The history of St. Petersburg in the 19th century includes important events for the whole country. In the middle of the century, the city turned into a major industrial center. In 1825, guard officers attempted a coup d'état, and this event went down in history as the Decembrist uprising.

Assassination of the emperor

Paul I, son of Catherine II, ruled for only five years. But these years will be remembered by Petersburgers for a long time. The very next day after Paul's accession to the throne, white booths of the German type appeared in the city, which the emperor ordered to be brought from Gatchina. The life of the townspeople has become strictly regulated. Officials and police ran through the streets, grabbing citizens dressed in French fashionable clothes and tore off their round hats (a symbol of the French Revolution). Paul ordered everyone to start the day at six in the morning, to have lunch at the same time. After eight in the evening, he imposed a curfew in the city. Appearing on the street at a late hour was fraught with punishment.

Paul I ordered imperial palaces to be called castles. He hated everything that had to do with his mother. The emperor did not want to live in Winter Palace, and therefore ordered to build a castle, which was named Mikhailovsky. He ordered to make a stable out of the Tauride Palace. But he did not live long in the Mikhailovsky Castle. On the night of March 11-12, 1801, Paul I was killed by conspirators. They killed him, of course, not because of the order that he established in St. Petersburg.

In the 19th century, relations with England deteriorated. This was a consequence of the agreement concluded by Paul I with Napoleonic France, and created unpleasant conditions for representatives of Russian business circles. Petersburgers, having learned that the emperor had been killed, did not hesitate to rejoice and congratulate each other.

The history of St. Petersburg in the 19th century begins with the reign of Alexander I, who in his manifesto announced that he would rely in everything on the decrees issued by Catherine II. Castles began to be called palaces again, and one of the most famous, Tauride, was no longer used as barracks.

May 16, 1803

An important event at the beginning of the 19th century in St. Petersburg is the celebration of the 100th anniversary. This city was founded by Peter the Great on May 16, 1703. A hundred years later, a parade was held in St. Petersburg, in which about twenty thousand soldiers took part. Peter's boat, who was called "the grandfather of the Russian fleet", was taken aboard the ship "Archangel Gabriel". The solemn event was attended by four contemporaries of the Great Reformer - elders who were personally acquainted with the founder of St. Petersburg.

Return of the Semyonovsky Guards Regiment

This is another important event of the early 19th century. In St. Petersburg, they greeted soldiers and officers who had returned from a war in which Russia had won. The Russian Guard defeated the French in 1812, triumphantly reached Paris, visited England, then returned to St. Petersburg. In the 19th century, a wooden gate was built to commemorate this significant event.

Narva Triumphal Gates

This structure has become one of the architectural monuments of St. Petersburg. In the 19th century, however, the gates had little in common with those that can be seen today in the city on the Neva.

The structure existed until 1827, it was created according to the project of the Gate and was decorated with a chariot with six horses, which was driven by the goddess of Glory. However, the wooden structure quickly fell into disrepair. Soon the mayors decided to build a new gate, but this time from stone.

The Russian architect Vasily Stasov preserved the idea of \u200b\u200bhis Italian colleague. On August 26, 1027, the first stone of the Narva Triumphal Gate was laid - one of the symbols of St. Petersburg. At the end of the 19th century, the building was reconstructed again - the copper sheets were replaced with iron ones.

Riot of the Semyonovsky regiment

This is another important event in the history of St. Petersburg in the 19th century. The Semyonov regiment was the favorite regiment of Emperor Alexander I. Soldiers and officers treated their commander Ya. A. Potemkin with great respect. However, in the spring of 1820, A.A.Arakcheev made it move. He introduced Potemkin to the emperor as a weak-willed chief, unable to command a regiment. In his place was appointed Fyodor Schwartz - Arakcheev's protege.

The soldiers, dissatisfied with the unreasonably cruel treatment and exactingness of the new regimental commander, refused to go on guard. They wrote a complaint, which was perceived by the authorities as a riot. The company was surrounded by the Life Guards of the Pavlovsky regiment. The soldiers were put in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where they were led under escort in front of all Petersburgers.

The prisoners were supported by their comrades, showing disobedience to the higher authorities. But they too soon found themselves in the Peter and Paul Fortress. These events lasted four days. The Emperor was all this time at the Troppau Congress. The Semenovites were transferred to remote parts of Russia. The soldier was sent to the Caucasus or Siberia. Officers to Ukraine. Four rioters were put on trial.

The life of St. Petersburg in the 19th century

The number of inhabitants of the city in this century has grown continuously. The main event in the history of St. Petersburg was the opening of huge factories and plants. With the creation of enterprises, the population of cities also grew.

At the beginning of the 19th century, 220 thousand people lived in St. Petersburg. In the fifties - about 500 thousand. Petersburg in the 19th century in terms of population ranked fourth in the list of world capitals after London, Paris, Constantinople.

It should be noted that there were twice as many men in the city than women. Military and officials prevailed among them. New factories were opened using exclusively male labor. People from the villages came to the capital who wanted to master a new profession. The most popular were masons, artisans, cabbies, carpenters.

The mortality rate, just as in the 18th century, exceeded the birth rate - the population of St. Petersburg grew at the expense of visitors. Most of all came from the Tver and Yaroslavl provinces. And after the abolition of serfdom, peasants from all over Russia poured into the capital in search of earnings. Representatives of this social stratum accounted for 60% of the population of St. Petersburg. In the 19th century, this city was a gigantic labor market.

Putilovsky plant

One of the largest St. Petersburg enterprises was founded during the reign of Paul I. In 1801, the Kronstadt iron foundry was transferred to the capital. In the same year, the first was cast here. The plant was subsequently renamed several times.

The first managers of the enterprise were foreigners. The flood that occurred in 1824 killed 152 workers. did not close even in the most difficult periods national history... So, he continued to operate during the years of the blockade of Leningrad.

Flood

The largest destructive event in the history of St. Petersburg took place in 1824. The second largest flood happened a hundred years later - in the year when the city was renamed Petrograd. In 1824, the Neva rose four meters above the ordinary. According to various sources, from two hundred to six hundred people died. Pushkin dedicated the poem "The Bronze Horseman" to this terrible flood.

The culture of Petersburg in the 19th century

The flowering of Russian literature fell on the first third of the 19th century. Associated with the work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. The poet dedicated many of his works to the events that took place in the city on the Neva. First of all, the uprising of the Decembrists.

At the beginning of the century, few new buildings appeared in the northern capital. Except for the Mikhailovsky Castle, the construction of which proceeded at a rapid pace. Most of the country's resources at the beginning of the second decade went to the needs of the war.

Towards the middle of the century, several important events in the cultural life of St. Petersburg: the Russian geographic society... In 1836, construction began on a railway between the capital and Tsarskoye Selo. In the first half of the 19th century, the decoration of the ensembles around the Senate Square or the Palace Square was completed.

On October 1, 1811, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was established. This institution has produced many students, who later became famous figures of culture and science. Among the famous graduates - A.S. Pushkin. Many people are associated with the poet's name. For twelve years he lived on the Fontanka. Then on Voznesensky prospect. In 1836 the poet lived in the house of Princess Volkonskaya. This building is located on the Moika embankment; today the memorial museum-apartment of Pushkin is located in it.

Strauss in St. Petersburg

The fame of the Austrian composer by the middle of the 19th century spread far beyond Vienna. In 1856, Johann Strauss visited the Russian capital. By the way, many famous foreigners lived here even then.

The composer came to St. Petersburg at the invitation of the director of the Tsarskoye Selo railway, whom he met in Germany. A Russian official offered the musician the post of conductor at the Pavlovsky station with a salary that Strauss could not refuse. In addition, at that time, performing in front of an exquisite St. Petersburg audience was considered very prestigious.

Johann Strauss signed a contract with the director of the Tsarskoye Selo railway and the next year set off for the legendary city on the Neva. From the first concerts, Strauss managed to win general sympathy. Women especially admired him. At first he was invited only for one season - in the summer of 1856. Over time, he became the permanent conductor of Pavlov's concerts.

Istanbul in the 19th century

Cities, like people, have a life expectancy - a life path.

Some of them, like Paris, for example, are very ancient - they are more than 2000 years old. Other cities, on the other hand, are still quite young.

In this article, using old maps, reproductions and photographs, we will trace the life path of these cities - what they were then, and what they are now.

Rio de Janeiro was founded by Portuguese colonists in 1565.

Guanabara Bay, the second largest bay in Brazil, beckoned with its splendor.

By 1711 a big city had already grown up here.

And today it is still one of the most picturesque cities in the world.

You may have heard that New York was first called New Amsterdam, the name given to it by Dutch settlers who settled there in the early 17th century. It was renamed in 1664 in honor of the Duke of York.

This 1651 engraving of southern Manhattan shows that the city was then called New Amsterdam.

Between 1870 and 1915, New York City's population tripled from 1.5 million to 5 million. This 1900 photo captures a group of Italian immigrants on a central New York street.

A lot of money went into the construction of buildings like this Manhattan Bridge (photo of 1909) in order to support the growing population of the city.

Divided into five boroughs, New York now has a population of 8.4 million, according to the 2013 census.

Archaeologists claim that around 250 BC. one Celtic tribe calling itself Parisii (Paris), settled on the banks of the Seine, founding a city that now bears the name Paris.

They settled on the Ile de la Cité, where Notre Dame Cathedral now stands.

Parisians minted such beautiful coins, now they are kept in the Metropolitan Museum (New York, USA).

By the early 1400s, when this painting was painted, Paris was already one of the largest cities in Europe, and perhaps even the largest. Shown here is a castle on the Isle of Cite.

Now it is one of the most beloved cities on our planet.

Located along the Huangpu River in downtown Shanghai, the Bund became a global financial center in the late 1800s and housed trade offices for the United States, Russia, Britain and other European countries.

This 1880s photo shows that the old part of the city is surrounded by a moat that remains from the old days.

It was noisy and busy here. The commercial success turned the fishing town into the "Pearl of the East".

In 1987, Shanghai Pudong was nowhere near as developed as it is today. It grew up in a swampy area on the other side of the Huangpu River, opposite the Bund.

In the early 1990s, Pudong opened its doors to foreign investment.

And in place of inconspicuous high-rise buildings, skyscrapers immediately rose. There is also the Shanghai TV Tower, the third tallest tower in the world. It is also called the "Pearl of the East".

Today, the Bund is one of the most beautiful places in all of China.

And Pudong is one of the most futuristic. Here, anyone will feel like the hero of a fantastic blockbuster.

Istanbul (first named Byzantium and then Constantinople) was founded in 660 BC. Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453.

It did not take long for the Ottomans to transform the city, which was a stronghold of Christianity, into a symbol of Islamic culture. They built richly decorated mosques here.

Topkapi Palace in Istanbul.

Since the 19th century, the city has been expanding all the time. Istanbul's mall is located near the Galata Bridge, which has been rebuilt five times over the past five centuries.

Galata Bridge in the late 1800s.

Today Istanbul remains the cultural center of Turkey.

The Romans founded Londinium (modern London) in AD 43. In the picture below, you can see the first bridge built over the River Thames.

By the 11th century, London was already the largest port in England.

Built in the second century, Westminster Abbey is a World Heritage Site and is one of the oldest and most significant buildings in London. Here it is shown in a painting from 1749.

In the 17th century, about 100 thousand people died as a result of the Black Plague in London. In 1666, the Great Fire broke out in the city - it took several years to rebuild.

From 1714 to 1830, new neighborhoods such as Mayfair emerged, and new bridges across the Thames spurred the development of neighborhoods in South London.

Trafalgar Square in London in 1814.

The city continued to grow and expanded into the global empire we know today.

Mexico City (originally called Tenochtitlan) was founded by the Aztecs in 1325.

The Spanish explorer Hernán Cortez landed there in 1519 and soon conquered the land. Tenochtitlan was renamed “Mexico City” in the 15th century because it was easier for the Spanish to pronounce.

Beginning in the 16th century, Mexico City was built up along a lattice system (typical of many Spanish colonial cities) with a main square called Zócalo.

At the end of the 19th century, modern infrastructure began to develop in the city, including roads, schools and public transport - although most often it only concerned affluent neighborhoods.

Mexico City skyrocketed in the 1950s when Torre Latinoamericana (Latin American Tower) - the first skyscraper in the city.

More than 8.9 million people live in Mexico City today.

Moscow was founded in the 12th century. First, the princes, and then the tsars (from Ivan IV to the Romanovs) ruled here.

The city grew on both banks of the Moskva River.

Merchants settled in the area around the walled central part of the city - the Kremlin.

The construction of the world famous St. Basil's Cathedral was completed in 1561 and it continues to fascinate visitors to this day.

1. Industrial cities, industrial centers.

2. Trade function of cities.

3. Cultural function of cities.

Guryshkin "Moscow merchant", R.N. Dmitrienko "Siberian city of Tomsk" Tomsk 2000, Mironov BN "Social history of Russia in the period of empire" St. Petersburg 2000, VA Spubnevsky, Goncharov Yu.A. "Cities of Western Siberia in the second half of the 19th early 20th century" Barnaul 2007.

1. In the era of capitalism, cities become industrial centers. In Russia, the formation of an industrial city began in the post-reform period. The main industrial centers were Moscow and St. Petersburg. Moscow in the central industrial area as a center was formed even before the abolition of serfdom, as a major textile center. In 1890, its textile factories produced 62 million rubles worth of products with 43 thousand workers. The most famous textile enterprises were Prokhorov's three-mountain manufactories, and the three-mountain complex was a whole town, where, in addition to factory warehouse buildings, there was its own vocational school, medical institutions, libraries and even its own theater. Among other large enterprises were Emil's cotton-printing factory, Albert Bigner's cotton-printing factory, the Bahrushenyh Cloth Factory, the Nosovs' factory, the Giraud and Sons silk factory. Moscow textiles were not only sold throughout Russia, but also partially exported. Other groups of the Moscow industry did not play such a role as textile production, but they were represented by modern large enterprises, among such enterprises was the metalworking plant of the Bromley brothers, which produced machine tools, fittings, equipment for city water pipes, other large enterprises were the Gujon nail plant, factories mill equipment, partnership Dobrova and Nagolts. The large population of Moscow itself and the mass of visitors stimulated the development food Industry... Confectionery and tea-packing enterprises, vodka factories stood out in size. In the production of alcoholic beverages, there were Smirnov's firms, Shustov's firms that produced vodka and cognac. The largest brewery in Moscow was. Confectionery enterprises are known throughout the country. Einen's firm produced sweets, the Aprikosovs' firm specialized in caramel products. Great development at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, perfumery is produced. A French perfumer from Moscow was able to build a factory from a workshop. This factory produced perfume and powder soap for 1 million rubles. This factory produced packaged soap. Produced rural, military, electric and a bouquet of Plevna. All other cities in the central region could not compete with Moscow. But in Ivano-Voznesensk, Kostroma, Serpukhov there were large textile factories, machine-building plants, among others was Ivanovo-Voznesensk. In 1890, there were 52 factories, which employed 15.3 thousand workers, their annual production amount was 26 million rubles. In Ivanovo, the enterprises of the Gorelin brothers and Gondurins stood out. Petersburg became the main industrial center in the northwestern region. The capital provided 10% of the industrial production of the entire country. And in mechanical engineering 50%. This was due to the presence of large banking centers in St. Petersburg. What made it easier to get a loan, the proximity of the ministry, which made it easier to get a contract. The seaport made it possible to supply imported equipment. There were more skilled workers in this city. It was here that the huge and most advanced factories of the industry were located, such as Putilovsky, Nevsky, Obukhovsky, Izhora, Admiralteisky, Aleksandrovsky mechanical. The Putilov plant employed 12 thousand people, the Baltic 3 thousand. The capital's factories produced sea and river vessels, wagons, steam locomotives, structures for bridges. The Obukhov plant smelted its own steel, and cannons were smelted here. Submarines were built at the Nevsky Plant. In addition, St. Petersburg was a significant center of textile production, but was inferior to Moscow. Among the textile enterprises of St. Petersburg one can name: Nevskaya thread manufactory, Maloovtinskaya factory, Englishman Torten's factory. The enterprises of Moscow produced cotton products, and those of St. Petersburg made wool and velvet. The leading enterprise of St. Petersburg was the triangle plant, this plant produced rubber shoes, which were extremely fashionable at that time, and above all galoshes.



Food enterprises were represented by confectionery, vodka and breweries. The Landrin Georg factory stood out. The assortment included Chocolate, sweets, lollipops. Montposier lozenges were very popular. Among the unique was the imperial porcelain factory, the volumes are not large, but the quality is very high. In addition, St. Petersburg was the center of the printing industry, private and state enterprises, private enterprises of Marx, Stafilevich are concentrated here. Unlike Moscow, St. Petersburg is not surrounded by industrial villages. In the North-Western industrial region, the centers of Riga are distinguished, to a lesser extent Talin. At the end of the 19th century, the Southern region developed rapidly, which was facilitated by the development of the Donetsk coal basin and the Krivoy Rog deposits. Kiev, Odessa, Lugansk, Yekaterinoslav, and Rostov-on-Don were large centers of metallurgical and machine-building production.



Among other enterprises in the southern region, the Bellino-Fendrich iron foundry in Odessa stands out, which produced iron foundries and shipbuilding products. In Kharkov, Gelkherik Sade, a machine-building enterprise. In large cities of the south, products for the processing of agricultural products are also known, in this regard, wool-milling, flour-milling, soap production is being formed.

The old industrial Urals during this period lagged behind the South, which was associated with serfdom, distance from ports and other industrial centers. At the beginning of the 20th century, most of the large factories were outside the cities, in Nizhny Tagil, Izhevsk. Large industrial cities were Yekaterinburg, where cloth factories were developed. The Yatis mechanical plant worked there. Other industrial centers in engineering and shipbuilding were Perm and Yufa.

In the cities of the Volga region, steam mills were large enterprises. The most notable center of flour grinding was Saratov, followed by Samara, Tsaritsyn, Kazan. In addition to the large centers, there was a network industry. Throughout European Russia, the products of the Austrizo-Wakano brewery in Samara were famous, it was he who created the Zhigulevsky variety. Later Zhigulevskoe beer began to be produced in Saratov and Kazan.

In the central black earth region, industrial development is lower. The economy of the Voronezh and Kursk provinces was agrarian. But in this area, the unique city of Tula. In Tula, there was a famous imperial arms factory, where the famous Mosin and Berdan rifles were produced. In addition, the famous Tula samovars, accordions and gingerbread were produced in Tula.

In the North Caucasus, in the Kuban and Stavropol provinces, there were oil-making, tobacco, and oil refineries. In Transcaucasia, Baku was a large industrial city. In 1870, 1.7 million poods of oil were extracted, and in 1900, 600 million poods of oil were extracted. There are 4 oil refineries in Grozny.

Siberian cities, The Far East lagged behind. Pre-factory production existed here. But in the cities of Tyumen, Blagoveshchensk, Vladivostok, shipbuilding developed. In Kurgan, Tyumen, Tomsk, Barnaul, Blagoveshchensk flour-grinding production developed. Leather production in Tyumen. In distillery in Tobolsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk.

In the cities of Central Asia, along with the traditional craft for the production of karakul, dried fruits, carpet weaving, factory enterprises began to appear. The large city of Tashkent. There are 6 ginneries built here.

2. At the beginning of the 20th century, cities became large shopping centers, the larger the city, the more developed its infrastructure. In this respect, the picture, the development of trade in St. Petersburg and Moscow, is especially clear. The zone of influence of the wholesale trade in Moscow was the whole of Russia, due to the fact that Moscow is the main railway junction of the country. The products of the central industrial region were transported from Moscow to other cities. It was Moscow that was the center of the tea trade. Up to 800 thousand poods of tea came here from China to Moscow, and through Odessa. Moreover, the weight of the machines delivered to Moscow was 2 times less than the weight of tea.

The volume and nature of trade was greatly influenced by the roads. This strengthened and accelerated the division of labor between regions. The central industrial region supplied textiles, mechanical engineering products, and the food industry. The North-West region is the products of machine-building, textile, chemical enterprises, the central region is the black earth region, grain, cattle, flour. Southern region coal, metal, sugar, alcohol, livestock, agricultural. cars. Siberia: gold, bread, furs. Poland: textiles, haberdashery, clothing. Bessarabia, Crimea and the Caucasus: grape wines. Astrakhan: melons, fish (sturgeon, kaluga, beluga, caviar). Central Asia: cotton, carpets, dried fruits, velvet fabrics.

Railways were driving the growth of stationary trade and the gradual decline in fairground trade. But fairs still played a big role. The largest fair was the Makaryevskaya fair in Nizhny Novgorod, the Irbit fair in the Perm province, the Siberian fair on the Volga, and the Orenburg fair. And yet, at the beginning of the 20th century, stationary trade came to the fore, which is manifested in the increase in taverns and restaurants. The largest trading city was Moscow. Trade took place on all the central streets, and on Red Square, where the old seating yard was located. But in the 80s of the 19th century, it was demolished, and the upper shopping arcade was built in its place. In Moscow trade, the shops on Kuznetsky Most, Stoleshnikov Lane, and on Tverskaya also stood out. In 1901, the famous Eliseev brothers' store was opened on Tverskaya. At the same time Moscow had foreign trade. Bazaars were still of great importance for the city residents. For foreigners, the Palm and Mushroom bazaars were amazing. Others major center was Petersburg. He was inferior to Moscow. But he mostly traded in imported products. There are more pastry shops, antique shops, restaurants. Famous centers were: Gostiny Dvor, Apraksin Dvor. Petersburg especially stood out for the large number of bookstores.

The third trade center was Odessa, the main port on the Black Sea. Grain was exported from Odessa in large quantities. The centers of Odessa trade were Deribasovskaya street, as well as the legendary Odessa bazaar "Privoz". Trade also developed in other southern cities. Centers Kharkiv.

There are large shopping centers in Siberia: Tomsk, Tyumen, Irkutsk.

In the Urals: Yekaterinburg, Perm, Ufa.

Fair trade existed in Siberian and Ural cities, but it is gradually being replaced by stationary trade.

3. Urbanization processes manifested themselves not only in the development of the economy and trade, but also in Culture. Most of the trading establishments represented the highest and middle schools, theaters, museums. The capital cities of St. Petersburg and Moscow were especially prominent. But the number of regional cultural cities include: Riga, Warsaw, Tobolsk, Tiflis, Omsk, Tomsk. There were university centers throughout Russia: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Kharkov, Kiev, Derbtsky, Novorossiysk (Odessa), Varshavsky, Tomsk. Higher education in cities received in academies, commercial, medical, spiritual. A famous technical school operated in Moscow. The cultural function was largely determined by theaters, city parks, dance halls, and traveling menageries. The parks of Sokolniki and the Hermitage were well known in Moscow. In St. Petersburg: America, Arcadia. Access to these cultural centers was limited.

The cities of Russia were the most complex, industrial, trade, and cultural formations that determined the dynamic development of economic development.

This article is a logical continuation of my pseudo research handicraft activity. It was reflections on the heroic development of the Far North in the 17th century that led me to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe demography of that time.
To begin with, I will present the thought on which I ended the previous article, namely: And how quickly humanity is multiplying and is history not too long compared to the rabbit agility of people.

I looked through many articles on the demography of the Russian family. Got the following very important moment for me. In peasant families, as a rule, from 7 to 12 children grew up. This was due to the way of life, the enslavement of the Russian woman and, in general, the realities of that time. Well, at least common sense tells us that at that time life was less suitable for entertainment than it is now. Now, a person can occupy himself with a wide range of activities. But in the 16-19 centuries there were no televisions, as well as the Internet and even radio. But what to say about radio, even if the books were a novelty, and then only church ones, and only a few could read. But everyone wanted to eat, and in order to drag the farm and not die of hunger in old age, many children were needed. Moreover, the very creation of children is an international fun and does not lose its relevance in any era. Moreover, this is a godly business. There was no contraception, and it was not needed either. All of this determines a large number of children in the family.
They were married off and married early, before Peter, 15 years old was just right. After Peter, closer to 18-20. In general, 20 years can be taken as childbearing age.
Also, of course, some sources speak of high mortality, including among newborns. I don't understand this a little. In my opinion, this statement is unfounded. It seems like old times, no scientific and technological progress in terms of medicine, no institutes of obstetrics and gynecology and so on. But I take my father as an example, in whose family he had 5 brothers and sisters. But all of them were born in a rather distant village without these obstetric tricks. From progress there was only electricity, but it is unlikely that it could directly help health. In the course of life, just as few of this village turned to a doctor for help and, as far as I could see, the absolute majority lived up to 60-70 years. Of course, there was everyone everywhere, whom the bear snatched, someone drowned, someone burned in the hut, but these losses were within the statistical error.

From these introductory notes, I make a table of the growth of one family. I take as a basis that the first mother and father begin childbearing activities at the age of 20 and by the age of 27 they already have 4 children. We do not take into account three more, for example, they died suddenly during childbirth or then did not follow the rules of life safety, for which they paid, and some men were generally taken into the armed forces. In short, they are not the successors of the clan. Each of these four lucky ones, for example, has the same fate as their parents. They gave birth to seven, four survived. And those four, whom each gave birth to those whom the first two gave birth, did not become original and followed in the footsteps of mothers and grandmothers and each gave birth to 7 more children, of whom four grew. Sorry for the pun. Everything is clearer in the table. We get the number of people from each generation. We take only the last 2 generations and count them. But, since a man and a woman are needed for successful childbearing, we assume that in this table there are only girls, and another identical family gives birth to boys for them. And then we calculate the birth rate for 100 years. We divide the sum of 2 generations of people by 2, since we have to add a man from a neighboring family to each girl and divide the resulting number by 4, we had so many people in our conditions, in the first level of this pyramid. That is, dad mom is from families where only boys and only girls are born. All this is conditional and only in order to represent the level of possible birth rates for 100 years.

That is, under these conditions, the population would increase 34 times over the year. Yes, this is just a potential, under ideal conditions, but then we keep this potential in mind.

If we tighten the conditions and assume that only 3 children get to the reproductive process, we get a coefficient of 13.5. An increase of 13 times in 100 years!

Now let's take a situation that is absolutely catastrophic for the village. Nobody pays the pension, the cow has to be milked, the land has to be plowed, and there are only 2 children for all the children. And with this we get a fertility rate of 3.5.

But this is just a theory, even a hypothesis. I am sure that I did not take into account a lot of things. Let's turn to the great Wiki. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_Production

Returning to the topic of the development of medicine, which defeated high mortality. I can't believe something, in the great medicine of the designated countries, And in my opinion, the high growth in them only in comparison with the low growth of European countries, and before it was at the same level.
And Russia in the 19th century, judging by the same Vicky, was the 2nd most fertile in the world, after China.
But the main thing we see is population growth of 2.5-3% per year. And a modest 3% per year turns into an 18-fold increase in population in 100 years! An increase of 2% makes a 7-fold increase in 100 years. That is, in my opinion, this statistics confirms the possibility of such an increase (8-20 times in 100 years) in Russia in the 16-19 centuries. In my opinion, the life of the peasants in the 17-19 centuries did not differ much, no one treated them, which means that the growth should be the same.

We roughly understood that humanity can multiply at times in a very short time. Different reviews of the Russian family only confirm this, there were many children. My observations also confirm this. But let's see what the statistics tell us

Steady growth. But if we take the lowest coefficient of 3.5 times in 100 years, which is MUCH less than 2 or 3% per year, which some leading countries have, then even it is too large for this table. Let's take the interval 1646-1762 (116 years) and compare it with our coefficient 3.5. It turns out that the poorest demographics should have reached 24.5 million in 100 years, and made only 18 million in 116 years. And if we count the increase over 200 years within the boundaries of 1646, then in 1858 there should be 85 million, and we have only 40.
And I want to draw your attention to the fact that the end of the 16th and the entire 17th century for Russia is a period of great expansion in a territory with very difficult climatic conditions. With such an increase, I think it is hardly possible.

To hell with him with the 17th century. Maybe someone was missing somewhere or the quantity was compensated for by quality. Take the heyday of the Russian Empire in the 19th century. The year 1796-1897 is indicated as a good 100 year interval, we get an increase of 91.4 million in 101 years. At that time they had already learned to count and mastered absolutely the entire territory, at the maximum of which RI died. And let's calculate how much the population should have been with an increase of 3.5 times in 100 years. 37.4 * 3.5 makes 130.9 million. Here! It's getting close. And this despite the fact that The Russian Empire was the leader in fertility after China. And also do not forget that over these 100 years Russia has not only given birth to people, but among 128.9, as far as I understand, the population of the annexed territories is also taken into account. And to be honest, in general it is necessary to compare in the redistribution of the territories of 1646. In general, it turns out that according to the meager coefficient of 3.5, it should have become 83 million, but we have only 52. \u200b\u200bWhere are there 8-12 children in the family? At this stage, I am inclined to believe that there were still a lot of children, rather than in the statistics cited, or whatever this work of Mironov should be called.

But you can play with demographics and back side... Take 7 million people in 1646 and interpolate back one hundred years by a factor of 3, we get 2.3 million in 1550, 779 thousand in 1450, 259 thousand in 1350, 86000 in 1250, 28000 in 1150 and 9600 in 950. year. And the question arises - did Vladimir baptize this handful of people?
And what if we also interpolate the population of the entire earth with a minimum coefficient of 3? Let's take the exact year 1927 - 2 billion people. 1827 - 666 million, 1727 - 222 million, 1627 - 74 million 1527 - 24 million, 1427 - 8 million, 1327 - 2.7 million .. In general, even with a coefficient of 3, in the 627 year 400 people should have lived on earth ! And with a coefficient of 13 (3 children in a family), we get a population of 400 people in 1323!

But let's return from heaven to earth. I was interested in facts, or rather at least some official sources, from which you can rely on information. I took Vicky again. Compiled a table of the population of large and medium-sized cities from the beginning of the 17th century to the end of the 20th. I drove all significant cities into Vicki, looked at the date of the city's foundation, and the population tables and moved them to myself. Maybe someone will learn something from them. For the less curious I recommend skipping it and moving on to the second, in my opinion, the most interesting part.
When I look at this table, I remember what was there in the 17th and 18th centuries. You have to deal with the 17th century, but the 18th century is the development of manufactories, water mills, steam engines, shipbuilding, iron making and so on. There should be an increase in cities in my opinion. And our urban population begins to at least somehow increase only in the 1800s. Veliky Novgorod, founded in 1147, but in 1800 only 6 thousand people live in it. What have you been doing for so long? In ancient Pskov, the situation is the same. In Moscow, founded in 1147, 100 thousand already live in 1600m. And in neighboring Tver in 1800, that is, only after 200 years, only 16,000 people live. In the northwest rises the capital city of St. Petersburg, with 220 thousand people, while Veliky Novgorod passed just over 6 thousand. And so in many cities.







Part 2. What happened in the middle of the 19th century.

Regularly, "underground" history scholars stumble upon the mid-19th century. There are many incomprehensible wars, great fires, everything incomprehensible with weapons and destruction incomparable with them. Here is at least this photo, where the date of construction is precisely indicated on the gate, or at least the date when this gate was erected, 1840. But at this time, nothing could threaten or harm the abbey of this gate, and even more so simply destroy the abbey. There were clashes between the English and the Scots in the 17th century, and then quietly.

So I, exploring the population of cities on Wiki, stumbled upon something strange. In almost all Russian cities there is a sharp decline in population around either 1825m or 1840s or 1860s, and sometimes in all three cases. There are thoughts that these 2-3 failures are actually one event, which was somehow duplicated in history, in this case in censuses. And this drop is not by percentage, as in the 1990s (I counted a maximum of 10% in the 90s), but a decrease in the population by 15-20%, and sometimes 30% or more. Moreover, in the 90s, a large number of people simply migrated. And in our case, they either died, or people got into such conditions that they could not bear children, which led to this effect. Remember the photographs of empty cities in Russia and France in the mid-19th century. We are told that the exposure is long, but there are not even shadows from passers-by, perhaps this is just that period.









I would like to note one more detail. When we look at the demographic gap, we compare it with the value of the previous census, the second minus the first - we get the difference, which we can express as a percentage. But this will not always be the right approach. Here is the example of Astrakhan. The difference between 56 and 40 years is 11,300 people, which means that the city has lost 11,300 people in 16 years. But over 11 years? We do not yet know whether the crisis was extended for all 11 years, or it happened, for example, in a year, in the 55th year. Then it turns out that from 1840 to 1855 the trend was positive, and another 10-12 thousand people could have been added and by 55 there would have been 57,000. Then we get the difference not 25%, but all 40%.

Here I look and I can not understand what happened. Either all the statistics are falsified, or something is very confused, or the guardsmen wandered from city to city and massacred thousands of people. If there was a catastrophe, like a flood, then in one year everyone would be washed away. But if the catastrophe itself happened before, and then a sharp change in the world paradigm followed, as a result of the weakening of some states, more affected and the strengthening of less affected, then the picture with the guardsmen takes place.

Below, for the sake of example, I would like to superficially make out a couple of oddities in the cutouts.

The city of Kirov. There was a very small decline in population in 56-63, not great, only 800 people were lost. But the city itself is not great, although the devil knows how long was founded, in 1781, and before that, too, it had a history dating back to the era of Ivan the Terrible. But to start building in the unremarkable city of Kirov, Kirov region with a population of 11 thousand in 1839, in honor of Alexander I's visit to the Vyatka province, a huge cathedral and to name it, of course, Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, is strange. Of course, it is 2 times lower than Isaac's, but it was piled in several years, not counting the time it took to collect money. http://arch-heritage.livejournal.com/1217486.html

Moscow.


It began to lose population considerably in the early 18th century. I admit the possibility of an outflow of the population to St. Petersburg in the middle of the 18th century, after the construction of a road in 1746, along which, by the way, it was necessary to get there for a month. But, in 1710, that year, where did 100 thousand people go? The city has been under construction for 7 years and has already been flooded a couple of times. I cannot accept that 30% of the population with their skardbom is not clear how they leave the pleasant Moscow climate, the inhabited city, to the northern swamps in the barracks. And where did more than 100 thousand people go in 1863? Are the events of 1812 happening here? Or let's say the troubles of the early 17th century? Or is it all the same?

One could somehow explain this by some kind of recruiting or a local epidemic, but the process can be traced throughout Russia. Here Tomsk has a very clear framework for this cataclysm. Between 1856 and 1858, the population declined by 30%. Where and how perly so many thousands of recruits without even railways? To central Russia to the western front? True, it can also defend Petropavlovsk-Kachatsky.

One gets the feeling that the whole story is mixed up. And I am no longer sure that the Pugachev uprising took place in the 1770s. Maybe these events were just in the middle of the 19th century? Otherwise I don’t understand. Orenburg.

If we put this statistics into the official history, it turns out that all the disappeared people are recruits for the call to the Crimean War, some of whom later returned back. Yet Russia had an army of 750 thousand. Hopefully in the comments someone will appreciate the adequacy of this assumption. But, all the same, it turns out that we underestimate the scale of the Crimean war. If they went so far as to sweep almost all adult men out of large cities to the front, then they swept them out of the villages as well, and this is the level of losses in the 1914-1920s, if in percent. And there is the First World War and civil War, which took away 6 million and do not forget about the Spanish woman, which only within the borders of the RSFSR claimed 3 million lives in a year and a half! Incidentally, I wonder why such an event receives so little attention in the same media. Indeed, in the world, it carried away from 50 to 100 million people in a year and a half, and this is either comparable or more than the losses of all sides in 6 years in World War II. Isn't there the same manipulation of demographic statistics, in order to somehow comb the population, so that there are no questions about where these 100 million people went, say, in the middle of the 19th century.