Introduction The history of the Russian literary language as a scientific discipline and as an educational subject. The history of the Russian literary language as a scientific and educational discipline by the creator of the modern Russian literary language is considered

The language of builders of communism. The change in the norms of the Russian literary language continues at present.

Folklore

Oral folk art (folklore) in the form of fairy tales, epic, proverbs and sayings is rooted in a distant story. They were transmitted from mouth to mouth, their content was polished in such a way that the most stable combinations remained, and the language forms were updated as the language develops. Oral creativity continued to exist after the appearance of writing. In a new time, a worker and urban, as well as army and blessed (prison-camp), was added to the peasant folklore. Currently, oral folk creativity is most pronounced in jokes. Oral folk art affects writing literary language.

Development of a literary language in ancient Russia

Thus, in the ancient Novgorod and other cities in the XI-XV centuries were in the course of barking diplomas. Most of the preserved birch marks are private letters that are business, as well as business documents: testaments, receipts, boss, judicial protocols. Also there are church texts and literary and folklore works (conspiracies, school jokes, riddles, household instructions), educational records (alphabets, warehouses, school exercises, children's drawings and doodle).

Reforms of the Russian literary language of the XVIII century

The most important reforms of the Russian literary language and the system of resentment of the XVIII century were made by Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. In G. He wrote a letter about the rules of the Russian poems, "in which the principles of new renovation in Russian formulated. In controversy with Tredyakovsky, he argued that instead of cultivating poems written by the schemes borrowed from other languages, it is necessary to use the possibilities of Russian. Lomonosov believed that it was possible to write poems by many types of stops - doubled (Yamb and Jarea) and three-stroke (dactyl, anapest and amphibery), but considered it improperly replacing the feet on pyrical and sponders. Such an innovation of Lomonosov caused a discussion in which Tremakovsky and Sumarokov actively participated. In the city of the 143rd Psalm, performed by these authors, and readers were invited to speak out, which of the texts they consider the best.

However, the statement of Pushkin, in which Lomonosov's literary activity is not approved: "Odi him ... tedious and pour. His influence on the literature was harmful and still responds. High polhood, sophistication, disgust from simplicity and accuracy, the absence of any nation and originality - these are traces left by Lomonosov. " Belinsky called this look "amazingly faithful, but one-sided." According to Belinsky, "In the time of Lomonosov, we did not need folk poetry; Then the great question is - to be or not to be - it was not a nation for us, and in Europeism ... Lomonosov was a Peter of Our Great Literature. "

In addition to the contribution to the poetic language, Lomonosov was also the author of the scientific Russian grammar. In this book, he described the wealth and opportunities of the Russian language. Lomonosov grammar was published 14 times and went on the basis of the course of Russian grammar Barsov (1771), which was a student of Lomonosov. In this book, Lomonosov, in particular, wrote: "Karl Fifth, the Roman emperor said that Ishpansky with God, French - with friends, German - with enemies, Italian - with the female sex to talk decently. But if he was skilled in the Russian language, then, of course, it would be imposed that they would be decentned with all these, because I would find the magnificence of the Ishpansky, the liveliness of the French, the fortress of German, the tenderness of Italyansky, beyond that wealth and strong in the images The brevity of the Greek and Latin language. " Interestingly, Derzhavin appeared later: "Slavic-Russian, according to the testimony of foreign aesthetics themselves, is not inferior to Latin's courage, nor in smoothness Greek, surpassing all European: Italian, French and Spanish, German Page.

Modern Russian literary language

Alexander Pushkin, whose works are considered to be the top of Russian literature are considered the creator of the modern literary language. This thesis is maintained as a dominant, despite significant changes in the language for almost two hundred years, which have passed since the creation of its largest works, and obvious stylistic differences between Pushkin's language and modern writers.

Meanwhile, the poet himself pointed out the primary role of N. M. Karamzin in the formation of the Russian literary language, according to A. S. Pushkin, this glorious historian and writer "released the language from alien Iga and returned him freedom, turning him to live popular sources of popular the words".

« Great, mighty…»

I. S. Turgenev belongs, perhaps, one of the most famous definitions of the Russian language as "the Great and Mighty":

In the days of doubt, in the days of doubtful thinking about the fate of my homeland, - you are alone support and support, about the great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! Do not be you - how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that is done at home? But it is impossible to believe that such a language is not given the Great People!

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Excerpt characterizing the history of the Russian literary language

- To His Majesty with the instruction.
- Here it is! - said Boris, who heard that Rostov had to be His Highness, instead of His Majesty.
And he pointed out to him on the Grand Duke, which is in a hundred steps from them, in a helmet and in the cavalry river, with his raised shoulders and frowning eyebrows, something shouted to the Austrian white and pale officer.
"But this is the Grand Duke, and to me to the commander-in-chief or to the sovereign," Rostov said and touched a horse.
- Graph, Graph! - shouted Berg, the same lively, like Boris, running on the other side, - a graph, I was injured in my right hand (he said, showing a hand brush, bloody, lined with a nose handkerchief) and stayed at the front. Count, I hold the sword in the left hand: in our breed Bergs, a graph, all were knights.
Berg said something else, but Rostov, without hearing him, was already driving further.
Driving the guard and an empty gap, Rostov, in order not to get again in the first line, as he fell under the attack of Kavaleargards, drove along the reserves, far casting the place where the hottest shooting and cannonade was heard. Suddenly there is ahead and behind our troops, in such a place where he could not assume the enemy, he heard a close rifle shooting.
"What could it be? - thought Rostov. - Enemier in the rear of our troops? It may not be, "Rostov thought, and the horror of fear for himself and for the outcome of the whole battle suddenly found him. - Whatever it was, however, he thought, "now there is nothing to go around. I have to look for the commander-in-chief here, and if everything died, then my business to die with everyone together. "
A bad premonition, who was suddenly at Rostov, was confirmed more and more, the further he went into the space for the village of Pratis, engaged in the crowds of heterogeneous troops.
- What? What? On whom shoot? Who shoots? - asked Rostov, evenly with Russian and Austrian soldiers, fucked mixed crowds in the road.
- Does Chort know them? All broke! Loss all! - They answered him in Russian, in German and on Czech crowds running and misunderstanding just like he, what was happening here.
- Bay Germans! - I shouted one.
- And Chort them Deri, - traitors.
- ZUM HENKER DIESE RUESEN ... [To Chort these Russians ...] - something grumbled German.
Some wounded walked on the road. Crossing, screams, moans merged into one common hum. The shooting raised and, as Rostov learned later, they shot each other Russian and Austrian soldiers.
"Oh my God! What is it? - thought Rostov. - And here, where every minute the sovereign can see them ... But no, it is, right, only a few flashers. It will pass, it's not that it can not be, "he thought. - only as soon as possible, quickly drive them! "
The thought of defeat and flight could not be attached to Rostov. Although he saw the French guns and troops on Pratcensk Mountain, on that very, where he ordered to find the commander-in-chief, he could not and did not want to believe it.

Near the village of Pracea Rostov ordered to seek Kutuzov and the sovereign. But here not only did not have them, but there was not a single boss, but were heterogeneous crowds of upset troops.
He chased the tired horse, to speed these crowds rather, but the farther he was fused, the crowds became upset. On the big road, on which he left, crowded strollers, the crews of all varieties, Russian and Austrian soldiers, all kinds of troops, wounded and unreasonable. All this buzzed and mixedly kept on the gloomy sound of flying nuclei from the French batteries set on the pratsky altitudes.
- Where is the sovereign? Where is Kutuzov? - He asked Rostov from everyone who could stop, and could not get a response from anyone.
Finally, grasping a soldier's collar, he forced him to answer himself.
- e! brother! For a long time, everything is there, forward twitched! - said Rostov soldiers, laughing with something and pulling out.
Leaving this soldier, who, obviously, was drunk, Rostov stopped the horse of the twin or Beretor of an important person and began to ask him. The Rentman declared Rostov that the sovereign from his hour ago was taken to the whole spirit in a carriage on this very road, and that the sovereign was dangerous.
"Can't be," said Rostov, "right, another who."
"I saw himself," said the Bunker with a self-confident smile. "It's time for me to know the sovereign: it seems how many times in St. Petersburg it seems that way. Pale, the earliest in the carriage sits. The fourth of the crow as it will sweep, my father, by us thundered: it's time, it seems, and royal horses and Ilya Ivanycha to know; It seems with the other as with the king of Ilya Kucher does not go.
Rostov allowed his horse and wanted to go on. The walking past the wounded officer appealed to him.
- Yes, who do you need? - asked an officer. - Commander-in-Chief? So killed the core, killed in the chest at our shelf.
"Not killed, wounded," the other officer corrected.
- Who? Kutuzov? - asked Rostov.
"Not Kutuzov, but how do you mean him," well, yes, all one, there is not much alive. Won go there, won to the village, there all the bosses gathered, "said this officer, pointing to the village of the hotel, and passed by.
Rostov drove a step, not knowing why and to whom he will go now. The sovereign is injured, the battle is lost. It was impossible not to believe it now. Rostov was driving by the direction that he specified and on which the tower and church were visible in the distance. Where did he hurry? What was he now to speak sovereign or Kutuzov, if even they were alive and not injured?
"This expensive, your welfare, go, and then they will kill it right," the soldiers shouted him. - It will be killed!
- ABOUT! What you say! Said another. - Where will he go? Here closer.
Rostov thought and went precisely by the direction where he was told that they would kill.
"Now it's all the same: if the sovereign is injured, did you really care about yourself?" He thought. He entered the space on which people running from Puzzen died most. The French have not yet occupied this place, and the Russians, those who were alive or injured, have long left him. On the field, like a shock on a good pasha, lay ten people, fifteen killed, wounded at every tithing place. The wounded clutched two, three together, and they were heard unpleasant, sometimes pretending, as it seemed to be Rostov, their screams and moans. Rostov launched a trot's horse so as not to see all these suffering people, and it became scary. He was afraid not for his life, and for the courage that he needed and which he knew would not stand the appearance of these unfortunate.
The French, who stopped shooting along this, destroyed dead and wounded, the field, because no one was already living on it, seeing the adjutant on him, they brought the gun on him and threw several cores. The feeling of these whistles, terrible sounds and the surrounding dead merged for Rostov in one impression of horror and regret to themselves. He remembered the last letter of his mother. "Whatever she felt, he thought," he would have seen me now here, on this field and sent to me to the guns. "
In the village of the hotel there were though confused, but more Russian troops, walking away from the battlefield. There were no French kernels here, and shooting sounds seemed distant. Everyone has already been clearly seen and said that the battle was lost. Rostov applied to anyone, no one could tell him or where there was a sovereign, no where Kutuzov was. Some said that the rumor about the head of the sovereign is fair, others said that no, and explained this false spread of the rumor by what, indeed, in the head of the sovereign, she slipped back from the battlefield pale and frightened Ober Gofamarsal Count Tolstoy, left with others in the emperor retinue On the battlefield. One officer told Rostov, that behind the village, left, he saw someone from the top supervision, and Rostov went there, no longer hoping to find someone, but in order to clean their conscience before himself. After passing the versts, three and passed by the last Russian troops, near the garden, the oked ditch, Rostov saw two riders stood against the ditches. One, with a white sultan on the hat, seemed for some reason familiar Rostov; Another, unfamiliar rider, on a beautiful red horse (this horse seemed familiar Rostov) drove up to the ditch, pushed the horse to spurs and, having released the reins, easily jumped over a ditch of garden. Only the earth sat down from the mound from the rear hooves of the horse. Cool turning the horse, he again jumped a ditch again and respectfully turned to the rider with a white sultan, obviously, offering him to do the same. The rider whom the figure seemed familiar to Rostov and for some reason involuntarily chained his attention, made a negative gesture of his head and hand, and on this gesture of Rostov instantly recognized his mourne, adored the sovereign.
"But it could not be, one in the midst of this empty field," Rostov thought. At this time, Alexander turned his head, and Rostov saw her favorite traits cracked into his memory. The sovereign was pale, his cheeks fell and their eyes fell; But the more charms, the meekness was in his features. Rostov was happy, making sure that hearing about the wound of the sovereign was unfair. He was happy that he saw him. He knew that he could have even had to directly turn to him and convey what was ordered to transfer to him from Dolgorrukova.
But as the in love, the young man shakes and goes, without daring to tell what he dreams about the night, and frightened looking around, looking for help or the possibility of a delay and flight, when the desired minute came, and he stands alone with her and Rostov now, reaching that What he wanted most in the world, did not know how to go to the sovereign, and thousands of considerations were presented, why it was uncomfortable, indecent and impossible.
"How! I seem to be happy to take advantage of the fact that he is alone and in despondency. It is unpleasant to him and heavily may seem unknown person at this moment of sadness; Then, what can I tell him now, when at one glance at him, my heart flies and dries in my mouth? " None of those countless speeches, which he, reversing the sovereign, made it in his imagination, did not come to him in his head. Those speeches kept the part of the part at all other conditions, they stated the most part of the victories and celebrations and mostly on the deathbed of the received wounds, while the sovereign thanked him for the heroic acts, and he, dying, expressed him confirmed in fact His.
"Then, what will I ask the sovereign about his orders to the right flank, when now the 4th hour of the evening, and the battle is lost? No, I decisively should not approach him. Should not break his thoughtfulness. It is better to die a thousand times, than getting a bad look from him, a bad opinion, "Rostov decided and with sadness and with despair in the heart went away, indifferently looking at the sovereign who stood in the same position.
While Rostov did these considerations and sadly drove away from the sovereign, captain von Tol randomly hit the same place and, seeing the sovereign, directly drove up to him, offered him his services and helped go on foot through the ditch. The sovereign, wanting to relax and feeling unhealthy, sat down under the apple tree, and only stopped by him. Rostov from afar with envy and repentance saw the background for a long time for a long time and spoke with the heat, as a sovereign, apparently, closed, closed his eyes with his hand and shook the hand of Tol.
"And I could be in his place?" Rostov thought about himself and, barely holding tears of regret about the fate of the sovereign, in perfect despair went further, not knowing where and why he was now riding.
His despair was the stronger that he felt that his own weakness was the cause of his grief.
He could ... not only could, but he had to drive up to the sovereign. And it was the only case to show sovereign his dedication. And he did not take advantage of them ... "What did I do?" He thought. And he turned his horse and rocked back to the place where he saw the emperor; But no one was behind the ditch. Only drove wagons and crews. From one Furman Rostov found out that the Kutuzov headquarters is nearby in the village where there was an overview. Rostov drove them.
He was ahead of him Beretor Kutuzov, driving horses in his back. Behind the Beretor rose a wagon, and the old man was on the cart, in the carriage, serrated coat and curves.

Russian language Russian language dialects Portal: Russian

The history of the Russian literary language - Formation and transformation of the Russian language used in literary works. The oldest of the preserved literary monuments date back to the XI century. In the XVIII-XIX centuries, this process took place against the background of opposing the Russian language, which the people spoke, French - the nobility. The classics of Russian literature actively investigated the possibilities of the Russian language and were innovators of many language forms. They emphasized the richness of the Russian language and often indicated its advantages compared with foreign languages. At the soil of such comparisons, there were repeated disputes, such as disputes between Wessengers and Slavophiles. In Soviet times, it was emphasized that the Russian language is the language of communism builders, and in the era of the Board of Stalin, a campaign of combating cosmopolitanism in literature was conducted. The transformation of the Russian literary language continues at the present time.

Folklore

Development of a literary language in ancient Russia

The introduction and dissemination of writing in Russia, which led to the creation of a Russian literary language, is usually associated with Cyril and Methodius.

The Church Slavonic writing introduced by Cyril and Methodius in 862 was based on the Starrod Slavonic language, which in turn occurred from South Slavic dialects. The literary activity of Cyril and Methodius consisted of the books of the Holy Scripture of the New and Old Testament. Pupils of Cyril and Methodius transferred to Church Slavonic language with Greek a large number of religious books. Some researchers believe that Kirill and Methodius introduced not Cyrillic, but a verb; And Cyrillic was developed by their students.

The Church Slavonic language was a bookbook language, not a conversational, the language of church culture, which spread among many Slavic peoples. Church Slavonic literature has spread from Western Slavs (Moravia), southern Slavs (Bulgaria), in Valahia, parts of Croatia and the Czech Republic and, with the adoption of Christianity, in Russia. Since the Church Slavonic language was different from spoken Russian, church texts at the correspondence were subjected to change, rubbing. The correspondencers corrected the church Slavonic words, bringing them around to the Russians. At the same time, they brought the features of local govors.

For the systematization of church Slavonic texts and the introduction of unified language norms in the Commonwealth, the first grammar was written - the grammar of the Zizzaniya Lawrence (1596) and the grammar of the Maleti of Poutscho (1619). The process of forming the Church Slavonic language was mainly completed at the end of the 18th century, when the Patriarch Nikon was made corrected and systematization of liturgical books. The liturgical books of Russian Orthodoxy became the norm for all Orthodox peoples .

As the church Slavonic religious texts spread in Russia, the literary writings were gradually began to appear, which were used by Cyril and Methodius writing. The first such works belong to the end of the XI century. This is "Tale of Bygone Years" (1068), "Tale of Boris and Gleb", "Life of Feodosia Pechora", "The Word of Law and Grace" (1051), "The teachings of Vladimir Monomakh" (1096) and "Word about the regiment Igor" (1185-1188). These works are written by a language, which is a mixture of the Church Slavonic language with ancient Russian.

Reforms of the Russian literary language of the XVIII century

"Beauty, splendor, the strength and wealth of the Russian language is pretty of the books, in the past eyelids written, when there are no longer any rules for the essays, our ancestors did not know, but it was hardly thought that there were or maybe", - - Armedd by Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov

Modern Russian literary language

Meanwhile, the poet himself points to the primary role of N. M. Karamzin in the formation of the Russian literary language, according to A. S. Pushkin, this glorious historian and the writer "liberated the language from alien Iga and returned him freedom, turning him to live popular sources of popular the words".

"The Great, Mighty ..."

Turgenev belongs, perhaps, one of the most famous definitions of the Russian language as "the Great and Mighty".

In the days of doubt, in the days of doubtful thinking about the fate of my homeland, - you are alone support and support, about the great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! Do not be you - how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that is done at home? But it is impossible to believe that such a language is not given the Great People! (I. S. Turgenev)

Karl V, the Roman emperor, used to say that the Gishpanic language with God, French - with friends, German - with the enemies, Italian - with the female sex to speak decently. But if he was skilled in the Russian language, of course, it would be imposed that they would talk to everyone with all these. For I found it in it: great ... ... Skogo, German fortress, tenderness of Italian, excess of that wealth and strong in the image of the brevity of Greek and Latin languages.

Notes

Russian language

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- "Dictionary of the modern Russian literary language" (SSR; Large Academic Dictionary, BAS) Academic regulatory intelligent historical dictionary of the Russian literary language in 17 volumes, which took place from 1948 to 1965. Reflects ... ... Wikipedia

The history of the Russian literary language Formation and transformation of the Russian language used in literary works. The oldest of the preserved literary monuments date back to the XI century. In *** centuries in Russia spread ... ... Wikipedia

"The history of the Russian literary language as scientific discipline grows from the living experience of the cultural development of Russian society. Initially, this is a set of observations on the changing standards of literary spelling, literary phrases and the word "," V. V. Virogradov wrote 1. Of course, such a progress in the history of the Russian literary language is explained, above all, the essence of the literary language with its determining property of normality. In the review "Russian science of the Russian literary language" of grapes, highlighting the history of the Russian literary language as an independent scientific discipline, discloses the relationship of various theories that suggested the understanding of the literary and linguistic process, trends and patterns of styles development, with the evolution of the Russian literary language. He described the features of scientific observations over the Russian literary language in various cultural and historical periods.

V. V. Vinogradov noted the importance of dictionaries and grammar (for example. Lawrence of Sizania, Pambo Berda) to understand the role of the church-Slavic language and reforming old grammatical constructions (the compositions of the Rotsen MeloTi) until the XVIII century. He reflected the content of the scientific activity of V. K. Trediakovsky, A. P. Sumarov and especially M. V. Lomonosov, stressing the regulatory and stylistic orientation of his "Russian grammar" (1755), which "predetermined the understanding and study of the grammatical system of the Russian literary language rightfully until the 20-30s of the XIX century. " And influenced the nature of morphological studies in later periods. The role of grammatical signs of A. A. Barsov, the achievements of lexicographers of the second half of the XVIII-first quarter of the XIX century, especially the compilers of the "dictionary of the Russian Academy" (1789-1794). The concepts of the concepts of the influence of the Staroslavlyansky language A. S. Shishkov and A. X. Eastokova, East Studies in the interaction of Russian literary and Older Slavonic languages. The principles of studying the Russian literary language regarding him to the folk dialects and socio-group dialects of the founder of the Russian scientific ethnography N. I. N Nadeyadin are characterized. Vinogradov argues that "it is during this period that the scientific foundations of the history of the ancient Russian literary language are laid."

The period of the 40-70s of the XIX century. Vinogradov seems like the time of national-historical and philosophical quests, when "searching for the general historical patterns of the Russian literary and linguistic process, including the main scientific trends; Nomination of the problem of personality, the problems of individual creativity and its meanings in the history of the literary language, the problems of the "language of the writer" (especially in relation to the language reformers) "1. In this regard, the Dissertation K. S. Aksakova "Lomonosov in the history of Russian literature and Russian" (1846).

As a polemical spirit and opposite work, philological views and "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian" (1863-1866) V. I. Dalya are evaluated. It is known that this lexicographer decisively stated that "it was time to rise in price by the folk language and to develop a language formed from it." Highly appreciating the funds of the people's language as a source of refreshing a literary speech, the distance spoke about the need for his liberation from borrowing.

Among the Westerners of Vinogradov, I. K. Grota allocates, to the achievements of which in the field of studying the history of the Russian literary language include the study of the language of writers (R. Dervin, N. M. Karamzin), the development of historical and stylistic and regulatory and grammatical directions. The grotto is the author of the first experience of the dictionary language of the writer. "The literary and aesthetic principle in the grottoes is combined with the principles of cultural and historical parallelism between the development of the Russian language and the ideological development of the tops of the Russian society."

It should be noted that in the middle of the XIX century. Russian language languages \u200b\u200bknew the concepts of Western European scientists, for example, Y. Grimma, who claimed that "our language is also our story." F. I. Buslaev emphasized the continuity of the history of the people and the history of the language, which in his works received cultural and historical interpretation with the involvement of the facts of folklore, regional govors and ancient literary monuments. Numerous samples of various styles were assembled in the presented bushlary "historical readstatology" and commented in the notes.

Proceedings I. I. Szrenevsky, according to Vinogradov, belong to the "transitional romantic and historical to a positive-historical" period, which manifested itself in the evolution of scientific views of the Szreznevsky. Some views of the vine scientists considered outdated, but emphasized that his most important work "Thoughts on the history of the Russian language" determined the subject of the work of many generations of linguists. The merits of the linguulate include the creation of periodization of the history of the Russian language, determining its tasks, among which "detailed lexical and grammatical descriptions of the ancient monuments of the Russian language. These should be drawn up with dictionaries with explanation of all the values \u200b\u200band shades of words, indicating borrowing "1.

In its review of the stages of development of the history of the Russian literary language as the science and contribution of outstanding scientists in its formation of grapes, he writes about A. A. Plebno, as a language-thinker, which "lays the robust foundations of the history of the Russian language, by the way and the language of the literary, as the history of verbal Creativity of the Russian people.<...> In his understanding, the history of the Russian literary language was closely walked over the history of Russian thought. "

Many writings of Vinogradov are dedicated to the concept of A. A. Shamatov: the work "The history of the Russian literary language in the image of Academician A. A. Shamatov", section in the article "The problem of the literary language and studying its history in the Russian linguistic tradition of the speakers" and other chess Created supported by cultural historical, literary locations, the concept of the evolution of the Russian literary language and proposed a new understanding of its development processes. Vinogradov highlighted the content of the historicolinguistic concept of Shahmatov, showed the transformation of the views of the scientist: from the recognition of the Church Slavonic language the basis of the written Russian language and indicating the connection of the spread of Christian culture with the emergence of East Slavic writing - to approval that in ancient Russia, the language of the educated classes was the russian church-Slavic. It was a valuable recognition of a chess limit value for the development of the Russian literary language of the business written language and "Moscow Naschaya".

Considering Shakhmatov by an encyclopedist scientist, recognizing the novelty and latitude of tasks nominated by scientists, the grapes, however, emphasized the inconsistency of the Chessov theory, which was reflected in its terminology. "So, in the presentation of Chessatov, the Russian literary language is a written language, but initially distinguished from" writing-business ", this language is a book, already from the XI century. I became the conversational language of the book-educated layers of society, and in the XIX century. This is a spoken language, "I have acquired a book language", and, finally, this is one of the Great-Russian adverbs, it is the Moscow Narest. However, by definition of Chehams, "Book Tongue XI century. - This is the direct source of our modern Great Book Language "".

Chess saw the weaknesses of their scientific constructions, which nevertheless named the grapes, nevertheless called the majestic, although concluded that the scientist "did not reproduce in the entire latitude and completeness of the processes of interaction and the crossing of church-book and public-literary languages \u200b\u200bin the field of state-business , journalistic and literary and artistic in relation to the structure of the literary speech of the Moscow state of the XV-XVII centuries. " one . The influence of Chessown theories was felt in the works of many Russian lingules.

Understanding the development of the Russian literary language Chessyovy Vinogradov compared with the wonders of E. F. Buddha, with its historical and dialectological approach to language phenomena. According to the concept of the Buddha reflected in the "essay of the history of the modern literary Russian language (XVII-XIX centuries)" (1908), the literary language merges in the XVIII century. With the language of fiction. And therefore, the stages of the history of the Russian literary language are described by scientists mainly on the material of the fiction language, the language of individual authors, so that the language of the writer is mechanically mixed with the literary language of a particular era. "

At the end of the XIX - early XX century. The issues of historical grammar included in the overall history of the Russian literary language, historical lexicology are being actively developed, dictionaries, which reflected the wealth of the material collected, including the Old Slavonic Fund. These are "Materials for the dictionary of the Old Russian language" A. L. Duvernua (1894), and "Materials and research in the field of Slavic philology and archeology" A. I. Sobolevsky (1910), who considered a literary language of writing, insisting on studying Only chronicles and novels, but also documents - deposits, mortgages.

In the middle of the XX century The nature of the Russian literary language explored S. P. Obnorsky. Speaking against traditional views, he defended in his articles, among which the "Russian truth" as a monument of the Russian literary language "(1934) is of fundamental importance" (1934), and in the monograph "Essays on the history of the Russian literary language of the older period" (1946) hypothesis about East Slavic speech-based Russian literary language.

"Essays on the history of the Russian literary language" V. V. Vinogradova (1934) were the first attempt to submit a systemic and multi-level description of a huge material reflecting the period of the XVII-XIX centuries. With the name of Vinogradov, the active and planned development of various issues of the history of the Russian literary language, including the descriptions of the language of fiction as a special phenomenon, and not "equivalent and not synonym for a language in the poetic function", but as a result - the allocation of science on the language of artistic Literature as a special area of \u200b\u200blinguistic spanings.

In the XX century Significant successes were achieved when studying the language and style of individual authors, the definition of the role of prosaikov, poets, publicists in reflection (even formation) trends in the development of the Russian literary language. In 1958, at the IV International Congress of Slavists V. V. Vinogradov presented the theory of the existence of two types of an ancient Russian literary language - the book-Slavic and People's Literary and substantiated the need to distinguish the literary language of the donational period and the National Literary Language from the point of view of their structure and functioning. The ideas of Vinogradov and its conclusions based on the widespread use of writing facts, received well-deserved recognition.

Of great importance for Russian linguistics was entitled to the light of the "intelligent dictionary of the Russian language" edited by D. N. Ushakov (1935-1940), in the preparation of which V. V. Vinogradov, G. O. Vinokur, B. A. Larin, S. I. Ozhegov and B. V. Tomashevsky. The dictionary reflected the lexicist of fiction (from A. S. Pushkin to M. Gorky) and socio-political texts of the 30s of the XX century. Used in dictionary articles, a rich illustrative material made it possible to show the specifics of the regulatory and stylistic system of the Russian literary language. This dictionary also reflects the system of grammatical, spelling and (which is very valuable) orphoepic norms - the so-called oldoshobic pronunciation.

The article "On the tasks of the history of the language" (1941) G. O. Vinokur clarified a number of tasks facing the history of the Russian literary language as a science. In the work "Word and verse in Evgenia Onegin" Pushkin "(1940), he explored the lexico-semantic features of the" poems ". Thus, the lingules are increasingly attracting "various manners to speak and write, born from the collective habit of ways to use the language", i.e. the language and style of individual authors who have their own history. The study of their evolution is among the tasks of the history of the Russian literary language as science.

In the book "Russian literary language of the first half of the XIX century." (1952) L. A. Bulakhovsky highlights important for the formation of the most important trends in the functioning and development of the modern Russian literary language, especially his dictionary, the period in the history of the language.

The "stylistic" look at those problems that suggests studying the history of the Russian literary language reflects in their writings "On the study of the language of artistic works" (1952), "Stylistics of artistic speech" (1961) and "Stylistics of the Russian Language" (1969) A. I. Efimov. He sees in the style of the historically established variety of language, which has certain features of the association and use of language units. The scientist shows a deep understanding of an important role played by the language of fiction (artistic and fiction style) in the development of the Russian literary language. The stylistics in his works appears by the science of verbal mastery, about the aesthetics of the word, about the expressive means of the language as a whole.

The supporter of the inductive method, B. A. Larin in the study of the problems of the history of the Russian literary language, was from private observations, from facts and demanded evidence in solving each issue, when nominating any concept 1. His work in the language and style of N. A. Nekrasova, A. P. Chekhov, M. Gorky, M. A. Sholokhov. Larin investigated the state of the literary language reflected in the works of writers, advocated the study of the language of the city. In addition, "Being a hot defender of learning living dialective speech, he at the same time ... demanded to explore it in connection with the literary language and study mixed forms of speech in songs, fairy tales, proverbs and riddles." "Extremely valuable recommendation" called Vinogradov thought Larin that the conversational speech of Moscow Russia "in its complex manifold and development from XV to the end of the XVII century. It should be studied as a prerequisite and a deep basis of the national language - a more significant and defining than the traditions of the book-Slavic language. "

The Institute of Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the 50s of the 20th century. Starts the publication of "materials and research on the history of the Russian literary language". Each volume contains studies on the language and style of Russian writers: the prepocinsky pore, N. M. Karamzin (1st volume); M. V. Lomonosova, A. N. Radishcheva, A. S. Pushkin, Early N. V. Gogol (2nd Tom); Pushkin pore writers, M. Yu. Lermontova, V. G. Belinsky (3rd volume); Writers of the second half of the XIX century. (4th Tom).

It is impossible not to mention the merits of S. A. Koporovsky, which in labor "from the history of the development of the vocabulary of Russian fiction 60-70. XIX century. (The vocabulary composition of the works of Assumption, Sleptsova, Reshetnikov) "explored the vocabulary and its stylistic use in the works of Russian writers - Democrats and populists.

Linguists never focused interest in the ancient period of the history of the Russian literary language. The I. I. Tolstoy's article is devoted to the meaning of the Vine Slavonic language "On the issue of the Vine Slavic language as the general literary language of the Southern and Eastern Slavs" (1961), the study of the sources of the monuments is the article "On some sources of" Celebrate of 1076 "in connection with the issue of their origin Translations "(1976) N. A. Meshchersky. One of the main tasks facing science, Meshchersky considers the demonstration of how the masters of the word "treated" the nationwide language; This he managed to convincingly show the book "History of the Russian Literary Language" (1981). Such a point of view remains relevant to the historians of the language worked in the 80-90s of the XX century.

Many important conditions for enrichment, qualitative updates of the lexico-semantic system of the Russian language considers Yu. S. Sorokin in its fundamental work "Development of the vocabulary composition of the Russian literary language. 30-90 years of the XIX century. " (1965). First of all, he notes the development of multi-rismiciousness among actively used primary and borrowed words, including scientific terms, nomenclatures owned by the field of art, etc. By calling this direction in the vocabulary trend of "figurative rethinking" of book words, he revealed the thermosystems, The units of which were more often acquired by non-membological, portable meanings, replenished the composition of common language products, were used in the language of fiction. In addition, Sorokin noted the process of terminology of vocabulary, due to such an extrallinguistic factor, as the intensive development of science, strengthening the political activity of society in the period under study and the process of "movement" of the words of conversational, integral, professional vocabulary in the direction of the periphery to the center.

These trends in the development of vocabulary are investigated and in the works of Yu. A. Belchikov "Questions of the ratio of colloquial and book vocabulary in the Russian literary language of the second half of the XIX century" (1974) and "Russian literary language in the second half of the XIX century" (1974).

The collective monograph edited by F. P. Filina "The vocabulary of the Russian literary language of the XIX - early XX century" (1981) became another evidence of the close attention of scientists to the history of the Russian literary language.

D. S. Likhachev is known as an outstanding researcher of the ancient Russian literature, a historian of culture, a textbook. His works are devoted to the poetics, the study of the genre, the style of Russian writers: "The Word about the regiment of Igor", "Textology. On the material of Russian literature X-XVII centuries. "," Poetics of the Old Russian literature "," "Dostoevsky's" dream "in the word", "Features of the poetics of works by N. S. Leskova" and others. In the monograph "Man in the literature of ancient Russia" Likhachev showed As they changed in the ancient Russian literature styles. Historian and philologist, he could not not affect the important question about the origin of the Russian literary language.

Many questions of the history of the Russian literary language illuminate A. N. Kolin, follower V. V. Vinogradov. Its contribution to the study of the role of people's speech for the formation and development of a literary language in different periods, in the description of the characteristics of the language of fiction and specific idios (primarily N. V. Gogol and L. N. Tolstoy), to scientific reflection of numerous facts of the movement of language Funds as a centripetal movement that caused democratization and enrichment of the literary language in different periods, in particular in the XIX-XX centuries. He is trying to comprehend complex processes that determine the "erosion of the borders" of the style of artistic text, socially and aesthetically stimulated influence of colloquial speech on the language of poetry and prose. Skein investigated in detail the development of the Russian literary language in the period of the Great Patriotic War.

Propening for science remains the works of A. I. Gorshkov. The scientist explored numerous written sources, considered the role of Russian writers, first of all A. S. Pushkin, in the formation of the stylistic system of the language, concretized the idea of \u200b\u200bthe subject of the history of the Russian literary language as science. The books "History of the Russian Literary Literature" (1969) and the "Theory and History of the Russian Literary Literature" (1984) are systematized theoretical provisions based on modern science on literary language (including the language of fiction), stylistics, speech culture. Gorshkov demonstrates a philological approach as a synthesizing methodologically necessary when describing a language in diachrony on the basis of written monuments. In his opinion, "the specifics of the language as a really existing phenomenon, as the phenomena of the national culture, manifests itself primarily when studying its use, i.e., when learning a language at the levels of text and system subsystems." For a scientist, it is obvious that the history of the Russian literary language uses the findings of all disciplines that study both the use of the language and its system.

The history of the Russian literary language is a section of rusters studying the emergence, the formation, historical transformation of the structure of the literary language, correlative relations of the components of its systemic components - styles, both language and functionally speech and individually-copyright, and others., Development of writing-books and verbally -what forms of the literary language. The theoretical basis of the discipline is the complex and versatile (historical and cultural, historical and literary, historical and poetic and historical and linguistic) approach to the study of the structure of lit. Language, its norms at different stages of historical development. Concept The history of the Russian literary language as a scientific discipline was developed by V. V. Vinogradov and adopted by modern Russian linguistics. She replaced the approach previously existed in science, which represents a commentary to Rus. Lit. Language of 18-19 centuries. With a collection of heterogeneous phonetic-morphological and word-forming facts against the background of the understanding of the tongue as the instrument of Rus. Culture (work by E. F. Buddha).

In rus. philology 19 in. There were four historical and linguistic concepts of the emergence and development of ancient-Russian literary language. 1. The Church-Slavic language and the ancient-Russian national literary language are the styles of the same "Slaven", or the old Russian literary language (A.S. Chiskov, P. A. Katrenin et al.). 2. Church-Slavic (or old-Slavic) language (church book language) and the language of the ancient-Russian business and secular writing are different, albeit closest languages \u200b\u200bthat were in close cooperation and mixing to con. 18 - Nach. 19 centuries. (A. X. East workers, partly K. F. Kalajedovich, M. T. Kachenovsky et al.).

3. At the heart of the ancient-Russian literary language lies the Church-Slavic language (M. A. Maksimovich, K. S. Aksakov, partly N. I. Nadezhdin et al.). According to Maximovich, "Church Slavonic language not only gave the Russian written language ..., But more than all other languages \u200b\u200bwere participated in the future formation of our folk language" ("The history of the ancient Russian literature", 1839). 4. The basis of Dr.-Rus. Lit. Language - Living East Slavic People's speech, close in its basic structural features to the Old Slavic language. Accepting Christianity, Rus. The people "found all the books necessary for worship and to educate in faith, at adverbs, distinguished from his popular adverb, very few"; "Not only in genuine works by Rus. The scribes, but also in translations than they are ancient, the more visible the people in the expression of thoughts and images "(I. I. Szrenevsky," Thoughts on the history of the Russian language and other Slavic laws ", 1887). The separation of a book and folk language caused by changes in the national spoken, dialective speech of the Eastern Slavs, refers to 13-14 centuries. This led to the fact that the development of the ancient-Russian literary language was determined by the ratio of two speech elements - the written Union Slavonic (Old Slavic, ancient-Slavic) and the oral and written National Ancient-Russian. In the development of the Russian literary language, the following periods are allocated: the literary language of the ancient Russia (from 10 to con. 14 - beginning of 15 centuries); Literary language of Moscow Rus (from Con. 14 - Nach. 15 centuries. up to 2nd half. 17th century); The literary language of the initial era of the formation of Rus. nation (with sir. 17 century to 80-90s. 18th century); literary language of the Epoch of Education of the Russian Nation and the formation of its nationwide norms (from the con. 18th century); Russian literary language of the modern era. The distribution and development of writing and literature in Russia begins after the adoption of Christianity (988), i.e. with con. 10 V. The highest of the monuments of writing are transfers from Greek (Gospel, Apostle, Psaltry ...) The ancient Russian authors created the original works in the genres of preaching literature during this period ("Words" and "Teaching" of Metropolitan Illarion, Kirill Tourovsky, Lukem, Clement Smolyatich), pilgrimage literature ("Booting of the Iguman Daniel") and others. At the heart of the book-Slavic type of language lay old-Slavic language. The ancient-Russian literature during this period of its history also cultivated narrative, historical and folk-art genres, the emergence of which is associated with the development of the populous or popular treated type of ancient-Russian literary language. This is the "Tale of Bygone Years" (12 century) - the ancient-Russian chronicle, the epic work "Word about Igor's regiment" (Kon. 12th century), "The teachings of Vladimir Monomakh" (12 century) is a sample of "secular, zhitsky" Genre, "Miliation of Daniel Sharpetika" (12th century), "The Word of the Russian Rusk died" (Kon. 13 - Nach. 14 centuries). A special group of vocabulary of the ancient-Russian language is old-Slavic words, single-cut with relevant Russians, characterized by sound appearance: Breg (cf.store), Vlas (Wed hair), Gate (Wed Gate), Chapter (Wed Head), Tree (cf. Tree), schchardsy (cf. Sorochka), keep (cf. Khoroni), one (cf. one) and others. In the ancient-Russian, there are also a number of parallels of pure lexical, such as marriage and wedding; Vying and neck; dirt and go; vercolati, solve and say, speak; lounit and cheek; eyes and eyes; Percy and breasts; mouth and lips; Man and forehead and others. The presence of such lexical steam has enriched a literary language in functionality, semantically and stylistically. The ancient-Russian literary language was inherited from the old-Slavic language the means of artistic image: epithets, comparisons, metaphors, antithesis, gradations, etc. by mid 12 V. Kievan Rus falls in decline, the period of feudal fragmentation begins, which, which contributed to the dialectful crushing of the ancient-Russian language. Approximately from the 14th century. In the East Slavic territory there are nearby East Slavic languages: Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian. The Russian language of the Moscow State Epoch (14-17 centuries) had a difficult story. The basic dialect zones were made - the North Roomsorous adverb (approximately north of the Pskov line - Tver - Moscow, south of Nizhny Novgorod) and the South-Corus nurse (to borders with the Ukrainian region. Zone in the south and Belarusian in the West). From the end of the 14th century. In Moscow, the glory is edited, church books to bring them to the initial, corresponding to the Greek originals. This editing was conducted under the leadership of Metropolitan Cyprian and had to bring Russian writing with South Slavic. At 15 in. Rus. The Orthodox Church comes out from under the guardianship of the Universal Constantinople Patriarch, Patriarchate 1589 is installed in it). The exaltation of Moscow Rus begins, the authority of the grand-road power and sinks, the church is growing, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe continuity of Moscow in relation to Byzantium, who has found its expression in the ideological formula "Moscow is the third Rome, and the fourth not life, which receives theological, legal legal and historical and cultural understanding. In the book-Slavic type of literary language, the archaised spells based on the South Slavic spelling rate, based on the South Slavic spelling rate, arises a special rhetorical manner of expression, flowery, lush, saturated with metaphors, called "philantal words" ("Weaving words").

From 17 century The language of Russian science and the national literary language are formed. The trend towards internal unity increases, to rapprochement of lit. Language with conversational. In the 2nd floor. 16th century In the Moscow State began a typography that had a great importance for destinies Rus. Lit. language, literature, culture and education. Handwritten culture was replaced by a written culture in 1708 a civil alphabet is introduced, secular literature is printed on K-ROM. The church-Slavic alphabet (Cyrillic) is used only in confessional purposes. In the literary language of the end of the 17th floor. 18 centuries. Blank-Slavic, often, even archaic, lexical and grammatical elements, words and turnover of the speech of the national spoken and "ordinary" ("business") character and Western European borrowing are often intertwined and interact.

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Folklore

Development of a literary language in ancient Russia

The introduction and dissemination of writing in Russia, which led to the creation of a Russian literary language, is usually associated with Cyril and Methodius.

Reforms of the Russian literary language of the XVIII century

Modern Russian literary language

"The Great, Mighty ..."

Turgenev belongs, perhaps, one of the most famous definitions of the Russian language as "the Great and Mighty".

In the days of doubt, in the days of doubtful thinking about the fate of my homeland, - you are alone support and support, about the great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! Do not be you - how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that is done at home? But it is impossible to believe that such a language is not given the Great People! (I. S. Turgenev)

Karl V, the Roman emperor, used to say that the Gishpanic language with God, French - with friends, German - with the enemies, Italian - with the female sex to speak decently. But if he was skilled in the Russian language, of course, it would be imposed that they would talk to everyone with all these. For I found it in it: great ... ... Skogo, German fortress, tenderness of Italian, excess of that wealth and strong in the image of the brevity of Greek and Latin languages.

Notes

Russian language

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