostasis was ordered from the famous Moscow masters Golyshevs. The surface of the iconostasis, made of pine wood, was painted in orange, and the linden wood carvings are gilded. The walls of the church are covered with bright blue paint.
A house for the priest was built nearby (now the editorial office of the newspaper “Rezhevskaya Vest”), which also became an important place for spiritual communication. Krasnoarmeyskaya Street, where the clergyman’s house was located, was called Popovskaya Street before the revolution.
In 1930, the Epiphany Church was closed, for some time there was a cinema in the building, dances were organized, and in the fall of 1949 the building was transferred to an agricultural school, its reconstruction began in educational institution. Today, the walls of the construction college contain the masonry of an ancient church. The pilasters (vertical projections on the wall in the form of columns) that decorated the Church of the Epiphany are still visible on the facade of the technical school building from Krasnoarmeyskaya Street.
This is interesting: architect Toursky
So who was the builder of the main Rezhevsky temple? Karl Gustavovich Toursky is one of the most famous Ural architects of the 19th century. Born in 1801, he was an artist-architect by training - he graduated from the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. During his studies he was rewarded with a medal. After completing his studies, he worked for about ten years in the Office of the Bridge Construction Directorate. It was at this time that many famous St. Petersburg bridges were built: for example, the Bankovsky bridge with the sphinxes, under which the mafiosi from the film “The Adventure of the Italians in Russia” dug in search of treasures.
Since 1832, Tursky left for Tomsk, where he became the chief architect of the Tomsk province. He is building something in Tomsk, and also fulfilling plans for the cities of Biysk, Kuznetsk, Kainsk and Kolyvan.
After 1842, Karl Gustavovich became the architect of the Ural Mining Administration, replacing the deceased M.P. Malakhov, the most famous Ural architect, in this position. That is why Tursky is completing many unfinished buildings by Malakhov. In the history of Yekaterinburg, Tursky became famous as one of the most outstanding architects of the city.
Moreover, the architect’s talent turned out to be multifaceted: he erected buildings for a wide variety of purposes. These are also public buildings: in 1845 - 1847, Karl Gustavovich built the first city theater (better known to us as the “October” cinema - “Colosseum” at the intersection of Lenin Avenue and Karl Liebknecht Street). These are also religious buildings: Tursky completed the construction of the famous Ascension Church in Yekaterinburg after Malakhov on Ascension Hill in front of the Church on the Blood. This is an educational institution: the First Yekaterinburg Gymnasium, now the elite gymnasium No. 9 (here, for example, Yeltsin’s daughters studied) next to the main square of Yekaterinburg. These are residential estates: the Ryazanovs on Kuibyshev Street, Borchaninova on March 8 Street, Building 18. These are also industrial buildings: on the Yekaterinburg dam, the architect rebuilt the building of the world famous Imperial Lapidary Factory (not preserved), the masterpieces of which are to this day the pride of the Hermitage and the Louvre and other museums around the world. For his efforts in building the factory, Tursky was awarded a diamond ring.
In 1846, Tursky became the author of the first obelisk in the Urals, placed on the border of Europe and Asia. True, in fact, the memorial sign was erected in honor of the stay of the heir to the throne Alexander Nikolaevich (the future Alexander II) in this place in 1837 and Duke Maximilian of Leuchtenberg in 1845. In 1920, the inscription about these events was knocked down and the signs “Europe” and “Asia” were placed. Moreover, it is curious that on the slab the year of installation of the obelisk is indicated incorrectly - 1837.
Which federal district does the city of Rezh belong to?
Rezh is included in federal district: Ural.The Federal District is an enlarged territory consisting of several constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
In what region is the city of Rezh located?
The city of Rezh is part of the Sverdlovsk region.A characteristic of a region or subject of a country is the integrity and interconnection of its constituent elements, including cities and other settlements, included in the region.
The Sverdlovsk region is an administrative unit of the state of Russia.
