To environmental conditions, as well as any new signs that they developed while doing so (thus, a cactus thorn is a leaf that has adapted to an arid climate by reducing its surface area to reduce evaporation).

biome. One of the largest ecosystems forming a common ecosystem. Each of them is characterized by a climatic community and a special climate in the region.

Renewable energy sources. Natural energy sources such as wind and water.

Deforestation. Mass clearing of forests for fuel or timber, and to clear land for new arable land or towns.

Genetic Engineering. Change genetic code to create organisms useful to humans. Genes carry information about the basic properties of an organism.

Natural selection. The theory of evolution put forward by Charles Darwin. She argues that within each species, those organisms that have managed to adapt better than others to environmental conditions are more likely to survive and reproduce. Therefore, the changes that allow them to adapt to new conditions are passed on to the next generations, which ensures the evolutionary development of the species as a whole.

pollution. The entry of foreign matter into the soil and natural cycles, as well as the presence of artificial chemicals or an excessive concentration of natural minerals in the soil, which causes great damage to it.

Protective coloration (mimicry). The use by plants or animals of a special coloration that allows them either to be less visible against the background of the environment, or to disguise themselves as other plants or animals.

intensive farming. Application latest methods to maximize yields, such as using chemical fertilizers, insecticides, and other chemicals, and growing the same crops every year in the same fields. These practices severely damage soils and alter natural cycles.

Irrigation. Irrigation of land, mainly through canals. With ill-conceived irrigation methods, the content in the topsoil can increase, and the land will become infertile.

Sources. All types of green plants that produce food from primary substances through the process of photosynthesis. They are the basis for all food chains.

disappearance. The extinction of animal and plant species and, as a result, their complete disappearance from the face of the Earth.

acid rain. Rain and snow containing poisonous chemicals that get into it due to pollution from industrial and automotive gases. Such rains kill many animals and plants, especially trees and algae, and cause serious damage to buildings and human health.

Climate. The set of weather conditions (, wind and humidity) characteristic of a given region.

climate community. A community of species that remains essentially unchanged until major climatic or ecological changes occur in the area (see also Continuity).

Integrated heat and power plants. High-efficiency power plants being built in cities. Use hot water from electricity generation to heat nearby homes, schools, etc.

Marginal (borderline) lands. Land suitable only for grazing and not suitable for agriculture.

Desert offensive. The process by which virgin soils (usually used as grazing land by the locals) are rendered infertile due to ill-conceived exploitation and excessively intensive agricultural practices, or as a result of climate change.

Necrophages. Organisms that feed on dead organisms and decompose them into mineral compounds. Niche, ecological. The place that an organism occupies in its ecosystem. It includes the features of its nutrition and interaction with other organisms.

Ozone layer. The layer in the atmosphere that contains ozone gas, which blocks out very harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. However, some industrial gases gradually destroy it.

organic matter. Substances that are or have been part of the body. Contains carbon.

Greenhouse effect. Occurs when reflected solar heat is trapped by gases from the atmosphere and heats it up. Human activity, the result of which is an increase in the emission of gases into the atmosphere (mainly carbon dioxide), threatens a general increase in temperature on Earth.

A series of living organisms in which each previous species serves as food for the next. at the same time it is transferred from one level (see. Trophic levels) to another. All food chains in a single ecosystem are combined into a single food web.

Consumers. Organisms that feed on other organisms.

Continuity. A sequence of natural changes in a given habitat in which one community succeeds another until a new climatic community is formed.

Crop rotation. The principle of farming, in which different, specially selected crops are grown every year in a new field, within a cycle of four to five years. This helps control yields and avoid soil depletion.

Community. The totality of plants and animals in a given habitat.

Habitat. A defined area in which a community of plants and animals lives.

Territory. The area that one or more organisms occupy and defend against the invasion of rivals (most often - organisms of the same species).

Trophic levels. Various links in the food chain corresponding to organisms that obtain food and energy from the same sources.

Photosynthesis. The process by which plants use solar energy to obtain food (carbohydrates) from water and carbon dioxide.

Chlorofluorocarbons. Chlorine-based compounds used in aerosols, refrigerator freezers and in the production of polystyrene, which scientists believe are the main cause of ozone depletion.

Evolution. A long process of change in living organisms, lasting millions of years.

Environmentally friendly technologies. Application of methods that do not conflict with natural cycles and do not violate the ecological balance in the region (there are environmentally friendly technologies in forestry, agriculture, etc.).

Eco farming. Farming methods that take into account the natural cycles - for example, the use of only organic fertilizers (manure), natural pest control, and crop rotation.

Environmentally friendly technologies. Inventory, machinery and methods that those who need them have (for example, manual equipment instead of tractors where it is not possible to get engine oil and spare parts).

Ecosystem. A self-sufficient system consisting of a community of plants and animals in their environment, which are inextricably linked by metabolism and energy.

soil erosion. The process of destruction and death of the fertile topsoil - mainly due to rain and wind, but also due to intensive farming, deforestation and insufficient artificial irrigation. Lands become barren as a result of erosion.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Ufa State Aviation Technical University

Department "Safety of production

and industrial ecology"

Dictionary of environmental terms

Compiled by: Krasnogorskaya N.N., Legushs E.F.,

Methodological guide for /Ufa State Aviation Technical University; Comp. Krasnogorskaya N.N., Legushs E.F. Ufa, 2005. 36 p.

The methodological manual presents the basic terms and definitions of ecology and environmental protection.

Designed for students of technical universities.

ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT(from Greek. A is a negative particle and biotikos- vital, living) - a set of inorganic conditions (factors) of the habitat of organisms.

AUTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS, AUTOTROPHS(gr. autos- myself, trophy- nutrition) - organisms that synthesize organic matter from inorganic using solar energy (phototrophs) or chemical bonds (chemotrophs); Autotrophs include plants and some bacteria.

AUTOCHTON(S)- living organisms that arose and initially evolved in a given place.

AGROCENOSIS(from the Greek agros - field and koinos - common) - a community of organisms living on agricultural lands, occupied by crops or planting of cultivated plants.

ADAPTATION(lat. Adapto- fit) - adaptation of the body to various conditions of existence in the environment.

ALLELOPATHY(gr. allelon- each other, mutually, pathos- suffering) - the influence of cohabiting organisms different types each other through the excretion of waste products.

ALLOCHTON(S)- living organisms found in a given area, but originated outside of them.

ANTIGENS- substances alien to the body that cause the formation of antibodies in the blood and other tissues.

ANTIBODIES- proteins of the immunoglobulin group, which are formed in the human body and warm-blooded animals in response to the ingress of antigens into it and neutralize its harmful effect.

ANTHROPOCENTRISM(from Greek. antbropos- Human, kentron- center) - the view that man is the center of the universe and the ultimate goal of the entire universe.

AREAL(lat. Area- area, space) - part of the earth's surface (territory or water area), within which a given species is distributed and undergoes a full cycle of its development. taxon: species, genus, family.

BACTERIOPHAGE- A virus that infects microorganisms.

BACTERIA(O)CID- a chemical substance of organic origin that kills bacteria. Inorganic synthesized substances ( corrosive sublimate,formalin etc.) with the same effect are called antiseptics.

BENTAL- the bottom of the reservoir, inhabited by organisms that live on the ground or in its thickness.

BENTHOS- a set of organisms that live at the bottom of a reservoir

BIOGAS- a mixture of gases generated during the decomposition of waste (manure, straw) or organic household waste by cellulose anaerobic organisms with the participation of methane fermentation bacteria (approximate composition: methane - 55-65%, carbon dioxide - 35-45%, admixtures of nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen sulfide).

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES- biogeochemical circulation of substances, the exchange of matter and energy between various components biosphere, due to the vital activity of organisms and bearing a cyclical nature. All biogeochemical cycles are interconnected and form the dynamic basis for the existence of life. The energy flows of the Sun and the activity of living matter are the driving forces of biogeochemical cycles, which leads to the movement of chemical elements.

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES- the transition of nutrients from inanimate nature (from the reserves of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and earth's crust) to living organisms and back to the inanimate environment. These cycles are caused by direct or indirect influence of solar energy and include the cycles of C, N, P, S, H 2 O and all other elements.

BIOGEOCOENOSIS- an evolutionarily developed, relatively spatially limited, natural system of functionally interconnected living organisms and their abiotic environment, characterized by a certain energy state, type and rate of metabolism and information. B. is an elementary ecosystem and geosystem.

BIOINDICATOR- a group of individuals whose presence, condition and behavior is used to judge changes in the environment, including the presence and concentration of pollutants.

BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS- periodically recurring changes in the intensity and nature of biological processes and phenomena.

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY- the diversity of living organisms, as well as ecosystems and ecological processes, the links of which they are. Can be divided into three categories: genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity.

BIOM- (from Greek. bios- life and lat. Oma- ending, totality) - a combination of various groups of organisms and their habitat in a certain landscape-geographical zone, for example, in the tundra, coniferous forests, arid zone. For example, the tropical rainforest biome.

BIOMASS- the total mass of individuals of a species, group of species or community of organisms, usually expressed in units of mass of dry or wet matter, related to units of area or volume of any habitat (kg / ha, g / m 3, kg / m 3, etc.)

BIOSPHERE(from Greek. bios- life; sphair- ball) - the shell of the Earth, in which the combined activity of living organisms manifests itself as a geochemical factor on a planetary scale. B. - the largest ecosystem of the Earth - the area of ​​\u200b\u200bsystem interaction alive And inert substance on the planet. It includes the lower part of the atmosphere, the entire hydrosphere and the upper part of the Earth's lithosphere, inhabited by living organisms.

BIOTA(gr. biote- life) - a historically established set of living organisms, united by a common area of ​​\u200b\u200bdistribution, living in some large territory, isolated by any (for example, biogeographic) barriers. Unlike biocenosis, biota includes species that may not have ecological links with each other.

BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT- a set of living organisms that exert their vital activity on other organisms.

BIOTOPE- a space occupied by a biocenosis that is relatively homogeneous in terms of abiotic factors of the environment.

BIOFILTER(biological filter) - a facility for biological wastewater treatment, built on the principle of gradual passage of the cleaned masses either through the thickness of the filter material covered with an active microbiological film, or through the space occupied by an artificially created community of cleaning organisms, for example. reeds.

BIOCHOR- a set of similar biotopes. Biochores are combined into biocycles.

BIOCENOSIS(gr. bios- life and koinos- common) - a community of producers, consumers and decomposers that are part of the same biogeocenosis and inhabit the same biotope. Part of the ecosystem

BIOCYCLE- a large subdivision of the biosphere, a set of biochores: sea, land and inland waters.

BOGARA- land in areas of irrigated agriculture, on which agricultural plants are cultivated without irrigation.

BONITET- an economically significant, as a rule, comparative natural characteristic (richness of soils, wood yield per 1 ha, ease of extraction of mineral raw materials, etc.) of an economically valuable group of objects or lands that distinguish them from other similar formations.

FOREST GROWTH- an indicator of the economic productivity of the forest area. Depends on natural conditions and human impact on the forest. It is characterized by the size of the growth of wood (often by the height of the plantation) at a comparable age. There are five quality classes from I (the most productive) to V.

SOIL GROWTH- its properties and the level of productivity of crops cultivated on it as a total indicator of fertility . Distinguished by natural areas and republics (regions).

SOIL BUFFERING- the ability of the soil to maintain an acidic reaction (pH). Acquired special significance in connection with acid precipitation.

VALENCE ECOLOGICAL- the degree of endurance, or a characteristic of the ability of living organisms to exist in a variety of environmental conditions.

VERMICIDE- means for the destruction of worms.

EXPLOSION DEMOGRAPHIC- a sharp increase in population associated with a change in socio-economic or general environmental conditions of life (including the level of healthcare).

PURIFIED WATER- water brought to the content of impurities in it that does not exceed the natural background or the permissible value.

WATER CONDITIONALLY CLEAN 1) water that is not contaminated above the established limit or in which, with the addition of clean water, the concentration of pollutants is brought to the level permitted by law; 2) wastewater, the discharge of which without treatment into a given water body does not lead to a violation of water quality standards in places of water use.

WATER IS PURE– water free of contaminants. From a sanitary point of view, V.h. - does not cause a deterioration in human health.

WATER DISPOSAL- 1) a set of sanitary measures and technical devices that ensure the removal of wastewater outside inhabited places or industrial enterprise; carried out from the sewer; 2) V. with the help of a drainage canal - freeing the river bed from water in order to carry out hydraulic engineering work in it or to protect some objects from flooding by the river during the period floods or flood.

WATER USE- the procedure, conditions and forms of use of water resources: 1) the use of water bodies to meet the needs of the population and National economy; 2) the use of water for economic or domestic purposes without withdrawing them from water bodies, by “passing it through itself” (hydroelectric power plants or a water mill). V. is possible without changing the quality of water and with a change in its quality (including the species composition of the animal and flora).

WATER CONSUMPTION– water consumption from a water body or from water supply systems. Distinguish returnable water - with the return of the withdrawn water to the source and irrevocable water - with its consumption for filtration, evaporation, etc.

WATER SUPPLY- re-entry of used water into technological cycles or household water supply networks after its treatment (in technological cycles sometimes without it). Technological edge V.o. - the use of water without its entry into natural cycles.

Water reuse - The use of wastewater discharged by the facility for water supply.

EMISSION MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE (MPE)- A scientific and technical standard established from the condition that the content of pollutants in the surface air layer from the source or their combination does not exceed the air quality standards for the population, flora and fauna (i.e. the maximum allowable concentration - MPC). Unit of measurement – ​​g/s, t/year (volume (amount) of pollutant emitted by individual sources per unit of time).

Heterotrophic organisms, heterotrophs(Greek heteros - different, different, trohpe - nutrition) - organisms that use ready-made organic substances for nutrition. They live on autotrophs.

Hypodynamia(gr. hypo- at the bottom, dinamis- strength) violation of body functions with limited motor activity (musculoskeletal system, blood circulation, nutrition, digestion).

Global(from lat. globe- ball) - covering the entire globe, planetary.

HOMEOSTASIS(IS)- the state of the internal dynamic balance of the natural system, supported by the regular renewal of its main structures, material and energy composition and the constant functional self-regulation of its components.

HOMOYOTHERM(IA)- the ability of animals (birds and most mammals) to maintain a constant body temperature regardless of the ambient temperature.

Degradation(fr. degradation- stage) - gradual deterioration, loss of original qualities.

DISINFECTION- the destruction of pathogens of infectious diseases in humans and domestic animals in the external environment by physical, chemical and biological methods.

Demography(from Greek. demos- people, grapho- I write) - the science of population and the laws of its development.

DENITRIFICATION- the process of destruction of nitrates by a group of soil and water bacteria to molecular nitrogen.

Detritus(from lat. detritus- abraded) - small organic particles (the remains of decomposed animals, plants and fungi, together with the bacteria they contain), settled to the bottom of a reservoir or suspended in the water column.

Detritivores(from lat. detritus- worn and Greek. phagos- devouring) - aquatic and land animals that feed on detritus along with the microorganisms contained in it.

DEFLATION– blowing and grinding of rocks with mineral particles brought by the wind, the transfer of weathering products.

DIVERGENCE(from lat. divergence) - the process of divergence of signs in initially close groups of organisms in the course of evolution.

DOSE LETHAL (ABSOLUTE)LD – minimal amount harmful agent, the entry of which into the body inevitably leads to its death.

DOSE is the amount of radiation measured by air ionization. The unit of measurement is roentgen.

DOSE OF ABSORPTION is the energy of any type of radiation absorbed by a unit mass of the irradiated medium. It is measured in rads, and for living tissue - in rem (X-ray biological equivalents).

DOSE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE (SDA)- the maximum amount of a harmful agent, the penetration of which into organisms (through respiration, food, etc.) or their communities does not yet have a detrimental effect on them. A one-time traffic rules and traffic rules are established for a certain period of time (hour, day, etc.).

DOSE TOXIC- the minimum amount of a harmful agent, leading to a noticeable poisoning of the body.

DOMINANT- a species that quantitatively predominates in a given community, as a rule, in comparison with similar forms or, in any case, those included in the same level of the ecological pyramid or vegetation layer.

HARDNESS OF WATER- the content of dissolved salts of alkaline earth metals in it - calcium, magnesium, etc. It is measured by the sum of milligram equivalents of calcium and magnesium ions contained in 1 liter of water. Distinguish the general Zh. v. (total quantity of the calcium and magnesium which are contained in water), removable and constant Zh. Depending on the general Zh. distinguish: very soft (up to 1.5 meq), soft (1.5 - 3 meq), moderately hard (3 - 6 meq), hard (7 - 9 meq), very hard (over 9 meq.) water. Until 1953 Zh. v. measured in degrees of hardness, showing how many grams of calcium oxide are contained in 100 liters of water. 1 degree of hardness is equal to 0.35663 meq. calcium or magnesium ions. In some countries and now Zh. measured in degrees.

Living matter- the totality of all living organisms, numerically expressed in elemental chemical composition, weight, energy; connected with the environment by the biogenic current of atoms, respiration, nutrition and reproduction.

product life cycle- A set of interrelated processes of sequential changes in the state of the product from the beginning of the study and justification of its development until the end of the service life. Product life cycle stages: research and development justification, development, production, operation (including decommissioning, decommissioning, transfer, disposal, destruction) and overhaul.

POLLUTION- The introduction into the environment or the occurrence in it of new, usually not characteristic of it physical, chemical, biological factors, leading to an excess of the natural average long-term level of concentrations of the listed agents in the environment at the considered time, and, as a result, to negative impacts on people and the environment . In its most general form, Z. is everything that is in the wrong place, at the wrong time and not in the amount that is natural for nature, which brings its systems out of balance, differs from the usually observed norm and / or is desirable for a person. .

ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTION- Pollution resulting from human activities.

BIOLOGICAL POLLUTION- introduction into the environment and reproduction in it of organisms undesirable for humans. Accidental or occurring as a result of human activity, the penetration into ecosystems or technical devices of animal (bacteria) and / or plant species that are usually absent there.

CONTAMINATION PHYSICAL– Pollution of the environment, characterized by deviations from the norm of its temperature-energy, wave, radiation and other physical properties.

CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION - Pollution of the environment that is formed as a result of changes in its natural chemical properties or when chemicals enter the environment that are unusual for it, as well as in concentrations exceeding the background (natural) long-term average fluctuations in the amounts of any substances for the period under consideration.

MECHANICAL POLLUTION- Pollution of the environment by agents that have only a mechanical effect without physical and chemical consequences (for example, garbage).

LIGHT POLLUTION- A form of physical pollution of the environment associated with periodic or prolonged excess of the level of natural illumination of the area, including through the use of artificial lighting sources.

NOISE POLLUTION- A form of physical pollution resulting from an increase in the intensity and frequency of noise above the natural level, which leads to increased fatigue of people, a decrease in their mental activity, and when reaching 90 - 100 dB - gradual hearing loss.

ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION- A form of physical pollution of the environment associated with a violation of its electromagnetic properties.

FIELD POLLUTION- Energy pollution in the form of a stream elementary particles(including quanta of electromagnetic radiation), negatively affecting the state of living organisms.

thermal pollution (thermal)- A form of physical pollution of the environment, characterized by a periodic or prolonged increase in its temperature against the natural level.

pollution transboundary- Pollution of the environment, covering the territory of several states or entire continents and formed due to the transboundary transfer of pollutants.

Pollution global- Biospheric pollution of the external environment for the polluting object by physical, chemical or biological agents found far from pollution sources and practically anywhere in the world.

RESERVE- a site within which (permanently or temporarily) certain types and forms of economic activity are prohibited to ensure the protection of one or more species of living beings, biogeocenoses, one or more ecological components or the general nature of the protected area.

RESERVE- a territory or water area specially protected by law, completely excluded from any economic activity (including visits by people) for the sake of preserving intact natural complexes (standards of nature), protecting living species and monitoring natural processes.

RESERVE BIOSPHERIC- a representative landscape unit allocated in accordance with the UNESCO program "Man and the Biosphere" for the purpose of its conservation, research (and/or monitoring). May include completely untouched by economic activity or little changed ecosystems, often surrounded by exploited lands. As an exception, it is allowed to allocate territories of ancient development. The representativeness (representativeness, specificity, and not uniqueness) of these territories is especially emphasized.

SOIL SALINATION– an increase in the content of easily soluble salts in the soil (sodium carbonate, chlorides and sulfates), due to the salinity of soil-forming rocks, the introduction of salts by ground and surface waters, but more often caused by irrational irrigation. Soils are considered saline if the content of salts is more than 0.25% in the solid residue (for gypsum-free soils).

WASTE DISPOSAL- placing them underground, in geological workings (abandoned coal mines, salt mines, sometimes specially created cavities) or the deepest depressions of the seabed without the possibility of reverse extraction.

"GREEN REVOLUTION"- a significant increase in the third quarter of the 20th century in the production of cereals (wheat, rice, corn) based on the success of breeding.

SANITARY PROTECTIVE ZONE- a strip separating an industrial enterprise from a residential area ( locality).

ZONE RESIDENTIAL (RESIDENTIAL)- an area of ​​​​a settlement intended exclusively or almost exclusively for the placement of housing with the withdrawal from it or the prohibition of the construction of industrial facilities in it.

ZONE OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK- places on the surface of the land and in the waters of the world's oceans, where human activity can create dangerous environmental situations, for example. zones of underwater oil production on the sea shelf, areas of the sea that are dangerous for passing tankers, where they may be involved in an accident with an oil spill, etc.

ZONING THE NATIONAL PARK- dividing its territory into sections with different modes of operation. As a rule, 3-4 zones are distinguished: protected, economic and recreational (in addition to the buffer zone also named).

ZOOPLANKTON- a set of animals that live (as a rule, freely floating) in the water column of marine and freshwater reservoirs and are able to resist the transfer by currents. Z. - component plankton. Z., although very rarefied, occurs almost to the maximum depths of the World Ocean.

ZOOPHAG- an organism that feeds on animals, a carnivorous species.

RADIATION VISIBLE- optical radiation with a wavelength of 740 nm (red light) to 400 nm (violet light), which causes visual sensations in humans. According to other sources, the wave range of I. century. – from 380 to 770 nm.

RADIATION SOUND(sound) - excitation of sound waves in an elastic (solid, liquid, gas) medium. Audible sound - 16 Hz - 20 kHz, infrasound - less than 16 Hz, ultrasound - 21 kHz - 1 GHz and hypersound - more than 1 GHz.

INFRARED RADIATION- optical radiation with a wavelength of 770 nm (i.e. more visible) to 1 - 2 mm, emitted by heated bodies.

IONIZING RADIATION- electromagnetic (X-rays, gamma rays) and corpuscular (alpha-particles, beta-particles, the flow of protons and neutrons) radiation, to one degree or another penetrating into living tissues and producing changes in them associated with the "knocking out" of electrons from atoms and molecules, or direct and indirect generation of ions. In doses exceeding natural (radiation background), I.i. harmful to organisms.

RADIATION OPTICAL (LIGHT)– electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of approximately 1 nm (X-rays) to 1 mm (beginning of the radio emission range).

RADIOACTIVE RADIATION- emission of alpha, beta and gamma rays.

RADIATION ULTRAVIOLET- invisible to the eye electromagnetic radiation within the wavelengths of 400-10 nm.

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION- the process of emission of electromagnetic waves and the variable field of these waves.

INVERSION ATMOSPHERIC (TEMPERATURE, GAS)– displacement of cooled layers of air (gases) down and their accumulation under layers of warm air (basins, valleys and other negative landforms contribute to this), which leads to a decrease in the dispersion of pollutants and an increase in their concentration in the surface part of the atmosphere.

Immunity(from lat. immunitas- getting rid of something) - the body's immunity to infectious agents and foreign substances.

INDEX (INDICATOR) OF SPECIES BIODIVERSITY- the ratio between the number of species and any indicator of "significance" (number of individuals, biomass, productivity and so on.). Species diversity trophic group are determined by Ch. arr. rare species, while indicators of "significance" - few species - dominants.

Information- 1) information about something; 2) a message that reduces uncertainty; 3) knowledge necessary for making a decision or managing some processes.

INTRODUCTION- intentional or accidental transfer of individuals of any living species outside the range.

IONOSPHERE- a layer of the atmosphere (lower I. - from 50 - 80 to 400 - 500 km, upper I. - up to several thousand km), characterized by a significant number of positively ionized molecules and atoms of atmospheric gases and free electrons. I. plays an important role in the propagation of short-range radio waves on earth, it observes the aurora and ionospheric magnetic storms reflecting the state of terrestrial organisms.

SOURCE OF POLLUTION- 1) point of release of substances (pipe, etc.); 2) an economic or natural facility that produces a pollutant; 3) the region where the pollutants come from (for long-range and transboundary transport); 4) extra-regional background of pollution accumulated in the environment (in air - CO 2, in water - their acidity, etc.).

CADASTRE- a systematized set of data, including a qualitative and quantitative inventory of objects or phenomena, in some cases with their economic (environmental-socio-economic) assessment. It contains their physical and geographical characteristics, classification, data on dynamics, degree of study and environmental, socio-economic assessment with the application of cartographic and statistical materials.

CARCINOGEN- a substance or physical agent that promotes the development of malignant neoplasms or their occurrence.

QUARANTINE- a system of measures that ensures the prevention of the spread of infectious diseases and the penetration of unwanted species of organisms into places where they do not yet live.

SOIL ACIDITY is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil solution (active or actual acidity) and in the soil absorbing complex (potential acidity).

CLARK CHEMICAL ELEMENT- numerical estimate of the average content of a chemical element in the earth's crust, lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere,biosphere, its living matter, the Earth as a whole, in various rocks, space objects, etc. It is expressed in units of mass (percentage, g / t, etc.) or atomic percent.

CLIMAX- the "final" phase of biogeocenotic succession, or the "final" succession stage of the development of biogeocenoses for given conditions of existence (including anthropogenic, for example, "fire climax").

CLONE- 1) a group of individuals in same-sex organisms that reproduce by division, budding, fragmentation, etc., consisting of the offspring of one individual; 2) genetically homogeneous vegetative offspring of one individual.

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE RESIDUAL QUANTITIES (MAR) - the amount of harmful substances in food products that can accumulate in fish and other organisms.

COMMENSALISM- permanent or temporary cohabitation of individuals of different species, in which one of the partners feeds on the remains of food or excretory products of the other, without harming him.

TERRITORIAL-PRODUCTIVE COMPLEX (TPK)- a group of enterprises and institutions that perform a certain national economic function and are interconnected, in addition to production relations, by the joint use of territories, natural and labor resources located on this territory, as well as industrial infrastructure (structures, buildings, transport systems that are not directly related to the production of material goods) but necessary for the production process). It often has a specialization based on the territory's leading natural resource (eg, the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly). An interconnected set of TICs constitutes a regional TIC, which serves as the basis for the formation of an economic region.

COMPOST- fertilizer obtained as a result of microbial decomposition of organic substances, including from municipal waste.

CONVERGENCE– the emergence of similar external features in species and biotic communities of different origin as a result of a similar lifestyle and adaptation to close environmental conditions (for example, the body shape of a shark and a dolphin, the appearance of deciduous forests in the northern parts of Eurasia and North America).

COMPETITION- rivalry, competition, any antagonistic relationship between individuals of the same or different species, determined by the desire to better and faster achieve some goal compared to other members of the community; one of the manifestations of the struggle for existence; allocate intraspecific, interspecific, direct, and indirect K.

CONSORTION(S)- a set of heterogeneous organisms that are closely related to each other and depend on the central member, the core of the community (individual consortia: core - one individual; population consortia: core - population or species as a whole; synusial consortia: core - species that make up one ecobiomorph, for example. , mesophilic dark coniferous trees). The role of the central member of K. is usually played by the edificator species .

PRIMARY CONSUMER (FIRST ORDER)- an organism that eats plant foods.

SECONDARY CONSUMER (SECOND ORDER)- an organism that feeds on animal food.

MAXIMUM SINGLE CONCENTRATION (MAC MR ) - the concentration of a pollutant in the air (in populated areas), which does not cause reflex reactions in the human body.

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION (MAC)- the amount of a harmful substance in the environment, with constant contact or exposure for a certain period of time, which practically does not affect human health and does not cause adverse effects in its offspring. Recently, when determining MPC, not only the degree of influence of pollutants on human health is taken into account, but also the impact of these pollutants on wild animals, plants, fungi, microorganisms, as well as on natural communities generally.

AVERAGE DAILY MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION (MAC SS ) - the concentration of a pollutant in the air that does not have a direct or indirect harmful effect on a person during round-the-clock inhalation.

COPROPHAGE- an organism that feeds on the droppings of other animals (for example, dung beetles).

RED BOOK– a list of rare and endangered organisms; an annotated list of species and subspecies indicating the current and past distribution, abundance and reasons for its decline, reproduction features, already adopted and necessary measures for the protection of species. There are international, national (on a national scale), and local variants of K. k., as well as separately K. k. of plants, animals, and other systematic groups.

SURVIVAL CURVE- a graph showing the number of individuals of a species that have survived to a certain period of time. It is built by depositing on the abscissa of time in years or as a percentage of the average (deviation of the recorded age from the average life expectancy) or absolute life expectancy, and along the ordinate axis - the number of surviving individuals per 1 thousand born.

A crisis(from Greek. krisis- decision, turning point, outcome) - a difficult, difficult situation.

CRYOPHIL- an organism that lives in melt water on the surface of ice or snow, as well as in water that impregnates sea ice. The mass development of algae colors the snow (eg "red snow") or ice.

CRYOPHYT- cold-resistant plant of dry habitats.

CRYPTOFIT- a perennial herbaceous plant, the terrestrial organs of which die off in a season unfavorable for vegetation, and renewal buds are laid on rhizomes, tubers, bulbs and lie deep in the ground (geophytes) or under water (hydrophytes).

CRITERION ENVIRONMENTAL- a sign on the basis of which the assessment, definition or classification of ecological systems, processes and phenomena is carried out. K.e. May be environmental protection(preservation of the integrity of the ecosystem, living species, its habitat), anthropoecological(impact on a person, on his population) and economic(up to the impact on the entire system of "society - nature").

CIRCLE OF BIOTIC EXCHANGE LARGE (BIOSPHERIC)– a non-stop planetary process of a regular cyclic, uneven in time and space redistribution of matter, energy and information, repeatedly entering (except for a unidirectional energy flow) into continuously renewing ecological biospheres.

CIRCLE OF BIOTIC EXCHANGE SMALL (BIOGEOCENOTIC) - multiple non-stop, cyclic, but uneven in time and non-closed circulation of a part of substances, energy and information, included in the biospheric circle of exchange, within the elementary ecological system - biogeocenosis. The degree of material closure of C.b.o.m. (b.) is very significant (for phosphorus, for example, globally ca. 98%, in the taiga - 99.5%). In agrocenoses, this indicator falls sharply (in terms of phosphorus, from 1900 to 1980, it fell from 80 to 39%), which leads to eutrophication of water bodies and other adverse consequences.

XENOBIOTIC(from Greek. xenos- alien) - any substance alien to a given organism or their community (pesticides, household chemicals, etc., pollutants) that can cause a violation of biotic processes, including disease and death of living organisms.

XEROPHIL- an organism adapted to life in conditions of lack of water, and therefore living in places with low humidity (from animals - lizards, turtles, etc.).

XEROPHYTE- a xerophilous plant that endures temporary wilt with a loss of 50% moisture or is able to live in arid areas. There are various categories of K. Real K. - wormwood, gray-haired veronica, etc.

culture(from lat. culture- cultivation, processing) - a way of adapting and organizing people's life, a set of industrial, social and spiritual achievements of mankind.

CUMULATION- 1) increase, collection, concentration of the active principle (eg, increase in the concentration of pesticides in the food chain);

2) the summation of the action of a drug or poison introduced into the body with a sharp increase in the effect or the appearance of new signs, often unfavorable (med.).

LANDSCAPE- a natural system homogeneous in terms of development, the main category of territorial division of the geographical envelope. A natural geographical complex in which all the main components: relief, climate, water, soil, vegetation and animal world- are in complex interaction and interdependence, forming a single inseparable system homogeneous in terms of development. According to the nature of the impact on humans, the landscape is divided into topophilic (attractive) and topophobic (irritating).

LARVICIDE- a substance used to combat insect larvae (including butterfly caterpillars).

Limiting (limiting) factor- a limiter for the flow of any process or the existence of an organism.

The limiting sign of harmfulness- a sign characterized by the lowest harmless concentration of a substance in water

LITHOSPHERE- the upper solid shell of the Earth, composed of rocks and their derivatives of volcanic origin, sedimentary biogenic compounds, weathering products. Gradually passes with depth into spheres with a lower strength of the substance. Includes the Earth's crust and upper mantle. The thickness of L. is 50-200 km, including the earth's crust - up to 75 km on the continents, 10 km under the ocean floor.

LICENSE- a permit (usually paid), issued by specially authorized state bodies, for the right to single or repeat an agreed number of times during the time specified in L., an economic action or action affecting the economy (shooting of game, catching fish, release of products of a certain kind, descent of pollutants, trade, use of an invention protected by a patent, etc.).

Local(lat. localis- local) - relating to a limited area.

LUMBRICIDE- a substance used to fight worms.

MAGNETOSPHERE- the zone of manifestation of the magnetic properties of the cosmic body. The structure and properties of M. are essential for life on Earth (M. retains high-energy particles coming from space) and space research. There is still a strictly unproven opinion about the possibility of the influence of human economic activity on the Earth's minerals.

MANGARS (MANGROVES, MANGROVES)- thickets of evergreen low-stemmed (up to 10 m) trees and shrubs with aboveground respiratory roots growing on the coasts of tropical and subtropical seas in the tidal zone.

MARGINALITY- 1) marginal, borderline position of a natural formation, for example, semi-desert and desert strips; 2) unsettled, “borderline” social position of the individual, its flawed socio-psychological status (in relation to self-consciousness). Marginal individuals usually have increased activity (hence M. is one of the reasons for passionarity).

MESOSPHERE- the layer of the atmosphere lying above the stratosphere, within 50 - 80 km above the earth's surface, and replaced by the thermosphere: it is characterized by a decrease in temperature with height (from about 0 to -90 ° C).

MELANISM- the phenomenon of the dark color of animals, depending on the presence of pigments (melanins) in their integuments. Industrial moth - the emergence of dark forms of butterflies (more than 70 species) as a result of natural selection of melanists in habitats polluted with soot.

HABITAT OF THE SPECIES- a spatially limited set of conditions of the abiotic and biotic environment, providing the entire development cycle of individuals, populations or species as a whole, - a place (territory, water area) with certain conditions where this type of living thing is found (cf. Station).

METAL HEAVY- with a density of more than 8 t / m 3 (except for noble and rare). Treat M. t.: Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Cj, Sb, Sn, Bi, Hg. In applied works to the list of M.t. often add also Pt, Ag, W, Fe, Au, Mn. Almost all M.t. toxic. Anthropogenic dispersion M.t. (including in the form of salts) in the biosphere leads to poisoning or the threat of poisoning the living.

weather sensitivity(gr. meteora- atmospheric phenomena) - the body's sensitivity to weather changes.

MYCORRHIZA- the symbiotic habitation of fungi on the roots and in the tissues of the roots of plants, which ensures that the symbionts receive part of the nutrients from each other.

MICROCOSM- 1) an ecosystem, an extremely limited microecosystem in extent (often an artificial one is meant). Widely used to model large ecosystems; 2) a figurative expression for denoting the "world" of a single grain of sand, a drop, an atoll, etc. (lit. "miniature world").

MINERALIZATION- 1) the process of decay organic compounds to carbon dioxide, water and simple salts, occurring with or without participation decomposers; 2) concentration of salts in waters; expressed in mg / l, g / l, g / m 3 and% 0; with an increase in the dryness of the climate, as a rule, it increases: for example, water in the river. Pechora has M. 40 mg / l, and in the river. Emba - 164 mg / l.

outlook- a system of generalized views on the world and a person's place in it, beliefs, ideals, values ​​due to these views.

ECOLOGICAL WORLD VIEW- a deep awareness of the vital need to preserve the common living environment for all mankind. Component of ecological culture.

Modeling(from lat. modulus- measure, sample) - a method of indirect study of objects of reality on their natural or artificial counterparts - models. At present, computer modeling has become widespread, where the analogue of the object of study is its mathematical description entered into the computer.

MONITORING(from English. monitor- warning) - observation, assessment and forecast of the state of various environmental parameters. It is customary to divide M. into basic, or background, M. global, M. regional and M. impact, as well as methods of conducting and objects of observation (aviation, space, human environment environment).

MUSEUM-RESERVE- a group of specially protected cultural objects in nature and within populated areas. Including historical, architectural and natural M.-z. (Valaam, Solovetsky, etc.), memorial natural M.-z. (eg, Gorki Leninskie) and purely architectural M.-z. inside cities or specially created (Kizhi, Small Karely, etc.).

Mutagenesis(lat. mutatio- change,genes- giving birth) - the process of occurrence in the body of hereditary changes - mutations.

TURBIDITY OF THE WATER- the content of suspended solids per unit volume of a mixture of water and these substances, expressed in weight units (g / m 3, mg / l) or volume units. M. w., as a rule, increases in water bodies as it approaches the shore (depends on the waves that erode the shore), and in watercourses - from the surface to their bottom (increases with the current, which erodes the bottom sediments). Maximum M.w. seen during floods. Usually M.v. grows with a decrease in the water content of the area: in the rivers of the forest belt of the European part of Russia, it ranges from 50 - 100 g / m 3, forest-steppe - 100 - 200 g / m 3, in the steppe and semi-desert - 250 - 500 g / m 3. The most muddy river in the world is the Huang He (35 - 40 thousand g / m 3).

MUTUALISM- 1) a form of symbiosis, in which each of the cohabitants receives a relatively equal benefit: 2) a form of coexistence of organisms, in which partners or one of them cannot (cannot) exist without each other (without a cohabitant). For example, termites and some microorganisms of their intestines, which convert wood cellulose into digestible substances; 400 - 500 species of microorganisms live in the human stomach and intestines, many of which a person cannot do without.

NEISTON- a set of living creatures that live near the surface of the water, on the verge of aquatic and air environments (then a surface film up to 5 cm deep into the waters). Sometimes only the population of the surface film is distinguished - hyponeuston .

necrophage- an organism that feeds on dead animals (lit. corpse-eater).

NICHE ECOLOGICAL- the place of a species in nature, including not only the position of the species in space, but its functional role in the community (for example, trophic status) and its position relative to abiotic conditions of existence (temperature, humidity, etc.). If a habitat is, as it were, an “address” of an organism, then AD This is his "profession".

NOOSPHERE(from Greek. nö os- mind andspbaire-ball)- letters. "thinking shell", the sphere of the mind, the highest stage of the evolution of the biosphere, associated with the emergence and development of mankind in it. The formation of the noosphere suggests that human activity in various fields is based on a comprehensive scientific knowledge of natural and social activities, that the political unity of mankind will be achieved, wars will be excluded from the life of society, and the basis of the cultures of all peoples inhabiting the Earth will be eco-humanistic values ​​and ideals.

WATER RATE- the established amount of wastewater discharged per person or per conventional unit of production, characteristic of this production.

RATE OF WATER CONSUMPTION- the established amount of water per inhabitant or a conventional unit of production (a unit of measurement in the service sector). In Russia, one of the highest in the world N.V. - in Moscow up to 500 liters per day for 1 person.

EMISSION RATE– total gaseous and/or liquid waste allowed by the enterprise to be discharged into the environment. Volume N.v. is determined on the basis that the cumulation of harmful emissions from all enterprises in a given region does not create concentrations of pollutants in it that exceed the MPC.

PRODUCTION RATE- 1) a limit on the removal of individuals from a population, which establishes the number and sex and age composition of animals with the expectation of maintaining the natural density and structure of populations or changing them to an economically feasible level; 2) a certain restriction on the production of a given species of animal or group of animals (for example, ducks by an individual hunter in one day, etc.).

RESOURCE WITHDRAWAL RATE– a scientifically based limit of extracted natural resources (mineral values, forests, populations of terrestrial and marine animals, invertebrates, biomass of mushrooms, berries), ensuring their self-recovery or rational gradual use. NORM SANITARY AND HYGIENIC- a qualitative-quantitative indicator, the observance of which guarantees safe or optimal conditions for a person's existence (for example, the norm of living space per family member, the norm of water, air quality, etc.). Synonym - hygienic standard.

ENVIRONMENT QUALITY REGULATION(water, air, soil) - establishing the limits within which a change in its natural properties is allowed. Usually, the norm is determined by the reaction of the type of organisms most sensitive to changes in the environment (the indicator organism), but sanitary-hygienic and economically feasible standards can also be established.

WASTE DEHYDRATION- technological method of separating water from waste or waste for the purpose of their further processing (briquetting, incineration, etc.).

WASTE NEUTRALIZATION BIOLOGICAL- the destruction of their harmful components, and in wastewater - organic substances of microorganisms - by a random combination of them or with the help of specially selected cultures.

WASTE NEUTRALIZATION THERMAL- their processing at a temperature of 600 - 1000 ° C in special reactors.

WASTE NEUTRALIZATION PHYSICAL- exposure to them by physical agents - radiation, light, etc. In order to destroy dangerous or harmful components.

WASTE NEUTRALIZATION CHEMICAL- binding harmful substances from waste to harmless compounds during a chemical reaction.

NEUTRALIZATION- complex measures aimed at: 1) suppression of the focus of an infectious or natural focal disease (med.); 2) destruction of formed or artificially distributed poisons (sanitary); 3) destruction of quarantine species of plants and animals (agricultural); 4) sterilization of instruments, materials, premises.

PROJECT RATIONALE ENVIRONMENTAL- proof of the probable absence of adverse environmental consequences (deviation from accepted standards) the implementation of the proposed project and, conversely, the improvement in the course of its implementation of the conditions for people's lives and the functioning of the economy. It is of a probabilistic nature, since the visible pros and cons, due to the uncertainty factor and the principle of incomplete information, may not be realized by the primary (pre-project) environmental review. O. p. e. can be considered implemented only under the condition of the maximum (preferably one hundred percent) probability of obtaining pluses and the minimum (preferably complete) absence of minuses in the accepted normative scale. The completeness and information content of such a scale depends on the level of knowledge. In each particular case, this level should be the maximum possible for a given stage in the development of science.

OZONE SHIELD- the layer of the atmosphere within the stratosphere, lying at altitudes of 7-8 km. At the poles, 17-18 km. At the equator and up to 50 km (with the highest ozone density at altitudes of 20-22 km) above the surface of the planet and characterized by an increased concentration of ozone molecules (10 times higher than at the Earth's surface), absorbing ultraviolet radiation, fatal to organisms.

ORGANISM(from Latin organizo - arrange, give a slender appearance) - here: a living being, an individual with a systemic structure.

WASTE- types of raw materials unsuitable for the production of this product, its unused residues or substances arising in the course of technological processes (solid, liquid and gaseous) and energy that are not subject to utilization in the production under consideration (including in agriculture and in construction).

BIOLOGICAL PURIFICATION– neutralization of waste with the help of biological objects (by passing through thickets of aquatic plants, activated sludge, sawdust, etc.).

WATER PURIFICATION– elimination of foreign impurities from waters (including living organisms) using mechanical, physicochemical (chlorination, ozonation, etc.) and biological methods.

AIR CLEANING– removal of foreign impurities from the air and bringing its quality to natural with the help of physico-chemical methods.

FLOOD- a relatively short-term and non-periodic rise in the water level, resulting from the rapid melting of snow during a thaw, glaciers during a sharp increase in temperature, heavy rains. P. following one after another can form high water. Significant P. is able to cause flood.

MONUMENT OF NATURE- objects of nature are often associated with some historical events or persons, distinguished as natural protected areas of a small size (geological outcrop, very old tree, exotic group of perennials, unusual spring) with their immediate surroundings. Monuments of nature are declared unique or typical, valuable in scientific, cultural, educational and recreational terms. natural objects, which are small tracts (rivers, lakes, sections of valleys and coasts, noteworthy mountains) and individual objects (rare and reference geological outcrops, reference areas of mineral deposits, waterfalls, caves), as well as natural objects of artificial origin (old alleys and parks , sections of abandoned canals, ponds), not recognized as monuments of history and culture or not included in the unified natural and historical monuments. Meteorites found on the territory of the Russian Federation are also subject to protection.

PARK NATIONAL- a vast territory, including specially protected natural (not affected by humans) landscapes or parts thereof, intended, in addition to the main task of preserving natural complexes intact, mainly for recreational purposes. It has a special administrative department that implements land use throughout the park or its protected area. Territory P. n. zoned.

Greenhouse effect- the effect of heating the surface layer of air due to the absorption by the atmosphere of the thermal radiation of the earth's surface. It increases with an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, ozone, freons, etc.) and water vapor in the atmosphere. Leads to climate warming.

PACKAGE- a structural part of a phytocenosis (biogeocenosis), embracing its entire thickness and distinguished by the population density of individual plant species (mainly dominants) and the characteristics of the microenvironment.

PASTEURIZATION- the destruction of organisms by prolonged heating at a temperature not exceeding 100 ° C, and with radiation P. - the destruction of organisms by gamma radiation.

BIOMASS PYRAMID- the ratio between producers, consumers (of the first and second order) and decomposers in the ecosystem, expressed in their mass (the number is the pyramid of the Elton number, the enclosed energy is the pyramid of energies) and depicted in the form of a graphical model (such models are called ecological pyramids).

PLANKTON- a set of organisms passively floating in the water column ( algae, protozoa, some crustaceans (krill) molluscs, etc.), incapable of independent movement over long distances. A distinction is made between phytoplankton and zooplankton, with limnoplankton in lakes and potamoplankton in rivers. Synonym - bioseston.

PLEYSTON- inhabitants (usually passively floating or semi-submerged) of a relatively thin (usually up to 15 m deep) surface layer of water in the ocean or continental water body with special conditions environments formed as a result of direct interaction between the atmosphere and the hydrosphere. Examples: sargasso algae, duckweed and other organisms.

POLLUTANT- a substance that pollutes the environment of life (usually it means anthropogenic municipal, industrial or agricultural pollution).

FLOOD- annually repeating, usually in the same season of the year, a relatively long and significant increase in the water content of the river, causing a rise in its level, which, as a rule, is accompanied by the release of water from the channel and floodplain flooding.

GREEN SOUND PROTECTION STRIP- a strip of tree and shrub vegetation separating the source of noise (highway, railway, roadway from the street, etc.) from residential, administrative or industrial buildings. A hedge 15–20 m wide in summer reduces noise by at least 10 dB, i.e. 10 times.

FOREST PROTECTIVE STRIP- forest and non-forest areas allocated on the lands of the state forest fund adjacent to roads; designed to protect roads from snow and sand drifts, mudflows, avalanches, landslides, landslides, wind and water erosion, to reduce noise levels, perform sanitary and aesthetic functions, to protect moving vehicles from adverse roads at least 50 m on each side roads, along highways- 25 m (GOST 17.5.3.02 - 79).

IRRIGATION FIELDS- areas intended for biological wastewater treatment and usually used for agricultural or forestry purposes.

FILTRATION FIELDS- territories intended (usually specially arranged) for biological wastewater treatment from pollutants and, as a rule, not used for other purposes.

population(from lat. populus- people, population) - a set of individuals of the same species that have a common gene pool and occupy a certain territory. Contacts between individuals within the same population are more frequent than between individuals from different populations.

NATURAL RESOURCE POTENTIAL- 1) the ability of natural systems, without prejudice to themselves and to people, to give the products necessary for mankind or to perform useful work for him within the framework of the economy of a given historical type. For mineral resources, pollution of the planet's surface, changes in the seismic situation, etc. can be a limitation. In other words, P. p.-r. is that part natural resources Earth and the nearest space, which can be really involved in the economic activity of society with the condition of preserving the living environment of mankind. Economically valued P. p.-r. within the geographical framework of the state, it is part of the national wealth of the country; 2) theoretically the limiting amount of resources that can be used by humanity of the finite whole planet and its immediate environment, i.e. without undermining the conditions under which a person can exist and develop as a biological species and a social organism. It is determined by the level of ecological balance of the biosphere and its large subdivisions, which constitute the limits for such existence and development.

BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (BOD)- an indicator of water pollution, characterized by the amount of oxygen, which for a specified time (usually for 5 days, BOD 5) went to the oxidation of chemical pollutants contained in a unit volume of water.

NATURE MANAGEMENT- the totality of all forms of exploitation of the natural resource potential and measures for its conservation. P. includes: a) the extraction and processing of natural resources, their renewal or reproduction; b) use and protection natural conditions living environment and c) preservation (maintenance), reproduction (restoration) and rational change of the ecological balance (balance, quasi-stationary state) of natural systems, which serves as the basis for preserving the natural resource potential of the development of society;

PRODUCTIVITY BIOLOGICAL(from lat.producere - to produce to create) - the rate of accumulation of biomass, i.e. biomass produced by a population or community per unit area per unit time; total or gross primary productivity should also include energy and biogenic volatile substances (gases, aerosols).

PRODUCTIVITY SECONDARY- biomass, as well as energy and biogenic volatile substances produced by all consumers per unit area per unit of time, or the rate of accumulation of the biomass of consumers.

PRODUCTIVITY PRIMARY- biomass (aboveground and underground organs), as well as energy and biogenic volatile substances produced by producers per unit area per unit time, or the rate of photosynthesis.

PRODUCTIVITY PRIMARY GROSS (TOTAL, TOTAL) is the total amount of organic matter produced during photosynthesis, including the energy spent on plant respiration and volatile nutrients ( phytoncides and so on.).

PRODUCTIVITY PRIMARY NET- the rate of accumulation of organic matter in plants, minus the part used for respiration and the release of nutrients. P. p. h. is also called observed photosynthesis or net assimilation.

PRODUCER(S)- (from lat. produceris- producing, creating) autotrophs and chemotrophs that produce organic matter from inorganic compounds. The main producers in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are green plants.

prokaryotes(from lat. pro- repartition, before, instead of and Greek. kä ryon- core) - organisms whose cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus (all bacteria, including archaebacteria and cyanobacteria).

Dynamic balance- the balance of the system, maintained by the constant renewal of its components and structure.

RADIATION– flux of corpuscular (alpha, beta, gamma rays, neutron flux) and/or electromagnetic energy.

IONIZING RADIATION– natural radiations (eg cosmic rays) which lead to ionization (formation of ions and free electrons) of electrically neutral atoms and molecules. R. i. acts destructively on living matter and is the source of a wide range of changes in living organisms (causes new mutations, radiation sickness, etc.).

VEGETATION RUDERAL- plant groups formed in garbage and landfills.

Regional(from lat. regionalis– regional) - pertaining to a particular territory.

decomposers(from lat. redycentis- returning) - organisms (bacteria and fungi) that feed on dead organic matter and subject it to mineralization, that is, destruction to inorganic compounds, which are then used by producers.

RECREATION- restoration of health and working capacity by resting outside the home - in the bosom of nature or during a tourist trip associated with visiting places of interest for viewing, including national parks, architectural and historical monuments, museums.

RECLAMATION- artificial restoration of soil fertility and vegetation after man-made disturbance of nature (open-cast mining, etc.).

RECOVERY(waste) - the process of extracting valuable substances involved in the technological process and usually falling into waste, and returning them in their original form for reuse. In a broad sense - the capture and use of production waste in the cycle recycling.

RELIC- a species or community, earlier in geological history, widespread, and now occupying small areas. According to the time of the previous domination or wide distribution, R. is distinguished by a certain geological dating: Tertiary, Pleistocene etc. Examples: blueberries - forest R. in the Arctic; the muskrat is a Neogene R. in the Volga and Ural basins;

REPELLENT- a substance that repels animals. In nature, one of the agents allelopathy, in the economy is one of pesticides. Distinguish olfactory and deodorant R. (neutralizing odors attractive to animals). R. use Ch. arr. to protect people and animals from the attack of blood-sucking insects, prevent t transmissive diseases, protection against arthropods that spoil furniture, clothing, as well as to protect valuable vegetation (natural and cultural) from animals.

REPRODUCTION- reproduction of individuals. The size of the population R. (pure R.) is determined by the sum of the products of the size of survival, characteristic of a given age of individuals, by the birth rate, specific for this age (the number of offspring per female).

fertility- the birth of new individuals of any organism, regardless of whether they are born, hatch from eggs, germinate from seeds, or appear as a result of division. Fertility varies depending on the size and age of individuals in the population, as well as environmental conditions.

SAPROBITY- the degree of saturation of water with decomposing organic substances. Set according to the species composition of saprobiont organisms in aquatic communities .

SAPROPEL- a deposit formed at the bottom of continental water bodies and consisting of the remains of plant and animal organisms mixed with mineral sediments brought by water and wind, transformed under anaerobic conditions. Before this transformation - detritus. Used as fertilizer.

SAPROPHYTE(Saprotrophs) (from the Greek. saprö s - rotten and tropbē- nutrition) - heterotrophic organisms that use organic compounds of dead bodies or excretions (excrement) of animals for nutrition.

RESET MAXIMUM(substances into a water body) (MPD) - the mass of a substance in wastewater, the maximum allowable for disposal in the established mode at a given point per unit of time in order to ensure water quality standards at the control point. MPD is set taking into account the MPC of substances in places of water use, the assimilative capacity of a water body and the optimal distribution of the mass of discharged substances between water users discharging wastewater.

environmental certification– activities to confirm the compliance of the certified object with the requirements of legislative and regulatory legal acts in the field of nature management and environmental protection.

SYMBIOSIS- the joint life of two or more individuals of different systematic groups, during which both partners (symbionts) or one of them receive advantages in relations with the external environment (C. algae, fungi and microorganisms in the body of a lichen).

SINANTROP(kind): 1) a species that has found especially favorable living conditions near a person’s housing; 2) an animal that usually lives within or near populated areas. S. is divided into tenants who use only shelters near a person (swallows, swifts, etc.) and strict synanthropes that feed within a person’s dwelling (cockroaches, bed bugs). Species whose individual individuals live close to a person, while the main part is far from him, are called partial synanthropes (ducks in cities), and those living near people for a short time are called temporary synanthropes (waxwings and other birds migrating through populated areas).

SINOIKIA- the least close symbiotic cohabitation (coexistence) of organisms, often, apparently, indifferent to both cohabitants.

SYNUZIA- an ecologically and spatially isolated part of a phytocenosis, consisting of plants of one or more closely related life forms (for example, trees, shrubs, mosses, etc.).

SYNECOLOGY- a branch of ecology that studies the relationship of populations, communities and ecosystems with the environment

Mortality- the death of individuals in the population in a given period or the number of deaths per unit of time.

SMOG- a combination of field particles and fog drops (from the English "smoke" - smoke, soot and "fog" - thick fog). There are London smog (a mixture of smoke and fog, occurs when the atmosphere is polluted with soot or smoke containing sulfur dioxide) and Los Angeles smog (photochemical smog caused by air pollution from vehicle exhaust gases containing nitrogen oxides; occurs in clear sunny weather with low air humidity , ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) are formed).

Medium resistance- the whole set of factors (including adverse conditions, lack of food and water, predation and disease) aimed at reducing the population size, preventing its growth and distribution. Opposite in action to biotic potential.

Habitat- a set of specific abiotic and biotic conditions in which a given individual, population or species lives.

STATION is the habitat of the population.

stenobiont- an organism that is unable to tolerate significant fluctuations in environmental factors, or with a narrow ecological valence.

STERILIZATION- complete destruction of microorganisms (temperature 100 ° C, chemicals, filtration) in food products intended for long-term storage, and on items used for special purposes, for example, medical instruments (sanitary).

DRAIN POLLUTED- wastewater containing impurities in quantities exceeding the MPC.

STORM DRAIN- resulting from intense rainfall (showers).

STRATIFICATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE- temperature drop in the lower atmosphere with height, characterized by a vertical gradient in degrees per 100 m. In the troposphere, the temperature drops by an average of 0.6 ° per 100 m.

Stress(lat. stress - stress) - a state of stress that occurs in humans and animals under the influence of strong influences.

SUCCULENT- a drought-resistant plant of dry habitats with succulent fleshy above-ground organs (trunks, stems, leaves) in which moisture is stored. A distinction is made between stem plants (cacti and cactus spurges), which store water in their stems, and leaf plants (agaves and aloe), which store moisture in their leaves.

SUCCESSION(from lat. successio- continuity) - a successive change of biocenosis, successively arising in the same territory (biotope) under the influence of natural factors (including internal contradictions in the development of the biocenoses themselves) or human impact; now, as a rule, is observed as a result of a complex interaction of natural and anthropogenic factors. S.'s end result is more slowly developing climax or nodal communities.

TECHNOLOGY(from Greek. tecbnë art, craftsmanship, skill and logos- doctrine) - a set of rules, skills used in the manufacture of any type of tool, substance.

TOXIC SUBSTANCES(from Greek. toxicon - poison) - poisonous substances.

TOLERANCE(lat. tolerance - patience) - the ability of the body to endure the adverse effects of a particular environmental factor.

TROPHIC CHAIN ​​(food chain, food chain) 1) the relationship between organisms through which the transformation of matter and energy occurs; 2) groups of individuals (bacteria, fungi, plants and animals) connected with each other by the relationship "food-consumer".

TROPHIC LEVEL- a set of organisms united by the type of food. Organisms of different trophic chains, but receiving food through an equal number of links in the trophic chain, are at the same trophic level.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT- such a development in the global system "society-nature," which ensures the satisfaction of the needs of people of the present without compromising the fundamental parameters biosphere and does not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It implies the support by society of the development of the natural environment.

FACTORY LINKS- type of biocenotic relations, when a species uses excretory products, dead remains of other species for its structures (fabrication)

PHYTOPLANKTON(from Greek. pbyton- plant, planktos- wandering) - a set of organisms that inhabit the water column of continental and marine reservoirs and are not able to resist the transfer by currents.

TAILING FACILITY- a closed or semi-closed (semi-closed occurs when an earth or similar dam is created, through which liquid partially infiltrates) a pool for storing liquid tailings. Tailings are waste (usually meant liquid or gaseous) arising from the enrichment of minerals or other technological processes. "Fox tails" - emissions containing chlorine.

Chemosynthesis(from Greek. cbë meia – chemistry, syntbesis - compound) - a type of bacterial nutrition based on the assimilation of CO 2 due to the oxidation of inorganic compounds.

CHEMOTROPH- an organism that synthesizes organic matter from inorganic due to the oxidation of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other substances present in water, soil and subsoil.

eurybiont- an organism that can tolerate significant fluctuations in environmental factors, with a wide ecological valence, living in various, sometimes dramatically different environmental conditions, able to tolerate dehumidification during low tides, strong heating in summer, cooling and even freezing in winter. Eg. wolf, practically living in all geographical zones and vertical zones, starfish living in the littoral zone .

EUTROPHY (EUTROPHY, EUTROPHY) OF WATERS: 1) increasing the biological productivity of water bodies as a result of the accumulation of biogenic elements (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus) in water under the influence of anthropogenic or natural (natural) factors; 2) anthropogenic - increasing the biological productivity of aquatic ecosystems as a result of their enrichment with nutrients coming from human activities. There is a spelling eutrophication, eutrophication, eutrophia.

ECOLOGICAL NICHE- a set of all environmental factors within which the existence of a species in nature is possible. This concept is usually used in the study of the relationship of ecologically close species belonging to the same trophic level.

ecological pyramid- a graphic representation of the ratio of various trophic levels. The base of the pyramid is the level producers. There can be three types: a pyramid of numbers, a pyramid of energy.

Environmental audit(environmental audit) - a systematic documented process of reviewing objectively obtained and evaluated audit data to determine compliance or non-compliance with audit criteria for certain types of environmental activities, events, conditions, management systems or information about these objects, as well as reporting to the client the results obtained during this process.

Ecology(from Greek. oikos- home and logos - word, doctrine) - a science that studies the relationship of living organisms with each other and the environment.

Ecosystem(from Greek. oikos- home and systema – combination, association) - a set of cohabiting organisms and the conditions of their existence, which are in a regular relationship with each other and form a system of interdependent biological and abiotic phenomena and processes.

Ecotop- habitat of a community of living organisms, including a set of abiotic components of the habitat.

PROJECT EXPERTISE– establishing compliance of the planned economic and other activities with environmental requirements and determining the admissibility of the implementation of the object of environmental expertise in order to prevent possible adverse impacts of this activity on the environment and related social, economic and other consequences of the implementation of the object of environmental expertise.

Extreme conditions(lat. extremum - extreme) - extreme, dangerous environmental conditions to which the body does not have proper adaptations.

endemic(from Greek. endemos - local) - a local species that lives only in a given region and does not live in others.

EROSION- destruction of rocks, soils or any other surfaces with a violation of their integrity and a change in their physical and chemical properties, usually accompanied by the transfer of particles from one place to another. Distinguish E. rocks, soil, metal surfaces, as well as E. . physical, chemical, biological. E. in nature causes wind (wind erosion, deflation), sharp fluctuations in the temperature of the air and surfaces of objects, moving water (water erosion), solutions of acids and alkalis in it, environmental pollution (chemical and physical), the influence of biological agents (trampling, biochemical impact). A distinction is made between geological, anthropogenic, and zoogenic (pasture) factors. Soil E. largely depends on agricultural technology.

eukaryotes(from Greek. ë u- good, completely kä ryon - nucleus) - organisms whose cells contain decorated nuclei (all higher animals and plants, as well as unicellular and multicellular algae, fungi and protozoa).

EPHEMER: 1) perennial herbaceous plant, characterized by a short flowering period and annual autumn-winter-spring vegetation in arid areas during the spring wet period. They are characteristic of steppes, semi-deserts and deserts (for example, swollen sedge), as well as for broad-leaved forests (for example, Siberian blueberry); 2) animals, Ch. arr. insects with a multi-year development cycle, active only in spring, for example. May beetle, June beetle.

GREENHOUSE EFFECT (GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE): 1) an increase in temperature and humidity in the enclosed space of the greenhouse, due to the fact that the transparent coating (glass, polyethylene, etc.) transmits sunlight, but is impervious to long-wave thermal radiation and / or water vapor; 2) gradual warming of the climate on the planet as a result of the accumulation of anthropogenic carbon dioxide and other gases (methane, fluorine and chlorocarbons) in the atmosphere, which, similarly to the covering of a greenhouse, passing the sun's rays, prevent long-wave thermal radiation from the Earth's surface.

Layered- dismemberment of a plant community (or terrestrial ecosystem) into horizons, layers, tiers, canopies or other structural or functional strata. A distinction is made between above-ground and below-ground levels.

GLOSSARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL TERMS

Abiotic factors - inorganic environmental factors (temperature, humidity, air pressure, relief, etc.), which together with rhetorical factors determine the conditions for the existence of organisms in a particular area.

Abrasion- the process of destruction of the shores of the seas, lakes, reservoirs by waves and surf.

Autotrophs- organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic substances in the process of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Agrobiogeocenosis - a set of organisms living on agricultural land.

Agroindustry- agricultural production on an industrial basis.

Agroforestry - a system of measures to create forest plantations in order to increase the productivity of agricultural land, to involve in the economic circulation the so-called inconvenient waste lands (sands, ravines, steep slopes, washed-out lands), as well as to improve the conditions of water and land transport and the general mitigation of the hydroclimatic conditions of arid districts.

Agrocenosis(from the Greek "agros" - field, "cenosis" - general) - a biocenosis artificially created by man. It is not able to exist for a long time without human intervention, does not have self-regulation, and at the same time is characterized by high productivity (yield) of one or more species (varieties) of plants or animal breeds.

Adaptation- the process of developing adaptations of organisms to the conditions of existence.

Aquaculture- a system of measures for the artificial breeding of various food and industrial plants and animals in water bodies.

Acclimatization- adaptation of plants or animals to new or changed conditions of existence, in which they go through all stages of development and give viable offspring.

Allen's rule- in animals inhabiting colder parts of the range, the protruding parts of the body (limbs, tail, auricles, etc.) are smaller than in representatives of the same species of species close to them from warmer areas.

Anabiosis- a temporary state of the body, in which life processes are slowed down to a minimum and all species signs of life are absent (observed in cold-blooded animals in winter and in the hot period of summer).

anaerobic organisms - organisms that can live and develop in the absence of oxygen in the environment.

Anthropogenic factor (from the Greek "anthropos" - a person) - the direct impact of a person on organisms or impact through a change in their habitat.

Anthropogenic landscape - a landscape formed as a result of human impact on the natural landscape.

Anthropogenic press - the impact of human economic activity on nature and its resources.

area- part of the earth's surface within which a given species or taxon of a higher rank is distributed.

arid regions- desert, semi-desert and other arid regions of the globe.

Atmosphere- a shell of air around the earth, protecting all living things from the destructive effects of space.

Aerobic organisms - organisms that can live and develop only in the presence of oxygen in the environment.

Aeroplankton- microscopic organisms that live in the atmosphere.

Aeroponics- growing plants without soil in the air.

Aerotanks- special facilities for biological wastewater treatment by filtering them through coarse-grained materials replaced by aerobic microorganisms.

Bergman's rule - in animals of the same species or in a group of related species, body sizes are larger in the cold parts of the range and smaller in its warmer parts (body sizes increase with latitude).

Biogeocenosis(from the Greek "bios" - life, "geo" - earth, "cenosis" - general) - a stable self-regulating ecological system in which organic components are inextricably linked with inorganic ones.

Biological control methods - the use of predators and pathogens to control plant pests.

biological balance - the desire to preserve the dynamic stability of natural complexes (biogeocenoses).

Biome- a set of plant and animal species of any region (tundra, taiga, broad-leaved forests, deserts, etc.).

Biomass- the mass of the living matter of an organism, population or aggregate of populations of a species in a particular territory (water area).

Biotechnology- a system of measures aimed at increasing the number of game animals and improving their living conditions (feeding, arranging watering places, improving nesting and protective conditions, disease control, predator control, selection, etc.).

Bioticcirculation of substances - the constant circulation of substances between the soil, flora and fauna and microorganisms.

The biological clock - the reaction of organisms to the alternation of a day of a period of light and darkness of a certain duration (rest and activity in animals, daily rhythms of the movement of flowers and leaves in plants, the rhythm of cell division, the process of photosynthesis, etc.).

Biotic potential - theoretically the maximum rate of increase in the population of a species.

Biotope- a section of the earth's surface occupied by one or another biocenosis of the same environmental conditions.

Biocenosis- a community of plants and animals inhabiting the same territory, interconnected in the food chain and influencing each other.

household emissions- household waste entering the biosphere and polluting water, air and soil.

View- a set of populations, individuals capable of interbreeding with the formation of fertile offspring, inhabiting a certain area, having a number of common morphophysiological features and types of relationships with the abiotic and biotic environment and separated from other similar groups of individuals by the almost complete absence of hybrid forms.

Externalenvironment - all conditions of animate and inanimate nature under which an organism exists and which directly or indirectly affect the state, development and reproduction of both individual organisms and populations.

Water industry - a group of sectors of the national economy involved in the accounting, use and protection of water resources.

Biocenosis restoration - natural development a sustainable ecological system capable of self-healing, which takes place in several stages over decades (after cutting or fire, the spruce forest is restored in more than 100 years).

Restoration of biocenosis artificial - a set of measures to ensure the restoration of the former biocenosis by sowing seeds, planting tree seedlings, returning extinct animals.

gene pool- in a broad sense, the totality genetic information the entire species diversity of flora and fauna.

herbicides- chemical substances for the destruction of weeds and other unwanted vegetation.

Heterotrophs- organisms that feed on autotrophs, since they themselves are not able to synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones.

Hydroponics- growing plants without soil, while their roots are immersed in an aquatic environment containing the necessary nutrients.

Hydrosphere- the water shell of the planet (rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, etc.).

Gloger rule- geographical races of animals in warm and humid areas are more pigmented than in cold and dry ones.

Humid areas wet regions of the world.

Humus- soil organic matter.

Demography- a science that studies the population, the patterns of its development, composition, distribution, reproduction and socio-historical conditioning.

Detritus- dead organic matter (usually animals or plants), partially mineralized, suspended in the water column or settled to the bottom.

Deflation- wind erosion.

Defoliation- removing leaves with chemicals. It is used for deleafing before harvesting cotton, fruit seedlings for drying seed plants of vegetable crops, alfalfa.

life form- a group of plant or animal species of similar appearance, caused by the same adaptations to the conditions of existence. Species of the same life form can be related to varying degrees (belonging to different genera, families, orders).

Reserves- areas of nature where for a number of years (or constantly) in certain seasons or all year round certain species of plants, animals or parts of the natural complex are protected. The economic use of other resources is allowed in a form that does not cause damage to the protected object.

Reserve- a territory completely withdrawn from economic use in order to preserve and study the natural objects and processes. It serves as a standard of biogeocenoses and a scientific laboratory in nature.

Salinization- accumulation in the soil of an excess amount of salts harmful to plants.

Land Fund of Russia - the whole land of Russia. Lands for economic purposes are part of the land fund of Russia.

Irrigated agricultural fields (AIP) - specialized ameliorative systems designed to receive pre-treated wastewater in order to use it for irrigation and fertilization of agricultural land, as well as post-treatment in natural conditions.

winter calm- adaptive property of perennial racestenia, which is characterized by the cessation of visible growth and vital activity, the death of above-ground shoots in herbaceous lifeforms and leaf fall in woody and shrubby forms.

Hibernation- adaptation of animals to the transfer of the winter season (winter sleep).

ZoophagesAnimals that feed on other animals.

Zoocenosis- a community of animals included in the biocenosis.

Insecticides- chemicals for destructionharmful insects.

Integrated plant protection method - complex method (agro-economic, physico-chemical, biological)control of pests and pathogens of plant diseases in order tosuppression of their numbers.

Introduction- intentional or accidental transfer of racesshadows or importation of animals and plants (introducers) to new paradisesareas where they did not previously inhabit, outside the natural areadistribution.

Infauna- a set of animals living in the thickness of the soil and water bodies.

Endangered population - population, number of speciesthe second fell to the accepted minimum.

quarantine service - a set of measures to protect the growthfrom the introduction and invasion of dangerous pests, diseases and weeds.

climatic factors - abiotic environmental factors associated with the influx of solar energy, the direction of windmoat, the ratio of humidity and temperature.

Combined wastewater treatment method - neutralization living and cleaning industrial, agricultural, communicationsdomestic sewage mechanical, physico-chemical andbiological methods.

Population fluctuation - a successive increase or decrease in the number of individuals in a population, which occurs due to changes in the season, fluctuations in climatic conditions, fodder yields, natural disasters. Thanks toregular repetition fluctuations in the population of nazathey are also life waves or population waves.

Consumers- (from the Latin "consumo" - to use, racewalk) - herbivores and carnivores, consumewhether organic matter.

contact insecticide - chemical toxic substances that kill insects on contact with their outer covers.

Red Book- Questionnaire list of endangered animals or plants.

xerophytization- desertification of the area. Xerophytes - plants living in arid areas (deserts, dry steppes, etc.).

Landscape- a natural-territorial complex with a predominance of one type of biogeocenosis, usually a small area (at least a few square kilometers).

Littoral- the coastal strip, the area of ​​high and low tide.

Lithosphere- the upper hard shell of the globe.

marginal lands - literally marginal lands. Land plots on which agricultural production is difficult due to soil, climatic and other conditions (semi-deserts, dry savannahs, etc.).

Reclamation- activities aimed at radical improvement of land.

habitat- a part of the natural environment in which one or another species of animals or plants lives.

Biological wastewater treatment method - mineralization of organic pollution of sewage with the help of aerobic (with oxygen access) biochemical processes in natural (irrigated agricultural fields) or artificial conditions.

Method of mechanical wastewater treatment - removal of heterogeneous undissolved impurities from wastewater with the help of special devices and structures.

Mechanical methods of pest control - extermination of pests (insects, rodents, etc.) using the simplest mechanical devices (baits, traps, barrage ditches) or manually.

Migration- movement of people, animals in space and along the soil profile.

Microclimate- the climate of small plots of land.

Monitoring- an integrated system of monitoring, evaluation andforecast of the state of the environment or its individual elements.

Frost resistance - the ability of organisms to endure low negative temperatures.

IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

Violatedlands - plots on which, as a result of economic activity, vegetation has been destroyed, the soil cover has been destroyed, the hydrological regime and terrain have been changed.

Noosphere- the stage of development of the biosphere, during which the use of natural resources occurs according to strictly scientific principles, which contributes to the harmonious existence of man and nature.

Afforestation of the sands - fixation of sands with trees and shrubs.

Circulating (closed) water supply cycle - reuse of water, reducing its consumption and the degree of pollution of wastewater.

limiting factor - an environmental factor that goes beyond the endurance of the organism (beyond the permissible maximum or minimum): moisture, light, temperature, food, etc.

Optimal Factor - the most favorable intensity of the environmental factor for the body (light, temperature, air, humidity, soil, etc.).

Ornithology- the science that studies the life of birds.

Wastewater treatment plant - engineering and technical structures and devices for the treatment of industrial, agricultural and domestic waste polluting the environment.

Monuments of nature - individual protected natural objects of great scientific historical and cultural significance.

pasture erosion - destruction of the soil as a result of unmoderate grazing without taking into account the norms of grazing.

MPC- maximum permissible concentrations of impurities of harmful substances in water, air, etc., which do not have a harmful effect on humans, animals, plants.

Pesticides- chemicals used to control unwanted economic, veterinary or medical organisms.

Population overcrowding - a harmful state of the population, in which the number of individuals exceeds the value corresponding to the conditions of normal existence. Most often associated with a change in biogeocenosis.

Food (trophic) chains - the transfer of food energy from its source (plants) through a number of organisms, occurring by eating some organisms by others.

nutritional level- one link in the food chain, represented by producers, consumers or decomposers.

Fertility- the ability of the soil to provide plants with water, nutrients, air.

density of life- the number of individuals per unit area or volume of a particular environment.

Protective afforestation - artificially grown forest plantations in order to preserve the fertility of arable land and protect crops from droughts, dry winds and erosion.

population(from French "population" - population) - a set of individuals of the same species occupying a certain area, freely interbreeding with each other, having a common origin, its genetic basis, to some extent isolated from other populations of this species.

soil formation - the process of soil development under the influence of natural factors and human production impact.

Ecological pyramid rule - the pattern according to which the quantity vegetable matter, employee backbone of the food chain, about 10 times more than the mass grow carnivorous animals, and each subsequent food level also weighs 10 times less.

endurance limit - the boundary beyond which the existence of an organism is impossible (icy desert, hot spring, upper atmosphere). For all organisms and for each species, there are boundaries for each environmental factor separately.

Natural resources - objects, conditions and processes of nature that are used or can be used in social production to meet the material, scientific and cultural needs of society.

natural national park ~ a piece of nature allocated for nature conservation and recreation.

Producers(from lat. "producentis" - producing) - green plants (autotrophs) that produce organic substances in the process of photosynthesis.

commercial population - a population, the extraction of individuals of which is economically justified and does not lead to the undermining of its resources.

Reacclimatization - settlement of animal or plant species within the area of ​​its past distribution.

Population regulation - organization of measures to regulate the number of individuals by their extermination or breeding.

decomposers(from the Latin "reducer" - reduction, simplification structures) - organisms that destroy and decompose dead racestenia and animals (many insects, worms, fungi, bacteria, etc.).

Reserve- protected areas of nature in a number of foreign countries close in terms of regime and purpose to Russian wildlife sanctuaries.

recreation- rest, recuperation, treatment using favorable natural conditions.

Land reclamation - restoration of disturbed landsvarious methods (mining, biological) for subsequent economic use.

Repellents- substances that repel animals. Usually used as ointments, creams or liquids to repel blood-sucking insects and mites. They are also used to scare away rodents, hares, ungulates from fruit and forest plantations, etc.

Sanitary protection zones - forest strips or plots of land separating enterprises and residential areas.

Self-regulation in the biocenosis - the ability to restore internal balance after any natural or anthropogenic influence.

Self-regulation of numbers - the limiting effect of the ecological system, reducing the number of individuals to an average norm.

Seasonal Rhythmis a photoperiod-controlled response. organisms to change the season (when the autumn short day comes, the leaves fall from the trees, the animals prepare for overwintering, when the long spring day comes, the renewal of plants and the restoration of the vital activity of animals begin).

sel- a mud or mud-stone stream that suddenly arises in the beds of mountain rivers due to a sharp flood, which has a large destructive force and often causing damage to agricultural land and forests.

Serpentarium- a nursery for keeping poisonous snakes in order to obtain poison from them.

Power networks- complex relationships in the ecological system, in which different components consume different objects and themselves serve as food for various members of the ecosystem.

Sinanthropes- plants and animals whose way of life is associated with a person, his housing, the landscape created or modified by him.

synecology- a section of ecology that studies communities of organisms (biocenoses, ecosystems).

Change of biogeocenoses - successive natural development of the ecological system, in which some biocenoses are replaced by others under the influence of natural environmental factors: swamps form in place of forests, meadows in place of swamps. A change in biogeocenoses can also be caused by natural disasters (fire, flood, windfall, mass reproduction of pests) or human influence (deforestation, drainage or irrigation of land, earthworks).

Smog- thick fogs containing dust and harmful gases.

HabitatThe set of conditions in which an organism lives.

station- a section of space characterized by a set of conditions (relief, climate, food, etc.) necessary for the existence of a given species.

Succession- change of one community of organisms (biocenosis) by another in a certain sequence.

Taxon- a group of organisms related by one degree or another of kinship, sufficiently isolated so that it can be assigned a certain taxocomic category of one rank or another - species, genus, etc.

Terrilogythe branch of zoology that studies mammals.

Trophic level - a set of organisms united by the type of food.

Ubiquists- species of plants and animals that can develop normally in a variety of conditions. The same as the cospo-polites.

Urbanization- the growth and development of cities associated with industrialization and the scientific and technological revolution.

Harvest on the vine- biological yield, that is, the amount of finished products before harvesting.

Disposal- the use of industrial waste in the national economy.

FAO- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Fauna- a set of animal species that live in a certain area.

Phenology is the science of seasonal natural phenomena.

Pheromones- biologically active substances secreted by animals to attract individuals of the opposite sex.

Phytomelioration- measures to improve land throughcrops and plantings.

Phytoncides- biologically active substances formed by plants that kill or inhibit the growth and development of pathogens and play an important role in plant immunity.

Phytophages- Animals that eat plants.

Phytocenosis(from the Greek "phyton" - plants, "cenosis" - general) - a plant community that has historically developed as a result of a combination of interacting plants in a homogeneous area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe territory. It is characterized by a certain species composition, life forms, layering (underground and aboveground), abundance (frequency of occurrence of species), location, aspect ( appearance), vitality, seasonal changes, development (change of communities). (Or more simply: phytocenosis is a community of plants included in biogeocenosis (see).

Flora- a set of plant species that grow in a certain area.

photoperiodism(from the Greek "photos" - light) - the need of organisms for a periodic change of a certain length of day and night.

Photosynthesis- the formation of organic substances, carbon dioxide and water in the cells of green plants with the help of solar energy captured by chlorophyll.

Fumigants- preparations used for the destruction of pests and pathogens of plant diseases; act on the respiratory system.

Homing- attachment of animals to their habitat.

Food chains- chains of interconnected species that successively extract organic matter and energy from the original food substance; each previous link is food for the next.

Shelf- coastal area of ​​the sea, bordering the mainland withdepths from 0 to 200 m. The outer edge of the shelf is a continental slope, descending to the bottom of the sea.

eurybionts- Plants and animals that can exist with wide changes in environmental factors.

Eurythermal organisms - able to exist at large fluctuations in the temperature of the environment.

Eutrophication- excessive enrichment of water bodies with organic substances.

Ecology(from the Greek "oikos" - dwelling, "logos" - science) - the science of the laws of the relationship of organisms, species, communities with the environment.

Ecological valency - the degree of adaptation of species to changes in environmental conditions.

ecological niche - the totality of all environmental factors within which the existence of a species in nature is possible.

Ecological crisis - imbalance in the environment some systems and in the relationship of human society with nature.

Ecological plasticity - the degree of endurance of organisms or their communities (biocenoses) to the impact of environmental factors.

ecological system - community of living organisms their habitat, which is a single whole based on food ties and ways of obtaining energy.

Environmental factor - any environmental condition to which the willow organism reacts with adaptive reactions. Eco friendly sky factors are divided into abiotic, biotic, anthropogenic.

environmental education - the formation of a person's conscious attitude to the natural environment in order to protect and rationally use natural resources.

Endemics- plant or animal species not found anywhere elsede, except for the given locality (mainland, countries, regions, seas, etc.).

Entomology- the science of insects.

Entomophages- organisms that feed on insects.

Erosion- the process of destruction and beveling of soils by water and wind, leading to a decrease in their fertility and a violation of the role of soils in the circulation of substances in the biosphere.

Ethology- the science of the biological foundations of animal behavior.

UNEP- United Nations Environment Program. An intergovernmental program proclaimed by the UN Stockholm Conference on Environmental Protection (1972) and approved by the UN General Assembly in 1973. Focused on critical issues state of the art environment (combating desertification, protecting the oceans, tropical rainforests, etc.).

UNESCO- intergovernmental organization - a specialized agency of the United Nations for education, science and culture.

Layered- dismemberment of the plant community into th horizontal layers located at different heights above the ground.

The science of the relationship of living organisms with each other and environmental conditions. The main methods of science: observation, experiment, modeling, accounting for the number of individuals, etc. The term "ecology" was introduced by the German zoologist E. Haeckel (1866)

HABITAT is what surrounds the body. Main habitats: aquatic, terrestrial-aquatic, terrestrial-air, soil.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS- everything that has a direct or indirect effect on organisms.

ABIOTIC FACTORS- non-living factors nature - light, temperature, pressure, climate, water and air currents, composition of water, soil, air, etc.

BIOTIC FACTORS- wildlife factors, i.e. influence of plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, viruses.

ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS- this is human influence (hunting, fishing, protection, extermination, pollution, plowing, logging, etc.).

BIOCENOSIS (COMMUNITY)- these are all species living together in some territory and interconnected with each other (for example, the biocenosis of a lake, taiga forest, etc.).

BIOGEOCENOSIS (ECOSYSTEM) is a complex self-regulating system in which there is a relationship between living organisms and their living conditions ( biogeocenosis \u003d biocenosis + environmental conditions).

BIOTIC LINKS- This Various types relationships between living organisms.

PREDATORY (-+)- the type of relationship when one organism eats another. There are predator-hunters (wolf, tiger, lion, etc.) and predator-gatherers (insectivores, herbivores). There are carnivorous plants (dew, venus flytrap, pemphigus, etc.)

COMPETITION (--) rivalry relations. The competition within the species and between related species is most acute, since they have common needs for food and living conditions. Examples: fox-wolf, owl - eagle owl, pine - birch, pike - perch, carp - crucian carp, etc.

NEUTRALISM (OO)- relationships when there are no direct links between species (wolves and grasshoppers, moose and squirrels, bees and hares)

COMMENSALISM (O+) A relationship in which one species benefits from another without harming it. There are several varieties: lodging (the use of burrows, nests of other animals by insects as a dwelling), parasitism (feeding jackals, hyenas, vultures with the remains of the food of predatory animals), companionship (feeding with different parts of the same resource, for example, pine needles and bark beetles, soil inhabitants consuming various plant residues)

AMENSALISM (O-)- relationships when one species is oppressed, and the other species is indifferent (for example, herbs growing under a spruce)

SYMBIOSIS (++)- mutually beneficial relationships between species. When living together is mandatory for both species, this is mutualism (symbiosis of birch roots and boletus mycelium, fungi and algae in the body of a lichen), if optional, then protocooperation (for example, meadow plants and their pollinators).

BIOLOGICAL OPTIMUM- this is the presence of all favorable conditions for the life of the organism.

PHOTOPERIODISM- this is the adaptability of organisms to a change in the length of daylight hours, i.e. to seasonal changes (spring and autumn molting, hibernation, seasonal flights and migrations, leaf fall, breeding season, nesting, mating games).

ANABIOSIS- this is the ability of organisms to endure adverse conditions in a state in which metabolism is reduced and all visible manifestations of life are absent (for example, the state of cysts in protozoa, spores in bacteria, winter and summer hibernation of animals)

ACCLIMATIZATION- physiological adaptation to the transfer of heat or cold.

WINTERING- fall into hibernation in winter.

DIAPAUSE- stop in development in an unfavorable period of the year.

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY FOR SURVIVAL- the desire of organisms to survive.

FOOD CHAINS (FOOD CHAINS)- these are sequential connections of organisms, when the organisms of the previous link are food for the next one.

PASTURE CHAINS (grazing chains)- food chains in which the first link is green plants (grass --- caterpillar --- tit ---- falcon)

DETRITE CHAINS (decomposition chains)- food chains that start with dead organics (leaf litter -> earthworm -> titmouse -> falcon)

TROPHIC LEVEL- all species that consume similar food (for example, all herbivores form one trophic level; carnivores - another level)

BENTHOS- all inhabitants of the bottom part of the reservoir (crabs, bivalves, sea anemones, octopuses, coral polyps, etc.)

PLANKTON- microscopic algae and animals living in the water column. Consists of phyto- and zooplankton.

NEKTON- large inhabitants of the water column (fish, squid, dolphins, whales, etc.)

PERIFITON- organisms attached to aquatic plants or underwater rocks (crustaceans, bivalves, sea acorns, sea squirts)

PLEYSTON- a set of aquatic organisms floating on the surface of the water or in a semi-submerged state.

THE RULE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PYRAMID- when moving from one nutritional link to another, the biomass, the number of individuals and the amount of energy decreases several times (about 10 times). The reason for this pattern is that organisms spend 90% of food energy on vital processes (the energy of "breathing") , and only 10% goes to body growth and only this part goes to the next link in the food chain.

TOLERANCE- the ability of organisms to withstand changes in environmental conditions. Organisms with high tolerance can withstand wide ranges of environmental changes and are therefore more likely to survive, while those with low tolerance can only live under certain conditions.

BIONT- inhabitant of the environment (hydrobiont - inhabitant aquatic environment, geobiont (edaphobiont, pedofauna) - soil environment, stenobiont - an organism that requires strictly defined conditions, i.e. with low tolerance; eurybiont - an organism capable of living in different conditions, etc.)

LIFE FORM OF AN ORGANISM- the type of adaptability of organisms to environmental conditions. For example, life forms in plants: trees, herbs, shrubs, creepers, succulents, etc.; in animals, according to the method of movement - flying, jumping, crawling, burrowing, running, floating, attached, according to their habitat - waterfowl, forest, steppe, soil, etc.

TIERING- adaptability of plants, allowing more complete use of environmental resources: light, heat, moisture, soil nutrients. Layering is horizontal and vertical (in the soil).

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF THE ECOSYSTEM- these are three groups of organisms in any ecosystem that carry out the main processes in the ecosystem: producers, consumers, decomposers. Thanks to them, in the ecosystem there is a flow of substances and energy through food chains, which forms the basis of the circulation of substances, the self-reproduction of the ecosystem.

PRODUCERS- these are producers of organic matter (autotrophs), i.e. plants, chemosynthetic bacteria and blue-green algae.

CONSUMERS are consumers of organic matter, i.e. herbivores, carnivores, omnivores. Consumers are of the 1st order (herbivorous insect, bird, etc.), 2nd order (insectivorous, fish-eating or predators), 3rd order (predators).

REDUCERS- these are the destroyers of organic matter (bacteria of decay and fermentation, fungi, soil mites, worms, carnivorous insects, animals that feed on the secretions of other animals, etc.).

ECOSYSTEM SUSTAINABILITY- this is the ability of an ecosystem to withstand various impacts, maintain the relative constancy of the number of species and maintain the main processes in balance. Sustainability directly depends on the number of species! The greater the species diversity, the more stable the ecosystem! The reason for this pattern: the more species in the ecosystem, the more opportunities for organisms to have alternative types of food, and the more likely it is to survive - with a shortage of one food, it is possible to eat other food. Therefore, biodiversity is very important in nature, because This important condition ecological balance in all nature, in the biosphere.

SELF-REGULATION OF THE ECOSYSTEM- the property of an ecosystem to maintain the number of individuals in populations at a relatively constant level. Self-regulation occurs due to the presence in the ecosystem of direct, reverse and indirect links between organisms. For example, an increase in the number of plants leads to an increase in the number of herbivores, and this leads to an increase in the number of predators (direct links). But an increase in the number of predators will eventually lead to a decrease in the number of herbivores, and an increase in the number of herbivores will lead to a decrease in the number of plants (feedback). Predators influence the abundance of plants through herbivores (indirect relationship).

ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITY- this is the interconnectedness of organisms in an ecosystem, which does not allow them to exist without each other and ensures the flow of all processes in the ecosystem (the flow of substances and energy through food chains, self-regulation, the circulation of substances).

OPEN ECOSYSTEM- lies in the fact that an ecosystem can exist only when an influx of energy from the outside is carried out into it! (the openness of any system lies in the fact that it needs an influx of energy and nutrients from the outside)

SUCCESSION- this is a successive change in time of some ecosystems by others in a certain territory in the course of their self-development. For example, in the place of a small lake, a swamp may form due to gradual shallowing and drying; in place of the swamp - a meadow; in place of a forest - a meadow, in the place of a lifeless volcanic island, a forest can grow in centuries, etc. In the course of succession, processes always go in the direction of achieving equilibrium in the ecosystem - the climax!

CLIMAX- a state in an ecosystem when it is in equilibrium without outside interference.

PRIMARY SUCCESSION- the process of development of various ecosystems in lifeless territories (on sand dunes, on volcanic islands, on the site of rocky mountains). This succession is the longest since First, it takes time for the soil to form. Process sequence:

"Pioneers" settle in lifeless places, the first settlers are blue-green algae, lichens. When they die, they form a thin layer of soil on which mosses can first settle. Then, as the soil layer increases, grasses, shrubs, and trees can grow.

SECONDARY SUCCESSION is the development of one ecosystem in place of another. Causes of secondary successions: climate change (gradual waterlogging of the area due to a humid climate), natural disasters(earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, etc.), human activities (deforestation, pollution, plowing, mining, etc.), pest or disease infestation. Note: if the soil layer disappeared during the secondary succession (due to soil erosion), the processes will follow the type of primary succession.

AGROCENOSES (agroecosystems, artificial ecosystems)- ecosystems created by man (fields, gardens, aquarium, gardens, ponds, forest plantations, parks, etc.) Signs of agrocenoses: a small number of species; short supply chains; open circulation of substances (because part of the substances is taken out with the harvest and requires the application of fertilizers to the soil); instability; processes are regulated by a person; in addition to the energy of the sun, the energy of machines, human labor, etc. are used.

RESERVES- specially protected natural areas where all types of human economic activity are prohibited. Only scientific research, observations are allowed.

RESERVES- These are specially protected natural areas in which certain types of human economic activity are allowed during a certain period of the year, which do not cause severe harm.

BIOSPHERE is a special shell of the Earth inhabited by living organisms. The boundaries of the biosphere are determined in the atmosphere by the action of UV rays (up to the ozone layer, i.e. at a height of 20-25 km), in the hydrosphere by the action of high pressure and the absence of light and lack of oxygen (at a depth of 11 km), in the lithosphere - by high pressure and temperature, lack of oxygen (at a depth of up to 3 km). The doctrine of the biosphere was created by V.I. Vernadsky, but the term "biosphere" was introduced by E Suess (1873).

NOOSPHERE ("sphere of mind")- a new state of the biosphere, when its existence depends on the rational economic activity of man. The term was introduced by V.I. Vernadsky.

BIOMASS (living matter of the biosphere) is the mass of all living organisms. Distinguish between land biomass, ocean biomass, plant biomass, animal biomass, soil biomass, etc. The distribution of biomass is different: land biomass predominates in the biosphere, plant biomass predominates on land (because the accumulation of biomass in plants predominates), animal biomass predominates in the World Ocean (because organic matter produced by plants (phytoplankton and algae) does not accumulate in them, and are immediately consumed by animals). Biomass decreases from the equator to the poles.

FUNCTIONS OF LIVING SUBSTANCE are the functions of living organisms on a global scale. There are 5 main biogeochemical functions:

1. Gas- living organisms, through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration, and azotobacteria, through participation in the nitrogen cycle, maintain a certain composition of the atmosphere.
2. concentration- Living organisms are able to accumulate certain chemicals in themselves. Due to this, sedimentary rocks were formed on Earth (chalk, lime from calcareous shells of mollusks, protozoa; silica from radiolarian shells), iron and sulfur ores (the result of the vital activity of sulfur and iron bacteria), peat (from sphagnum deposits), coal deposits (from remains of ancient ferns), etc. For example, carbon accumulates more in the body of plants, and nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus accumulate in animals.
3. redox- due to the metabolism in living organisms, some substances are formed (reduced), while others decay (oxidize). For example, during photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrates, and during respiration, they are oxidized to carbon dioxide.
4. Destructive- living organisms, participating in the destruction of dead organic matter to inorganic substances, contribute to the formation of soil and the biological cycle of substances in nature, and this is the basis for the stable existence of the biosphere.
5. Biochemical Various biochemical reactions are constantly taking place in living organisms.

BIOLOGICAL CYCLE OF SUBSTANCES IN THE BIOSPHERE- these are global processes of transformation of substances in nature, occurring as a result of the movement of chemicals along trophic chains. This process is the basis for the stable existence of the biosphere, i.e. all life on earth.

SOIL EROSION- the process of destruction of the fertile soil layer. Water erosion - leaching, wind erosion - weathering of the fertile layer. Causes: lack of plants, improper irrigation, improper plowing and tillage, etc.

RESISTANCE- the resistance of organisms to something.

URBANIZATION is the growth and development of cities, an increase in the share of the urban population.

AGGLOMERATION- a cluster around a large city of closely located settlements.

MEGAPOLIS- large urban agglomerations with more than 1 million people. (Bombay, Cairo, NY, Tokyo, Shanghai, Moscow, Beijing).

RESIDENTIAL ZONE (RESIDENTIAL ZONE)- zone of location of residential, administrative buildings, objects of culture, education.

DEACTIVATION- removal of radioactive contamination from the surface of objects, structures, etc.

ENVIRONMENT CAPACITY- the size of the ability of the natural or natural-anthropogenic environment to ensure the normal life of a certain number of organisms or communities without a noticeable violation of the environment itself.

IMMIGRATION- the process of natural penetration and settlement of living organisms in places where they did not previously live.

INTRODUCTION- the process of artificial introduction of species into places where they did not previously live (for example, the North American muskrat and mink in Siberia)

RECLAIM- a set of measures to improve the water and climate regimes of agroecosystems. There are hydromelioration (irrigation, drainage), agroforestry (creation of forest belts, fixing ravines, fighting erosion, landslides, etc.)

HEAVY METALS- metal, with a density of more than 8 thousand kg / cu. m. (lead, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, antimony, tin, bismuth, mercury, copper, nickel.)

CLEANING OF DRAINS- elimination from wastewater harmful impurities in various ways: mechanical (settling, sedimentation, filtration, flotation), physicochemical (coagulation, neutralization, chlorination, ozonation), biological (biofiltration, passage through aerotanks).

PNEUMOCONIOSIS- a group of occupational diseases caused by inhalation of dusty air (sclerotic changes occur in the lungs): silicosis - by inhalation of quartz, sand, mica; silicatosis - by inhalation of silicate dust (talc, kaolin, etc.); anthracosis - by inhalation of coal dust, aluminosis - aluminum dust; siderosilicosis - iron and quartz dust; anthrasilicosis - coal and quartz dust.

FUNGICIDES- chemicals to combat fungal diseases of cultivated plants.

INSECTICIDES- insecticides.

HERBICIDES- chemicals for weed control.

eutrophication- "blooming" of the reservoir due to the rapid reproduction of algae in it as a result of pollution with mineral fertilizers.

EREMOFITS (psammophytes)- desert plants

EREMOPHILES- desert animals

rheophytes- plants of fast-flowing rivers or the surf of the sea (often have a ribbon-like shape).

ephemeroids- perennial organisms with a very short period of development, they spend most of the year at rest. For example, snowdrops, some insects (mayflies).

PATIENTS- plants that win in the struggle for existence due to their endurance (a kind of "camels" of the plant world)

DEFLATION- the process of wind erosion (weathering of the fertile part of the soil)

SCIENCES AND THEIR OBJECT OF STUDY:

AUTECOLOGY (factorial ecology)- studies the ecology of individuals.

DEMECOLOGY- ecology of small groups (populations)

SYNECOLOGY (biocenology)- community ecology

GLOBAL ECOLOGY- the ecology of the entire planet.

BIOSPHEROLOGY- ecology of the biosphere.

GEOECOLOGY- landscape (geographical) ecology.

SOCIAL ECOLOGY- deals with issues of environmental law, education, culture, medical ecology, environmental forecasting, industrial ecology, urban ecology, etc.

SYSTEMATIC ECOLOGY- ecology of various groups of organisms (fungi, plants, animals, etc.)

ETHOLOGY The science that studies the behavior of animals.

ARACCHNOLOGY- studies spiders

ALGOLOGY- studies algae

BRYOLOGY- studies mosses

LICHENOLOGY- studies lichens

MYCOLOGY- studying mushrooms

ORNITHOLOGY- studying birds

PROTOZOOLOGY- studies protozoa

ENTOMOLOGY- studies insects

PHENOLOGY- observation of seasonal changes in nature

DENDROLOGY- study trees

DEMOGRAPHY- studies the change in the number of people, gender and age structure in countries, cities, etc.

Information taken from publicly available sources

Abiotic factors – impact on the body of components of inanimate nature.

Autotrophs – organisms that use carbon dioxide as a source of carbon, that is, organisms capable of creating organic substances from inorganic substances - carbon dioxide, water, mineral salts (plants and some bacteria). These include phototrophs And chemotrophs.

Agroecosystems (agricultural ecosystems, agrocenoses) – artificial ecosystems, arising from human agricultural activities (arable land, hayfields, pastures).

Morphological adaptations – changes in the structure of organisms. For example, leaf modification in desert plants.

Physiological adaptations – changes in the physiology of organisms. For example, the ability of a camel to provide the body with moisture by oxidizing fat reserves.

Ethological adaptations – changes in the behavior of organisms. For example, seasonal migrations of mammals and birds, hibernation in winter.

Adaptation – adaptation to the environment developed by organisms in the process of evolution.

allelopathy(antibiosis) - special case amensalism, in which the waste products of one organism are released into the external environment, poisoning it and making it unsuitable for the life of another. Common in plants, fungi, bacteria.

Allergens – factors that can cause allergy. Allergens can be pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes, house dust, animal hair, plant pollen, drugs, gasoline, chloramine, meat, vegetables, fruits, berries, etc.

Allergy – perverse sensitivity or reactivity of the organism to a particular substance, the so-called allergen.

Amensalism – relationships in which one organism affects another and suppresses its vital activity, and itself does not experience any negative influences from the suppressed. For example, spruce and plants of the lower tier.

Anabiosis - complete suspension of life. In a state of anabiosis, organisms become resistant to various influences (rotifers, tardigrades, small nematodes, seeds and spores of plants, spores of bacteria and fungi). Anabiosis is enough a rare event and is an extreme state of rest in wildlife, the state of anabiosis is possible only with almost complete dehydration of organisms. Cm. Hypobiosis And Cryptobiosis.

Anaerobes obligate – organisms that are unable to live in an oxygen environment (some bacteria).

Anaerobes are facultative- organisms that can live both in the presence of oxygen and without it (some bacteria and fungi).

Anemophilia - wind pollination method. Anemophilous plants include all gymnosperms and about 10% of angiosperms (beech, birch, walnut, hemp, casuarina, haze, sedge, cereals, etc.).

Anemochory - settlement by means of air currents. Anemochory is characteristic of spores, seeds and fruits of plants, protozoan cysts, small insects, spiders, etc.

Antibiosis – cm. Allelopathy.

Anthropogenesis – the origin of man, his formation as a species.

Anthropogenic factors – impact on the body of human activity.

Anthropogenic circulation (metabolism) of substances – circulation (metabolism) of substances, driving force which is human activity. Due to the openness of the anthropogenic cycle, it is often called an exchange.

anthroposphere – the sphere of the Earth where humanity lives and where it temporarily penetrates (with the help of satellites, etc.). The concept of "anthroposphere" is used to characterize the spatial position of mankind and its economic activity.

anthropocentrism – a type of social consciousness based on the idea of ​​"human exclusivity", the opposition of man to nature.

Upwelling - the rise of cold waters from the depths of the ocean, when winds move water from a steep continental slope, and in return for it, water enriched with water rises from the depths biogenic elements.

area – the space on which population or view generally occurs throughout its life.

Atmosphere – a continuous air shell of the Earth, consisting of a mixture of gases, water vapor and dust particles.

Outwelling – brought nutrients from land to coastal waters, which are ecotones between freshwater and marine ecosystems(estuaries, estuaries, river mouths, coastal bays, etc.).

autecology(ecology of individuals, factorial ecology) - a branch of ecology that studies the relationship of individuals (organism) with the environment.

acidophiles – plants that live in soils with a pH<6,7.

Aerobes – organisms that can live only in an oxygen environment (animals, plants, some bacteria and fungi).

Basiphylls – plants living on soils with pH> 7.0.

Bental – the bottom of the ocean or sea as a habitat for bottom organisms - benthos.

Benthos – organisms living on the bottom and in the ground (attached algae and higher plants, crustaceans, mollusks, starfish, etc.). Allocate phytobenthos And zoobenthos.

Nutrient – inanimate bodies formed as a result of the vital activity of living organisms (some sedimentary rocks: limestone, chalk, etc., as well as oil, gas, coal, atmospheric oxygen, etc.).

Biogenic elements – chemical elements that are

into the composition of living organisms and at the same time perform biological functions.

Biogeochemical cycle (biogeochemical cycles) – Part biological cycle, composed of exchange cycles of water, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and others biogenic elements.

Biogeocenosis – homogeneous area of ​​the earth's surface with a certain composition of living (biocenosis) and inert (biotope) components united by the metabolism and energy into a single natural complex.

Bioindicators – living organisms, by the presence, condition and behavior of which one can judge changes in the environment.

Bioindication – detection and determination of biologically and ecologically significant anthropogenic loads based on the response of living organisms and their communities to them.

Bio-inert substance – bio-inert bodies, which are the result of the joint activity of living organisms and geological processes (soils, silts, weathering crust, etc.).

Biological products (productivity) – growth biomass in an ecosystem created in a unit of time. It is divided into primary And secondary products.

biological rhythms – recurring changes in intensity and nature biological processes and phenomena. For example, rhythm in cell division, DNA and RNA synthesis, secretion of hormones, daily movement of leaves and petals towards the Sun, autumn leaf fall, seasonal lignification of wintering shoots, seasonal migrations of birds and mammals, etc.

biological clock of the body- endogenous biological rhythms, giving the body the opportunity to navigate in time and prepare in advance for the upcoming changes in the environment.

Biological (biotic) cycle- circulation of matter the driving force of which is the activity of living organisms. The main energy source of the cycle is solar radiation, which generates photosynthesis.

Biome – a set of various groups of organisms and their habitat in a certain landscape-geographical zone (for example, in the tundra, taiga, steppe, etc.).

Biomass – mass of organisms of a certain group (producers, consumers, decomposers) or the community as a whole.

Biosphere – the shell of the Earth, the composition, structure and properties of which are to one degree or another determined by the present or past activities of living organisms.

biosphere reserves – constituent parts of a series state natural reserves, used for background monitoring of biospheric processes.

biota – a historically established set of living organisms united by a common area of ​​​​distribution. For example, tundra biota, soil biota, etc.

Biotic factors – impact on other living organisms.

Biotope – a certain territory with its own abiotic environmental factors habitat (climate, soil).

Biotrophs – heterotrophic organisms that use other living organisms as food. These include zoophagous And phytophages.

Biocenosis – totality populations different species, living in a certain area.

Gross primary production – general biomass, created by plants during photosynthesis. Part of it is spent on maintaining the life of plants - spending on respiration (40–70%). The rest is called net primary production.

"Explosion" demographic – a sharp increase in population, resulting in a decrease in mortality against a background of high birth rates. Its causes are associated with changes in socio-economic or general environmental conditions of life (including the level of health care).

Type biological – a set of individuals with a hereditary similarity of morphological, physiological and biochemical features, capable of crossing with the formation of fertile offspring, adapted to certain living conditions and occupying a certain area in nature (range).

Species structure of biocenosis – the number of species that make up a given biocenosis, and the ratio of their number or mass.

Species diversity of biocenosis – the number of species in a given community. There are α-diversity - species diversity in a given habitat, and β-diversity - the sum of all species of all habitats in a given area.

Vicarious (replacement) species – Ecologically similar but not related species that can occupy the same ecological niches.

Violenti(siloviki) - species that suppress all competitors (for example, trees that form primary forests).

Renewable natural resources which, as they are used, are constantly restored (animal world, vegetation, soil).

Age structure (age composition) of the population – ratio in populations individuals of different age groups.

"Second Nature" – changes natural environment, artificially caused by people and characterized by a lack of self-maintenance, that is, gradually collapsing without the supporting influence of a person (arable land, forest plantations, artificial reservoirs, etc.).

secondary production– biomass, consumers.

"Minor" types - few and rare in biocenosis kinds.

Survival – the absolute number of individuals (or the percentage of the original number of individuals) surviving in populations for a certain period of time.

Altitudinal zonality – a natural change in the natural environment with an ascent to the mountains from their foot to the top.

Halophiles – saline soil animals. halophytes – plants in saline soils.

Heliophytes obligate (light-loving plants) – plants growing in good light conditions.

Heliophytes facultative (shade-tolerant plants) – plants that can live in both good light conditions and shading conditions.

Helophytes – variety hydrophytes - plants that live in swamps and marshy meadows.

Hemicryptophytes – plants whose renewal buds are at the level of the soil surface, or in its most superficial layer, often covered with litter (most perennial grasses).

Genetic structure of the population – ratio in populations different genotypes and alleles.

gene pool – the totality of the genes of all individuals populations.

Geobionts – animals that live permanently in the soil, the entire development cycle of which takes place in the soil environment.

geoxenes – animals that occasionally visit the soil for temporary shelter or shelter.

geological cycle – cycle of substances, the driving force of which is exogenous And endogenous geological processes.

Geophiles - animals, part of the development cycle of which (more often one of the phases) necessarily passes in the soil.

Geophytes – a variety of cryptophytes.

Heterothermic organisms – group homoiothermic organisms, in which periods of maintaining a constantly high body temperature are replaced by periods of its decrease when falling into hibernation during an unfavorable period of the year (ground squirrels, marmots, hedgehogs, bats, etc.).

Heterotrophs – organisms that use organic compounds as a carbon source, that is, organisms that feed on ready-made organic matter (animals, fungi and most bacteria).

hygrophiles – moisture-loving organisms.

Hygrophytes – plants of moist habitats that do not tolerate water deficiency. These include, in particular, aquatic, plants - hydrophytes And hydatophytes.

Hydatophytes – aquatic plants, wholly or mostly immersed in water (for example, pondweed, water lily).

Hydrosphere – discontinuous water shell of the Earth, located between atmosphere And lithosphere and includes everything: oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, as well as groundwater, ice, snow of polar and high mountain regions.

Hydrophytes - aquatic plants attached to the ground and immersed in water only with their lower parts (for example, reeds).

Guilds – groups of species in a community that have similar functions and niches of the same size, that is, the role of which in the community is the same or comparable (for example, rainforest lianas are represented by many plant species).

Hypobiosis ( compelled rest) - inhibition of activity, or torpor, occurs under the direct pressure of adverse conditions (with a lack of heat, water, oxygen, etc.) and stops almost immediately after these conditions return to normal (some species of arthropods, such as springtails, a number of flies , ground beetles, etc.). Cm. Anabiosis And Cryptobiosis.

Global Simulation – forecasting the future of the whole world based on mathematical models and computer technology.

Homeostasis - dynamic balance of processes occurring in the body, population, biocenosis, ecosystem.

homeothermic organisms – organisms capable of maintaining core body temperature at a relatively constant level regardless of ambient temperature (birds and mammals).

Horizontal zoning – a regular change in the natural environment in the direction from the equator to the poles.

State natural reserves – territories and water areas that are completely withdrawn from normal economic use in order to preserve the natural complex in a natural state.

State standard(GOST) - normative and technical document that establishes a set of norms, rules, requirements, mandatory for execution.

Humus – the bulk of organic matter soil, completely lost the features of the anatomical structure.

Soil degradation – quality degradation soil as a result of the decline fertility.

Demecology(population ecology, population ecology) - a branch of ecology that studies the relationship of a population, species with the environment.

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens – collections of trees, shrubs and herbs created by man in order to preserve biodiversity and enrich the plant world, as well as for scientific, educational, cultural and educational purposes.

Detritus - small particles of the remains of organisms and their excretion.

Detrital food chains (decomposition chains)- food chains starting from the dead remains of plants, corpses and excrement of animals. For example, detritus → detritivores → predators → microphages → predators → macrophages.

Detritophages - organisms that feed on detritus. Saprotrophs.

Jute - mass loss of livestock as a result of ice, depriving the animals of food.

Dominant species - species that dominate biocenosis by number.

Medium capacity – quantitative characteristic of the set of conditions that limit the growth of the population.

Hard control – direct, immediate impact on nature, grossly violating natural processes with the help of technical means, a radical transformation of the very mechanisms and systems of nature. For example, plowing land, building dams on rivers.

Living matter – living organisms that inhabit the Earth.

life form of an organism – morphological type of adaptation of a plant or animal to certain living conditions and a certain way of life.

Pollution – bringing in environment or the emergence in it of new (usually not characteristic of it) harmful chemical, physical, biological, informational agents. Pollution can occur as a result of natural causes (natural) or under the influence of human activities (anthropogenic pollution).

pollutant – any natural or anthropogenic agent that enters the environment or occurs in it in quantities beyond the natural background. A pollutant is also called an object that serves as a source of environmental pollution. Also used English word"pollutant".

Pollutant – chemical that causes pollution.

Reserves – territories created for a certain period (in some cases permanently) to preserve or restore natural complexes or their components and maintain the ecological balance. Preserves preserve and restore population densities of one or more species of animals or plants, as well as natural landscapes, water bodies, etc.

Replaceable Natural Resources- Natural resources, which can be replaced by others now or in the foreseeable future (all minerals, energy resources).

tolerance zone – interval of quantitative values environmental factor between the upper and lower endurance limits.

zoobenthos – animal component of benthos (crustaceans, mollusks, starfish, etc.). Zooplankton – animal component of plankton (single-celled animals, crustaceans, jellyfish, etc.).

Zoophages – heterotrophic organisms that use live animals as food. Cm. Biotrophs.

Zoocenosis – animal component biocenosis.

Invasion - the penetration of dispersing individuals into territories not yet occupied by the species, their settlement and the formation of new populations.

Exhaustible natural resources- Natural resources, the number of which is limited both absolutely and relatively (minerals, soils, biological resources). They are divided into non-renewable And renewable natural resources.

Cadastres of natural resources – this is a set of economic, environmental, organizational and technical indicators that characterizes the quantity and quality of a natural resource, as well as the composition and categories of users of this resource.

Cannibalism – a special case of predation, when killing and eating their own kind occurs.

Carcinogens – factors that can cause malignant and benign neoplasms (ultraviolet, x-ray and gamma rays, benzpyrene, some viruses, etc.).

Environmental quality – a set of indicators characterizing the state environment, the degree of conformity of the environment of a person's life to his needs.

lodging – cm. Sinoikia.

Acid rain - rain or snow acidified to pH< 5,6 из-за растворения в атмосферной влаге антропогенных выбросов (диоксид серы, оксиды азота, хлороводород и пр.).

climax community – community in balance with the environment.

Climate – multi-year regime weather.

The colony – group settlement of sedentary animals, both long-term and arising only for the breeding season (loons, bees, ants, etc.).

Command and Administration – management of nature users, based on the establishment of norms, standards, rules for nature management and relevant targets for environmental protection enterprises and punishments from reprimand to imprisonment or dismissal and payment of fines to enterprises and their management.

Commensalism – a relationship in which one of the partners benefits from cohabitation, while the other is indifferent to the presence of the first. Cm. Trophobiosis And Sinoikia.

Convergence – external similarity that occurs in representatives of different unrelated groups and species as a result of a similar lifestyle.

Competition – relationships in which organisms compete with each other for the same environmental resources with a lack of them. Competition happens indirect (passive)– consumption of environmental resources necessary for both species, and direct (active)- suppression of one species by another; intraspecific– rivalry between individuals of the same species, and interspecific- rivalry between individuals of different species.

consortium – structural unit biocenosis, uniting autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms on the basis of spatial (topical) and nutritional (trophic) links around the central member (nucleus). For example, a single tree or a group of trees (an edificator plant) and organisms associated with it.

constructive impact – human activity aimed at restoring the natural environment, disturbed as a result of human economic activity or natural processes. For example, reclamation of landscapes, restoration of the number of rare species of animals and plants, etc.

Consumers(macroconsumers, phagotrophs) - heterotrophic organisms that consume organic matter producers or other consumers (animals, heterotrophic plants, some microorganisms). Consumers are of the first order (herbivorous animals), second order (primary predators that feed on herbivores), third order (secondary predators that feed on carnivores), etc.

Environmental monitoring – checking the compliance of indicators environmental quality(water, atmospheric air, soils, etc.) established norms and requirements (maximum concentration limit, VAT, maximum allowable income, maximum allowance, etc.).

coprophages – organisms that feed on excrement, mainly mammals. Cm. Saprotrophs.

Indirect (indirect) impact – change in nature as a result of chain reactions or secondary phenomena associated with human economic activity.

Cosmopolitans – species of plants and animals that are found in most of the inhabited areas of the Earth (for example, houseflies, gray rats).

Inert substance - inanimate bodies formed as a result of processes not related to the activity of living organisms (rocks of igneous and metamorphic origin, some sedimentary rocks).

Co-evolution of society and nature – joint, interconnected evolution of society and nature.

edge effect – increase in species diversity in transition zones between communities (ecotones).

"Red Tides" – mass development of pyrophytic algae associated with excessive discharge of organic matter into the ocean. Were recorded off the coast of Florida, India, Australia, Japan, the Black Sea, etc.

Survival Curves – curves reflecting how, with aging, the number of individuals of the same age decreases in populations.

Cryophiles – organisms that live at low temperatures.

Cryptobiosis ( physiological rest) – a state of reduced vital activity as a result of partial inhibition of metabolism, is associated with a complex of physiological changes in the body that occur in advance, before the onset of adverse seasonal changes (plant seeds, cysts and spores of various microorganisms, fungi, algae, hibernation of mammals, deep dormancy of plants). Cm. Anabiosis And Hypobiosis.

Cryptophytes – plants whose renewal buds are hidden in the soil (geophytes) or underwater (hydrophytes)(bulbous, tuberous and rhizomatous plants).

Circulation of substances – multiple participation of substances in the processes occurring in atmosphere, hydrosphere And lithosphere, including those layers that are part of the Earth's biosphere.

Xenobiotics – pollutants environment from any class chemical compounds that do not occur naturally ecosystems.

Xerophiles – dry organisms.

Xerophytes – dry habitat plants that can tolerate overheating and dehydration. These include succulents And sclerophytes.

K-strategists (K-species, K-populations) – populations of slowly reproducing, but more competitive individuals (humans, trees, etc.)

Limitation of nature use – the payment for the overlimit use of natural resources and environmental pollution is several times higher than the payment for the use and pollution within the limits of the standards (limits) established by the enterprise.

Limiting (limiting) factor- environmental factor, the quantitative value of which goes beyond endurance limits kind.

Limnic zone – the water column to a depth where only 1% of the sunlight penetrates and where it fades photosynthesis.

Littoral zone - the water column where sunlight reaches the bottom.

Lithosphere – the outer hard shell of the Earth, including the earth's crust and the upper solid layer of the mantle.

Lithophytes (petrophytes) – plants that settle on stones, rocks or in their cracks.

Maximum Lifespan (MPL) – This lifespan, to which only a small fraction of individuals can survive in real environmental conditions.

Low Waste Technology – a method of production that ensures the most efficient use of raw materials and energy, with a minimum of waste and energy losses.

Material incentives for environmental protection activities – ensuring the profitability of nature protection activities for nature users.

mesotrophs – plants requiring a moderate amount of ash elements.

Mesophiles - organisms that live in both wet and dry habitats.

Mesophytes – plants of moderately humid habitats;

intermediate group between hydrophytes and xerophytes.

habitat – is the territory or water area occupied by population (species) with a complex of environmental factors inherent in it.

Microbocenosis – microbial component biocenosis.

Mixotrophs – organisms that can both synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones and feed on ready-made organic compounds (insectivorous plants, representatives of the euglenoid algae department, some bacteria, etc.). Cm. Autotrophs And Heterotrophs.

Mineralization – conversion of organic residues into inorganic substances.

Mosaic – horizontal structure biocenosis.

Environmental monitoring (environmental monitoring) – a system for monitoring, evaluating and predicting the state of the natural environment surrounding a person. Monitoring happens background (base)- monitoring of natural phenomena and processes occurring in a natural setting, without anthropogenic influence (carried out on the basis of biosphere reserves); impact– monitoring of anthropogenic impacts in especially dangerous areas, global– tracking the development of global biospheric processes and phenomena (for example, the state of the ozone layer, climate change), regional– monitoring of natural and anthropogenic processes and phenomena within a certain region (for example, the state of Lake Baikal), local– monitoring within a small area (for example, monitoring the air quality in a city).

Mutagens – factors that can cause mutations (ultraviolet, x-ray and gamma rays, high or low temperature, benzpyrene, nitrous acid, some viruses, etc.).

Mutualism(obligate symbiosis) - mutually beneficial cohabitation, when either one of the partners, or both cannot exist without a cohabitant. For example, herbivorous ungulates and cellulose-destroying bacteria.

Soft control - mainly indirect, mediated impact on nature using natural mechanisms of self-regulation, that is, the ability of natural systems to restore their properties after anthropogenic interference. For example, agroforestry.

Freeloading – cm. Trophobiosis.

National parks – relatively large natural territories and water areas, where the fulfillment of three main goals is ensured: environmental (maintaining the ecological balance and preserving natural ecosystems), recreational (regulated tourism and recreation of people) and scientific (development and implementation of methods for preserving the natural complex in conditions of mass admission of visitors). IN national parks there are economic zones.

Non-renewable natural resources- exhaustible natural resources, which are absolutely not restored (coal, oil and most other minerals) or are restored much more slowly than they are being used (peat bogs, many sedimentary rocks).

Irreplaceable Natural Resources- Natural resources, which cannot be replaced by other natural resources (atmospheric air, water, the genetic fund of living organisms).

Inexhaustible natural resources- Natural resources, the number of which is not limited, but not absolute, but relative to our needs and periods of existence (the waters of the oceans, fresh waters, atmospheric air, wind energy, solar radiation, the energy of sea tides).

Neuston – organisms that live near the surface of the water.

Neutralism – cohabitation of two species in the same territory, which has neither positive nor negative consequences for them. For example, squirrels and moose.

Neutrophils – plants living on soils with pH = 6.7–7.0.

Necrophages - heterotrophic organisms that use animal carcasses as food.

Necrophages(corpse eaters) - organisms that feed on the corpses of animals. Cm. Saprotrophs.

Nekton – animals actively moving in the water (fish, amphibians, cephalopods, turtles, cetaceans, etc.).

Unintended Impact is unconscious when a person does not anticipate the consequences of his activity.

Irrational nature management – human economic activity leading to depletion (and even extinction) natural resources, environmental pollution, disruption of the ecological balance of natural systems, that is, to ecological crisis or disaster.

Nitrophils – plants that prefer soils rich in nitrogen.

Noosphere – realm of the mind, the highest stage of development biosphere, when reasonable human activity becomes the main, determining factor in its development.

Regulation of environmental quality – establishment of a system of quantitative and qualitative indicators (standards) of the state environment(for air, water, soil, etc.), which provide favorable conditions for human life and sustainable functioning of natural, ecosystems.

The abundance of the species – the number or mass of individuals of a given species per unit area or volume of space it occupies.

"The ozone hole" – significant space in ozonosphere planets with a markedly reduced (up to 50% or more) ozone content.

Ozonosphere – layer atmosphere with the highest ozone concentration at an altitude of 20–25 (22–24) km.

Environment – natural habitat and activities of humans and other living organisms, including the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and near-Earth space. Within the natural environment, natural resources And natural conditions.

Oligotrophs – plants content with a small amount of ash elements.

Optimum (optimum zone, zone of normal life activity) – such a number environmental factor, at which the intensity of life activity of organisms is maximum.

osmotrophy – heterotrophic organisms that absorb organic matter from solutions through cell membranes (fungi, most bacteria).

Specially Protected Natural Territories (PAs) – territories or water areas within which their economic use is prohibited and their natural state is maintained in order to maintain ecological balance, as well as for scientific, educational, cultural and aesthetic purposes.

Protection of nature (environment) – a system of international, state and public events aimed at the rational use, reproduction and protection of natural resources and the improvement of the state of the natural environment in order to meet the material and cultural needs of both existing and future generations of people. In other words, a system of measures to optimize the relationship between human society and nature.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) – type of activity to identify, analyze and account for direct, indirect and other consequences of impact on environment planned economic and other activities in order to make a decision on the possibility or impossibility of its implementation.

Risk assessment – scientific analysis of the occurrence of a risk (the possibility of a dangerous situation) in order to identify the danger, determine the degree of danger in specific conditions. Characterizes the probability of a negative event (accident, emission, epidemic, etc.).

Monuments nature – unique, non-reproducible natural objects of scientific, ecological, cultural and aesthetic value (caves, ancient trees, rocks, waterfalls, etc.). On the territory where they are located, any activity that violates their safety is prohibited.

panmixia – free interbreeding between individuals of the same species.

Greenhouse (greenhouse, greenhouse) effect – warming up the lower layers atmosphere, due to the ability of the atmosphere to transmit short-wave solar radiation, but delay long-wave thermal radiation of the earth's surface. The greenhouse effect is facilitated by the entry into the atmosphere of anthropogenic impurities (carbon dioxide, dust, methane, freons, etc.).

Parcel – structural part in horizontal dismemberment biocenosis, different from other parts in the composition and properties of the components. For example, areas of broad-leaved trees in a coniferous forest.

Pasture food chains (grazing chains)- food chains starting with living photosynthetic organisms. For example, phytoplankton → zooplankton → microphage fish → macrophage fish → ichthyophage birds.

Patients – species that can survive in adverse conditions (“shade-loving”, “salt-loving”, etc.).

Pedosphere(soil cover) - the shell of the Earth formed by the soil cover; upper (day) part of the lithosphere on the land.

Pelagial – the water column in the ocean or sea as a habitat for pelagic organisms - plankton And nekton.

primary production– biomass, created per unit of time producers. It is divided into gross And clean products.

rifts – shallow sections of rivers with a fast current (the bottom is without silt, there are mainly attached forms periphyton And benthos).

Periphyton - organisms attached to the leaves and stems of aquatic plants or other protrusions above the bottom of a body of water.

Pessimum (zone of pessimum, zone of oppression) – such a number environmental factor, in which the vital activity of organisms is oppressed.

Biomass pyramid – graphic representation of the relationship between producers And consumers different orders, expressed in units of biomass. Shows the change in biomass at each next trophic level: for terrestrial ecosystems, the biomass pyramid narrows upwards, for the ocean ecosystem it has an inverted character.

Pyramid of numbers (Elton numbers)– graphic representation of the relationship between producers And consumers different orders, expressed in units of the number of individuals. Reflects the decrease in the number of organisms from producers to consumers.

Pyramid of energy (products) – graphic representation of the relationship between producers And consumers different orders, expressed in units of energy contained in the mass of living matter. It has a universal character and reflects a decrease in the amount of energy contained in products created at each next trophic level.

food web – intricate weave in the community food chains.

Food chain (trophic chain, food chain) – the sequence of organisms through which the energy contained in food is transferred from its original source.

Plankton – organisms, mainly passively moving due to the current (unicellular algae, unicellular animals, crustaceans, jellyfish, etc.). Allocate phytoplankton And zooplankton.

Payment for nature use – payment for the use of almost all natural resources, for environmental pollution, the placement of production waste in it and for other types of impact.

Plesy – deep-water sections of rivers with a slow current (soft silty substrate and burrowing animals at the bottom).

soil fertility – ability soil to satisfy the need of plants for nutrients and water, to provide their root systems with sufficient heat and air for normal activity and creation of a crop.

Density – number of individuals or biomass populations per unit area or volume.

Human behavior – a complex set of motor acts aimed at meeting the needs of the body.

Weather – the continuously changing state of the atmosphere near the earth's surface, up to about 20 km (troposphere boundary).

Poikilothermic organisms – organisms with a non-constant internal body temperature that varies depending on the temperature of the external environment (microorganisms, plants, invertebrates and lower vertebrates).

Sexual structure (sex composition) of the population – ratio in populations male and female individuals.

population – a collection of individuals of the same species capable of self-reproduction, which exists for a long time in a certain part range relatively isolated from other aggregates of the same species.

Threshold (minimum effective) concentration – the minimum concentration of a chemical that causes slight but significant changes in the body or in environment.

Potential natural resources -Natural resources, which are currently not used by man at all or are used insufficiently (the energy of the Sun, sea tides, wind, etc.).

human needs – a source of activity, a state that expresses a person's dependence on the conditions of existence.

The soil – this is the surface horizon of the earth's crust, forming a layer of small thickness, formed as a result of the interaction of soil formation factors: climate, organisms, soil-forming rocks, terrain, age of the country (time), human economic activity.

Endurance upper limit - maximum amount environmental factor,

Endurance limit lower – minimal amount environmental factor, in which the life of organisms is still possible.

Maximum permissible anthropogenic (environmental) load on the environment (maximum permissible harmful impact - MPE) - the maximum intensity of anthropogenic impact on the environment that does not lead to a violation of the sustainability of ecological systems (or, in other words, to the exit ecosystems beyond the ecological capacity).

Maximum Permissible Concentration (Amount) (MAC) – the amount of a pollutant in the environment (soil, air, water, food), which, under permanent or temporary exposure to a person, does not affect his health and does not cause adverse effects in his offspring. MPC is calculated per unit volume (for air, water), mass (for soil, food) or surface (for the skin of workers).

Maximum Permissible Harmful Effect (MAE)– see Maximum permissible anthropogenic (environmental) load on the environment.

Maximum Permissible Emission (MPE) or Discharge (MPD) – the maximum amount of pollutants that a given enterprise is allowed to emit into the atmosphere or discharge into a water body per unit of time without causing them to exceed the maximum allowable concentrations pollutants and adverse environmental impacts.

Maximum Permissible Level (MPL) – this is the maximum level of exposure to radiation, noise, vibration, magnetic fields and other harmful physical effects, which does not pose a danger to human health, the condition of animals, plants, their genetic fund. MPC is the same as MPC, but for physical impacts.

Intentional exposure is conscious when a person expects certain results of his activity.

Natural resource potential – Part natural resources, which can be involved in economic activity given the technical and socio-economic capabilities of the society with the condition of preserving the living environment of mankind. In a narrower economic sense, a set of natural resources available with given technologies and socio-economic relations.

natural parks – territories that are of particular ecological and aesthetic value, with a relatively mild protection regime and are used mainly for organized recreation of the population. In their structure, they are simpler than national natural parks.

Natural resources – elements of nature (objects and phenomena) necessary for man for his life support and involved in material production (atmospheric air, water, soil, solar radiation, minerals, climate, vegetation, wildlife, etc.). They are divided unreal And potential, replaceable And indispensable, exhaustible And inexhaustible natural resources.

natural conditions – elements of nature (objects and phenomena) that affect human life and activity, but are not involved in material production (certain gases of the atmosphere, species of animals and plants, etc.). With the development of science and technology, natural conditions become natural resources.

nature management – the use of natural resources in order to meet the material and cultural needs of society. Nature management (as a science) is a field of knowledge that develops the principles of rational (reasonable) nature management. Nature management can be rational and irrational.

Lifespan – the duration of an individual's existence. Distinguish physiological, maximum And average life expectancy.

Producers – autotrophic organisms capable of producing organic substances from inorganic substances using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis(plants and autotrophic bacteria).

Spatial structure biocenosis – distribution of organisms of different species in space (vertically and horizontally).

Spatial and ethological structure of the population – the nature of the distribution of individuals populations within range.

Protocooperation(facultative symbiosis) - mutually beneficial, but not mandatory, coexistence of organisms, from which all participants benefit. For example, hermit crabs and sea anemones.

profundal zone – the bottom and column of water where sunlight does not penetrate.

Direct (immediate) impact – change in nature as a result of the direct impact of human economic activity on natural objects and phenomena.

Psammophytes – sand plants.

Destructive (destructive) impact – human activity leading to the loss by the natural environment of its qualities useful to man. For example, the reduction of rainforests to pastures or plantations, as a result of which the biogeochemical cycle of substances is disturbed, and the soil loses its fertility in 2-3 years.

Rational nature management – economic activity human, providing economical use natural resources And natural conditions, their protection and reproduction, taking into account not only the present, but also the future interests of society.

Real natural resources- Natural resources, which are currently used by man in production activities.

decomposers(microconsumers, destructors, saprotrophs, osmotrophs) are heterotrophic organisms that feed on organic residues and decompose them into minerals (saprotrophic bacteria and fungi).

recycling – reuse of material resources, saving raw materials and energy, and reducing waste generation.

Fertility (birth rate) – the number of new individuals that appeared in populations per unit of time as a result of reproduction. .

r-strategists (r-species, r-populations) – populations of rapidly reproducing, but less competitive individuals (bacteria, aphids, annual plants, etc.).

Saprotrophs – heterotrophic organisms that use the organic matter of dead bodies or excreta (excrement) of animals as food. These include saprotrophic bacteria, fungi, plants (saprophytes), animals (saprophages). Among them there are detritivores(feed on detritus) necrophages(feeding on carcasses) coprophages(feed on excrement), etc.

Saprophages – saprotrophic animals. Cm. Saprotrophs.

Saprophytes – saprotrophic plants. Cm. Saprotrophs.

Sinoikia (lodging) – a form of commensalism where one species uses the body or dwelling of another species as shelter or habitation. For example, sea anemones and tropical fish.

Synusia – structural part in vertical dismemberment biocenosis, limited in space (or in time). For example, in a pine forest, one can distinguish pine synusia, lingonberry synusia, green moss synusia, etc.

synecology(ecology of communities, population ecology) - a branch of ecology that studies communities of organisms (biocenoses, ecosystems).

System of standards in the field of nature conservation (SSOP) – complex of interconnected standards aimed at the conservation, restoration and rational use of natural resources.

Sclerophytes – xerophytic plants with hard shoots, due to which, with a water deficit, they do not have an external wilting pattern (for example, feather grass, saxaul). Cm. Xerophytes.

population growth rate – change population size per unit of time. It depends on indicators fertility, mortality and migration (settlement - immigration and eviction - emigration).

Mortality (mortality rate) – the number of individuals who died in populations per unit of time (from predators, diseases, old age and other causes).

Smog- a poisonous mixture of smoke, fog and dust. There are two types of smog: London and Los Angeles.

Habitat – it is a part of nature that surrounds living organisms and has a certain effect on them.

Average life expectancy (ALE) – is the arithmetic mean life expectancy all individuals in the population.

The stabilizing effect human activity aimed at slowing down the destruction (destruction) of the natural environment as a result of both human economic activity and natural processes. For example, soil protection measures aimed at reducing soil erosion.

Herd - longer than a flock, or a permanent association of animals, in which, as a rule, all the vital functions of the species are performed: protection from enemies, obtaining food, migration, reproduction, raising young, etc. (deer, zebras, etc.).

Standards (norms, regulations) – legally permitted concentrations (contents) pollutants in objects environment or the magnitude of the impact.

Station - the habitat of any species (population) land animals.

flock – temporary association of animals, facilitating the performance of any function: protection from enemies, obtaining food, migration (wolves, herring, etc.).

Stenobionts – ecologically low-hardy species with a narrow zone of tolerance (ecological valence).

The degree of dominance - the ratio of the number of individuals of a given species to the total number of all individuals of the group under consideration.

Population structure – ratio in populations groups of individuals by sex, age, size, genotype, distribution of individuals over the territory, etc. (sex, age, size, genetic, spatial-ethological, etc.).

succulents – xerophytic plants with succulent, fleshy leaves (for example, aloe) or stems (for example, cacti) in which water storage tissue is developed. Cm. Xerophytes.

Successional series – successive succession of communities.

Succession - consecutive shift biocenoses (ecosystems), expressed in a change in the species composition and structure of the community. There are successions natural- occurring under the influence of natural causes not related to human activity, and anthropogenic- caused by human activity; autogenous(self-generated) - arising from internal causes (environment changes under the influence of the community) and allogeneic(generated from outside) - caused by external causes (for example, climate change); primary- developing on a substrate not occupied by living organisms (on rocks, cliffs, loose sands, in new reservoirs, etc.), and secondary- developing on the site of already existing biocenoses after their disturbance (as a result of felling, fire, plowing, volcanic eruption, etc.).

Sciophytes(shade-loving plants) - plants that do not tolerate direct sunlight.

Teratogens – factors that can cause deformities (ultraviolet, x-rays and gamma rays, benzpyrene, some viruses, etc.).

Thermophiles - organisms that live at high temperatures.

Terophytes - annual plants that do not have renewal buds; reproduce only by seeds.

Technogenesis – a set of geochemical processes caused by human production and economic activities.

Technosphere – part of the biosphere (over time, apparently, the whole biosphere), converted technical activities person. The concept of "technosphere" is used when they want to emphasize the material side of the relationship between man and nature, as well as the fact that at the present stage, the economic activity of people is not so reasonable as to talk about noosphere.

Toxicants – chemicals that have toxicity.

Toxicity – toxicity, that is, the ability to have a harmful or even deadly effect on a living organism.

Topical connections – communication between species, when one species changes the habitat of another species. For example, under a coniferous forest, as a rule, there is no grass cover.

"Third Nature" an artificial world created by man and not having a material-energy analogy in nature (cities, interior spaces, asphalt, concrete, synthetics, etc.).

Trophic connections – connections between species, when one species feeds on another: living individuals, dead remains, waste products.

Trophic level – link place in the food chain.

Trophobiosis (freeloading) – a form of commensalism where one species consumes the food leftovers of another species. For example, the relationship between large predators and scavengers.

Ubiquists- species of plants and animals with a wide ecological valence, able to exist in a variety of environmental conditions, have extensive areas (for example, common reed, wolf).

Natural systems management – activities that can change natural phenomena and processes (strengthen or limit them) in the direction desired by the person. The management of natural systems is soft And hard.

Management of nature users(management of environmental protection and rationalization of the use of natural resources) - ensuring the norms and requirements that limit the harmful effects of production processes and products on the environment, and the rational use of natural resources, their restoration and reproduction. Management of nature users is command and control And economic.

Urbanization – this is a historical process of increasing the role of cities in the life of society, associated with the concentration and intensification of non-agricultural functions, the spread of an urban lifestyle, and the formation of specific socio-spatial forms of settlement.

Urban systems (urban systems) – artificial systems (ecosystems), arising from the development of cities and representing the focus of the population, residential buildings, industrial, domestic, cultural facilities, etc.

living conditions – a complex of environmental factors under the influence of which all the basic life processes of organisms are carried out, including normal development and reproduction.

factory connections – links between species, when one species uses excreta, dead remains, or even living individuals of another species for its structures. For example, when building nests, birds use tree branches, grass, down and feathers of other birds.

phagotrophs(holozoic) - heterotrophic organisms that swallow solid pieces of food (animals).

health factors- a set of factors that are not the direct cause of a particular disease (risk factors) and factors that are the direct cause of the disease.

Risk factors - factors that are not the direct cause of a particular disease, but increase the likelihood of its occurrence.

Phanerophytes – plants whose renewal buds are high above the ground (above 30 cm) (trees and shrubs).

PAR – photosynthetic activity of solar radiation.

Fauna – the totality of animal species that live in a given area.

Physiological life expectancy (FPL) – This lifespan, which could be in an individual of this species if limiting factors did not influence it throughout its life.

Physiological rhythms -endogenous biological rhythms, supporting the uninterrupted vital activity of organisms (heartbeat, respiration, work of endocrine glands, etc.).

Financing of environmental measures – providing funds for environmental protection measures.

Phytobenthos – plant component benthos (attached algae and higher plants).

Phytoplankton - plant component plankton(unicellular algae).

Phytophages – heterotrophic organisms that use living plants as food. Cm. Biotrophs.

Phytocenosis – plant component biocenosis.

Flora – the totality of plant species found in a given area.

Foric connections – relationships between species, when one species participates in the distribution of another species. For example, the transfer of seeds, spores, pollen by animals.

photoperiodism – response of organisms to daylight hours. For example, leaf fall, flights of birds.

Photosynthesis(photoautotrophy) - the synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic ones due to the energy of light.

Phototrophs – autotrophic organisms that use for biosynthesis light energy(plants, cyanobacteria). Cm. Autotrophs.

Freons (chlorofluorocarbons or FHU) – highly volatile, chemically inert substances near the earth's surface, widely used in production and everyday life as refrigerants (refrigerators, air conditioners, refrigerators), foaming agents and sprayers (aerosol packaging). Freons, rising into the upper layers of the atmosphere, undergo photochemical decomposition with the formation of chlorine oxide, which intensively destroys ozone.

Hamefites – plants, the renewal buds of which are located near the soil surface or not high (not higher than 20-30 cm), in winter may be under the snow (semi-shrubs and small shrubs).

Chemosynthesis(chemoautotrophy) - the process of synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic (CO 2, etc.) due to the chemical energy of the oxidation of inorganic substances (sulfur, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, iron, ammonia, nitrite, etc.).

Chemotrophs – autotrophic organisms that use the energy of chemical reactions of oxidation of inorganic compounds for biosynthesis (chemotrophic bacteria: hydrogen bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, iron bacteria, sulfur bacteria, etc.). Autotrophs.

Predation – a relationship in which one of the participants (the predator) kills the other (the prey) and uses it as food. For example, wolves and hares.

Water bloom – the massive development of phytoplankton, causing a change in the color of the water from green and yellow-brown to red. It is due to a significant intake of biogenic elements (phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, etc.) into water bodies.

Circadian (circadian) rhythms – recurring changes in the intensity and nature of biological processes and phenomena with a period of 20 to 28 hours.

Circanian (circa-annual) rhythms – recurring changes in the intensity and nature of biological processes and phenomena with a period of 10 to 13 months.

Frequency of occurrence – percentage of the number of samples or sites where the species occurs to the total number of samples or sites.

population – number of individuals in populations.

Net primary production– biomass, which is not spent on maintaining the life of plants and is subsequently used consumers And decomposers, or accumulate in the ecosystem.

Environmental emergency – cm. Ecological crisis.

eurybionts – ecologically hardy species with wide zone of tolerance (ecological valency).

Eutrophication(eutrophication) - an increase in the biological productivity of water bodies as a result of the accumulation of biogenic elements (phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, etc.) under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. The negative consequence of eutrophication is the deterioration of the physicochemical conditions of the habitat of fish and other hydrobionts due to the massive development of phytoplankton, the decomposition of dead organisms and the toxicity of their decay products. Cm. Blooming waters, Red tides.

Eutrophic – plants that need a large amount of ash elements.

Euphotic zone – the entire illuminated water column. It includes littoral And limnic zone.

Edifiers(builders) - species that determine the microenvironment (microclimate) of all biocenosis(usually plants).

Exogenous (external) rhythms- biological rhythms arising as a reaction to periodic changes in the environment (change of day and night, seasons, solar activity).

Exogenous processes (processes of external dynamics) - geological processes occurring under the influence of the external energy of the Sun. Exogenous processes include the geological activity of the atmosphere, hydrosphere (rivers, temporary streams, groundwater, seas and oceans, lakes and swamps, ice), as well as living organisms and humans.

Environmental Safety – a set of actions, states and processes that do not directly or indirectly lead to vital damage (or threats of such damage) inflicted on the natural environment, individuals and humanity.

Ecological valence (plasticity, tolerance, stability) – the degree of adaptability of the species to changes in environmental conditions; its ability to tolerate quantitative fluctuations in the action of the environmental factor to one degree or another.

Ecological catastrophe (environmental disaster) – ecological trouble, characterized by deep irreversible changes in the environment and a significant deterioration in the health of the population.

ecological niche – the totality of all environmental factors within which the existence of a species in nature is possible.

ecological pyramid – graphic representation of the relationship between producers And consumers different orders, expressed in units of biomass (pyramid of biomass), number of individuals (pyramid of numbers) or the energy contained in the mass of living matter (pyramid of energy).

Ecological Survival Strategy – set of properties populations aimed at increasing the likelihood of survival and leaving offspring. Cm. r-strategists And K-strategists.

Ecological structure of biocenosis – ratio in biocenosis organisms of different ecological groups.

Environmental assessment – assessment of the level of possible negative impacts of the planned economic and other activities on the environment, natural resources and human health.

Ecological rhythms- endogenous biological rhythms, arising as an adaptation of living organisms to periodic changes in the environment (daily, annual, tidal, lunar, etc.).

Environmental factors – these are individual elements of the habitat that affect organisms.

Environmental Equivalents – species occupying the same niches in different geographical areas (for example, large kangaroos of Australia, bison North America, zebras and antelopes of Africa, etc.).

Environmental audit - independent, comprehensive, documented assessment of compliance by a business entity and other activities with the requirements, including standards and regulations, in the field of environmental protection, requirements of international standards and preparing recommendations for improving such activities.

Environmental control - activities of state bodies, enterprises and citizens to comply with environmental standards and rules. There are state, industrial and public environmental control. Cm. Monitoring the state of the environment.

Ecological crisis (ecological emergency) – ecological trouble, characterized by persistent negative changes in the environment and posing a threat to human health.

Ecological passport of the enterprise – normative and technical document, including data on the use of resources by the enterprise (natural, secondary, etc.) and determining the impact of its production on environment. Includes a set of data and indicators according to GOST 17.0.0.04–90.

environmental risk – the probability of an event occurring that has adverse consequences for the natural environment and is caused by the negative impact of economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies.

environmental disaster – cm. Ecological catastrophy.

Ecological well-being of the ecosystem - state ecosystems, which is characterized by the normal reproduction of its main links.

environmental law – a set of environmental legal norms (rules of conduct) that regulate social (environmental) relations in the field of interaction between society and nature in order to protect the environment, prevent harmful environmental consequences, improve and improve the quality of the natural environment.

Ecology – the science of the relationship of living organisms with each other and with their environment. The term "ecology" was first introduced by the German biologist E. Haeckel (1866). By ecology, he meant "the sum of knowledge relating to the economics of nature."

human ecology – chapter ecology, studying the patterns of interaction between a person and the human community with the surrounding natural, social, environmental, hygienic and other factors.

Environmental economics – a branch of economics that studies mainly the issues of economic (in some cases, non-economic) assessment of natural resources and damage from environmental pollution.

economic management – management of natural resources based on economic incentives, when, with the help of various levers (prices, payments, tax benefits and penalties), the state makes it more financially profitable for enterprises, that is, more profitable, to comply with environmental legislation than to violate it.

Ecosystem(ecological system) - a system of living organisms living together and the conditions for their existence, connected by the flow of energy and the circulation of substances.

Ecotones – transition zones between communities.

ecocentrism – a type of social consciousness based on the understanding of the need for co-evolution of man and the biosphere.

Explerents(filling) - species that can quickly appear where indigenous communities are disturbed - on clearings and burnt areas (aspens), on shallows, etc.

emergence – the system has special, qualitatively new properties that are not inherent in the sum of the properties of its individual elements. For example, one cannot predict the properties of water from the properties of oxygen and hydrogen.

Endemics – plant and animal species that have small limited ranges (often found on islands of oceanic origin, in mountainous regions and isolated water bodies).

Endogenous (internal) rhythms- biological rhythms generated by the organism itself (the rhythm of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, cell division, heartbeats, respiration, etc.).

Endogenous processes (processes of internal dynamics) – geological processes occurring under the influence of the internal energy of the Earth: the energy of radioactive decay, chemical reactions of the formation of minerals, crystallization of rocks, etc. Endogenous processes include: tectonic movements, earthquakes, magmatism, metamorphism.

Epiphytes – plants living on other plants (on branches, tree trunks), without contact with the soil.

Ethology – the science of the behavior of organisms.

Aestivation(from lat. " aestes" - summer) – summer hibernation of small mammals (mouse-like rodents, some ground squirrels, insectivorous chanterelles, etc.) in deserts.

Ephemeroids – perennial herbaceous plants, which, like ephemera, has a very short growing season.

Ephemera – annual herbaceous plants that complete their full cycle of development in a very short and usually wet period.

The group effect optimization of physiological processes, leading to an increase in the viability of individuals in coexistence.

Layered – vertical structure biocenosis.