Water filled with sea and oceans. It seems that there are quite a lot of water on Earth. But, in fact, the amount of water available for use is much less than all water on Earth.

Water value

Water is the basis and source of life on Earth. It takes most of the planet as not surprising. After all, life arose in water, and only then spread to land and air. And man, and animals for the most part consist of water. Man and all living beings of the blue planet are precisely fresh water. And it is only 3% of all water reserves on Earth. The rest of the water, which is 97%, salted, and therefore unsuitable for drinking. Most of the entire stock of freshwater frozen in glaciers. This means that the amount of available fresh water is negligible compared to the total amount of water throughout the land. Therefore, it is so important to rationally use fresh water stocks.

The importance of rational use

With rational use, the normal cycle of water is preserved, and it is independently filtered. In this case, the amount and quality of fresh water remains at an optimal level. And thus, all living creatures on the planet are ensured by the desired amount of water. And with an irrational use of water resources, the amount of water suitable for use becomes less and less, water deficiency occurs. The water is too much polluted and becomes unsuitable, and if it is cleared, then too slowly.

Freshwater threatens and drying. Lakes and rivers dry out due to the overall destruction of the ecosystem. A significant role is played by deforestation of forests. Forests must delay and purify water, and then gradually release it into natural reservoirs. Due to excessive cutting and forest fires, the number of forest areas on the planet decreases day after day. And it negatively affects the amount and quality of water drinking water. In turn, a decrease in the amount of pure water contributes to the depletion of flora and fauna. Increasingly, water is lacking for people.

Water is the main element of the entire Earth ecosystem. The existence of life on earth depends on the amount and quality of fresh water. The widespread pollution of water threatens the gradual disappearance of life on the planet. To improve the situation with a shortage of fresh water, it is necessary to relate to the water itself, and to nature as a whole. The fate of the planet is in the hands of people. And only on a person depends, whether fresh water will continue on the ground, whether life itself will continue. It depends on the current generation whether there will be a chance for life for future generations, or they will be doomed to death.

Fresh is called water, which contains no more than 0.1% salt. It can be in the form of liquid, pair or ice. The total number of water resources is 2.5-3%. But only 1% is available from these 3%.

Her distribution on the globe is characterized by unevenness. Europe and Asia, inhabited 70% of the population, has only 39% at its disposal.

The main sources are:

  • surface (rivers, streams, fresh lakes, glaciers);
  • underground water (springs and artesian sources);
  • sidelines (snow and rain).

The largest stock is kept in glaciers (85-90%), especially in Antarctic. Russia is in second place in the world in the reserves of fresh water (the first place belongs to Brazil). The main amount of water is concentrated in Lake Baikal: 80% of Russian reserves and 20% are world.

The total lake is 23.6 thousand cubic kilometers. Every year it produces close 60 m 3 of water characterized by extraordinary purity and transparency.

The problem of lack of fresh water

Recently, humanity stands before the problem of lack. Now over 1.2 billion people are experiencing a constant deficit. According to forecasts, in several decades, more than 4 billion people will be in such conditions, since its number will decrease twice. For reasons of such a situation include:

  • pollution of water sources;
  • population growth;
  • melting glaciers as a result of a greenhouse effect.

This deficit is trying to restore the following ways:

  • export;
  • creating artificial reservoirs;
  • saving flow;
  • artificial formation of fresh water.

Freshwater production methods:

  • crime waters;
  • condensation of water vapor from the air in the natural storage facilities, most often in coastal caves.

With the help of condensation, huge stocks of water are formed, which fall under the seabed, where they often make their way with fresh keys.

Meaning and application

First of all, water is necessary to ensure that the Earth's ecosystems can function normally. Water creates and maintains life on earth, plays the role of a universal solvent, takes part in all chemical reactionsThe human body forms climate and weather.

The composition of the human body includes 70% of water. Therefore, it must be constantly replenished: without it, a person will not be able to live for more than 3 days.

The main part of water resources is used by agriculture and industry and only a minor part (about 10%) goes to consumer needs.

Recently, the flow rate for domestic needs increases dramatically due to the introduction of automatic dishwashers and washing machines.

Composition

Water rivers and lakes are Nonodynakov in its composition. Since it is a universal solvent, its composition depends on the composition of the surrounding soil and the minerals occurring in it. It contains dissolved gases (mainly oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide), various cations and anions, organic substancesWeighted particles, microorganisms.

Characteristics

An important characteristic is its purity. Water quality depends on the acidity of pH, rigidity and organoleptics.

The acidity of water affects the content of hydrogen ions, and the presence of calcium and magnesium ions.

Stiffness is common, carbonate and non-comboonate, disposable and unreasonable.

Organoleptic water depends on its smell, taste, colors and turbidity.

The smell can be earthy, chloride, petroleum, etc. It is estimated on a 5-point scale:

  1. complete absence of smell;
  2. the smell is almost no felt;
  3. the smell can only be noticed if you specifically pay attention to it;
  4. the smell can be easily noticed and it does not really want to drink;
  5. the smell is clearly audible, which abstains from the desire to drink it;
  6. the smell is distinguished by a special force, making it unsuitable for drinking.

The taste of fresh water is salted, sour, sweet and bitter. It is also evaluated on a 5-point scale. It may be absent, be very weak, weak, noticeable, distinct and very strong.

Color and turbidity estimates are made according to a 14-point scale by comparing with the standard.

The water is characterized by inexhaustible and self-cleaning. Insistentability is determined by its self-fulfillment, which leads the natural cycle of water.

What does water quality depend on?

A qualitative and quantitative analysis is used to study its properties. On its basis, the maximum permissible concentration for each substance included in its composition is determined. But for some substances, viruses and bacteria, the maximum allowable concentration should be zero: they must be completely absent.

The quality affects:

  • climate (especially frequency and amount of precipitation);
  • geological feature of the area (mainly the structure of the river bed);
  • environmental conditions of the region.

Special devices use for cleaning. But even when using the clearing systems of the latter modification, some of the pollutants (about 10%) remain in water.

Classification of fresh water

Divided into:

  • ordinary;
  • mineral.

Depending on the content of mineral substances, mineral water is classified on:

In addition, there are still artificial freshwater, which divide on:

  • mineral and distilled;
  • desalinized and tama;
  • shungitis and silver;
  • "Live" and "dead".

Tales water has a nearby useful properties. But cook it, melting snow or ice from the street, is not recommended: it will contain benzapine related to organic carcinogenic compounds that are characterized by the first class of danger. Its source are car exhaust gases.

Shungitis water is formed when water passes through the deposits of shungitis (rock), acquiring therapeutic properties. Make artificial shungitis water, but its effectiveness is not proven.

Silver water is formed as a result of saturation with silver. It has bactericidal properties and is able to kill pathogenic microorganisms.

"Live" and "dead" water exists not only in fairy tales. It is obtained by electrolysis of ordinary water and is used to treat various diseases.

  • The flowing crane, from which tensile water flows thin flow, will take 840 l per day.
  • Finland boasts the most pure water.
  • The most expensive water is sold in Finland: 1 L costs $ 90.
  • If you put hot and cold water in the refrigerator, then hot freezes faster.
  • Hot water will last faster than the cold.
  • In school, we taught that water can be in 3 states. Scientists allocate 14 states of frozen water and 5 - liquid.
  • Modern people need 80-100 liters of water per day. At the time of the Middle Ages, a person grab 5 liters.
  • During the day, a person drinks 2-2.5 liters, and in life - 35 tons.

The lack of water is increasingly gives to know humanity. It is necessary to do something to change the situation, otherwise the inhabitants of the blue planet, most of which water occupies, will remain without drinking. In this case, only 3 days of life will remain in just 3 days.

The purpose of wars of the second half of the XX century, as many analysts consider, was the desire to control resources, mainly hydrocarbon. Somehow the shadow remained such an important component of the life of human society as fresh water. It would seem that there is no sense to fight because she - she opened the crane and use. Unfortunately, not all nations are admitted to this great good. And soon, literally in a few decades, it may generally come the disaster thirst for a non-plane scale.

How much water on earth

Water on earth a lot, more than two thirds of the surface of the planet are covered with it. The total amount of it is an impressive figure of 1386 million cubic kilometers. The trouble is not in quantity, but in quality. Freshwater stocks around the world - this is only a forty part of the total mass (approximately 35 million cubic meters), everything else for drinking and use in different sectors of consumption (agricultural, industrial, domestic) is unsuitable due to the high content of the cook salt (HCl ) And other impurities.

In addition, it should be noted that only a hundredth part of all reserves is considered to be easily accessible. The rest of the rest requires serious labor and material costs for prey, cleaning and delivery to the consumer.

But this is not yet trouble: with the right use of these resources and their rational resumption of even existing volumes would have enough for a long time. The fact is that fresh water in the world is distributed unevenly, its reserves are spent, that is, decrease, and the population of the planet is growing. Currently, about six and a half billion people live on the planet, at the same time, according to the most modest forecasts, by 2050 it will exceed 9 billion. Already, a third of the world population is experiencing an acute lack of water.

Geopolitical aspects

Part of the world's population refers to the so-called "Golden Billion" and has access to all the benefits of civilization, which are considered normal for us (electricity, communication, television, water supply, sewage, etc.).

Given the limitedness of almost all resources and seeking to preserve a high level of consumption of material goods, countries with a developed economy take measures to prevent increased living standards in the rest of the world. Freshwater and today in separate regions is more expensive than oil, and in a short time it will turn into a strategic product. War, unleashed to Libya, in many estimates, occurred for several reasons for economic nature. In particular, along with the introduction of the Gold Standard for Dinar, the project of a large-scale waterway - in case of its full implementation - it could bring the entire North African region from the US influence zone and Western Europe. Thus, it can be assumed that abundant resources of fresh water currently create a risk of military invasion of no less than oil fields.

What is water consumed

Water - the substance is so universal that it can rightly be called if not the source of all human benefits, then for sure their indispensable condition. Without it, it is impossible to grow agricultural vegetable products. For example, a kilogram of grain "costs" at 0.8 - 4 tons of moisture (depending on climate), and rice - 3.5 tons. But there are still animals, the production volumes of which are growing. Consumes water I. food industry. Sugar kilogram - Issue, 400 liters. In general, with rather modest physiological needs (in order to simply drink, a person is enough two or three liters a day) a resident of the developed country indirectly, together with the products, consumes up to three tons of water consumed for their production. This is daily.

In general, fresh water planet is spent as follows:

  • agricultural industry - 70% of this valuable resource;
  • the whole industry is 22%;
  • household consumers - 8%.

But this, of course, the average ratio. There are many countries whose population is not spoiled by gastronomic delights, there is a problem of fresh water, it is so acute that people sometimes just have nothing to eat and drink.

Water quality in third countries

Today, according to international standards, a person is required forty liters of water a day for all his needs, including hygienic. Approximately billion inhabitants of the planet, however, can only dream about it, and another 2.5 billion are experiencing its lack in one degree or another. According to various forecasts, in 2025, the number of needy will reach a critical share when fresh water will become a luxury for two of every three earthlings.

We, in our sufficiency, sometimes you can not even imagine that the inhabitants of the "Third World" are clean, and what drinks. Every year three million people are dying from diseases caused by a bad sanitary situation. The main one is diarrhea. Every year it dies around the world (most often in Africa) three thousand children.

The cause of eight of every ten pathologies becomes pollution of freshwater and their lack.

Environmental background in the production of biofuels

Water not only drink, it finds use in almost every industry. Moreover, our planet is a closed ecosystem, and therefore in it a lot of interdependent and cross-links are formed. Making or renewing one of the important resources, humanity usually consumes another one, which seems to be still a lot. For example, occurs in the production of synthetic hydrocarbons, designed to replace petroleum products. Alternative fuel, which is planned to use ethanol (it is ethyl alcohol, or alcohol), of course, is much safer in the environmental sense than gasoline, diesel fuel or kerosene, but in order to generate a ton of this product, it is required again Water, and in quantity, more thousands of times. The fact is that the raw material for the synthesis is the biomaterial of plant origin, and the technology itself is impossible without hydroresours.

Theoretical and practical sources

Provision of hydroresours B. different countries And entire regions of the planet varies significantly. The most strongly the problem of freshwater is felt in Africa and the Middle East. It is possible to estimate its scale, considering separately sources from which consumption is underway, as well as possible methods of moisture extraction. Almost all the water used for irrigation, industry and domestic needs comes from surface or underground water bodies that are considered renewable (replenish) due to the natural cycle. There are also fossil stocks to which the Libyan field belongs to, for example. They constitute an approximately fifth part of all water resources of the planet. They are not renewable, they do not receive anything back in them, but there are no alternatives in regions that have a deficit. Even on the planet there are ice, snow and deposits in the form of glaciers. In general, the possible resources of fresh water theoretically can be divided into the following categories:

1. Ice and snow - 24.1 million cubic meters. km (68.7%).

2. Groundwater - 10.5 million cubic meters. km (30.1%).

3. Lakes - 91 thousand cubic meters. km (0.26%).

4. Soil moisture - 16.5 thousand cubic meters. km (0.05%).

5. Swamps - 11.5 thousand cubic meters. km (0.03%).

6. Rivers - 2.1 thousand cubic meters. km (0.006%).

The practice of use, however, is significantly different from theoretical possibilities. It has a huge importance of the availability of the resource and the cost of bringing it to consumption. Glaciers constituting the greatest supply of fresh water on Earth today remain unused due to high costs. Even desalination technology is cheaper.

Distillation

The desalination with all the energy intensity and high cost of the product was distributed in the countries of the Middle East (Qatar, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates), which had a sufficient amount of budgetary funds to implement large-scale projects. In general, this strategy justifies itself, but some unexpected technological obstacles create significant problems. For example, Omani water intake systems have not been so long ago shown poisonous algae, which paralyzed the operation of distillation plants for a long time.

At the same time, Turkey has become the largest regional supplier of freshwater, which sent serious investments in this specific economy. The country does not experience problems in hydroslice and sells surplus to Israel and other states, translating them in special tankers.

How do water sources go

As often happens, the problem consists not so much in the insufficiency of the resource, but in the absence of leaning and the irrational use of what is. The largest rivers turn into gigantic waste ditches poisoned by poisonous industrial and household waste. But pollution of freshwater with all the harm and evidence is not the whole problem.

In search of cheap methods of production of electricity, they are brazed by dams, which will explain their natural move and disrupt the temperature and dynamic characteristics of evaporative-reducing processes. As a result of the river minor. Such phenomena are observed everywhere. The level falls into Colorado, Mississippi, Volga, Dnieper, Huanghe, Ganges and other great rivers, and smaller breathe completely. An artificial intervention in the hydraulic turnover of the Aral Sea led to an ecological catastrophe.

Who has water and who spends it

Of all the available volume, the largest stock of fresh water on the planet (about a third) is located in South America. In Asia, another quarter. 29 countries united in geographical, but on economic signs (free market and democracy of the Western sample) into the organization Osire, own the fifth part of the available amount of water resources. States former USSR - Twenty percent. Everything else constituted in a rough approximation of about 2% is accounted for by the Middle East and North Africa. However, things are quite bad and most of the entire territory of the Black Continent.

As for consumption, its greatest level is observed in India, China, USA, Pakistan, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Mexico and Russia.

At the same time, the most water is consumed in those countries where its reserves are really great. Acute need for it is felt in China, India and the United States.

Position with water resources in Russia

Russia is rich in everyone, including water. The most vivid example of what treasures our country has, - Lake Baikal, in which the fifth of the entire water supply of the planet is locally concentrated, besides excellent quality. But most of the population Russian Federation Lives in her European part. Baikal is far away, drinking water from the nearest reservoirs, which, fortunately, is also a lot. True, not always weighted and rational attitude towards water (as well as other) wealth, so characteristic for soviet period, not completely outlived itself and now. There is hope that over time this position will be corrected.

In general, at the moment and in the foreseeable future, the thirst for Russians do not threaten.

Currently, water, especially fresh, is an extremely important strategic resource. Per last years Water consumption in the world has increased, and there are concerns that it is simply not enough for everyone. According to the World Commission on Water (World Commission on Water), today every person is required daily from 20 to 50 liters of water for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene.

However, about a billion people in 28 countries of the world do not have access to such a number of vital resources. About 2.5 billion people live in areas experiencing medium or acute water shortage. It is assumed that by 2025 this number will increase to 5.5 billion and will be two thirds of the Earth's population.

, in connection with the negotiations of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic on the use of transboundary waters, the rating of 10 countries with the largest stocks of water resources in the world:

10th place

Myanmar

Resources - 1080 cubic meters. KM

Per capita - 23.3 thousand cubic meters. M.

Myanmar Rivers - Burma are subject to the monsoon climate of the country. They originate in the mountains, but feed not by glaciers, but atmospheric precipitation.

More than 80% of the annual nutrition of rivers - rain. In winter, the river is melting, some of them, especially in the central Burma, dry.

Lakes in Myanmar a little; The largest of them is the tectonic lake of Indozhi in the north of the country of 210 square meters. km.

9th place

Venezuela

Resources - 1,320 cubic meters. KM

Per capita - 60.3 thousand cubic meters. M.

Almost half of the thousands of Venezuela rivers runs away from the Andes and Guiang Plateau in Orinoco, the third largest river Latin America. The pool it covers an area of \u200b\u200babout 1 million square meters. km. The waterborne pool Orinoco occupies about four fifths of Venezuela territory.

8th place

India

Resources - 2085 cubic meters. KM

Per capita - 2.2 thousand cubic meters. M.

India has a large amount of water resources: rivers, glaciers, sea and ocean. The most significant rivers: Gang, Ind, Brahmaputra, Godavari, Krishna, Narbaad, Mahanadi, Kaverie. Many of them are important as irrigation sources.

Eternal snow and glaciers in India employs about 40 thousand square meters. km of territory.

7 place

Bangladesh

Resources - 2 360 cubic meters. KM

Per capita - 19.6 thousand cubic meters. M.

There are many rivers on the territory of Bangladesh, with spills large rivers can last weeks. Bangladesh has 58 cross-border rivers, and questions arising from water resources are very sharp when discussing with India.

6th place

Resources - 2,480 cubic meters. KM

Per capita - 2.4 thousand cubic meters. M.

The United States occupies a huge territory on which there are many rivers and lakes.

5th place

Indonesia

Resources - 2,530 cubic meters. KM

Per capita - 12.2 thousand cubic meters. M.

In the territories of Indonesia, a sufficiently large amount of precipitation falls around the year, due to this river is always full and play a significant role in the system of irrigation.

4th place

China

Resources - 2,800 cubic meters. KM

Per capita - 2.3 thousand cubic meters. M.

China has 5-6% of world water reserves. But China is the most densely populated country in the world, and water on its territory is distributed extremely unevenly.

3rd place

Canada

Resources - 2,900 cubic meters. KM

Per capita - 98.5 thousand cubic meters. M.

Canada is one of the richest countries in the countries of the world. On the border with the US, the Great Lakes (Top, Huron, Erie, Ontario) are located, connected by small rivers in a huge pool with an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 240 thousand square meters. km.

Less significant lakes lie on the territory of the Canadian shield (great bearish, a large slave, Athastka, Winnipeg, Winnipegozis), etc.

2nd place

Russia

Resources - 4500 cubic meters. KM

Per capita - 30.5 thousand cubic meters. M.

Russia is washed by water 12 seas belonging to the three oceans, as well as the internal Material Caspian Sea. There are over 2.5 million large and small rivers in Russia, more than 2 million lakes, hundreds of thousands of swamps and other water fund objects.

1st place

Brazil

Resources - 6,950 cubic meters. KM

Per capita - 43.0 thousand cubic meters. M.

The Rivers of Brazilian Plateau have a significant hydropower potential. The largest lakes of the country - Mirim and Patos. Main rivers: Amazon, Madeira, Rio Negora, Parana, San Francisk.

Also list of countries on the total volume of renewable water resources (based on the CIA Directory by World Countries).

Date: 2016-04-07

Life on our planet originated precisely from the water, the human body is 75% of the water, so the question of fresh water reserves on the planet is very important. After all, water is a source and stimulant of our life.

Fresh is considered that water that contains no more than 0.1% salt.

With that, it doesn't matter in which state it is: liquid, solid or gaseous.

Worldwater reserves

97.2% of the water, which is located on the planet Earth belongs to the salted oceans and seas. And only 2.8% is fresh water. On the planet, it is distributed as follows:

  • 2.15% of water reserves are frozen in the mountains, icebergs and Ice Covers of Antarctica;
  • 0, 001% of water stocks is in the atmosphere;
  • 0.65% of water reserves is in rivers, lakes.

    From here it takes a person for his consumption.

In general, it is believed that sources of fresh water are endless. Since the process of self-healing is constantly being occurring as a consequence of water circuit in nature. Every year, as a result of evaporation of moisture from the world's ocean, a huge supply of fresh water is formed (about 525,000 km3) in the form of clouds.

A small part of it still turns out again in the ocean, but most of the snow and rain falls on the continent, and then falls into the lakes, rivers and groundwater.

Fresh water consumption in different parts of the planet

Even such a small percentage of available freshwater could cover all the needs of humanity, if its reserves were evenly distributed on the planet, but this is not the case.

The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has allocated several territories, the water consumption level exceeds the volume of renewable water resources:

  • Arabian Peninsula.

    For public needs, fresh water is used here than available in available natural sources. The water is exported here with the help of tankers and pipelines, the coat of desalination procedures are carried out.

  • Under voltage there are water resources in Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

    It consumes almost 100% renewable water resources. More than 70% of renewable water resources mined Iran.

  • Freshwater problems also exist in North Africa, especially in Libya and Egypt. These countries use almost 50% of water resources.

The greatest need is not those countries where drought are often, but those where the high population density.

World Winter Market

You can see it using the table below. For example, Asia has the largest area of \u200b\u200bwater resources, and the smallest Australia. But at the same time, every resident of Australia is provided with drinking water 14 times better than any resident of Asia.

And all because the number of Asia population is 3.7 billion, whereas in Australia there are only 30 million.

Freshwater use problems

Over the past 40 years, the amount of pure fresh water at the rate of one person decreased by 60%.

Agriculture is the largest consumer of fresh water. To date, this sector of the economy consumes almost 85% of the total amount of fresh water used by man. The products that were raised with the help of artificial irrigation are much more expensive than that that has grown on the soil and irrigates the rain.

More than 80 countries of the world are lack of fresh water.

And, every day, this problem is increasingly sharpened. Water deficit even causes humanitarian and government conflicts. Improper use of groundwater leads to a decrease in their volumes. Every year, these reserves are depleted from 0.1% to 0.3%. Moreover, in poor countries, 95% of water cannot be used for drinking or in food due to a high level of pollution.

The need for clean drinking water increases every year, but its number - on the contrary, it only decreases.

Almost 2 billion people are limited to water use. According to experts by 2025, almost 50 countries of the world, where the number of residents will exceed 3 billion people, will be scented with the problem of water deficiency.

In China, despite the large amount of precipitation, half of the population does not have regular access to drinking water in sufficient volume.

Groundwater, like the soil itself, resumes too slow (about 1% per year).

The question of the greenhouse effect remains relevant. The climatic state of the Earth is constantly worsening due to the constant allocation into the atmosphere of carbon dioxide. This causes an abnormal redistribution of atmospheric precipitation, the emergence of droughts in those countries where they are not enough to be, falling out snow in Africa, high frosts in Italy or Spain.

Such anomalous changes may cause a decrease in the level of crop yields, increasing the level of plant disease, reproduction of the population of pests and various insects.

The planet ecosystem loses its stability and cannot adapt to such a quick change of conditions.

Instead of results

At the end we can say that on the planet the Earth is sufficient stocks of water resources. The main problem of water supply is that these reserves are distributed on the planet unevenly. Moreover, 3/4 of fresh water reserves are in the form of glaciers, to which it is very difficult to access.

Because of this, in some regions, fresh water deficiency is already observed.

The second problem is the pollution of the existing available water sources of human activity (salts of heavy metals, oil refining products). Clean water, which can be used without preliminary cleaning can be found only in remote environmentally friendly zones. But the densely populated regions, on the contrary, suffer from the impossibility of drinking water from their scant stocks.

Go back to water resources

The countries of the world are provided with water resources extremely unevenly.

The following countries are most provided with water resources: Brazil (8 233 km3), Russia (4,508 km3), United States (3,051 km3), Canada (2 902 km3), Indonesia (2,838 km3), China (2,830 km3), Colombia (2 132 km3), Peru (1 913 km3), India (1 880 km3), Congo (1,283 km3), Venezuela (1,233 km3), Bangladesh (1,121 km3), Burma (1,046 km3).

Most water resources per capita are in French Guiana (609,091 m3), Iceland (539,638 m3), Guyana (315,858 m3), Suriname (236,893 m3), Congo (230 125 m3), Papua New Guinea (121 788 m3), Gabone (113 260 m3), Bhutan (113 157 m3), Canada (87 255 m3), Norway (80 134 m3), New Zealand (77,305 m3), Peru (66 338 m3), Bolivia (64 215 M3), Liberia (61 165 m3), Chile (54,868 m3), Paraguay (53,863 m3), Laos (53,747 m3), Colombia (47 365 m3), Venezuela (43 8463), Panama (43,502 m3) , Brazil (42,866 m3), Uruguay (41,505 m3), Nicaragua (34 710 m3), Fiji (33,827 m3), Central African Republic (33,280 m3), Russia (31,833 m3).

Less than all water resources per capita are in Kuwait (6.85 m3), United Arab Emirates (33.44 m3), Qatar (45.28 m3), on the Bahamas (59.17 m3), in Oman (91.63 m3), Saudi Arabia (95.23 m3), Libya (3 366.19 ft).

On average on Earth, each person accounts for 24,646 m3 (246,00000 liters) of water per year.

Few countries of the world rich in water resources can boast that they have "at their disposal" river basins, not separated by territorial boundaries. Why is it so important? Let us take the biggest influx of Obi - Irtysh (part of the drain of which they wanted to move to the Aral Sea). The source of Irtysh is on the border of Mongolia and China, then the river for more than 500 km flows through the territory of China, crosses the state border and about 1,800 km through the territory of Kazakhstan, then Irtysh proceeds about 2,000 km through Russia. Russia has not yet flows into Ob.

What country belongs to 20% of stocks of full fresh water on Earth?

Let's see how things are concluded with strategic "water independence" in the world.

The map presented to your attention above illustrates the percentage of the volume of renewable water resources entering the country from the territory of neighboring states, from the total volume of water resources of the country (a country with a value of 0% does not "receive" water resources from the territories of neighboring countries; 100% - All water resources come from outside the state).

The map shows that the most dependent on the "supplies" of water from the territory of the neighboring countries are the following states: Kuwait (100%), Turkmenistan (97.1%), Egypt (96.9%), Mauritania (96.5%) , Hungary (94.2%), Moldova (91.4%), Bangladesh (91.3%), Niger (89.6%), Netherlands (87.9%).

Now let's try to spend some calculations, but first we will make a rating of countries by water reserves:



5.




10.

Congo (1,283 km3) - (share of cross-border drain: 29.9%)
11. Venezuela (1 233 km3) - (share of cross-border drain: 41.4%)

Now based on this data, we will make our rating of countries, the water resources of which are least dependent on the potentially possible reduction in cross-border flow caused by the water fence by the countries located above the course:

Brazil (5,417 km3)
2. Russia (4 314 km3)
3. Canada (2 850 km3)
4. Indonesia (2 838 km3)
5. China (2,813 km3)
6. USA (2 801 km3)
7. Colombia (2 113 km3)
8.

Peru (1 617 km3)
9. India (1 252 km3)
10. Burma (881 km3)
11. Congo (834 km3)
12. Venisuela (723 km3)
13.

Bangladesh (105 km3)

Below is a map of world stocks of fresh groundwater. The blue areas on the map - the territory are rich in groundwater, brown - zones where the lack of underground freshwater is felt.

In arid countries, water is almost completely taken from underground sources (Morocco - 75%, Tunisia - 95%, Saudi Arabia and Malta - 100%).

In the Equatorial and South Africa, business with raising waters is much better. Pouring tropical rains contribute to the rapid restoration of groundwater reserves.

Recreational resources
The developed countries
Information Security
National security
Transport security

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The countries of the world are provided with water resources extremely unevenly. The following countries are most provided with water resources: Brazil (8 233 km3), Russia (4,508 km3), United States (3,051 km3), Canada (2 902 km3), Indonesia (2,838 km3), China (2,830 km3), Colombia (2 132 km3), Peru (1 913 km3), India (1 880 km3), Congo (1,283 km3), Venezuela (1,233 km3), Bangladesh (1,121 km3), Burma (1,046 km3).

The volume of water resources per capita by the countries of the world (m3 per year per capita)

Most Water Resources per capita are in French Guiana (), Iceland (), Guyana (), Suriname (), Congo (), Papua New Guinea (), Gabone (), Bhutan (), Canada (), Norway ( ), New Zealand (), Peru (), Bolivia (), Liberia (), Chile (), Paraguay (), Laos (), Colombia (), Venezuela (43 8463), Panama (), Brazil (), Uruguay (), Nicaragua (), Fiji (), Central African Republic (), Russia ().

Note!!!
The least of all water resources per capita are in Kuwait (), United Arab Emirates (), Qatar (), on the Bahamas (), in Oman (), Saudi Arabia (), Libya ().

On average on Earth, each person has () water per year.

The share of cross-border runoff in the total annual stock rivers of the countries of the world (in%)
Few countries of the world rich in water resources can boast that they have "at their disposal" of river basins, not separated by territorial boundaries.

Why is it so important? Let us take the biggest influx of Obi - Irtysh (part of the drain of which they wanted to move to the Aral Sea).

The source of Irtysh is on the border of Mongolia and China, then the river over the territory proceeds throughout the territory of China, crosses the state border and about the territory of Kazakhstan, then the Irtysh flows around the territory of Russia until he flows into Ob.

According to international agreements, China can take half the annual Irtysh's annual flow for its needs, Kazakhstan half of the fact that remains after China. As a result, this can strongly affect the fullness of the Russian plot of Irtysh (including hydrophurenergoresours). Currently, China annually deprives Russia 2 billion km3 of water. Therefore, the water supply of each country in the future may depend on whether the origins of the rivers or the sections of their locomotive outside the country are.

Let's see how things are concluded with strategic "water independence" in the world.

Share of cross-border flow in the total annual stock rivers of the countries of the world

The map provided to your attention above illustrates the percentage of the volume of renewable water resources entering the country from the territory of neighboring states, from the total volume of water resources of the country (a country with a value of 0% does not "receive" water resources from the territories of neighboring countries; 100% All water resources come from outside the state).

The map shows that the most dependent on the "supplies" of water from the territory of the neighboring countries is the following states: Kuwait (100%), Turkmenistan (97.1%), Egypt (96.9%), Mauritania (96.5%) , Hungary (94.2%), Moldova (91.4%), Bangladesh (91.3%), Niger (89.6%), Netherlands (87.9%).

In the post-Soviet space, the situation is as follows: Turkmenistan (97.1%), Moldova (91.4%), Uzbekistan (77.4%), Azerbaijan (76.6%), Ukraine (62%), Latvia (52, 8%), Belarus (35.9%), Lithuania (37.5%), Kazakhstan (31.2%), Tajikistan (16.7%) Armenia (11.7%), Georgia (8.2%) , Russia (4.3%), Estonia (0.8%), Kyrgyzstan (0%).

Now let's try to spend some calculations, but first to make rating countries on water reserves:

Brazil (8 233 km3) - (cross-border flow share: 34.2%)
2. Russia (4,508 km3) - (share of cross-border drain: 4.3%)
3. USA (3,051 km3) - (share of cross-border drain: 8.2%)
4. Canada (2 902 km3) - (share of cross-border drain: 1.8%)
5.

Indonesia (2 838 km3) - (share of cross-border drain: 0%)
6. China (2,830 km3) - (share of cross-border drain: 0.6%)
7. Colombia (2 132 km3) - (Share of Transboundary Stream: 0.9%)
8. Peru (1,913 km3) - (share of cross-border drain: 15.5%)
9. India (1 880 km3) - (cross-border flow share: 33.4%)
10. Congo (1,283 km3) - (cross-border flow share: 29.9%)
11.

Venezuela (1,233 km3) - (share of cross-border drain: 41.4%)
12. Bangladesh (1 211 km3) - (Transboundary Stream Share: 91.3%)
13. Burma (1,046 km3) - (Share of Transboundary Stream: 15.8%)

Now based on this data, we will make our rating of countries, the water resources of which the least depend on the potentially possible reduction in cross-border flow caused by the water fence by the countries located above the flow.

Brazil (5,417 km3)
2. Russia (4 314 km3)
3. Canada (2 850 km3)
4. Indonesia (2 838 km3)
5. China (2,813 km3)
6.

USA (2 801 km3)
7. Colombia (2 113 km3)
8. Peru (1 617 km3)
9. India (1 252 km3)
10. Burma (881 km3)
11. Congo (834 km3)
12. Venisuela (723 km3)
13. Bangladesh (105 km3)

In conclusion, I would like to note that the use of river waters is not reduced only to one water fence. Do not forget, also about the transboundary transfer of pollutants, which can significantly worsen the quality of river water areas of the river located on the territory of other countries below the flow.
Significant changes in the volume of flow of rivers cause cuttings of forests, agricultural activities, as well as global climatic changes.

Below is a map of world stocks of fresh groundwater.

The blue areas on the map - the territory are rich in groundwater, brown - zones where the lack of underground freshwater is felt.

To countries, with large groundwater reserves include Russia, Brazil, as well as a number of Equatorial African countries.

Note!!!
The shortage of clean fresh surface water causes many countries to actively use groundwater.

In the European Union, 70% of all water used by water consumers is taken from underground aquifers.
In arid countries, water is almost completely taken from underground sources (Morocco - 75%, Tunisia - 95%, Saudi Arabia and Malta - 100%)

Underground aquifer layers occur everywhere, but not everywhere they are renewed. So in North Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula, they filled with water about 10,000 years ago, when the climate here was more wet.
In the Equatorial and South Africa, business with raising waters is much better.

Pouring tropical rains contribute to the rapid restoration of groundwater reserves.

19. World Water Resources

The concept of water resources can be interpreted in two meanings - wide and narrow.

In a broad sense, this is the entire volume of water of the hydrosphere enclosed in rivers, lakes, glaciers, seas and oceans, as well as in underground horizons and in the atmosphere.

It is quite applicable to the definitions of a huge, inexhaustible, and this is not surprising. After all, the global ocean occupies 361 million km2 (about 71% of the entire Planet Square), and on glaciers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, rivers account for another 20 million km2 (15%). As a result, the total hydrosphere is estimated at 1390 million km3. It is easy to calculate that with such a total volume per resident of the Earth now accounts for about 210 million m3 of water. Such a quantity would have enough for supply major city For a whole year!

It is necessary, however, take into account the possibility of using these huge resources.

After all, the total volume of 96.4% contained in the water hydrosphere is among the world's ocean, and from the water bodies of sushi, the greatest amount of water contains glaciers (1.86%) and groundwater (1.68%), the use of which is possible, but more Part is very difficult.

That is why, when they talk about water resources in the narrow sense of the word, they mean suitable fresh water, which make up only 2.5% of the total volume of all water of the hydrosphere.

However, this indicator has to make substantial adjustments. It is impossible not to take care that almost all freshwater resources are "canned" either in the glaciers of Antarctica, Greenland, mountain areas, in the ice of the Arctic, or in groundwater and ice, the use of which is still very limited.

Lakes and reservoirs are much wider, but their geographical distribution does not differ by widespread. From here it follows that the main source of ensuring the needs of humanity in fresh water was and remain river (channel) water, the share of which is extremely small, and the total volume is only 2100 km3.

Such a number of freshwater people already lack themselves for life.

However, due to the fact that the duration of conditional moisture rotation for rivers is 16 days, during the year the volume of water is resumed on average 23 times and, therefore, river flow resources purely arithmetic can be estimated at 48 thousand.

km3 / year. However, in the literature, a number of 41 thousand km3 / year prevails. It characterizes the "water packs" of the planet, but reservations are also necessary. It is impossible not to take into account that more than half of the channel water flows into the sea, so that resources of such water are actually available for use, according to some estimates, do not exceed 15 thousand.

If you consider how the full river runoff is distributed between major regions of the world, it turns out that foreign Asia accounted for 11 thousand

kM3, for South America - 10.5, to North America - 7, on the CIS countries - 5.3, in Africa - 4.2, on Australia and Oceania- 1.6 and foreign Europe - 1.4 thousand km3 . It is clear that the river systems are first of all behind these indicators: in Asia - Yangtze, Ganges and Brahmaputra, in South America - Amazons, Orinoco, Parana, in North America - Mississippi, in the CIS - Yenisei, Lena, in Africa - Congo, Zambezi.

This fully applies not only to the regions, but also to individual countries (Table 23).

Table 23.

The first ten countries in the size of freshwater resources

Figures characterizing water resources can not yet give a complete picture of water availability, since the provision of total runoff is made to express in specific indicators - either by 1 km2 of the territory or by one inhabitant.

Such water availability of the world and its regions is shown in Figure 19. Analysis of this figure suggests that with a medium-level 8000 m3 / year, the indicators above this level have Australia and Oceania, South America, CIS and North America, and below - Africa, foreign Europe And Foreign Asia.

This provision with water supply of regions is explained by both the total size of their water resources and the population of their population. No less interesting analysis of the differences in the water availability of individual countries (Table 24). Of the ten countries with the greatest water availability, seven are within the equatorial, subequatorial and tropical belts and only Canada, Norway and New Zealand - within a moderate and subarctic.

19. Provision of river flow resources on major regions of the world, thousand m3 / year

Table 24.

Countries with the greatest and lowest security of freshwater resources

Although according to the above-hand indicators of the water availability of the whole world, individual regions and countries, it is quite possible to imagine its overall picture, yet such security would correctly be called potential.

To imagine real water availability, it is necessary to take into account the size of water intake, water consumption.

World water consumption in the twentieth century. Grew as follows (in km3): 1900 - 580, 1940 - 820, 1950

- 1100, 1960 - 1900, 1970 - 2520, 1980 - 3200, 1990 - 3580, 2005 - 6000.

Top 20 countries in fresh water reserves!

These overall water consumption indicators are very important: they indicate that during the XX century. World water consumption increased by 6.8 times.

Already, almost 1.2 billion people do not have access to clean drinking water. According to the UN forecast, universal access to such water can be secured: in Asia - by 2025, in Africa - by 2050 the structure, i.e., the nature of water consumption is equally important. Nowadays, 70% of fresh water consumes agriculture, 20% - industry, 10% is coming to satisfy utility domestic needs. This ratio is quite understandable and natural, but from the point of view of water saving is quite unprofitable, first of all, because it is in agriculture (especially in irrigated agriculture), irrevocable water consumption.

According to the calculations, in 2000, irrevocable water consumption in the agriculture of the world was 2.5 thousand km3, whereas in industry and utilities, where widerworthy water supply is used, only 65 and 12 km3, respectively. It follows from all over, firstly, in our days, humanity uses a rather significant part of the "water soldering" of the planet (about 1/10 of the total and more than 1/4 really affordable) and, secondly, the irrevocable water loss make up more 1/2 of its total consumption.

It is not by chance that the highest rates of shower water consumption are characteristic of countries with irrigated agriculture.

The record holder here Turkmenistan (7000 m3 per person per year). It is followed by Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Pakistan, and others. All these countries are already experiencing a significant shortage of water resources.

In Russia, the total river stock reaches 4.2 thousand km3 / year, and, consequently, the provision of resources of this runoff based on one inhabitant is 29 thousand.

m3 / year; This is not a record, but quite a high indicator. The overall fence of fresh water in the second half of the 1990s. Due to the economic crisis, there was a tendency to some decrease.

In 2000, he was 80-85 km3.

The structure of water consumption in Russia is as follows: 56% goes to production, 21% - for economic and drinking needs, 17% - on irrigation and agricultural water supply and 6% - on other needs.

The same applies to individual economic regions of the country. Thus, in the Central, Central Black Earth and Volga Region, water availability per inhabitant is only 3000-4000 m3 / year, and Far East - 300 thousand m3.

The general trend for the whole world and its individual regions is a gradual decrease in water availability, so finding various ways to save water resources and new water supply routes are being searched.