Serine (2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, L-Serine) is a proteinogenic nonessential amino acid that can be formed in the human body from 3-phosphoglycerate, an intermediate product of glycolysis. It is part of most animals and has the properties of alcohols. When heated, serine decomposes, after which it is converted to pyruvic acid.
For the first time in 1865, the amino acid serine was isolated by the German chemist E. Kramer from silk.
There are many medicines and dietary supplements based on L-serine. This amino acid is often used in medicine, nutrition for athletes and cosmetology.
It is also important to know the daily intake of serine.
Daily Serine Intake
The daily intake of serine for an adult is 3 grams. The dosage is calculated individually and depends on many factors, for example, on the state of health, body weight of a person. Serine should be taken between meals if necessary.
On top of that, it is worth knowing that adequate intake of B vitamins and folic acid is necessary for normal serine production. And also take into account the information that with insufficient intake of protein food, this amino acid will not be formed from anything, therefore, there may be a lack of serine in our body, which entails negative consequences affecting overall health.
Consequences of a lack of serine
Serine deficiency is manifested by depression, decreased immunity and performance, memory impairment, Alzheimer's disease. Unpleasant consequences there may be an excess of the amino acid serine.
Consequences of excess serine
With an excess of serine, a person has a high level of hemoglobin, an increased level of glucose, and disorders of the central nervous system. Therefore, it is so important to monitor your health, eat a balanced diet and get only benefits from serine.
Useful properties of serine
Serine is one of the most important amino acids. It participates in the storage of glycogen in the liver and muscles, is an important component for the production of cellular energy, therefore, supplements based on L-serine are often used by athletes. In addition, serine is involved in the synthesis of tryptophan, glycine and cysteine, as well as enzymes (peptide hydrolase, esterase) and compounds such as purine, creatine, porphyrin and pyrimidine. Serine is involved in the regulation of cortisol in muscles, promotes the growth of muscle mass, accelerates the body's recovery after physical exertion, burns fats, and supports cellular and humoral immunity. Serine has a beneficial effect on the central nervous system, as it is responsible for the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain, including the hypothalamus, has a stimulating effect, normalizes the functioning of the brain and is a natural pain reliever. Improves the digestive tract, raises blood sugar levels, helps the absorption of vitamins or utilization of their excess, protects cells from aging. Serine is also essential for normal fat metabolism.
In medicine, serine is often used to treat tuberculosis, urinary tract inflammation, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, anemia, schizophrenia, as part of complex therapy for protein-energy deficiency. And also this amino acid is used for the deterioration of intellectual activity and memory in people of different age groups, stress, depression, for the restoration of connective and bone tissues, and wound healing. In addition, serine is effective for sleep and mood disorders.
In cosmetology, the amino acid L-serine is used as a moisturizing component in the manufacture of various creams and fights against age-related changes in the skin, improves its elasticity and appearance.
Despite the huge benefits, the amino acid L-serine, in the form of dietary supplements and drugs, has its own contraindications and harm.
Contraindications and harm of serine
Before taking any drug based on L-serine, you should consult a specialist and additionally read the instructions for use.
Contraindications to the use of L-serine can be the period of pregnancy and lactation, individual intolerance, epilepsy, chronic renal and heart failure, organic lesions of the central nervous system, mental disorders, alcoholism. Use with caution in childhood and under medical supervision.
Possible manifestations of allergic reactions in the form of skin rash and itching, nausea, heartburn, dizziness, headache, diarrhea, insomnia, nightmares, irritability. But regardless of this, everyone should know which foods are rich in serine.
Serine-rich foods
The main sources of serine are chicken eggs, lamb, beef, sea fish, chicken fillets, milk, and cottage cheese. And also very rich in serine are foods such as beans, broccoli, corn, nuts, pumpkin seeds, soybeans, lentils, etc.
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Serine is a nonessential amino acid that is involved in the construction of almost all natural proteins. In the human body serine synthesized from 3-phosphoglycerate, an intermediate product of glycolysis. Serine amino acid is involved in the formation active centers many enzymes, among which can be called esterase - an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of esters. serine plays a very important role in the energy of cells.
The value of the amino acid serine in the human body
In the human body amino acid serine necessary for:
- muscle growth;
- normal metabolism of fats and fatty acids;
- maintaining the immune system.
It is also worth noting that serine takes part in thought processes and has a positive effect on human memory. Serine is of great importance in strengthening the nervous system.
Considering serine from the point of view of biochemistry, this amino acid is involved in the production of immunoglobulin antibodies, and is also directly involved in the synthesis of compounds such as pyrimidine, purine, porphyrin and creatine. It is important to note that serine is considered a natural pain reliever.
Serine amino acid participates in the storage of glycogen by the liver, provides the immune system with antibodies and forms a kind of "sheaths" of fat around nerve fibers. For women, it will be interesting to know that serine is used as a moisturizer in the production of creams.
Sources of serine
Daily requirement for serine small - 3 grams, especially since it is synthesized in the body. A large amount of serine is found in meat and dairy products. Also, this amino acid can be obtained from soy products, peanuts and wheat gluten.
Basically serine found in almost all foods. The main thing is to pay attention to the fact that plant foods contain significantly less amino acids than animals. The most serine is found in whole chicken eggs and chicken meat (0.930 and 0.900 per 100 g of product, respectively). Least of all amino acid serine contain fruits and vegetables.
External support is very important for the body, and despite the fact that serine is synthesized in the body, for better functioning of organs and systems, it is necessary to provide additional income... This is especially important for a growing organism - amino acid serine participates in many processes. Therefore, you should not completely abandon animal products, because only they can provide us with all amino acids, including.
α-amino-β-hydroxypropionic acid; 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid
Chemical properties
Serine is polar hydroxyamino acid ... The substance has two optical isomers, L and D . D-isomer formed from L-isomer under the action of a specific enzyme serine racemases ... Racemic formula of Serine: C3H7N1O3 or HO2C-CH (NH2) CH2OH . Structural formula Serina is discussed in more detail in the Wikipedia article. The molecular weight of the compound \u003d 105.1 grams per mole, the substance melts at 228 degrees Celsius. In biochemistry, the following abbreviations are used to denote this amino acid: Ser, Ser, S.
For the first time, the agent was isolated from silk, since it is in the proteins of this material that the substance is present in the greatest amount. This chemical compound belong to the class of nonessential amino acids, since it can be synthesized in the human body, for example from glycosin – 3-phosphoglycerate ... According to their physical properties the product is a white crystalline powder with a mild sour taste.
The substance takes an active part in metabolic processes in the body, the construction of natural proteins, the synthesis of other amino acids (the reaction of Serine decarboxylation). It is produced on an industrial scale using a fermentation reaction. About 100-1000 tons of the substance are produced per year. In the laboratory, chem. connection can be obtained from methyl acrylate .
pharmachologic effect
Metabolic .
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
Serine is very important amino acid taking part in the set biological processesflowing in the human body. The substance takes an active part in synthesis reactions purines and pyrimidines , is a precursor of other amino acids - cysteine , (bacteria) and; , sphingolipids , monoatomic carbon fragments of biomolecules.
This amino acid is an important catalyst for the functioning of various enzymes -, etc. After the agent crosses the blood-brain barrier, it is metabolized and converted into D-serine... This optical isomer, in turn, serves as gliotransmitter and neurotransmitter , co-activates NMDA receptors ... Also, the D-isomer is a potent agonist in glutamate receptors (stronger than himself glycine ).
Penetrating into the body, the substance is actively assimilated by the gastrointestinal tract and penetrates into the systemic circulation, is distributed to tissues and organs. Lek. the agent is metabolized by deamination, with the formation pyruvic acid and is converted to the D-isomer by an enzyme serine racemases ... The substance does not accumulate in the body.
Indications for use
Serine is prescribed:
- as part of complex therapy for protein-energy malnutrition and inadequate nutrition;
- in combination with other treatments iron deficiency anemia.
Contraindications
Serin is contraindicated in the presence of lek on the components. remedies for disorders of amino acid metabolism in the body.
Side effects
The substance is well tolerated by patients, allergic reactions and (when taking pills) unpleasant symptoms from the gastrointestinal tract can rarely occur.
Instructions for use (Method and dosage)
Depending on the dosage form and the drug that contains this substance, it is administered orally in the form of tablets and capsules or intravenously. The scheme and duration of treatment is determined by the attending physician.
Overdose
An overdose of this amino acid is practically impossible, there is no evidence of an overdose with Serine.
Interaction
The substance goes well with other lek. means, it is often added to iron preparations or used in combination with other amino acids.
Terms of sale
No prescription is required to purchase this amino acid.
Storage conditions
Store the medicine in a cool place in its original packaging. If the product is part of other drugs, then the storage conditions may differ slightly.
For children
This substance is actively used in pediatric practice.
During pregnancy and lactation
The tool is approved for use during breastfeeding and pregnancy.
Preparations which contain (Analogues)
Matching ATX level 4 code:The substance is part of: , Aminoven , Aktiferrin Compositum , Aminoplasmal B. Brown E 10 , Aminoven Infant , Aminosol Neo , Aminosteril N-Hepa , , Hepasol-Neo , Kabiven , etc.
It is one of the most important amino acids in the human body. It is involved in the production of cellular energy. The first mention of serine is associated with the name of E. Kramer, who in 1865 isolated this amino acid from silk threads produced by a silkworm.
Serine rich foods:
General characteristics of serine
Serine belongs to the group of nonessential amino acids and can be formed from 3-phosphoglycerate. Serine has the properties of amino acids and alcohols. It plays an important role in the catalytic activity of many protein-degrading enzymes.
In addition, this amino acid takes an active part in the synthesis of other amino acids: glycine, cysteine, methionine and tryptophan. Serine exists in the form of two optical isomers, L and D. 6. In the process of biochemical transformation in the body, serine is converted to pyruvic acid.
Serine is found in proteins in the brain (including the nerve sheath). It is used as a moisturizing component in the production of cosmetic creams. Participates in the construction of natural proteins, strengthens the immune system, providing it with antibodies. In addition, it is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain, in particular to the hypothalamus.
Daily Serine Requirement
The daily requirement for serine for an adult is 3 grams. Serine should be taken between meals. This is due to the fact that it is able to increase blood glucose levels. It should be borne in mind that serine is a replaceable amino acid, and it can be formed from other amino acids, as well as from sodium 3-phosphoglycerate.
Serine requirements increase:
- with diseases associated with a decrease in immunity;
- with weakening of memory. Serine synthesis decreases with age, therefore, to improve mental performance, it must be obtained from foods rich in this amino acid;
- with diseases during which the production of hemoglobin decreases;
- with iron deficiency anemia.
The need for serine decreases:
- with epileptic seizures;
- with organic diseases of the central nervous system;
- chronic heart failure;
- with mental disorders, manifested by anxiety, depression, manic-depression psychosis, etc.;
- in case of chronic renal failure;
- with alcoholism of the first and second degrees.
Serine assimilation
Serine is well absorbed. At the same time, it actively interacts with taste buds, thanks to which our brain gets a more complete picture of what exactly we are eating.
Useful properties of serine and its effect on the body
Serine regulates muscle cortisol levels. At the same time, the muscles retain their tone and structure, and also do not undergo destruction. Creates antibodies and immunoglobulins, thereby forming the body's immune system.
Participates in the synthesis of glycogen, accumulating it in the liver.
Normalizes thought processes as well as brain functioning.
Phosphatidylserine (a special form of serine) has a therapeutic effect on metabolic sleep and mood disorders.
Interaction with other elements:
In our body, serine can be converted from glycine and pyruvate. In addition, there is the possibility of a reverse reaction, as a result of which the serine can again become pyruvate. In this case, serine is also involved in the construction of almost all natural proteins. In addition, serine itself has the ability to interact with proteins to form complex compounds.
Serine for beauty and health
Serine plays an important role in protein structuring, has a beneficial effect on the nervous system, so it can be ranked among the amino acids that our body needs for beauty. After all, healthy nervous system allows us to feel better, and therefore look better, the presence of a sufficient amount of protein in the body makes the skin turgor and velvety.
Serine(α-amino-β-hydroxypropionic acid; 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid) - a nonessential proteinogenic amino acid that exists in 2 optical isomers: L and D.
L-serine - a proteinogenic amino acid that is part of most proteins. Colorless, water-soluble crystals with a sweetish taste (increasing blood glucose). It is one of the most important amino acids in the production of energy for the functioning of body cells, which is why athletes love preparations with L-serine.
D-serine - a nonessential amino acid derivative. IN a large number contained in neurons (brain cells), is a neuromodulator () and.
Benefits of L-Serine
L-serine is involved in many reactions in the body, so you cannot do without it:
- participates in the synthesis of other amino acids (in particular, cysteine), as well as a number of enzymes (esterase, etc.) and compounds (pyrimidine, purine, porphyrin,);
- an important component of the production of cellular energy, since it is involved in the formation of glycogen stores in the liver and muscles;
- participates in the metabolism of fats and fatty acids;
- forms the growth of muscle mass;
- prevents the reproduction of a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli;
- supports the body's immune system (participates in the production of immunoglobulin antibodies);
- provides the nerve fibers with a fatty membrane, making them more elastic.
L-serine is widely used in the composition of various, in particular, it is part of:
- some broad-spectrum antibiotics due to the fact that it acts as an antagonist of D- (which is part of all bacteria), which allows it to act as a bactericidal drug in the treatment of inflammation of the urinary system, tuberculosis, etc.;
- iron-containing drugs for the treatment of anemia.
D-serine benefits
D-serine is a neuropeptide that regulates brain function. His work is very important because he:
- regulates cognitive functions;
- used in learning and memory processes;
- is a natural pain reliever.
D-serine is widely used in various compounds, in particular, it is used in the treatment of schizophrenia.
The body's daily requirement for serine
The daily requirement of an adult human body for serine is about 3 grams.
It should be understood that serine is a nonessential amino acid, so it is not necessary to consume it directly from foods. However, in the case of a lack of protein food in the diet, serine will have nothing to form - with all the ensuing consequences. That is why it is so important to observe.
It is especially important to provide a normal amount of serine for those who are engaged in mental work, learning, mastering new things, and creativity.
And further. Serine is essential for normal functioning. vitamin B 12 - it enters our body only with food (or as part of pharmacy vitamin complexes) and is found mainly in food of animal origin (in the liver, meat, offal, cheeses). There is not very much of it in dairy products, and in plants it is present in minimal quantities, and even then only in those grown far from civilization with its fertilizers and pesticides, so vegetarians who do not live in the taiga should take vitamin complexes, which have vitamin B 12.
Products containing serine
Below are the main products containing serine. In order to make it easier to compare, here are the data on how much you need to eat this product in order to get the daily serine requirement. Naturally, these are conditional numbers - no one will eat 2 kg of parsley every day, you just need to rationally build your diet so that, in aggregate, you can get the right share of this amino acid (and everyone too!)
In our food, serine is found in both animal and plant foods. But do not forget that it does not have to enter the body with food (our body can produce it on its own), but it is absorbed and works normally only in the presence of vitamin B 12, which is found mainly in meat products.
Table 1.
Top 30 Serine Animal Products
| Product | Serine, g in 100 g of product |
||
| 1 | Milk buttermilk, dry powder | 1,87 | 160 |
| 2 | Hard cheese (parmesan, swiss, camembert) | 1,69-1,11 | 178-207 |
| 3 | Beef, cooked | 1,32-1,04 | 227-288 |
| 4 | Cheese. Feta | 1,17 | 256 |
| 5 | Striped tuna, baked | 1,15 | 261 |
| 6 | Coho salmon, boiled | 1,12 | 268 |
| 7 | Baked trout | 1,09 | 275 |
| 8 | Striped tuna, canned in oil | 1,08 | 278 |
| 9 | Chum salmon baked | 1,05 | 286 |
| 10 | Blue tuna, baked | 1,05 | 286 |
| 11 | Chicken egg (fried, boiled, raw, omelet) | 1,05-0,82 | 286-366 |
| 12 | Lobsters, boiled | 1,04 | 288 |
| 13 | Salmon, canned food in its own juice | 1,02 | 294 |
| 14 | Chicken, cooked | 1,01-0,83 | 297-361 |
| 15 | River perch, baked | 1,01 | 297 |
| 16 | Baked burbot | 1,01 | 297 |
| 17 | Baked pike | 1,01 | 297 |
| 18 | Lamb, cooked | 1,00-0,91 | 300-330 |
| 19 | Turkey roasted | 0,99 | 303 |
| 20 | Mackerel, canned in its own juice | 0,95 | 316 |
| 21 | Cod, canned food in its own juice | 0,93 | 323 |
| 22 | King crabs, boiled | 0,93 | 323 |
| 23 | Sea bass, baked | 0,76 | 395 |
| 24 | Whitefish, smoked | 0,67 | 448 |
| 25 | Whey, dry powder | 0,62 | 484 |
| 26 | Cottage cheese | 0,58 | 517 |
| 27 | Atlantic herring, salted | 0,58 | 517 |
| 28 | Sheep's milk | 0,49 | 612 |
| 29 | Condensed milk with sugar | 0,43 | 698 |
| 30 | Yogurt | 0,25-0,22 | 1 200--1 364 |
You need to know that during cooking, the amount of serine (like other amino acids) in the product changes... For instance:
- in stew serine by 10% more, than in friedand 35-40% morethan raw;
- in cooked (boiled, baked) fish serine by 25-30% morethan raw;
- when boiling eggs, the amount of serine does not change, but in fried eggs it is 5-10% more, and in an omelet - by 15-20% less than raw;
- in dark poultry meat (chicken, turkey, etc.) there is a little more serine than in white, and in fried poultry - by 10% morethan raw;
- Seafood (oysters, lobsters, lobsters, etc.) when heated lose most of the serine (for example, boiled or baked oysters do not contain it at all, although fresh ones contained 0.42 g of serine per 100 g of product).
Table 2.
Top 30 herbal products containing serine
The daily requirement for serine is 3 g.
| Product | Serine, g in 100 g of product |
How much you need to eat per day, g | |
| 1 | Soy | 2,30 | 130 |
| 2 | Pumpkin seeds | 1,48 | 203 |
| 3 | Lentils | 1,31 | 229 |
| 4 | Peanut | 1,27 | 236 |
| 5 | Pistachios | 1,21 | 248 |
| 6 | Garden beans | 1,20 | 250 |
| 7 | Beans | 1,20 | 251 |
| 8 | Sesame | 1,10 | 273 |
| 9 | Peas | 1,10 | 274 |
| 10 | Sunflower seeds | 1,08 | 279 |
| 11 | Almond | 0,95 | 316 |
| 12 | Walnut | 0,91 | 329 |
| 13 | Cashew nuts | 0,85 | 353 |
| 14 | Pine nut | 0,84 | 357 |
| 15 | Oatmeal | 0,82 | 366 |
| 16 | Brazilian nut | 0,78 | 385 |
| 17 | Rice (black, brown, white) | 0,78-0,37 | 385-811 |
| 18 | Hazelnut | 0,70 | 428 |
| 19 | Millet (millet) | 0,64 | 467 |
| 20 | Buckwheat | 0,46 | 652 |
| 21 | Pearl barley (barley) | 0,46 | 658 |
| 22 | Macadamia | 0,42 | 716 |
| 23 | Corn | 0,32 | 929 |
| 24 | Brussels sprouts | 0,20 | 1 500 |
| 25 | Dried apricots | 0,19 | 1 571 |
| 26 | Horseradish | 0,19 | 1 579 |
| 27 | Garlic | 0,19 | 1 579 |
| 28 | Dill, greens | 0,16 | 1 899 |
| 29 | Parsley, herbs | 0,15 | 2 069 |
| 30 | Dried figs | 0,14 | 2 098 |
Up to 0.1 g of serine can also be found in 100 g of some other products.
