The occurrence of single-celled and multicellular algae, the occurrence of photosynthesis: plant output on land (pliphydrates, mosses, ferns, viced, coated).
Development vegetable world Performed in the 2 stages and is associated with the appearance of lower and higher plants. According to the new systematics, the lower are algae (and they used to relate bacteria, mushrooms and lichens. Now they are highlighted in independent kingdoms), and to the highest - mosses, fern, voted and coated.
In the evolution of lower organisms, 2 periods are distinguished, significantly different cellular organization. For 1 period, organisms similar to bacteria and blue-green algae dominated. The cells of these life forms did not have typical organoids (mitochondria, chloroplasts, the Goljei apparatus, etc.). The core of the cell was not limited to a nuclear membrane (this is a prokaryotic type of cell organization). 2 The period was associated with the transition of lower plants (algae) to the autotrophic type of nutrition and to form a cell with all typical organoids (this is a eukaryotic type of cell organization, which has been preserved and at the next levels of the development of the plant and animal world). This period can be called a period of domination of green algae, single-cellular, colonial and multicellular. The simplest of the multicellular are nichly algae (Ullitrix), which have no branching of their body. Their body is a long chain consisting of individual cells. Other multicellular algae are dissected by a large number of outgrowths, therefore their body branches (Hara, Fukus).
Multicoloting algae due to their auto-flow (photosynthetic) activities developed in the direction of increasing body surface for better absorption of nutrients from an aqueous medium and solar energy. Algae had a more progressive form of reproduction - sexual reproduction, in which the beginning of the new generation gives diploid (2N) zygote, combining the heredity of 2 parental forms.
2 The evolutionary stage of plant development must be associated with a gradual transition to them from a water lifestyle to ground. The primary ground organisms were psiliefs that were preserved in the form of fossil residues in the Silurian and Devonian sediments. The structure of these plants is more complicated compared to algae: a) they had special attachment bodies to the substrate - rhizoid; b) stroke-shaped organs with wood surrounded by a lob; c) primitive tissue; d) epidermis with allocations.
Starting with pylofitis, it is necessary to trace 2 lines of the evolution of higher plants, one of which is represented by moss, and the second - fern, voted and coated.
The main thing is that characterizes the mugh-like, this is the predominance of the cycle of their individual development of GaMetophyte over sporophyte. Gametofit is an all green plant capable of independent meals. Spiritophyte is represented by a box (Cukushkin Len) and completely depends on its nutrition from Gametophyte. The dominance of the moisture-lifted gametophyte moss in the conditions of an air-terrestrial lifestyle turned out to be non-meter-shaped, so the MAs have become a special branch of the evolution of higher plants and have not yet been given after themselves perfect groups of plants. This was also facilitated by the fact that the Gametofit compared to the sporophyt had dining heredity (Haploid (1N) chromosome set). This line in the evolution of higher plants is called Gametophite.
The second line of evolution on the way from piclofitis to the coated bridge is sporing, because the fern, voted and coated in the cycle of individual development of plants dominates sporeophyte. It is a plant with a root, stem, leaves, spioning organs (in ferns) or fruiting (at coated). Sporophyt cells have a diploid set of chromosomes, because They develop from diploid zygota. Gametophyte is strongly reduced and adapted only for the formation of male and female sex cells. In the flowering plants, the female gamethophytic is represented by an embryonic bag in which the egg is located. Male gametophytic is formed during the proposal of pollen. It consists of one vegetative and one generative cells. In germination, pollen from the generative cell occurs 2 sperm. These 2 men's sex cells are involved in double fertilization of coated. The fertilized egg gives the beginning of a new generation of the plant - sporophyte. The progress of the coated bridge is due to the improvement of the reproduction function.
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Conclusions:
1. The study of the geological past of the land, the structure and composition of the core and all the shells, flights of spacecraft to the moon, Venus, the study of stars bringing a person to the knowledge of the stages of development of our planet and life on it.2. The evolution process was natural.
3. The vegetation world is diverse, this diversity is the result of its development for a long time. The cause of its development is not a divine force - and the change and complication of the structure of plants under the influence of the changing environment of habitat.
Scientific evidence: plant cellular structure, start of development from one fertilized cell, the need for water for life processes, finding fingerprints of various plants, the presence of "living" fossils, extinct some species and the formation of new ones.
The occurrence of single-celled and multicellular algae, the occurrence of photosynthesis: plant output on land (pliphydrates, mosses, ferns, viced, coated).
The development of the plant world was committed in 2 stages and is associated with the advent of lower and higher plants. According to the new systematics, the lower are algae (and they used to relate bacteria, mushrooms and lichens. Now they are highlighted in independent kingdoms), and to the highest - mosses, fern, voted and coated.
In the evolution of lower organisms, 2 periods are distinguished, significantly different cellular organization. For 1 period, organisms similar to bacteria and blue-green algae dominated. The cells of these life forms did not have typical organoids (mitochondria, chloroplasts, the Goljei apparatus, etc.). The core of the cell was not limited to a nuclear membrane (this is a prokaryotic type of cell organization). 2 The period was associated with the transition of lower plants (algae) to the autotrophic type of nutrition and to form a cell with all typical organoids (this is a eukaryotic type of cell organization, which has been preserved and at the next levels of the development of the plant and animal world). This period can be called a period of domination of green algae, single-cellular, colonial and multicellular. The simplest of the multicellular are nichly algae (Ullitrix), which have no branching of their body. Their body is a long chain consisting of individual cells. Other multicellular algae are dissected by a large number of outgrowths, therefore their body branches (Hara, Fukus).
Multicoloting algae due to their auto-flow (photosynthetic) activities developed in the direction of increasing body surface for better absorption of nutrients from an aqueous medium and solar energy. Algae had a more progressive form of reproduction - sexual reproduction, in which the beginning of the new generation gives diploid (2N) zygote, combining the heredity of 2 parental forms.
2 The evolutionary stage of plant development must be associated with a gradual transition to them from a water lifestyle to ground. The primary ground organisms were psiliefs that were preserved in the form of fossil residues in the Silurian and Devonian sediments. The structure of these plants is more complicated compared to algae: a) they had special attachment bodies to the substrate - rhizoid; b) stroke-shaped organs with wood surrounded by a lob; c) primitive tissue; d) epidermis with allocations.
Starting with pylofitis, it is necessary to trace 2 lines of the evolution of higher plants, one of which is represented by moss, and the second - fern, voted and coated.
The main thing is that characterizes the mugh-like, this is the predominance of the cycle of their individual development of GaMetophyte over sporophyte. Gametofit is an all green plant capable of independent meals. Spiritophyte is represented by a box (Cukushkin Len) and completely depends on its nutrition from Gametophyte. The dominance of the moisture-lifted gametophyte moss in the conditions of an air-terrestrial lifestyle turned out to be non-meter-shaped, so the MAs have become a special branch of the evolution of higher plants and have not yet been given after themselves perfect groups of plants. This was also facilitated by the fact that the Gametofit compared to the sporophyt had dining heredity (Haploid (1N) chromosome set). This line in the evolution of higher plants is called Gametophite.
The second line of evolution on the way from piclofitis to the coated bridge is sporing, because the fern, voted and coated in the cycle of individual development of plants dominates sporeophyte. It is a plant with a root, stem, leaves, spioning organs (in ferns) or fruiting (at coated). Sporophyt cells have a diploid set of chromosomes, because They develop from diploid zygota. Gametophyte is strongly reduced and adapted only for the formation of male and female sex cells. In the flowering plants, the female gamethophytic is represented by an embryonic bag in which the egg is located. Male gametophytic is formed during the proposal of pollen. It consists of one vegetative and one generative cells. In germination, pollen from the generative cell occurs 2 sperm. These 2 men's sex cells are involved in double fertilization of coated. The fertilized egg gives the beginning of a new generation of the plant - sporophyte. The progress of the coated bridge is due to the improvement of the reproduction function.
The appearance of the first plant organisms occurred in very distant times. The first living organisms were similar to microscopic mucus lumps. Some of them, some of them appeared green color, and living organisms became similar to single-cell algae.
Ancient unicellular living beings gave rise to multicellular organisms. Multicolve organisms, like the first one-cells, appeared in water. These were a variety of multicellular algae, developed from unicellular.
The study of fossil residues shows that the vegetation world of the Earth constantly changed.
About 400-350 million years ago, water pools and external conditions were conducive to the growth and development of widespread various algae.
The surface of the continents and the bottom of the ocean changed over time. New continents rose, went under the water arising before. The oscillation of the earth's crust led to the fact that there was dry on the place of the seas.
Plant transition to a terrestrial lifestyle is associated with the drying of individual sections of the earth's surface.
The retreating marine water was delayed in the depressions. They were sworn, they were filled with water again. Execution took place gradually. Some algae adapted to habitat in ground conditions.
The climate at the time on the globe was established smooth - wet and warm. The transition of plants from water to ground image beganlife. The living conditions on land caused the complication of the structure of plants. Some ancient multicellular algae, changed in their structure, gave rise to the first terrestrial plants with plyslofitis, later completely extinct.
Psulifi - These are small herbaceous and rustic green plants that grew along the shores of the reservoirs. They had a branched body, similar to stem, coated with bristles. The underground part of the stem resembled rhizome with rhizoids. The roots of psulifitis, as well as in algae, was not. From algae, the pylofitis was distinguished by the presence of a stem, a more complex inner structure. They multiplied by disputes.
From ppylobitis, apparently, mosses and fern, which have reached a heyday of about 300 million years ago, occurred.
During the period of domination on the land of fern climate during the year was warm and wet. Conditions favored not only growth, but also reproduction of ferns, planes and horsages: The water required for the fertilization of eggs with spermatozoa, has always been abundant.
At the end of the coal period, the climate of the Earth almost everywhere became land and colder. Giant tree fern, horsetails and planes began to dy up. The dead plants gradually turned into stone coal. The first conifers occurred from some of the ancient fern.
The proof of the origin of the voted plants from the ancient fernames is the similarity between these plants: those and others have a root, stem and leaves. The tree ferns had a large external similarity with the trees of gone plants.
Initial polls were seed ferns, subsequently completely extinct. Seeds at seed ferns were formed on the leaves and lay openly; Hence the name "gifted plants". Seed ferns were represented by large and small trees, as well as Lianami. From seed ferns, gumped plants occurred. And the living conditions continued to change further. The climate became still land and colder. Only on a small part of the mainland, he continued to remain warm and wet.
Where the climate became more severe, the ancient gone plants gradually died. They have a well-known modern vote - pines, spruce, fir and other conifers. plants.
In the conditions of gradually reinforcing dryness of air and cooling climate at the end of a coal period, gentle ferns in the ground during germination were in the soil found themselves in adverse conditions, so many died. Only those who have time to form themselves have been maintained on a sheet in places where they have formed from the dispute. This led to the emergence of a seed - larger than the dispute, a fit equipped with a nutrient cloth for a developing embryo.
The first seed plants were vicious, more adapted to life in conditions of dry, cool climate, which changed the wet and warm coal period.
The adaptation of gone plants to life on land expressed primarily in the fact that the process of reproduction has ceased to depend on the presence of water in the external environment. Seed ferns are the first gone plants - turned out to be more adapted to a new habitat, although in appearance they first were very similar to ferns who lived in a warm, wet climate of the coal period and multiplying disputes.
Covenate plants appeared on Earth about 130 million years ago from ancient types of vicered. Among the first floweringplants could be found and those whose descendants live in our time.
The coated bridges turned out to be the most adapted plants, because their seeds were well protected by fruits. They widespread all over the entire land and began to grow in a wide variety of conditions. Already over 60 million years, coated plants dominate land.
The emergence of life and the development of plant peace on Earth is quite different explaining the religion.
Religious people believe that earth planet Created God. According to religions, all living on Earth - plants and animals - also created by God 7.5 thousand years ago.
The first living organisms arose at the time of the domination of the water on Earth. These living organisms living in the aquatic environment gave the beginning of the first unicellular flagellasting algae (lower plants). It is estimated that multicellular algae arose from colonial forms of unicellular algae. There was a transition of a single-cell organism to a multicellular one. The multicellular algae has the simplest structure, the body is formed by one type of cells, no tissues and organs, are attached to the substrate with the help of rhizoids.
With change. Conditions ambient (Large population processes occurred, sushi appears), there is a change in plant organisms. Of the multicellular algae under conditions of periodic filling of coastal zones with water, the first residents of sushi arose - psulifi (Extinct representatives of the lower dispute plants0 and the first MAYs (blind thread in evolution). From one type of multicellular algae, psilifite developed, the layer of which consisted of several tissues: a coating, mechanical, conductive, and from a different type of multicellular algae, MAs developed, these are terrestrial plants, having organs - shoots and leaves, but not having roots. Transition from cellular level To a one-room level, as well as to the organisal level.
Psulifitis and the first MAs multiplied by disputes. Modern MAYs also multiply disputes. From the controversy grows a foreground similar to algae. Fertilization occurs only in the presence of water. The similarity of MCH's foresights with algae indicates the origin of the moss from algae.
Furial, chests and frames appeared on ppyloffs.
They had a more complex structure than modern representatives. During the flourishing period of fernal-shaped on Earth there was a wet and warm climate, frequent rains, a large nebula, all this contributed to the intensive development of fern. They were represented by gigantic trees up to 40 meters high.
Moved with the help of the dispute, and more perfect with the help of seeds. Fertilization occurred in the presence of water.
Modern fern, horsetails and planes, much smaller sizes than ancestors, these are herbaceous plants. But they have preserved traits of similarities with ancestors, multiplied by disputes, spores germinate only with sufficient moisture. Interests, developing from dispute, similar. On the layer of multicellular algae and how algae to the soil is attached with the help of rhizoids. Fertilization occurs only in the presence of water. Almost all fern and horsetails of moisture-boring plants.
With the advent of the glacier, climate change occurred, it becomes dry and cold. Under the influence of environmental conditions, changes occurred in the plant world. Spores fern-like decreased in the amount, and the first gifted plants arose from ferns, which breed seeds. These plants had organs (stems, leaves, roots) with a more complex indoor structure, they develop covering fabrics whose cells have thick walls, and the conductive system (vessels and sieve tubes that form conductive beams) are being improved. We multiply gifted by seeds consisting of a nucleus embryo and nutrient reserves.
Covenate plants occurred from ancient gone plants. They have a more complex structure of the body, the covered bridge develops a modified escape - flower. The flower develops genitals: stamens and pestle (Pestik - female sexual organ, stamp - men's sexual organ). The fertilization process will occur only after the pollination process (the transfer of pollen from the stamens on the pistil stil). Fertilization in flower plants is double, after which the flower pestlet is developing fruit with seeds inside. Thus, seeds are protected from unfavorable conditions. Covenate plants multiply and distributed using seeds. Due to the more complication of the structure and security of seeds, gradually the dominant position occupied on Earth coated plants.
Consequently, changes in the level of plant management in the evolution process went towards the complications of the organization. Initially, the body is represented by one cell, then numerous organisms arise, then differentiates on the fabrics and organs. Next complicates the structure of the organs, which leads to the complication of the whole organism. The causes of these changes are environmental factors, hereditary variability and natural selection.
The coated area is divided into two classes:
Single-bedroom class; The class is bombarded.
Classes, in turn, are divided into families. Each family is characterized by certain signs, according to which the plants are combined into a specific systematic group (genus, the smallest unit of classification). The systematic position of the Lrangess of Maysky:
The department is coated bridge, class - monocotional, family - Lily, Rod - Lily of Lily, View - Lily of Mayski.
Using the knowledge of immunity, explain why the person makes vaccinations and administer serums. How can I increase the protective properties of the body? How to protect yourself from HIV infection and AIDS disease?
1. Leather, mucous membranes secreted by liquid (saliva, tears, gastric juice, etc.)- the first barrier in the protection of the body from microbes.Their functions: serve as a mechanical obstacle, a protective barrier warning microbes into the body; We produce substances with antimicrobial properties.
2. The role of phagocytes in the protection of the organism from microbes.The penetration of phagocytes is a special leukocyte group - through the walls of the capillaries to the places of accumulation of microbes, poisons, alien proteins, which came to the body, enveloping and digesting them.
3. Immunity.The production of leukocytes of antibodies, which are dealt with blood in the body, are connected to bacteria and make them defenseless against phagocytes. The contact of certain types of leukocytes with pathogenic bacteria, viruses, isolation of leukocytes substances that cause their death. The presence of these protective substances in the blood provides immunity Unresponsibility of the body to infectious diseases. The effect of different antibodies on the microbes.
4. Prevention of infectious diseases.Introduction to the human body (as a rule, in childhood) vaccines - weakened or killed pathogens of the most common infectious diseases - measles, cough, diphtheria, poliomyelitis, etc. - to prevent the disease. Not susceptibility of man to these diseases
or leakage of the disease in a light form due to the production of antibodies in the body. When an infectious disease is infected with infectious disease, the administration of blood serum obtained from people or animals is injected. Content B. serum Antibodies against one or another disease.
5. Prevention of HIV infection and AIDS disease.HIV - human immunodeficiency virus; Causes an acquired immotional syndrome (AIDS). HIV infects and destroys the leukocytes of a certain type, which ensure the formation of human immunity. AIDS patients are subject to various infections that are caused by their death. Usually HIV is transmitted with blood or sperm. From the HIV-infected mother, the virus can infect the fruit through the placenta or get into the child's body through breast milk. Due to the lack of effective treatment, it is important to observe precautions: avoid random sexual bonds, with sexual contacts to use condoms, check the donor blood on HIV antibodies, use disposable syringes.
The science engaged in the study of the vegetation world is the name of Botany. For all the time of the existence of humanity on the planet, the Earth, knowledge of plants gradually accumulated. Also, our ancestors when collecting cursors, seeds, bulbs and greenery learned to distinguish poisonous cultures from edible and medicinal, and also began to determine the sections of their growing, features of cooking or storage. These and other knowledge in the Botany region are extremely important for humanity.
Botany for modern humanity is a science consisting of a variety of industries. It is aimed at studying each plant individual separately, as well as to study their communities forming forests, steppes, meadows, etc. Botanical sciences Learn the detailed composition of all parts of the plants, they classify them on various features, work on the possibility of applying particularly valuable cultures in the economy. In addition, various studies are being conducted on plant cultivation, which are not known for the average person. By itself, especially relevant problem For nerds, the question of protecting natural resources, and in particular - extremely rare types of vegetation.
Research It is carried out using a variety of experimental methods and technical devices. Botany is also closely connected with other sciences, including soil science, forestry, zoology, agronomy, geology, chemistry, and medicine.
Complication of plants in the process of evolution
The evolution of the plant world began many more million years ago.
The very first organisms of vegetable type appeared on our planet still in Archean Ara. They were unicellular and multicellular prokaryotic organisms, and belonged to blue-green algae. Such plants showed the ability to photosynthesis, which was accompanied by the release of oxygen. Blue-green algae enriched the Earth's atmosphere with oxygen, necessary for all sorts of aerobic organisms.
At the stage of the Protozoic era, green, as well as red algae reigned on our planet. Such cultures are considered as the lowest plants, their body is not intended to departments and does not have specialized tissues.
In Paleozoic on Earth began to appear the highest representatives of the flora, which are referred to as psiliefs or rhinophytes. Such cultures have already had shoots, but they did not grow root or leaves. Their reproduction occurred with the help of a dispute. Such plants were located on the surface of the Earth, or a semi-water lifestyle was conducted.
Mossoid and fern plants appeared closer to the end of Paleozoic on Earth. At the same time, the moss arose stalks and the first leaves, and ferns are roots.
In the coal stage on our planet, seed ferns arose, which became predecessors for gamped plants. And in the Permian period of Paleozoa, the very first voted cultures appeared, capable of multiply by seeds, not protected by the fruit.
In the Jurassic period, the first coated bridges are formed. Such plants have already acquired flowers in which pollination is carried out, fertilization, and then forming germin and fruit. Seeds in such cultures are protected by by oloplodniks.
Now, in the Cenozoic Ere, modern coated bridges reign on Earth, as well as gone cultures, and most of the higher disputes of plants are biologically regressing. However, the process of the evolution of plants is not completed. This is an infinite process.
The world around the world, classification of plants
For the entire period of the existence of Botany, scientists have repeatedly tried to create plant classification systems, combining them into groups on various common features. The very first attempts of this kind refer to the end of the eighteenth century, at that time humanity had just begun to fascinate natural ties between various alive organisms.
The French botanist Aandans, who tried to distribute plants in groups, was becoming a pioneer in this area, given the maximum number of signs.
One of the contemporaries of Audson Justice created his classification system in which not calculated signs separate representatives Flora, and compared them and weighed.
More successful attempts to classify plants by groups relate to the nineteenth century, at this time the Brown system was created, as well as the Eychler and Decandol system. All these options had their drawbacks, so they can be considered solely in the historical plane.
Modern plant classification system combines plants with similar signs in groups that are called species. In the event that the view does not have close relatives, it forms monotyped.
In general, plant systematics is a strict hierarchical system consisting of groups of different ranks. Thus, families make up orders, and orders - classes.
Now scientists consider four groups of plants - green algae, mugh-shaped, vascular disputes, as well as seed plants. The first group includes green and chasing algae. Mochoids include hepatic and anthoxerotes, as well as mossoids.
Vascular disputes are represented by plane-shaped, fern-shaped and fur. The group of higher plants (seed) includes sahovoid, ginkgoid, coniferous, as well as oppressive cultures.
Various plants largely constitute the world around us, their evolution lasted several million years and continues until now, and the classification of such cultures in groups allows scientists to carefully monitor constant evolutionary changes.
