The poet, the translator and playwright was born on November 3 (October 22, in the old style) of 1887 in Voronezh, in the Jewish family of the factory master. The name "Marshak" is a reduction in the "Our Teacher Rabbi Aaron Shmuel Kaidovier" and belongs to the descendants of the famous rabbi and the Talmudist.
Childhood and school years he spent in the city of Ostrogozhsk under Voronezh. He studied at the local gymnasium, early began to write poems.
In 1902, Marshak's family moved to St. Petersburg, where the case helped the young man to get acquainted with the artistic critic Vladimir Stasov, who took an active part in his fate. The troubles of Stasova Marshak, the Son of the Jew because of the scene, was defined in St. Petersburg gymnasium. Subsequently, in the country of Stasova, Marshak met the writer Maxim Gorky and famous Russian bass Fedor Shalyapin. Having learned about frequent young men in St. Petersburg, the writer invited him to settle from his wife, Ekaterina Peshkova, in Yalta, where Marshak continued his studies in the Yalta gymnasium in 1904-1906.
Since 1907, returning to St. Petersburg, Marshak began to be printed in Almanahs, and later - in just the popular satirical magazine "Satirikon" and in other weekly.
In 1912-1914, Samuel Marshak lived in England, he listened to the lecture at the Philological Faculty of the University of London. In 1915-1917, in the magazines "Northern Notes", "Russian Thought" and other publications of British poets Robert Berns, William Blake, William Vordsworth, English and Scottish folk ballad.
Since the beginning of the 1920s, he participated in organizing ornaments in the city of Ekaterinodar (now Krasnodar).
Since 1923, Marshak worked at the theater of the Young Spectator, in the circle of children's writers at the Institute of Preschool Education. They published the first books of poems for children "Fairy Tale of a Stupid Mouse", "Fire", "Mail", the translation from the English Children's People's Song "The house that Jack built."
In the same year, he founded the Children's magazine "Sparrow", since 1924 called "New Robinson", which played an important role in the history of Soviet literature for children.
Material prepared on the basis of open sources information
Samuel Yakovlevich Marshak. Born on October 22 (November 3) of 1887 in Voronezh - died on July 4, 1964 in Moscow. Russian Soviet poet, playwright, translator, literary critic, screenwriter. Laureate Lenin (1963) and 4-Stalin Prizes (1942, 1946, 1949, 1951).
Samuel Marshak was born on October 22 (November 3) of 1887 in Voronezh in Sloboda Chizhovka in a Jewish family.
Father - Yakov Mironovich Marshak (1855-1924), a native of Koydanova, worked as a master on the soap-made plant of the Mikhailov brothers.
Mother - Evgenia Borisovna Gitalence (1867-1917), a native of Vitebsk, was a housewife.
Sister - Leah (aliana Elena Ilyina) (1901-1964), writer.
Brother - Ilya (pseudonym M. Ilyin; 1896-1953), writer, one of the founders of Soviet scientific and popular literature.
He also had sisters Judith Yakovlevna Marshak (in Marriage Fainberg, 1893-?), Author of memories of Brother, and Susanna Yakovlevna Marshak (in Marriage Schwartz, 1889-?), Brother Moses Yakovlevich Marshak (1885-1944), economist.
The name "Marshak" is a reduction (IVR. מהרש"ק), meaning "Our teacher Rabbi Aaron Shmuel Kaidovier" and belongs to the descendants of this famous rabbi and the Talmudist (1624-1676).
In 1893, the Marshakov family moved to Vitebsk, in 1894 in Pokrov, in 1895 in Bakhmut, in 1896 on Maidan under Ostrogozhsky and, finally, in 1900 in Ostrogozhsk.
Early childhood and school years Samuel spent in the town of Ostrogozhsk near Voronezh, where his uncle lived - Mikhail Borisovich Giteson (1875-1939) lived (1875-1939). He studied in 1899-1906 in the Ostrogogian, 3rd Petersburg and Yalta gymnasiums. In the gymnasium, the teacher of literature departed a love for classical poetry, encouraged the first literary experiments of the future poet and considered it in advance.
One of the poetic notebooks Marshak fell into the hands of V.V. Stasov, famous Russian critic and art historian who took the hot part in the fate of the young man. With the help of Stasova Samuel moves to St. Petersburg and is studying in one of the best gymnasiums. All days he holds in the Public Library, where Stasov worked.
In 1904, Marshak met in the house of Stasov, who took him to him with great interest and invited him to his cottage in Yalta, where Marshak lived in 1904-1906. Printed in 1907, published a collection of "Zionides" dedicated to Jewish topics. One of the poems ("over the open grave") was written on the death of the "Father of Zionism" Theodore Herzl. At the same time he transferred several poems of Haima Nakhman Bialika from Yiddish and Hebrew.
When Gorky's family was forced to leave the Crimea due to the repression of the royal government after the 1905 revolution, Marshak returned to St. Petersburg, where his father, who worked at the Nevskaya Zavka factory, moved.
In 1911, Samuel Marshak, together with his friend, the poet Yakov Godin, and a group of Jewish young people made a long journey through the Middle East: they sailed from Odessa on the ship, heading to the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean - Turkey, Greece, Syria and Palestine. Marshak went there by the correspondent of the St. Petersburg "Universal Newspaper" and "Blue Journal". Under the influence of the saw seen, he created a cycle of poems under the general name "Palestine". The lyric poems inspired by this trip belong to the number of young Marshak's most successful in the work of the camp ("We lived with a camp in a tent ..." and others). Some time lived in Jerusalem.
In this trip, Marshak met Sophia Mikhailovna Milvid (1889-1953), with which they married soon on his return. At the end of September 1912, newlyweds went to England. There, Marshak studied first in the Polytechnic, then at the University of London (1912-1914). During the holidays, he traveled a lot on foot in England, listened by English folk songs. Already then began to work on the translations of the English ballad, subsequently glorified him.
In 1914, Marshak returned to his homeland, he worked in the province, published his translations in the magazines "Northern Notes" and "Russian Thought". In the war years dealt with the help of refugees.
In 1915, together with the family lived in Finland in the natural sanatorium of Dr. Lübeck. In the fall of 1915, he again settled in Voronezh in the house of his uncle - Yakov's dentist, Borisovich Gitalenson on a big garden street, where he spent a year and a half, and in January 1917 he moved from his family to Petrograd.
In 1918, he lived in Petrozavodsk, he worked in the Olonetsky provincial department of the national education, then runs to the south - in Ekaterinodar, where he collaborated in the newspaper "Morning South" under the pseudonym "Dr. Friton". Published there poems and anti-Bolshevik Faken.
In 1919, published (under the pseudonym "Dr. Friton") the first compilation "Satira and epigram".
In 1920, living in Ekaterinodar, Marshak organizes a complex of cultural institutions for children, in particular, it creates one of the first children's theaters in Russia and writes plays for him.
In 1923, he produces his first poetic children's books ("The house that Jack built", "kids in a cage", "a stalemill face"). It is the founder and first head of the Department of English of the Kuban Polytechnic Institute (now Kuban State Technological University).
In 1922, Marshak moves to Petrograd, together with Olga Kapitsa's folklorist, led the studio of children's writers at the Institute of Preschool Education, Narkompros, organized (1923) Children's magazine "Sparrow" (in 1924-1925 - "New Robinson"), where Other literature masters were printed as B. S. Zhitkov, V. V. Bianki, E. L. Schwartz.
For several years, Marshak also led the Leningrad editorial board of Detgiz, Langosisdat, Young Guard publishing house. Dealt with the magazine "Chizh". Led "literary circle" (with the Leningrad Palace of Pioneers).
In 1934, at the first congress of Soviet writers S. Ya. Marshak made a report on children's literature and was elected a member of the Board of the USSR.
In 1939-1947, he was a deputy of the Moscow City Council of Workers Deputies.
In 1937, the children's publishing house created by Marshak in Leningrad was defeated. The best of his pupils at different times were repressed: in 1941 - A. I. Veddnaya, in 1937 - N. M. Oleinikov, in 1938 - N. A. Zabolotsky, in 1937, T. Gabbe was arrested, in 1941 HARMS was arrested. Many are fired.
In 1938, Marshak moved to Moscow.
During the Soviet-Finnish war (1939-1940) wrote for the newspaper "guarding the Motherland."
During the Great Patriotic War, the writer actively worked in the genre of satire, publishing poems in the "Pravda" and creating posters in the Commonwealth with Kukryniks. Actively promoted fundraising to the Defense Fund.
In 1960, Marshak publishes the autobiographical story "At the beginning of life", in 1961 - "Education of the Word" (Collection of articles and notes about poetic skills).
Almost all the time of its literary activity (more than 50 years), Marshak continues to write poetic feuethms, and serious, "adult" lyrics. In 1962 he had a collection of "Favorite Lyrics". It also owns a separately elected cycle "Lyrical epigrams".
In addition, Marshak is the author of the classical translations of the sonnets of William Shakespeare, songs and ballads of Robert Burns, the poems of William Blake, Wordsworth, J. Kitsa, R. Kipling, E. Lira, A. A. Milna, J. Austin, ovansa Tumanyan, as well as works of Ukrainian, Belarusian, Lithuanian, Armenian and other poets. Mao Zedong also translated poems.
Marshak books are translated into many languages \u200b\u200bof the world. For translations from Robert Burns in 1960, S. Ya. Marshak was awarded the title of Honor President of the World Federation of Robert Burns in Scotland.
Marshak defeated several times and. From the first he demanded "to get the translations of texts on Lenfilma as soon as possible," for the second, he burned before Tvardovsky, demanding to publish his works in the magazine "New World". His last literary secretaries was.
Samuel Marshak. Documentary
Personal life Samuel Marshak:
Wife - Sophia Mikhailovna Milvida (1889-1953).
In 1915, in Ostrogogsk, tilting the samovar with boiling water, died from burns of their daughter Nathanael. She was born in 1914 in England.
Senior Son - Immanuel (1917-1977), Soviet physicist, Winner of the Stalinist Prize of the Third Degree (1947) for the development of a method of aerial photographs, as well as a translator (in particular, it owns the Russian translation of Roman Jane Austin "Pride and Prejudice"). Grandson - Yakov Immanuelielich Marshak (born 1946), a narcologist.
Younger Son - Yakov (1925-1946), died of tuberculosis.
Samuel Marshak Bibliography:
Children's fairy tales:
"Twelve months" (Piez, 1943)
"God to fear - not see happiness"
"Rainbow Arc"
"Smart Things" (1964)
"Koshkin House" (first option 1922)
"Teremok" (1940)
"Melnik, boy and downtown"
"Tale of a stupid little mouse"
"Tale about king and a soldier"
"About two neighbors"
"Horses, hamsters and chickens"
"Tale about a smart mouse"
"Why did the cat called the cat"
"Ring Jafar"
"Old woman, close the door!"
"Poodle"
"Baggage"
"A good day"
"Why a month has no dresses"
"Where did the sparrow dined?"
"Volga and Vazuza"
"Cat-speed"
"Moon Evening"
"Mustachioed - Striped"
"Bravetsy"
"HORMON"
"Conversation"
"Visiting Queen"
"What I saw"
"Tale about goat"
"Dr. Faust"
Didactic works:
"Fire"
"Post office"
"War with Dnipro"
Criticism and satire:
Pamphlet "Mr. Twister"
That's what scattered
Poems:
"Story about an unknown hero"
Works on military and political topics:
"Mail Military"
"Byl-Nesbylitsa"
"All year round"
"On guard of the world"
| Samuel Marshak | |
| סמואיל מרשק | |
| Postage stamp of the USSR dedicated to S. Marshak | |
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| Occupation: | |
| Date of Birth: | |
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| Date of death: | |
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| Awards and Prizes: |
Stalin Prize 1942, 1946, 1949, 1951, Lenin Prize 1963, Order of Lenin |
Marshak, Samuel Yakovlevich (1887, Voronezh, - 1964, Moscow) - Russian poet.
early years
In 1920 in Ekaterinodar (now Krasnodar), Marshak organized a "children's town" with one of the first in the country of theaters for children, wrote a play fairy tales for him. Since 1923 published poems for children ("kids in a cage", "the house that Jack built", "a stupid little mouse" and many others).
In 1923-25 He headed the magazine "New Robinzon", which played a large role in the history of literature for children (B. Zhtkov, E. Schwartz, M. and E. Ilyina / See below / and others). In 1924-37 He led the Children's Department of the State Grade in Leningrad. In 1930, Marshak was subjected to a worker criticism, but received support from M. Gorky, who called him "the founder of children's literature."
In 1937 survived the lucky accident. In 1938, after the actual defeat of the children's department of the Gosprint, moved to Moscow. Poems Marshak for children and his plays for the children's theater are made with great mastery, virtuosity and fiction, differ simply and completeness. These works Marshak instilled in children Love and respect for people, the power of reason, to work, he opposed Racism, in allegorical form ridicule (from the moral position) of the life of Soviet society. Taking advantage of his connections, Marshak managed to achieve the liberation of some repressed people.
Huge popularity during World War II used satirical anti-fascist poems Marshak. Verse Marshak acquires extreme clarity and remembered as a proverb. The philosophyness is imbued with the poem of Marshak in the collections "Selected Lyrics" (1962) and "Lyrical epigram" (1965). As a translator Marshak enriched Russian poetry by classic translations of Sotets W. Shakespeare, Ballades R. Burns, J. Kits, R. Kipling and many others. Often his translations are perceived as original poems. Marshak also translated a lot from Yiddish (Sh. Galkin, D. Gofstein, L. Kitko, I. Fafer, Rachel Bumvol, S. Driz).
Jewish anti-fascist committee
In the period of World War II, Marshak became close to many figures of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (especially with S. Mikhoels), his speech on August 22, 1941. On the "rally of representatives of the Jewish people" was published in the collection "Jews of the whole world!" (1941). In 1952, he fell under the investigation of the case of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee; survived because he died
10:39 - REGNUM Speaking yesterday at a meeting of the Board of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, the head of the Accounting Chamber of Russia, Alexey Kudrin, tried to intervene on the issues of the foreign policy strategy of our country.
Daria Antonov © IA REGNUM
Discussing foreign policy, in principle, does not yet be reborn. In his circle, but not publicly, even the highest government officials can do it. But to demonstrate essential differences in the conditions of increasing external military-political pressure on their country?!
Alexey Kudrin makes a similar one for the first time. It is remembered in 2008, in his exception to the Minister of Finance, he, together with Anatoly Chubais, was asked: "How much does Russia cost its conflict foreign policy" and demanded an urgent "clarification" of Russia's foreign policy benchmarks for "ensuring stable growth". Apparently, this "couple" reacted to the well-known Munich speech Vladimir Putin.
Alexander Gorbarukov © IA REGNUM
And earlier, in the 1990s, he actively opposed any steps aimed at calling on the order of increasingly burned in his anti-Russian and Russophobian politics of Baltov. Apparently, it believed that without economic cooperation with them and without the Baltic transit vector of Russia did not survive. Life, however, showed that I have been fine, without all this we can live, but time to prevent the entry of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia to NATO and the EU, as a result of the propribalistic lobbying activities were missed.
Today, Alexey Kudrin offers "to identify" the foreign policy of Russia for "improving relations with Western states." Why? Because the strengthening of the sanctuction pressure of the West, as he believes, we will not withstand. In any case, we cannot "achieve the goals of the development of the national economy." Just balm for the soul of Western developers of sanctions policies!
So, Kudrin and the likely to him first tied our economy to Western, and now use this argument to achieve the complete dependence of our policy from Washington's will, London, Berlin and others.
Alexey Kudrin believes that Russia "has no such global problems and risks of military-political significance that would require increased tensions with other countries."
Yes, there is, of course, Russia has such problems, and the main of them is the desire of the West back to the 1990s situation, when our country has already been completely a bit until the complete loss of his sovereignty!
Derivatives from this risk are very and very high. I remind the obvious. In order to "reduce the tension of the relationship" of Russia with the West, for which Alexey Kudrin is advocating, our country needs to "only" again abandon the Crimea, stop strengthening allian relations with China, to put Syria's West to the West, stop working on BRICS strengthening. Etc. We will do all this, "lay" completely under the West, and what do you get pleasure?
Fortunately, today the situation in the field of the formation of a strategy and tactics of Russia's foreign policy is different than, let's say in 2008. Then Vladimir Putin, and Sergey Lavrov also actively promoted the idea that "Russia's foreign policy should be pragmatic." After 2014, much in their estimates and estimates of their closest helpers, although not everything has changed.
Simultaneously with the pro-Western speech, Alexey Kudrina, the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergei Ryabkov expressed the right thought on this score. In an interview with the Financial Times newspaper, he stated that "West, in his broad sense, is not our friend" and that Russia "considers the West as an opponent who acts on the undermining of the positions of Russia and the prospects for its normal development."
In any case, some agents of such external "pragmaticity" and internal, meaningful, reducing the west are left in it. Leaves - and confused under our feet. And far from only in the field of foreign policy.
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Biography, Life History Marshak Samuel Yakovlevich
Samuel Yakovlevich Marshak was born on October 22 (or on November 3 in a new style) of 1887 in the city of Voronezh in the family of the Masters of the soap plant Yakov, Mironovich Marshak. His mother was Evgenia Borisovna Galerson, a housewife. Early childhood and initial school years The future writer spent in Ostrogogsk, a small town under Voronezh. One of his teachers of literature considered the boy by the boy, and instilled his love for classical poetry, and he also encouraged his first literary experiments. Once the poetic notebook Marshak was in the hands of Vladimir Vasilyevich Stasov - Russian famous musical and artistic criticism, historian of arts, archivist and public figure. Stasov accepted active participation in the fate of the gifted young man. With the help of Vladimir Vasilyevich Samuel moved to St. Petersburg, where he studied in one of the best gymnasiums - the Third Petersburg. Young Marshak spent all day later in the Public Library, where Stasov worked at the time.
In the house of Stasov in 1904, Marshak met Alexey Maksimovich Gorky. The famous writer reacted to a young poet with great interest and even invited in Yalta to his cottage. Here Marshak studied in 1904-1906, met with different interesting people, read a lot. The Gorky family was forced to leave the Crimea after the revolution of 1905 and Samuel returned to St. Petersburg.
Marshak began published in 1907. He published a collection of "Zionides", which was dedicated to Jewish topics, and several poems of Haima Bialika were included in Hebrew and Yidisha.
The labor youth of Marshak began: cooperation in almanachas and magazines, walking in the lessons.
In 1912, Marshak went to study in the UK to complete the formation. There he first studied in the Polytechnic, then he entered the University of London. He traveled a lot during the holidays on foot in England, with great pleasure he listened to English folk songs. The young poet then began to translate British ballads, so glorifying him later.
Continued below
In 1914, Samuel returned to his homeland. There he worked in the province, but published his translations in the central Russian magazines "Russian Thought" and "Northern Notes". In the harsh years of the 1st World War, Samuel Yakovlevich Marshak was actively involved in the children of refugees, and from the very beginning of the 1920s, he participated in Ekaterinodar in organizing organizing children's homes, created a children's theater. From this theater and its creativity began as a children's writer.
Returning to Petrograd in 1923, he created the first original poetic fairy tales - "Fairy Tale of a Stupid Mouse", "Mail", "Fire", translated the children's folk songs from the English - "The house that Jack built" and so on. Marshak was headed by one of the first children's magazines in the USSR - "New Robinson". Since 1924, Samuel Yakovlevich led the Children's Department of the Ogiz in Leningrad.
Children's poems Marshak, his fairy tales and promsories, songs, children's plays for theater, the riddles made up with the time of the book "Tales, songs, riddles."
In 1938, Samuel Yakovlevich moved to Moscow. During the Great Patriotic War, the poet actively worked in many central newspapers - his epigrams, political pamphlets, the parodies were denied and ridiculed the enemy.
In the postwar years, the books of Pychs Marshak were released - "Byl-Nesbylitsa", "Military Military", "a fun journey from A to Z" - the poetic encyclopedia. Marshak drove a lot to England in 1955, 1957 and 1959. He was engaged in translations of the songs of R. Burns and Sonyetov Shakespeare, translated poems R. Kipling, J. Kita, W. Waterworth, J. Bairon and PB Shelly.
Special popularity among the ongoing dramatic essays Samuel Yakovlevich enjoy such fairy tales such as "smart things", "twelve months", "Koshkin House".
A collection of articles of the writer "Education in the Word" came out in 1961 - he became the result of the great creative experience of Samuel Yakovlevich Marshak.
The last book of the writer - "Selected Lyrics" - saw the light in 1963. This Marshak Lyrics, which was not intended for children, was distinguished by strict simplicity, clarity and great concreteness.
The creativity of the poet and the playwright was repeatedly noted by the government: he was awarded state (Stalinist) USSR awards in 1942, 1946, 1949 and 1951 and the Lenin Prize in 1963.
