Content.
Introduction. 3
Main part.
Chapter 1. The essence and meaning of the image.
1.1. The concept of image. 5
1.2. Self-image. Factors affecting
for image formation. 6
1.3. Components of an image.
1.3.1. Appearance. 9
1.3.2. "Bodily" image. 17
1.3.3. Voice and speech. 18
Chapter 2
2.1. Psychological bases.
2.1.1. Extroverts and introverts. 22
2.1.2.Temperament. 24
2.1.3. Formation of abilities. 29
2.1.4. Types of thinking. 32
2.2. Socio-psychological foundations. 40
Stages of leader formation.
2.3. Ethical foundations.
2.3.1. Concepts of ethics and etiquette. 44
2.3.2. behavioral etiquette. 44
2.3.3. Speech etiquette. 46
Chapter 3. Image in the practice of the leader.
3.1. Negotiation. 51
3.2. Relationship between leader and subordinates.
3.2.1. Recruitment. 53
3.2.2. Leadership styles. 56
3.2.3. Distribution of powers. 60
3.2.4. Application of assessment methods
leader's actions. 62
3.2.5. Professional education
and career development. 63
3.3. Organization of work on the formation
leader's image. 68
Conclusion. 72
Literature. 74
Introduction.
In recent years, the importance of the image for the development of the world as a whole has been increasing. The concept of image is very broad. The image can be understood as the image of a company, the image of a product, the image of a politician, etc. The development of the science of image began with the emergence of the so-called marketing thinking.
The concept of image is closely related to the concept of sale. Any action arising from the interaction of people, one way or another, is connected with the sale, direct or indirect. People strive to please each other in order to be useful to each other in the future. The only exceptions in this case are close friends and family. Everyone else communicates, sometimes even unconsciously, in order to obtain some benefit for themselves. Therefore, the concept of image has become widespread in the business world. Image is the representation of others about the personality and activities of a person. As a rule, the concept of "image" is most often applied to personality.
The image is given attention in many areas of human activity. Highest value has an image for politicians. The identity of most politicians is hidden from a wide audience, the basis for the formation of ideas about them is the image artificially created with the help of hired specialists and the media. Recently, the importance of the image in business has increased. Competition enhances this process. Image advertising has become widespread, i.e. advertising that does not contain the name of a particular product, but is aimed at maintaining the prestige of the company.
The personality of the leader plays a very important role in business. Often it is by personality that the company as a whole is judged. Therefore, the problem of image formation is becoming more and more urgent for managers.
In order to properly form their own image, the leader must adhere to a number of rules. This thesis project is devoted to the analysis of the image formation methods that exist at the present time.
In the first chapter, the concept of image and its significance in the modern world are disclosed, the main components of the image are given.
The second chapter is devoted to the basics of forming the image of a person in general and a leader in particular. The basics of image formation include psychological, socio-psychological and ethical foundations. They influence both the formation of a person's personality and the person's idea of ​​himself and the idea that others create about this person.
In the third chapter of this thesis project, the situations encountered in the process of professional activity of a leader and their connection with the image of a leader are more specifically analyzed. Such situations include negotiations, hiring, taking office, being in a leadership position.
Taking on a position is an important stage in the life of every employee, regardless of the position itself. However, this stage is of particular importance for executives. In this graduation project the issues related mainly to middle managers (managers) are considered, however, the same problems may arise in the process of promotion of other employees.
The main problem facing the leader is the problem of building relationships with the team subordinate to him and with higher management. These relationships should be built in such a way as to promote the effective work of the entire team, the achievement of the goals set for the organization as a whole.
The third chapter discusses typical recommendations that allow the leader to build relationships with subordinates so that the image of the leader benefits from this.
Recommendations for creating an image through the environment are also given. A properly created environment helps to improve the image of both the leader and the company as a whole.
One of the points of the third chapter is devoted to the actual organization of work on the formation of the image, and is a generalization of the literature devoted to this issue. Rational organization of work contributes to the achievement of the goal with minimal effort, money and time.
Chapter 1.
The essence and meaning of the image.
1.1. The concept of image.

The word "image" comes from the English concept of "representation", "image". Image in the generally accepted sense is understood as the impression made by a specific person or company, organization, on others. Usually the word "image" is applied to people.
The origin of the concept of "image" very accurately characterizes its meaning: an image is not what a person really is, not the totality of his personal characteristics, but the image that is created in relation to this person by the people around him, or people who create an impression of him with the help of the media. Often the image of a person is very different from the personality itself.
In recent decades, the issue of image formation has become very important. The influence of a person on most of the environment is carried out precisely through the image, so the right choice of image is the key to the success of many events. The problem of creating an image is especially important for politicians, representatives of show business, people of creative professions. But these people are traditionally engaged in image creation. Recently, society has realized that image formation is also important for representatives of other professions and social groups. The importance of image in business has increased. There are many agencies around the world that specialize in creating an image. In Russia, this business is just beginning to take shape.
In politics, the importance of the image is difficult to overestimate. For example, in the United States, all presidential campaigns in this century, with the exception of one (when Jimmy Carter won), were won by a taller candidate. And the reluctance of Michael Dukakis, the Democratic nominee in 1988, to wear shoulder pads to make himself look bigger was cited by the press as one of the decisive factors that determined his party's position. The wives of politicians also have to find the “right” image, for example, Hillary Clinton has turned from a “mouse with glasses” into a “blonde with a magnificent bust”. Margaret Thatcher changed her hair, teeth, dressing style and even her voice.
As politicians increasingly turn to the media to publicize themselves instead of touring for live communication, the way they present their image will become increasingly important. The mass media deal mainly with the image, their representatives know how to present people and events and how readers, listeners and viewers will perceive them.
It is for this reason that many organizations now send their employees to training courses on how to stand in front of a TV camera and talk to journalists. However, learning to communicate with media representatives loses all meaning if the speaker does not take into account such an important point as self-presentation. The reputation of an organization or company can go down or up depending on how its employees portray themselves in the media.
People, as well as the media, approach the assessment of society in terms of image. With the help of the image, a person shows what place in society he assigns to himself. For example, a female entrepreneur may in various situations present herself as a feminist, as an entrepreneur, or as a working mother, and use these labels in order to better understand which cell of society she is in.
At any given time, society has a particular value system. The image that a person demonstrates in society shows how these values ​​are consonant with his beliefs. For example, in the sixties, many people chose the image of rebels, protesting against the conservatism of the fifties. In the eighties, the image of a smart businessman became fashionable, then it became fashionable to be an informal professing alternative views.
1.2 Self-image. Factors influencing the formation of the image.
The image presented by a person to the world around him is often perceived by other people as a reflection of his level of self-esteem. The manifestation of interest in self-improvement, expressed in the desire to get a clear idea of ​​​​one's own psychology or the desire to correct one's self-presentation, shows that a person has reached a certain level of self-esteem, has taken place as a person and has the potential for growth and improvement.
The ability to present yourself includes the ability to appreciate your positive aspects and understand what your weaknesses are. What a particular person may perceive as a disadvantage is not necessarily so for others. For example, if two shy people meet, their shyness helps them to like each other. A person may be overweight and be ashamed of their size. But a plump person who takes his complexes for granted, is healthy and vigorous, dresses with taste and realizes that he loves to communicate, can have a completely attractive image.
Self-image is subject to all kinds of influences, and the strongest influence on it comes from parents and upbringing. The child is largely shaped by the parents, providing him with a certain view of himself. If a person was not sufficiently encouraged in childhood by parents and caregivers, he may develop a tendency to excessive self-criticism. Such a person will set too high standards of behavior for himself and for others and be upset because of the impossibility of achieving them.
Another factor influencing the formation of a person's idea of ​​himself is life experience. Many people, having only once experienced the unpleasant experience of speaking in front of an audience, consider themselves completely unsuitable for public speaking. The disapproving remarks of others only strengthen them in this opinion. If day by day a person learns from his own experience and from the reaction of others that he is not appreciated, then self-esteem may be too difficult for him. The only counterbalance to this can be a sufficient supply of self-respect and awareness of one's achievements.
If self-esteem is too low, improving the "external" image will only have a limited effect. In this case, the problem should be solved with the help of a professional consultant, psychotherapist or psychoanalyst.
The level of self-esteem can be increased by working on the presentation of the image as a whole. For example, if a person has learned to overcome nervousness while speaking in public, others will notice his confidence and begin to react accordingly. The audience will be looking forward to what he has to say next. If a person cares about his appearance, others conclude that he respects and appreciates himself as an individual, and therefore is able to appreciate others.
At the heart of people's assessment of the appearance, statements and behavior of other people are two basic needs - identification and expression individuality . People need belonging and identification with their own kind, and at the same time, they feel the need to assert their individuality. All people have both of these needs. They have a decisive influence on the desire of a person to present himself and his interaction with others.
Involvement And identification with other people a person can express in the following ways:
Appearance. Clothing can signal that a person seeks to merge with a certain group of people, that he is a member of a clan.
Posture and body language. Representatives of the same social group have similar mannerisms.
The manner of speaking. It is human nature to imitate in this the representatives of social groups attractive to him.
language. Many social groups have their own slang, incomprehensible to representatives of other groups.
Accessories. A mobile phone, a tie of a certain style, a watch, etc. can indicate belonging to a certain social group.
By your surroundings. The latest interior design for a home or office may indicate that its owner considers himself to be among a select group of fashion leaders.
Individuality can be expressed using the same means, but using them in a slightly different way:
Appearance. Provocative clothes and an unusual haircut separate a person from others, especially if he is engaged in some traditional business at work.
Posture and body language. In a situation where a person is at odds with others, body language (facial expressions, gestures, posture), he can show that he thinks differently than the rest of the group.
Voice and speech. To defend your individuality in any group, you can intentionally highlight your accent. A person can draw attention to himself in a public place by talking louder than others.
language. To establish superiority over others, some introduce complex language constructions into speech.
Accessories. Diamond pendants, hand-painted scarves, antique pocket watches and other trinkets reflect success and show the level of social and financial status.
By your surroundings. Personality is sometimes expressed through interesting artwork, unusual furniture, and so on.
The two basic needs are joined by other fundamental needs. The strength of the desire to win approval and recognition from other people, the desire to adapt to their needs is associated with the need for belonging and identification. The desire to emphasize individuality is associated with such tasks as highlighting oneself, emphasizing one's successes and demonstrating the presence of one's own reasoned opinion.
All actions and actions of a person, including those performed during the presentation of the image, are determined by balancing two basic needs.
1.3 Components of the image.
Often, an image is understood exclusively as its external side - the manner of dressing, hairstyle, etc. Despite the fact that appearance really determines the image of a person, the concept of image is much broader. Below are the main components of the image.
1.3.1 Appearance.
Clothing and hairstyle play a very significant role in creating the image. Each person, as if becoming like the producers of goods, seeks to "present" himself in a certain "package" in order to draw attention to himself, to his inner world and abilities. It is known that appearance is consciously given more attention than other components of the image. Fashion, cosmetics and health industry give a large number of information and offer a huge variety of products and services that help improve the appearance. Magazines and newspapers are full of advice on clothing and hair, cosmetics, and so on.
An observant person can draw a conclusion about the internal image, about personal values, and even about subconscious decisions by clothes and hairstyle.
These days, most people understand how important looks are. Contrary to the opinion that existed before, intelligence, ability and good appearance are compatible with each other. Some people tend to think "I'm too busy to pay attention to my appearance" or "Caring about appearance threatens my masculinity." But a critical observer is more likely to think of them "He looks sloppy" or even "He does not respect himself", "This person offends the feelings of those present with inappropriate clothing."
Many people are so busy with their family and work that they don't have time to take care of their appearance. They are encouraged to take a utilitarian approach, which is to evaluate the value of appearance in terms of importance in a particular situation. By formulating the basic principles and developing certain habits, it will be possible for these people to pay attention to other things. If you take some time to think about what suits you best, you will not need to spend a lot of time achieving the desired result. You should consider appearance as a necessary mechanism for achieving your goals.
If a person has a well-groomed appearance, that is, he is cleanly washed, his hair is neatly cut, his skin is clean, and his hands and teeth look attractive, then he seems to radiate positive self-esteem.
Self-care is a habit, and in order for the habit to take hold, the appropriate actions must be repeated many times. Therefore, you should plan actions related to the care of appearance and maintaining health (visits to the hairdresser, to the dentist, visiting the gym, etc.). The visit can be rescheduled in advance for another time due to sudden circumstances, so the order will not be violated. Any new undertaking (diet, exercise, etc.) should be carried out as soon as possible after the decision has been made.
It is necessary to appear at work every day well-dressed and combed and follow the sequence in this. Here is what Philippa Davis writes about this in her book “Create Your Image”: “For example, you look good for three or four days in a row, and then come to work in an untidy look. Colleagues will be free to conclude that you can do the same in other ways; perhaps they will consider you an unreliable person. It often happens that on the very day when you didn’t shine your shoes or postponed the visit to the hairdresser the day before, the boss will call you to his place “for a conversation” or you will have to dine with an important client. Remember that our self-care habits are in full view all the time. We often spend a lot of time buying an outfit that we will wear once a week and forget that we need to comb our hair every day.”
Below are some specific recommendations regarding the care of appearance.
Hair.
Hair needs to be cut every six or seven weeks. It is recommended to find a personal hairdresser who will be able to recommend a specific hair style that suits your face shape and hair type. This should take into account lifestyle and the availability of time for hair care in between visits to the hairdresser.
The hairstyle is very important element image. Old-fashioned hairstyles, especially those where the hair falls low, dragging the eye of the observer along with it, greatly age. A more modern style, in which the hair is swept up and back, lifts the facial features. With age, facial muscles weaken, the face "floats" under the influence of gravity, so combed up hair helps to look younger. Short bangs that draw the eye of the observer up have the same effect.
A hairstyle can make an image both tougher and softer. The abundance of curls and waves emphasizes the roundness of facial features and the softness of lines in clothes. A sharp geometric hairstyle emphasizes chopped facial features and folds in clothes. Hair that hangs in long strands on the face contributes to creating an insecure look. "Skinheads" look aggressive because their hair is short, their hairstyles are geometric, and their entire face is in plain sight. With short hair, people pay more attention to the face, to cosmetics. Large facial features can be hidden by a lot of hair.
Hair is dyed by both women and men (in Russia, the latter is not very common). The best hairdressers use very subtle techniques for this. A radical change in hair color requires much more attention to care for them, to the style of clothing, and for women - to cosmetics. Eyebrow and eyelash tinting can be used by both sexes and can be done at home with some care. It draws attention to the eyes and emphasizes the facial features of those with pale skin.
Many image consultants believe that men in leadership positions look best when they are clean-shaven. The mustache and beard obscure much of the face and make it difficult to read. A mustache is usually in keeping with the military style, a beard is perceived as a sign of rugged masculinity or a desire to stand out. To keep your beard and mustache looking good, they need to be combed and trimmed regularly.
Leather.
Typically, women's skin is softer and thinner than men's, so it requires more nourishment and protection. Both men and women need to cleanse and moisturize their skin regularly, especially after exposure to the sun or water. Leading cosmetic companies now offer a complete range of skin care products for men. While many people like to have tanned skin, there is a growing acceptance lately that sun exposure makes you look older. Some sun protection products, especially for the face, can be used daily, including under makeup. Tanned people look healthier. But this can also be achieved by using special creams, with which you can quickly improve the complexion and give it a beautiful bronze tint. When filming on television and photographing, the shine of the skin can be prevented by using a special cream.
Nails.
Hands should be given as much attention as the face. Nails must be clean and neatly trimmed. If you have problems with nails, you should contact a special nail salon. It is acceptable to use false nails that look completely natural and protect your own nails during the growth period.
Teeth.
A beautiful smile is one of the important components of the image. Bad teeth can make you feel awkward when you smile or just talk. Some people deliberately speak without opening their mouths fully so that the interlocutor cannot see the teeth. If necessary, you should spend money on putting your teeth in order. This may be quite a lot of money, but the effect obtained from the appearance of beautiful and healthy teeth will be even greater. Choosing the right dentist is very important. It is recommended to have a permanent dentist who can deal not only with treatment, but also with the prevention of dental diseases. In addition, regular dental cleanings and whitening have become widespread throughout the world. In Russia, this practice is just beginning. Most of the population, moreover, cannot afford these procedures because of the rather high prices. However, a manager is, by definition, a person who is not poor and must spend part of his income on dental care. Bad teeth are considered one of the signs by which Russians are recognized abroad. Leaders should strive to change this situation.
Deodorants and aftershave lotions.
You should not give the impression of a person who has problems with personal hygiene. The smell of an unwashed body is not a sign of masculinity. There are many effective and safe deodorants on the market today.
Excessive use of deodorants and shaving lotions can backfire. People's sense of smell is at its weakest in the morning, so it is not known how the smell will affect those around you during the day. For work, use deodorants and lotions with a light scent, leaving stronger ones for the evening.
Cloth.
Since people choose clothes consciously, it can be used to draw a certain conclusion about the personality of the owner. Dorothy Rowe, in her study The Successful Ego, writes that extroverts tend to actively influence others, while introverts tend to withdraw from influencing others. She writes:
“The desire to increase or decrease the impact on people determines how a person dresses. Extroverts prefer unusual outfits, while introverts prefer sophisticated ones. The former prefer bright colors, while the latter prefer cold ones. Extroverts love a lot of jewelry, scarves and frills, while introverts style is simple and modest. Even for those who pay little attention to clothing, the last distinction is an important one.
Some people deliberately dress in such a way as to shock the public and provoke a response. Others blend into the crowd to such an extent that their appearance is difficult to remember. Three main elements help to realize the opportunity to express oneself in clothes: cut, material and color.
Cut.
The cut of clothes is determined by fashion, and the more extravagant it is, the sooner it will go out of fashion. The cut of clothes determines how much fabric and thread is used, how many parts and details a thing consists of.
For jobs that often involve appointments and gatherings, formal suits are best suited. At leisure, sportswear and sweaters are acceptable.
The cut of clothing determines how the shape of the body will look. Even a very thin person will appear fuller if they wear a square-shouldered jacket and wide baggy trousers. The right choice of clothing cut can often hide figure flaws.
People react differently to different geometric shapes and give them certain qualities. Rounded collars, pockets and lapels have a softer look than pieces that have a strict geometric shape and a large number of sharp corners. People's reactions to different geometric shapes can be used to make the right choice of clothing. A simple wool sweater with a crew neck gives a calm and approachable look, while a business suit with sharp geometric shapes gives imperiousness and strictness.
A business person should avoid clothes with a lot of details - pockets, locks, complex shape collars, shiny buttons. Such clothes distract attention from the person himself, from what he says.
Material.
The material determines a lot: whether the thing sewn from it will be warm, how quickly it will wrinkle and require dry cleaning, how comfortable the clothes are, whether they “breathe” or not, whether they feel soft or hard.
Natural materials such as wool, cotton, linen are the most comfortable to wear, although they are more expensive than many artificial materials. Things made from combined materials are uncomfortable to wear and wrinkle easily. Suits made of "cold wool" (cool wool) can be worn at almost any time, except in very cold or very hot weather.
The material of clothing also evokes associations in the observer, albeit subconscious ones. For example, at the sight of a person dressed in a tweed suit, associations with a conservative landowning nobleman may arise. Silk suggests sensuality, richness and exoticism. Such beliefs influence the choice of clothing and the reaction to other people's clothing. Tweed can be a suitable material if you want to give the impression of a reliable person with traditional tastes. Silk, on the contrary, can help create the image of a rich, sophisticated person.
Smooth and shiny materials such as satin, leather and sharkskin give the impression of moving towards the viewer. Because they reflect light, they appear brighter. Matte materials - suede, linen - "retreat back" because they absorb more light.
Different types of fabric patterns also create certain associations. For casual wear drawings consisting of straight lines, as well as checks and stripes, are most suitable.
Colors.
Color also creates emotional associations. Warm, bright, light colors, such as red and yellow, contribute to the image of a nice and friendly person. Cold, gloomy, dark colors, for example, black, dark blue, gray, "retreat", create a distance, contribute to the creation of an image of an imperious and impregnable person.
In urban areas, people usually wear the colors that surround them - gray, navy blue, black and beige, while the traditional colors for rural areas- green and brown. In hot countries, bright colors fade in the sun, so brilliant shades are more popular there than in northern countries.
The most versatile clothes are neutral tones. Wearing bright colors can overwhelm a person, especially if they have pale skin. In addition, bright clothes distract attention from the person himself, which is unacceptable for a leader. Dark neutral colors make a person appear more significant, while warm neutral colors such as beige and light brown give the impression of being more approachable.
The most important color is the one closest to the face. Shirts, blouses, ties should be of such shades that suit the complexion and decorate it. The correct use of color in clothing makes a person look dynamic and confident.
Relevance.
The choice of clothes depends on the lifestyle and place of work. In some industries, such as finance, law, accounting, wearing formal clothes is mandatory. In others, such as the media and advertising, much more freedom is acceptable.
In situations where clothing is of particular importance - in interviews, presentations and meetings with new clients - the “like us” factor should be taken into account. For example, during an interview, the results of which will make a decision about working in a company, the appearance should speak of the possibility of easily joining the company's team. When providing any service for the company, one should correspond to the image of the company as a whole. When working in a team, it is necessary that the appearance does not differ from the appearance of other members of the group.
The overbearing or "powerful" style of dress is now very popular and widely copied. Much more questions arise with the so-called "accessible" style. A strict navy suit for a company director will look great at a board meeting, but can create distance in negotiations with union leaders. For such a situation, a less formal gray suit or even just trousers and a sports jacket is more suitable: these clothes will help create a relaxed atmosphere. If a female manager has to reprimand subordinates who work in a very stressful situation, it is better for her to wear a blue or green knitted suit instead of a strict black suit - this will give her a more understanding look.
In an effort to get a promotion, the manager should dress the way he would dress to perform work in a higher position. At the same time, higher authorities have more chances to present this leader in this position.
When talking, people usually look at the face and shoulders of the interlocutor. Therefore, women can express their individuality with jewelry and neckerchiefs, while men need to be very careful in choosing collars, shirts and ties.
Many male managers dress in the "airport" style - they buy ties, shirts and jackets at the airport while waiting for the plane. Instead, it is recommended to buy clothes in a good store. The clothes bought there give the appearance a great individuality.
Associations caused by the cut, material and color of clothing carry certain values. The choice of style may indicate a "rural" mentality or, conversely, an "urban" orientation.
Japanese and European designers have created a modern style of clothing. The chrome suitcase, the linen suit, the bolder use of colors and shapes, and the Italian shoes are evidence of a familiarity with modern design and fashion. Expensive watches, clothes with the names of fashion designers, a lot of gold and a tan indicate financial success (this style is very popular in Florida). But wealth can be expressed more modestly - wearing cashmere sweaters, silk blouses or shirts in soothing colors, real Rollex watches.
Accessories: attention to detail.
If a person demonstrates high standards and attention to detail in his clothing, it can be assumed that he displays the same qualities in his work.
At work, accessories often have a functional meaning: employees carry the results of their work in a briefcase, watches help to manage time properly, etc. People pay attention to these accessories because they are used constantly. Therefore, their choice should be treated with great care. Too many accessories make a person look fussy and can be distracting. A person who carries a mobile phone, a briefcase and an organizer sometimes gives the impression of a “trinket freak”. The impression should be made by the results of the work, and not by what is in the hands. Too many details, such as jewelry, can be distracting.
Accessories, shoes and handbags in light or bright colors are more decorative than functional. They are more appropriate in a non-working environment.
Care should be taken in choosing glasses. Glasses are an element of appearance that always remains in sight. The frame should fit the face. Round glasses will emphasize the roundness of the face even more. Therefore, with a round face, it is recommended to select rectangular glasses. Frames that draw too much attention to themselves should be avoided. In this case, people are more likely to remember the glasses than the face.
1.3.2 "Bodily" image.
There is a close relationship and interdependence between mind and body. An important factor that significantly affects self-esteem is the possession of a good body image. A good body image does not necessarily imply a developed, “good” body. It means there is a balance between mind and body. The bodily image can be inconspicuous even with ideal body shapes from the point of view of fashion requirements. Even athletes and dancers can have body image issues. When the body becomes a means of making a living, a means of asserting superiority over other people, requiring severe control, the balance between body and brain can be disturbed. The brain can become obsessed with trying to push the body to its limits. physical abilities, to give him ideal proportions, for which he constantly exhausts him with a strict diet and exercise. For some, the "discord" between the body and the brain leads to the refusal of feelings to the brain and their expression through the body. Physical skills can become an external manifestation of internal inconsistencies.
Society forces a person to adapt his bodily image to certain standards. The media pays a lot of attention to the body. The basic needs of a person - the desire for identification with the group and the desire for individuality - also underlie the formation of a bodily image. Most people want to conform to a physical ideal or have their bodies admired. Those people whose figures do not meet modern requirements for height or harmony are rather unceremoniously examined on the streets.
Body image is also associated with sexuality. A person may experience sexual difficulties if he finds his body ugly, disgusting or pitiable. If he treats his body as a mechanism, he will look at sex as a non-mechanical process in which emotions have no place. Excessive concern about the physical ideal may mean that too high expectations are associated with sex.
All people express sexuality in self-presentation. Some deliberately emphasize sexuality in their appearance, for example, with the help of seductive clothes, gait, look. Others, on the contrary, try to disguise their sexuality, sometimes even unconsciously, for example, by gaining excess weight.
Body image can reflect the perception of one's own importance and position in relation to other people. People approach the assessment of the body with stereotypical standards, for example, it is widely believed that large people are powerful, significant, able to take on great responsibility. People of short stature can compensate for the lack of a figure due to strong conceit (“Napoleon syndrome”) or, on the contrary, use their “smallness” to avoid responsibility, leaving the role of patrons to larger people. Growth has to do with concepts such as control and power. Dieting gives people who are not in power the ability to control at least something, such as the size of their body, while disordered eating can be a pleasure for those who are overly preoccupied with management problems in other areas of their lives.
Too critical attitude to one's own body can affect the image as a whole. On the contrary, a positive body image, accepting one's body as it is, can play a positive role in shaping the image as a whole. The image can be improved by:
Posture and body language. Posture and body language can make you appear bigger or smaller, or even hide problem parts of your body (like sitting with your arms crossed over your stomach).
Appearance. With a balanced perception of body image, a person can dress in a way that emphasizes the winning sides and obscure the weak ones.
1.3.3. Voice and speech.
The voice is sometimes referred to as "second person". Sometimes a voice can tell as much about a person as a face. When meeting, the first impression is determined by the appearance, but then, when the conversation begins, the voice becomes more important. However, in the process of creating an image, the voice is often forgotten.
The voice is able to tell about feelings, about health, about how relaxed a person feels, where he comes from, what education he received, how easily he is influenced by the people around him. A person, along with other aspects of the image, uses the voice to be more like others, or, on the contrary, to declare their individuality. Women who work predominantly with men begin to speak in a lower voice, and often this happens unconsciously. On the other hand, many people who come from the provinces to the capital cities often stubbornly retain a pronunciation that is indicative of regional differences.
The voice is absolutely unique, just like fingerprints. It has more power than a musical instrument. If a person does not have a very high opinion of himself, it will be noticeable in his voice. Voice can help not only to express feelings, but also to show oneself well in an interview, to conclude a profitable contract.
A person hears his voice the way others hear it, because the sound of the voice in this case comes as if from within. However, you can learn to hear your voice from the outside and understand how it affects others.
The voice is an integral part of the image. Often there are people whose appearance and voice are incompatible, for example, a large woman with a childish helpless voice or a short man with a loud bass. At the first meeting, people draw certain conclusions based on the appearance of a person, and subconsciously want to get confirmation of their impressions in the sounds of his voice. The sound of the voice either enhances or reduces the impact of appearance.
Nowadays, the ability to talk on the phone is of particular importance. It is by telephone that initial contacts are established. The more a person uses the phone, the more important it is for him to be able to control his voice. The first impression is formed by the sound of the voice, and by the time of a personal meeting, the interlocutor is already forming a certain opinion. A pleasant voice makes a person more attractive and can compensate for the mediocrity of appearance. Many stars of show business and politics had to work on their appearance in order to bring it closer to a naturally beautiful voice, or, conversely, were forced to train their voice and speech in order to bring them in line with good external data. Some celebrities managed to take advantage of even a not very pleasant voice, which, however, had a characteristic. Many of them have trademarked their voices. The sound of their voice, even if not necessarily pleasant, is an integral part of the image.
If people like the sound of their voice, they will be less likely to interrupt the wearer in meetings or on the phone. In this case, we can conclude that he has a "speaker's image", from which it is worth getting the most out of it.
Contrary to stable public opinion, the voice is subject to change. You can significantly change the timbre of your voice by studying the technique of extracting it and mastering special exercises to improve it. Many actors use special training exercises to keep their voices strong, manageable and manageable. Most people are able to succeed in voice training.
When the voice is receptive, it is under control and expresses the emotions of the speaker. However, sometimes the voice is “blocked”, then it fails to express the necessary range of emotions. Such a voice may sound upset, or dispassionate, or artificially cheerful.
Even if the voice is determined by personality traits (for example, a shy person speaks in a quiet voice to draw less attention to his person), you can expand its range. physical means. This can not only change the opinion of others about this person, but the worldview of the person himself will become different. You can get rid of shyness in behavior not only with the help of a psychologist, but also through exercise developing the vocal apparatus. Many people have to speak frequently and for long periods of time at various meetings and presentations, or on the phone. For such situations, you can train your voice so that it does not sound tired, and becomes one of the main factors in creating the desired image.
The pace of speech and pauses.
The pace of speech depends on the arrangement of pauses. A fast pace of speech is good, provided that all words are clearly pronounced, that the pauses are long enough to allow the listener to think about what has been said. Listening to a person who speaks slowly but does not pause is very boring. A pause is needed in order to breathe in the air, to “recharge” before continuing the speech, to give the brain the opportunity to prepare what will be said, and the listener to understand what was said. Pauses give rest to both the brain and the body.
Pausing in speech is considered a sign of good manners. They give the impression that the interlocutor is given the opportunity to insert a remark if he so desires. In addition, pauses make it possible to monitor the interlocutor's reaction to what was said.
By learning to use pauses in speech, you can significantly improve your image. If people can see that the speaker feels comfortable, they will also feel comfortable talking to him. The ability to hold a pause without filling it with anything is a sign of great self-confidence, the equivalent of the ability to just sit and be silent. When people see the speaker pause to think, it gives them extra authority. Of course, too long pauses affect the image negatively. The ability to maintain the optimal length of the pause is very important.
Clarity of speech.
If a person speaks indistinctly, this is perceived by others as a sign of secrecy and distrust.
The "speaker's image" can be greatly improved by increasing the clarity and clarity of speech. Consonants express logic and structured thinking in speech. When a person gets drunk, the logic of his thinking is blurred, the same impression is made by a person pronouncing sounds indistinctly. Careless speech can indicate a lack of interest and energy, and sometimes arrogance. Sloppy, slurred speech can be improved with special exercises, such as tongue twisters. If a person is too tense, it can give the impression of excessive restraint and self-doubt. Best Option is one in which the facial muscles are relaxed, but not sluggish and powerless, but flexible and supple.
Pronunciation.
Pronunciation has a significant impact on the whole image. Many people have a prejudice against particular pronunciations for political reasons, for sound quality, for snobbery or "reverse snobbery" (people living in the "backcountry" may have a prejudice towards the language of the upper strata of society). Few recognize the existence of such prejudices, since their irrationality is quite obvious. However, such prejudices exist. All people have strong associations between certain types of pronunciation and personal qualities. For example, various types of accent are often used in advertising.
The presence of such prejudices forces people to adapt their pronunciation to changing conditions. This is done either to provide a better understanding, or to be less different from others. Pronunciation can interfere with the adequate transmission of information.
If a person has spoken with an accent for many years, his speech organs have had time to get used to it. Getting rid of an accent requires a lot of effort and motivation. The feasibility of such efforts should be analyzed. Sometimes an accent gives a person an additional charm, and thus has a positive effect on the image as a whole.
Chapter 2
2.1 Psychological foundations of image formation.
2.1.1 Extroverts and introverts.
The image is influenced by the ratio of extraversion and introversion in a person. There are no "pure" extroverts or introverts. The personality of most people is a mixture of these tendencies with the dominance of one of them.
Extroverts are turned to external reality. They like to be in the company, communicate a lot with others, they prefer action to contemplation, they strive to please others and adjust to them. An extrovert's self-image often implies a high appreciation of his "knowledge of people."
Introverts have a strong inner reality. They enjoy spending time alone, indulging in reflection, during which they form opinions and set themselves certain tasks. The self-image of an introvert implies recognition by others of his "independent ideas".
Thus, extroverts in general have a stronger need for belonging and identification with others, while introverts tend to assert independence more. Extroverts often do without introspection easily and feel uncomfortable if they have to spend most of their time alone. Introverts avoid situations like public performance and feel uncomfortable if they have to communicate a lot with other people. The different motivation of extroverts and introverts when interacting with others is the reason for the difference in the methods used by them in the process of interaction.
An extrovert, in his desire to stimulate others in order to get their reaction and achieve greater involvement, often resorts to the following techniques:
uses expressive, expansive body language;
wears clothes of bright colors, causing a reaction of others;
takes on a friendly air in order to please others;
talks a lot, trying to attract the attention of other people, or, on the contrary, is afraid to speak out for fear of incurring their disapproval;
talks a lot and excitedly in order to continuously stimulate others, pays a lot of attention to them, uses facial expressions intensively, asks others a lot of questions to arouse a sense of belonging in them;
talking about events, dramatizes their description;
fills his surroundings with a mass of stimulating trinkets and artefacts, gives the environment a "friendly" look by decorating it with plants and flowers and hanging portraits of family members and friends.
The introvert prefers to avoid stimulation by thinking about his own ideas. He manifests his desire for individuality in the following ways:
uses restrained body language, does not seek stimulation from other people, does not resort to dramatization of the narrative using body language;
wears clothes that do not cause an active reaction of others, calm colors and simple cut. His appearance may express indifference to the opinions of others or emphasize exclusivity and thereby reflect the desire to achieve the admiration of a select few;
does not see a special need for conversations, since the need for belonging with others is not included in the circle of priorities; if he talks much, it is only to express his ideas;
speaks calmly, giving himself time to think, carefully chooses words;
expresses carefully considered views and opinions, does not seek to provoke a reaction from others;
interested more in ideas than in feelings;
indifferent to the environment, not embarrassed by the disorder of the work environment, or chooses a minimalist environment, free from excessive stimulation from outside.
Each person creates their own version of reality. In order to succeed in interacting with other people (which, in fact, every leader should strive for), one must take into account that the realities of others can be very different from their own. If the manager is an extrovert, he may try to deepen the meaning of his "inner reality" by taking time for quiet, thoughtful activities in solitude. An introvert, on the other hand, may be occupied with improving skills in knowing people - focus on outside world and become involved with other people.
2.1.2. Temperament.
One of the theories of temperament connects its types with the activity of the central nervous system. The teachings of I.P. Pavlova on the influence of the central nervous system on the dynamic features of behavior identifies three main properties of the nervous system - strength, balance, mobility of excitatory and inhibitory processes and four main typical combinations of them in the form of four types of higher nervous activity strong, balanced, mobile;
strong, balanced, inert;
strong, unbalanced;
weak.
The first type corresponds to the sanguine temperament, the second - phlegmatic, the third - choleric, the fourth - melancholic.
Below is a description of various temperaments, both from everyday and purely scientific points of view.
Each main type of temperament has an individual and personal orientation. The basic temperament of a person remains unchanged throughout life, but circumstances can influence its formation. The diagrams show the main possible ways of temperament formation. Psychologists have proven that for each temperament, two main subspecies can be formed, which, in turn, can move from one to another during a person's life.
sanguine - a person active, cheerful, adapting to an instantly changing environment. They sometimes say about such people: “He will even crawl through the eye of a needle.” The sanguine person is full of initiative, constantly efficient, energetic, but does not like monotonous work. It is not recommended to entrust routine work to a sanguine person. He quickly learns new requirements and quickly gets in touch with strangers. Thus, it is mastered in any temporary team. Easily acquires and changes experience. The disadvantage of a sanguine person can be considered some inconsistency in activities. Mood, interests and aspirations are changeable.
Scheme 1. Sanguine temperament.
Choleric - a person with unpredictable emotional manifestations, easily runs into conflict. Choleric cannot perform work that requires endurance. He is not characterized by deep consideration of the decision and a thorough attitude to the matter. The choleric is faster than others in a changing environment, resourceful in disputes and discussions. Quickly adapts to new conditions. The monotonous work of the choleric is annoying. The most suitable field of activity for a choleric person is marketing. Physically and psychologically, the choleric person gets tired quickly, does not like to control his work.
Scheme 2. Choleric temperament.
melancholic very sensitive, shy and bashful, can be offended "over trifles" (from the point of view of representatives of other temperaments). Subject to frequent mood swings. Avoids contact with others, closed, taciturn. Efficiency is subject to fluctuations depending on mood. The melancholic is most useful when doing routine, regular work. For him, the individual nature of the work is preferable.
Phlegmatic person - a serious person, always evenly and calmly minded. In a stable environment, he is very productive and feels useful to society. It is slow to get used to the changing environment and new people. Constantly, regardless of the circumstances, he remains calm, exceptionally persistent. Phlegmatic is most suitable for work that requires long-term stress. "Emergency" work does not suit the phlegmatic, and he tries to evade them. The phlegmatic is patient and enduring (can endure the inconvenience of business trips and mastered work areas). His movements and speech are slow, he is not too resourceful, but very executive. Attention concentrates and switches slowly. It is difficult for a phlegmatic person to change old skills and habits, it is difficult for him to come into contact with new people, and the reaction to new impressions is slower than that of representatives of other temperaments. In the normal state, he does not like to show emotions, but if the phlegmatic is unbalanced, he can act assertively and aggressively.
Scheme 3. Melancholic temperament.
Scheme 4. Phlegmatic temperament.
Temperaments are rare in their pure form, they are often mixed, but they show a certain tendency.
Temperament plays a significant role in the formation of the image of a person in general and a leader in particular. A person can become a leader, regardless of natural temperament, if he learns to be aware of the strengths and weaknesses determined by temperament, and correctly use their advantages and disadvantages.
Representatives of different temperaments have to make different efforts to create the image of a leader. Perhaps the most effort should be made by a representative of a melancholic temperament. However, it is precisely such people who rarely aspire to be leaders. The most favorable basis for the formation of the image of a leader is a sanguine temperament. But its owners also need to make additional efforts to create an image.
Temperament cannot be changed, but it is possible to disguise the weaknesses and emphasize the strengths of the personality. In various activities, the same aspects of the personality can act both as strengths and as weaknesses. It is important to choose the right profession, field of activity. Most people make the right choice intuitively, guided by natural inclinations. If these inclinations are not sufficiently pronounced, and a person has difficulty choosing a field of activity, it is advisable for him to use the help of a psychologist. The owner of each of the temperaments can be useful in his workplace if, when choosing him, he took into account his own advantages and disadvantages. Although a manager must always remain a leader, the areas in which leadership is exercised can differ significantly from each other. For example, a choleric person can successfully manage the marketing department if he correctly forms a team that includes a competent analyst, by temperament, for example, a phlegmatic person. Such an analyst will be able to control the work of a choleric leader, thereby helping him avoid mistakes that arise due to his excessive impulsiveness. The phlegmatic leader can successfully manage the scientific department, where he will be in his place. He can entrust the immediate adoption of operational decisions on any issues to a more suitable employee in terms of temperament.
2.1.3. Development of abilities.
In psychology, abilities are understood as the psychological characteristics of an individual that ensure the possibility of successfully performing one or another productive activity.
Table 1.
Development of character traits.