Ssr city. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or Soviet Union). The largest rivers

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The request "Soviet Russia" is redirected here. Cm. also other meanings. Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Flag of the RSFSR Emblem of the RSFSR Motto: Proletarians ... Wikipedia

The USSR or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics collapsed in 1991. The collapse was influenced by a number of reasons and circumstances of a political nature, today there are many versions of the collapse of a powerful state in the past.

The mighty power, which held out on the world stage for more than two-thirds of a century, fell, or, in language Ancient Rus, fell into territorial fragmentation. The "Belovezhskaya Agreement" of 1991 opened a new page, both in the history of the Russian Federation and in the annals of the other former Soviet republics, of which there were 15 at the time of the collapse, and which began to function as independent states. Full list countries united "under the auspices" of the Soviet Union, you can get from our article -.

During the period of the union, each republic retained its autonomous position and had its own capital. Below will be a brief overview of each, as well as a small informative description of the official main city.

RSFSR - Moscow - today is the capital of the Russian Federation. Included in the top ten world cities in terms of population
Azerbaijan SSR - Baku - the largest city in the Caucasus, the largest port of the Caspian Sea
Armenian SSR - Yerevan is the political, scientific and cultural center of Armenia.
Byelorussian SSR - Minsk - the city has the status of a hero city. In the capital of Belarus today is the headquarters of the CIS - an organization designed to regulate relations between the former union republics.
Georgian SSR - Tbilisi - the city was founded in the 5th century AD. The strategic location of the capital between Europe and Asia has repeatedly made Tbilisi a bone of contention between various parts Caucasus.
Kazakh SSR - Alma-Ata - the largest city, known as the "Southern Capital"
Kyrgyz SSR - Frunze, Kyrgyz name - Bishkek, the city is located at the foothills of the Tien Shan.
The Latvian SSR - Riga is the largest Baltic city today with a population of over 600 thousand inhabitants. The historic center of the capital is included in the UNESCO list.
The Lithuanian SSR - Vilnius - for many centuries was the leading city of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
The Moldavian SSR - Chisinau - has a special status - a municipality in the administrative division of Moldova.
Tajik SSR - Dushanbe - in 2009 the city was declared the capital of the Islamic culture of Tajikistan.
Turkmen SSR - Ashgabat - today the city is a separate administrative unit of Turkmenistan with the status of a region.
The Uzbek SSR - Tashkent - today is one of the five most populated cities of the CIS, with a population of over 2 million people.
Ukrainian SSR - Kiev - a hero city, known in history as a center Kievan Rus due to which even today it is called "Mother of Russian cities".
Estonian SSR - Tallinn - today a major tourist destination in the Baltics, during the entry of Estonia into the Russian Empire the capital was referred to as Revel.

These cities were not on the maps. Their residents gave nondisclosure subscriptions. Before you are the most secret cities of the USSR.

Classified

Soviet ZATOs received their status in connection with the deployment there of objects of state importance related to the energy, military or space spheres. It was practically impossible for an ordinary citizen to get there, and not only because of the strictest access control, but also due to the secrecy of the location settlement... Residents of closed cities were ordered to keep their place of residence in strict secrecy, and even more so not to disclose information about secret objects.

Such cities were not on the map, they did not have a unique name and most often bore the name of the regional center with the addition of a number, for example, Krasnoyarsk-26 or Penza-19. The numbering of houses and schools was unusual in ZATO. It began with a large number, continuing the numbering of the settlement to which the inhabitants of the secret city were "assigned".

The population of some ZATOs was at risk due to the proximity of hazardous facilities. Disasters also happened. For example, in 1957 in Chelyabinsk-65, a large leak of radioactive waste endangered the lives of at least 270 thousand people.

However, life in a closed city had its advantages. As a rule, the level of improvement there was noticeably higher than in many cities of the country: this applies to the service sector, and social conditions, and everyday life. Such cities were very well supplied, they could get scarce goods, and the crime rate there was practically reduced to zero. For the costs of "secrecy" to the base salary of residents of ZATOs, a premium was charged.

Zagorsk-6 and Zagorsk-7

Sergiev Posad, which until 1991 was called Zagorsk, is known not only for its unique monasteries and temples, but also for its closed towns. In Zagorsk-6, the Virological Center of the Research Institute of Microbiology was located, and in Zagorsk-7, the Central Physics and Technology Institute of the USSR Ministry of Defense.

Behind the official names, the essence is lost a little: in the first in soviet time engaged in the development of bacteriological, and in the second radioactive weapons.
Somehow in 1959, a group of guests from India brought smallpox to the USSR, and our scientists decided to use this fact for the good of the homeland. In a short time, a bacteriological weapon based on the variola virus was created, and its strain, called "India-1", was placed in Zagorsk-6.

Later, endangering themselves and the population, scientists at the Research Institute developed a deadly weapon based on South American and African viruses. By the way, it was here that tests with the Ebola hemorrhagic fever virus were carried out.

It was difficult to get a job in Zagorsk-6, at least in the "civil" specialty - an impeccable purity of the biography of the applicant and his relatives was required almost to the 7th generation. This is not surprising, since they have repeatedly tried to get to our bacteriological weapon.

In the military stores of Zagorsk-7, where it was easier to get, there was always a good choice goods. Residents from neighboring villages noted a striking contrast to the half-empty shelves of local shops. Sometimes they made lists to centrally procure products. But if officially it was not possible to get into the town, then they climbed over the fence.

On January 1, 2001, the status of a closed city was removed from Zagorsk-7, and Zagorsk-6 is closed to this day.

Arzamas-16

After the Americans used atomic weapons, the question arose about the first Soviet atomic bomb. It was decided to build a secret object for its development, called KB-11, on the site of the Sarov village, which later turned into Arzamas-16 (other names are Kremlin, Arzamas-75, Gorky-130).

The secret city, built on the border of the Gorky Region and the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, was quickly put on a strengthened security regime and was surrounded by two rows of barbed wire and a control and trail strip laid between them along the entire perimeter. Until the mid-1950s, everyone lived here in an atmosphere of extreme secrecy. KB-11 employees, including family members, could not leave the restricted area even during holidays. An exception was made only for business trips.

Later, when the city expanded, residents had the opportunity to travel to the regional center on a specialized bus, as well as to receive relatives after receiving a special pass.
The residents of Arzamas-16, unlike many fellow citizens, learned what real socialism is.

The average salary, which was always paid on time, was about 200 rubles. The shelves of shops in the closed city were bursting with abundance: a dozen varieties of sausages and cheeses, red and black caviar, and other delicacies. Residents of neighboring Gorky never dreamed of this.

Now the Sarov nuclear center, formerly Arzamas-16, is still a closed city.

Sverdlovsk-45

Another city "born by order" was built around the plant # 814, which was engaged in uranium enrichment. At the foot of Mount Shaitan, which is north of Sverdlovsk, the GULAG prisoners and, according to some sources, Moscow students worked tirelessly for several years.
Sverdlovsk-45 was immediately conceived as a city, and therefore was built very compactly. It was distinguished by the orderliness and characteristic "squareness" of the building: it was impossible to get lost there. “Little Peter,” one of the guests of the city once put it, although to others his spiritual provinciality reminded patriarchal Moscow.

By Soviet standards, people lived very well in Svedlovsk-45, although it was inferior in terms of supply to the same Arzamas-16. There was never a crowd and a stream of cars, and the air was always clean. The residents of the closed city constantly had conflicts with the population of neighboring Nizhnaya Tura, which was jealous of their well-being. It used to be that they would watch the townspeople leaving through the watch and beat them up, solely out of envy.

It is interesting that if one of the residents of Sverdlovsk-45 committed a crime, then there was no way back to the city, despite the fact that there was a family in it.

Secret objects of the city often attracted the attention of foreign intelligence. So, in 1960, an American U-2 spy plane was shot down not far from it, and its pilot was captured.

Svedlovsk-45, now Lesnoy, is still closed to casual visitors.

Peaceful

Mirny, at first a military town in the Arkhangelsk region, was transformed into a closed city in 1966 due to the nearby Plesetsk test cosmodrome. But the level of closeness of Mirny turned out to be lower than that of many other Soviet ZATOs: the city was not fenced off with barbed wire, and documents were checked only on access roads.

Due to the relative accessibility, there were many cases when a lost mushroom picker or an illegal who entered the city for a scarce commodity suddenly turned out to be nearby secret objects. If no malicious intent was noticed in the actions of such people, they were quickly released.

Many residents of Mirny soviet period called nothing other than a fairy tale. "A sea of \u200b\u200btoys, beautiful clothes and shoes", - one of the residents of the city recalls her visits Children's world... In Soviet times, Mirny became famous as the "city of strollers". The fact is that every summer graduates of military academies came there, and in order to cling to a safe place they quickly got married and had children.

Mirny retains its status of a closed city even now.

Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, it had 24 million-plus cities. 4 of them had a population of over 2 million. 23 of them were millionaires already according to the 1989 census, and Volgograd, with 999 thousand population, crossed this threshold a little later, during the year.
I decided to see what happened to the population of the Soviet million-plus cities and what their fate was after the collapse of the USSR.

Below is a plate summarizing my research. Unfortunately, on the part of post-Soviet cities outside the Russian Federation, the data differ, and in some - such as Baku, Alma-Ata or Tbilisi, even with a wide scatter, so I tried to take either data from national statistical committees, or from Wiki with confirmation by a source. In some places I had to look in external sources. For clarity, the value of 2000-2002 is also taken. (for Russia - 2002, Ukraine - 2001, the rest in different ways), the times of the highest depopulation, which almost everywhere fell on the junction of the XX and XXI centuries.

Green background - population growth, red - depopulation.
Red numbers - if the city's population is below the 1989 Soviet value.
Red numbers on a green background - the city's population has not recovered to the level of 1989, but the low point has been passed and there is an increase relative to the beginning of the 2000s.
The data source for 1989 is the official census results published by the brochure.

As you can see, the record-holders for growth are Moscow, Alma-Ata and Baku. All have more than 20% growth. Belarusian Minsk is close to them in dynamics. Peter overcame the hole in the early 2000s and then began to gradually recover.

The worst situation is in the Ukrainian megalopolises, which gradually lost their integrated industry with the all-Union complex after the collapse of the USSR and are still degrading. Donetsk has lost its millionaire status, Dnipropetrovsk and Odessa are already on the brink. Kharkiv also shows steadily negative values. Kiev is an exception, all the surviving economic forces from all over the country are drawn there, as in the capital.

In Russia, the worst situation is with Nizhny Novgorod, which is developing according to the Ukrainian model. I wonder why. The rest of the millionaires are now recovering after the peak of depopulation in the early 2000s. Even Perm, which dropped out of the millionaire population, again joined their composition. And many millionaires have also exceeded the values \u200b\u200bof 1989, but most of them are quite recent.

Sustainable depopulation in Yerevan. Tashkent is growing quite moderately, I thought more (apparently, it is tightly regulated by the authorities). The situation with Baku is ambiguous - the available population is shown in the table, but the so-called "forced migrants" from areas abandoned in the early 1990s as a result of local wars. There are about 200-250 thousand of them. In Tbilisi during the time of Saakashvili, a constant increase was recorded.

An interesting picture, of course.

These cities were not on the maps. Their residents gave nondisclosure subscriptions. Before you are the most secret cities of the USSR.

Classified

Soviet ZATOs received their status in connection with the deployment there of objects of state importance related to the energy, military or space spheres. It was practically impossible for an ordinary citizen to get there, and not only because of the strictest access control, but also because of the secrecy of the location of the settlement. Residents of closed cities were ordered to keep their place of residence in strict secrecy, and even more so not to disclose information about secret objects.

Zagorsk-6 and Zagorsk-7

The essence is a little lost behind the official names: in the first, in Soviet times, they were engaged in the development of bacteriological, and in the second - radioactive weapons.
Somehow in 1959, a group of guests from India brought smallpox to the USSR, and our scientists decided to use this fact for the good of the homeland. In a short time, a bacteriological weapon based on the variola virus was created, and its strain, called "India-1", was placed in Zagorsk-6.

The military stores of Zagorsk-7, where it was easier to get to, always had a good selection of goods. Residents from neighboring villages noted a striking contrast to the half-empty shelves of local shops. Sometimes they made lists to centrally procure products. But if officially it was not possible to get into the town, then they climbed over the fence.

On January 1, 2001, the status of a closed city was removed from Zagorsk-7, and Zagorsk-6 is closed to this day.

Arzamas-16

Now the Sarov nuclear center, formerly Arzamas-16, is still a closed city.

Sverdlovsk-45

It is interesting that if one of the residents of Sverdlovsk-45 committed a crime, then there was no way back to the city, despite the fact that there was a family in it.

Secret objects of the city often attracted the attention of foreign intelligence. So, in 1960, an American U-2 spy plane was shot down not far from it, and its pilot was captured.

Svedlovsk-45, now Lesnoy, is still closed to casual visitors.

Peaceful

Many residents of Mirny call the Soviet period nothing more than a fairy tale. “A sea of \u200b\u200btoys, beautiful clothes and shoes,” one of the residents of the city recalls her visit to the Children's World. In Soviet times, Mirny became famous as the "city of strollers". The fact is that every summer graduates of military academies came there, and in order to cling to a safe place they quickly got married and had children.

Mirny retains its status of a closed city even now.