Future land as planets. Predictions and prophecies, which threatens humanity in the near future. Inevitable destruction of land

12.09.2017

Imagine 2040 or 2050: you wake up in your home somewhere on Mars, apply a portable device to your hand, externally resembling a mobile phone, diagnose with it the condition of your own body. You are sitting in a gravitational traction transport and go to breakfast in that it carefully prepared for you robots equipped with processors, the computational power of which in billions times more than the ability of the human brain. At the same time, somewhere on Earth there is a third world war, whether because of the resources, or against the raging robots, if the Earth managed to preserve his existence under the onslaught of an alien invadium and was not destroyed as a result of a collision with another celestial body. And just five years ago, the sun exploded or extinct.

Perspective, confess, frightening. But therefore, and no less intriguing, especially since there are already many predictions, and their authors are not the mythical saints or mysterious seams. Often, the future of mankind is taken to predict those who create it present - large scientists, successful entrepreneurs and inventors. And most importantly, it is their predictions that come true most often. We collected the most bold predictions about the near future for the Earth and tried to choose a dozen most exciting of them.

Stars Professor Mallrah

Did you know that already in 2022 each of us, lifting the eyes to the night sky, will be able to observe radical changes on it with the naked eye. The fact is that two stars in the winned constellation, which rotate each other around a friend, thereby forming a double star, in the specified year they will merge together, which will be accompanied by an explosion explosion. Such a prediction made Larry Molnar - Professor College Calvin (Geneva, Switzerland). According to Molnar, the chance of making such a prediction is approximately 0.000001%, but its calculations are allegedly accurate than ever. The professor argues that for some time before the collision of the stars, their brightness will increase about tens of thousands of times, and therefore they will become the most noticeable on our night sky and watch them will be without special devices and devices. It is worth saying that this is not just an assumption or theory, Molnar and his students conducted many studies and observations, and their results were repeatedly published in large specialized editions.

"Climate Hell" Reto Knutti

The world-famous climatologist Renault Knutti, who gained popularity due to its research work, this year announced a report on what global changes expect our planet in the foreseeable future. And the conclusions of Knutti are really scared. The scientist is confident that we have left no more than three years for a comfortable existence on Earth. In the future, as Knutti predicts, changes in the climate of the planet will be so catastrophic that accommodation here will turn into a real test. According to him, in the present 2017, a record number of abnormal climatic phenomena was recorded on the planet, which is comparable with the indicators of several previous years. Moreover, according to his forecast, in many countries of the world, by 2020, it will cease to be surprised at abnormal freezers, tornads, hurricanes, floods and other things. Input in this case adds a recent statement of Knutti that his reports are carefully hidden from the general public, but when the tragic events begin, the world ruling elite will not save even the bunkers prepared for the global catastrophe.

We left live three weeks

Did you know that we may have to live only a few weeks. This follows from the prediction of the David Mid numerologist known to their scandalous statements, which for some reason they call scientists for some reason. According to the researcher, numerous signs of the future death of the Earth are available to us, but the world government specially hides this information from the public, in order not to sow panic in the ranks of billions of ordinary citizens. Sigh with relief will allow the fact that earlier the Foreign Ministry has repeatedly gave failed predictions. In particular, according to his forecasts, the Earth had to be destroyed on September 23 of this year as a result of a collision with the mysterious planet "X".

Six apocalypse scenarios from Stephen Hawking

Surprisingly, but fighters his less famous colleagues and Stephen Hawking himself - a physicist-theoretian who has received worldwide fame. True, Hoking's forecasts are much less terrible. In his opinion, during the next millennium, we are waiting for a real end of the world, and with his causes of Hawking, it seems that I have not definitively decided. So, the scientist called at least six factors capable of committing the existence of mankind:

Alien invasion. If representatives of extraterrestrial civilizations visit us, considers the physicist, the effect of this can be compared with the arrival of the Columbus mission to America, which has become a real catastrophe for indigenous inhabitants.

Powerful weapons. Approximately a year ago, Hawking stated that the active development of artificial intelligence carries a lot of dangers and risks to become the most tragic event in history. It is the AI \u200b\u200bthat will allow some countries to develop heavy-duty weapons, which will lead to the global war and, as a result, the death of all living things.

Rise of the Machines. The same artificial intellect, the scientist believes, may cause the rebellion of cars. In his opinion, computers in the coming years will overtake the human brain on intellectual abilities, and this is already a threat of a completely different order.

Conquest black holes. Soon, as Hawking believes, humanity will switch to a single efficient source of energy, which will be artificially created and controlled black holes, however, it is impossible to be confident in the safety of the very beginning.

Finally, Stephen Hawking did not go around and seemingly long forgotten a threat. We are talking about the Great Hadron Collider, with which scientists are trying to prove the existence of a higgs boson - the so-called "part of God". In his opinion, the unsuccessful experiment on the tank can provoke the creation of an unstable boson, with the result that the whole of our universe will be moved to a fundamentally different physical condition.

Nanoclars and flights to Alpha Centauro

Fortunately, the remaining representatives of our list will read mankind much more rainbow perspectives. And they are not as an example more adherents of "gloomy theory". The first of them can be called the world's largest technological investor and the former co-owner Mail.Ru Group Yuri Milner. So, last year, Milner announced the start of the program called "Breakthrough Starshot", the main purpose of which will be the launch of a tiny spacecraft, weighing no more than a few grams. It is noteworthy, the speed of this nanoscope must be about 160 million kilometers per hour. And if the spacecraft used today can get to Alpha Centaurial not earlier than 30 thousand years old, the device of Milner will be able to reduce the flight time to only two decades. Direct participation in this project, by the way, and Stephen Hawking himself takes. In addition, Milner actively invests huge money in projects for finding a reasonable life in the Universe, predicting that our meeting with aliens once will indeed take place.

Plants in Open Space

But the founder of Amazon's largest shopping site Jeff Bezos turned out to be more pragmatic in his forecasts and made a proposal for the transfer of heavy industrial production into space. According to a chance, this decision will allow to preserve the already depleted land. So, the entrepreneur is confident, in the near century all plants and large industrial production will be moved into space. Moreover, solar energy in these conditions will be available constantly, and the hydrocarbons began to end now. On the surface of the planet, according to his plan, only residential buildings and light industry will remain in the future. Bezos, we will remind, I went through my compatriot Ilona Mask and became the founder of the Space company Blue Origin - next year the company promises to start regular flights into space for tourists.

Labor World Tim Cook

Modest, contrary to the expectations of many, the forecast for the future from the head of Apple Tim Cook looks, nevertheless, more than tangible. In 2015, Cook voiced the prediction, according to which, in the near future, money from our planet will disappear at all. True, we are not talking about money in principle, but about their cash equivalent. Without going into details, the entrepreneur said: "Our children will not even know what money is."

The conquest of Mars, the refusal of drivers and the day

In continuation of the space theme, it is simply impossible not to remember the famous American entrepreneur and the inventor of Ilona Mask - a man whose shoulders will be implemented not a single large-scale and successful high-tech project striving for its courage (Tesla, Paypal, Spacex). So, according to the mask, humanity is already ready to finally go to unmanned cars - all technical problems associated with this technology, according to it, have already been resolved. A couple of years for the remaining technical nuances and about a year to change the legislative framework for this innovation, and by 2020 drivers will not be needed. In addition, it is worth reminding the prediction of the Mars flying mask - he himself is actively working to predict for 2025, this prediction has become a reality. There are a number of other predictions in the "listening list" and some of them scare. Mask, for example, I am confident that the chase of the development of artificial intelligence will lead to the already mentioned rebellion of cars, and Peru belongs to the prophecy regarding the Day of the Day and the Third World War. He is convinced that responsibility for the global nuclear strike, if he really takes place, will completely lie on the AI. Only military experts are encouraging, who with the American inventor dreamed disagree.

Beautiful world of the future according to Gates

If in the ranks of the strongest minds of modernity to seek real optimists, then you can definitely be called Bill Gates - the founder of Microsoft Corporation and a large Philanthropus, who devoted a considerable part of his life of charity. If you believe the predictions of Gates, by 2035 there will be no poor countries on our planet. However, in his forecasts, Gates was much more verbose:

Gates told about the main threat to the whole living on the planet: He is confident that the forecasts of epidemiologists regarding mass biological infection by 2025 are true. A group of scientists predicts frequent outbreaks of hazardous virus diseases by that time, wines that will become international terrorists and their biological developments;

in addition, 2025, the billionaire believes, high technologies will become so developed that they will help finally defeat hunger in a number of African countries;

by 2030, Gates predicts the improvement of the global banking infrastructure, which will entail a noticeable reduction in the number of poor and poor citizens in all countries;

in 2019, doctors will be able to completely eradicate poliomyelitis;

by 2030, people in production will begin to replace the robots, however, they will be taxed, which will allow to pay unconditional income to citizens, that is, even to those who do not work at all;

finally, the billionaire believes, by 2025, renewable energy will become a priority and will bypass the volume of transactions more familiar to many of us hydrocarbons (gas, oil, coal).

The rule of technology from those. Google Director

The most incredible predictions were the technical director of Google Raymond Kurzveyal, who had longly heard the experienced technological futurologist and giving a lot of forecasts regarding our common future. It is enough to look only on some of the prophecies of the giant technological thought of modernity to realize the scale of the upcoming changes. And this is really a lot:

2020 - the computational power of personal computers is no longer inferior to the possibilities of the human brain;

2021 - 85% of the land is covered wirelessly accessible to the network;

2022 - Developed countries are beginning to change legislation to regulate relations between robots and people;

2025 - the mass development of artificial implants;

2027 - a personal assistant robot becomes an ordinary trifle like an iron or a kettle;

2028 year - solar energy so much that it covers all needs and allows you to abandon oil and gas;

2029 - artificial intelligence passes the Turing Test, proving that it has a mind;

2030 - nanotechnologies allow you to noticeably reduce the cost of almost any product produced;

2031 - hospitals of all countries of the world use 3D printers to recreate human organs;

2034 - the first romantic relationship arises between man and robot;

2035 - the Earth receives effective protection against any asteroids, thanks to the arms placed in orbit;

2041 - human intelligence develops, and its throughput is hundreds of times;

2042 - doctors implement the idea of \u200b\u200bimmortality using special nanorobots counted in the human body;

2045 - our planet becomes one single large computer - the era of "technological singularity", and later, Kurzveyl believes, technological singularity will be distributed far beyond our planet, system and galaxies - by 2100 it will cover the whole universe.

Following the industrial revolution, the world began to change quite a rapid pace. Indeed, if in the past century, world prospects were somehow predictable, today the future of mankind today And our planet is very foggy. Taking into account the fact that the population of the Earth is constantly growing, and the state of natural resources causes serious concerns, some experts coming so far that they say: the third world war, able to destroy our civilization, can begin at any time. Nevertheless, most people prefer to look into the future with optimism, and some even dare to dream of future achievements that will be able to solve the current world problems once and for all. What will our world will be in the future?

1. Inevitable earth destruction

Starting with a nuclear weapon that fell in bad hands, and ending with a giant asteroid capable of hitting the land at any time, it is clear that our planet is subject to many serious dangers that can lead to its destruction. Of course, you can be accused of pessimism this view for the whole of today's gloomy reality, but it is important to note that the sacred books of all religions predict the dark future of the Earth and its inhabitants.

2. Effective and environmental energy solutions

Currently, most people and governments realize that our non-harmonious consumer behavior has a negative impact on the environment, and possibly the main cause of extreme climate change. However, even at this moment efforts are made to develop a renewable, less pollutant, source of energy to fill the needs of the entire globe. For example, take the European Union, whose experts carefully work in search of a way to use the energy of wind and the sun in all countries that enter it.

3. An unprecedented population growth will no longer be a problem

Now that the population of the Earth has reached the number of 7 billion, more and more analysts say that food is literally not enough to ensure such a large number of people. Since recently there are many conversations about the limited reserves of natural resources and fresh water, you have to admit that they are right. On the other hand, there is a good news: numerous scientists have already begun experiments on the creation of synthetic food: the invention that can solve the main world problem, if it turns out to be effective.

4. Contact with extraterrestrial civilizations

Even with modern limited technology, NASA experts managed to create a space shuttle, which recently left the solar system. The way out of the familiar space opens the real opportunity to explore other planets and detect life on them. Indeed, the topic of establishing contact with other races and extraterrestrial civilizations caused a lot of noise after the Curiosity apparatus landed on Mars. Many photos sent to Earth with Curiosity woke up the imagination of people, and they continue to find Egyptian statues on these pictures, traces and mummified fingers.

5. Life among robots

Regardless of whether we will find other forms of life outside the solar system, a large percentage of people believe in the fact that in the future we will live among reasonable robots. Moreover, there is a common point of view that these robots will definitely be smarter than people, and the only way of coexistence with them is to go on a par with the technologies that we invent. The main idea is that people will change the paradigm of the evolution of life, creating such smart cars.

6. Technologies will exceed any imagination

There is no doubt that in the near and distant future we are waiting for incredible achievements of technical progress. However, there is no way to predict what we can achieve in the field of technology, say, in a thousand years. Currently, people are still intrigued by the enormous potential of nanotechnology. Who knows, perhaps Nano once may become a solution to serious medical problems, and implants will be able to replace fabrics and organs of the human body.

7. We will have a map of space

Here, the forecasts are really very achievable, taking into account the fact that numerous experts declare that most of the well-known outer space on the map. However, in the future it is expected that it will be possible to predict the basic space events that can represent a potential danger for our native planet. In the light of this, the study of the universe is not in the mechanics of space, but rather, in finding a suitable planet on which life can lead in the form in which we know it.

8. Space travel will be the usual phenomenon

Want - believe you want - no, but some astronomers claim that we already have all the necessary technologies for traveling through space. Why do we then do not go on vacation to Jupiter or Saturn? Well, the main problem of space travel It is that scientists have yet to open a way to protect the human body from suffocating gases and radiations there. So, when this problem is solved, traveling through space will become commonplace.

9. It will be possible to significantly extend human life.

If we consider that now there are many ways to slow down the aging process, the fact that human life can be extended in the future should become a reality. Some gerontologists say that in the future, nano-robots can be introduced into the bloodstream in order to destroy pathogenic microbes. In the event that this becomes a reality, the next step implies to reverse the aging process. However, since this hypothesis is still somewhat inconclusive, most scientists consider the possibility of developing another, more believable, solutions.

10. Death abolition

The victory over death was the concern of humanity from time immemorial. What do you think the ancient civilizations Ceremonies paid so much attention, and sacred believed that their correct conduct is a reliable way, with which the dead will take its place among the gods? Despite the fact that many religious scientific schools suggest that the purpose of life is to take death, we need to recognize the fact that at present people have no other way out, except to find a reasonable explanation for this phenomenon.

The land is in a state of constant change. This list presents ten basic events, which, according to forecasts, will experience our planet over the next billion years.

~ 10 million years

New satellite observations show that on planet Earth slowly forms a new ocean, originating in the fall of 2012 and gradually, continues to grow. This ocean, apparently, in the future, divide Africa for 2 continents. He began to form, after an earthquake in the eastern part of Africa - instantly arose a crack width of 8 meters and a length of 60 kilometers. According to calculations, 10 million years will pass when geological activity in this region will cease, leaving only dry pools that are filled with water and form a new ocean.

~ 100 million years

Given the large number of objects that are randomly circulated in space, there is an opportunity that in the next 100 million years old, our planet will collide with such an object. It will be comparable to the fact that caused dinosaur extinction 65 million years ago. Undoubtedly, some types will survive.
Who knows what life will be to succeed on such a planet? Maybe one day, we will share the land with an intelligence invertebrate or amphibians.

~ 250 million years

Pangeus Ultima is a hypothetical supercontinent, in which, according to forecasts, all existing continents will be connected approximately from 200-300 million years. In the future, the planet Earth or rather, approximately 50 million years old, Africa migrates to the north and, in the end, will face southern Europe. Australia and Antarctica will also be part of the new supercontinent, they will move to the north until they encounter Asia.

~ 600 million years

Gamma burst is a large-scale cosmic impetus for explosive energy, observed in remote parts of the galaxy, which is able to erase most of the ozone layer of the Earth, thereby causing radical changes in climate and extensive environmental damage, including mass extinction. For a few seconds, the gamma burst is able to free up so much energy as our sun allocates for 10 billion years.

~ 1.5 billion years

The sun gradually becomes all hot and slowly increases in size, which will ultimately lead to the fact that the Earth will be too close to the sun. In this regard, the oceans are completely dried, leaving behind only the deserts with burning soil. But fortunately, Mars at this moment can serve as a temporary chain for all remaining people.

~ 2.5 billion years

As scientists believed, based on today's ideas about the Earth's core, that the outer nucleus of the Earth will no longer be liquid - it solids. The magnetic field of the Earth will slowly disappear until exist at all. In the absence of a magnetic field, which protects the planet from the destructive solar radiation, the earth's atmosphere will gradually lose its lung compound - such as ozone.

~ 3.5 billion years

There is a small chance that in the future the orbit of Mercury will stretch and cut the Werethe's path. Although we cannot imagine exactly what happens when it happens. In the best case, Mercury will simply be absorbed by the Sun or destroyed as a result of a collision with a Venus. At worst? The Earth may face any other large non-gaseous planet - orbits, which would be radically destabilized by Mercury.

~ 4 billion years

There is a possibility that new stars will appear on our night sky - Andromeda Galaxy. Probably it will be truly a wonderful spectacle. But over time, these new stars will start scary to distort the Milky Way, merging together, they will create a chaotic picture of the night sky us. In any case, our night sky will at least temporarily decorated with trillions of the newest stars.

~ 5 billion years

The additional force of the acting on the moon - the stars will be enough for the moon slowly fell on the ground. When the moon reaches the limit of Rosh, it will start disintegrating. After that, it is possible that the lunas of the moon form a ring around the Earth, which will fall on our planet for many years.

The likelihood that the land will collapse over the next ten billion years, is high. Or she will become an outcast planet, or will be absorbed by the "embrace" of the dying sun, or ... let's just hope that the land will not overtake sad fate.

To bookmarks

Scenarios of future changes of the Earth. The age of the earth: the next 5 billion years

Is the past prologue to the future? As for the land, you can answer: and yes and no.

As in the past, the Earth continues to remain a continuously changing system. The planet expects a series of warming and cooling. The glacial periods will return, as well as periods of extreme warming. Global tectonic processes will continue to move the continents, bow and blur the oceans. A drop in a giant asteroid or an eruption of a heavy duty volcano can again apply a cruel blow through life.

Space flight or death. To survive in the remote future, we must colonize the neighboring planets. Initially, you need to create bases on the moon, although our glowing satellite will still remain a non-micro-ray world for life.

But other events will also occur, as inevitable as the formation of the first granite crust. Myriads of living beings will die forever. Doomed on the disappearance of tigers, white bears, humpback whales, pandas, gorillas. A high probability that both humanity is also doomed.

Many of the details of the earth's history for the most part are unknown, or even unrecognizable. But the study of this story, as well as the laws of nature, gives an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat can happen in the future. Let's start with a panoramic view, and then gradually focus on our time.

Endshpil: The following 5 billion years

Earth almost halfway went to his inevitable death. For 4.5 billion years, the sun shone sufficiently stably, gradually increasing the brightness as its colossal hydrogen reserves burn. The following five (or so) billions of years the sun will continue to produce nuclear energy due to the conversion of hydrogen in helium. This is how almost all stars do most of the time.

Sooner or later, hydrogen reserves will end. Stars in bed, reaching this stage, just fade, gradually decrease in size and radiating less energy. Whether the sun is so red dwarf, the earth would simply wonder through. If some life was preserved on it, then only in the form of particularly enduring microorganisms deep beneath the surface, where the reserves of liquid water could remain.

However, such a pathetic death does not threaten such a pitiful death because it has a sufficient mass to have a margin of nuclear fuel for another scenario. Recall that every star holds two opposing forces in equilibrium.

On the one hand, gravity attracts the star substance to the center, as far as possible by reducing it volume. On the other hand, nuclear reactions, like an endless series of explosions of the inner hydrogen bomb, are directed outward and, accordingly, try to increase the size of the star.

The present Sun is in the burning stage of hydrogen, reaching a stable diameter of about 1.4 million km - this size lasted 4.5 billion years and will last about 5 billion.

The sun is large enough so that after the end of the hydrogen burnout phase, a new, powerful burning phase of helium burns out. Helium, the product of the fusion of hydrogen atoms, can be connected to other helium atoms, forming carbon, but this stage of the evolution of the Sun will have catastrophic consequences for the inner planets.

Due to more active helium-based reactions, the Sun will become more and more, such as overheated aerostat, turning into a pulsating red giant. It will swallow to the orbit of Mercury and simply swallows the tiny planet. It will reach the orbit of our neighbor Venus, swallowing at the same time and her. The sun will swollen a hundred times more of the current diameter - right up to the Earth's orbit.

Earth endgame extremely gloomy forecasts. According to some black scenarios, the Red Giant Sun will simply destroy the land that evaporates in a split solar atmosphere and cease to exist. On other models, the Sun will throw out more than a third of its current mass in the form of an unimaginable solar wind (which will be indispensable to disturb the dead surface of the Earth).

Since the Sun will lose part of its mass, earth orbit can expand - in this case, it may take advantage of the absorption. But even if we won't get a huge sun, everything that remains from our beautiful blue planet will turn into a fruitless head, continuing to contact orbit. In the depths can still be preserved for certain ecosystems of microorganisms, but its surface will never be covered with a juicy greens.

Desert: 2 billion years later

Slowly, but true, even in the current calm period of burning hydrogen, the sun is more and more warmed up. At the very beginning, 4.5 billion years ago, the glow of the sun was 70% of the modern. In the times of the Great Oxygen Event, 2.4 billion years ago, the intensity of the glow was already 85%. After a billion years, the sun will shine even brighter.

For a while, perhaps, even a lot of hundreds of millions of years, the feedback of the Earth will be able to soften this impact. The greater the thermal energy, the more intense evaporation, therefore, increase the cloudiness, which contributes to the reflection of most of the sunlight into the outer space. An increase in thermal energy means accelerating rock weathering, enhanced absorption of carbon dioxide and reducing greenhouse gases. Thus, negative feedback will suggest a long time to maintain the conditions for maintaining life on Earth.

But the turning point will inevitably come. A relatively small Mars reached such a critical point of billions years ago, losing all liquid water on the surface. Through any billion years, the earth's oceans will begin to evaporate with catastrophic speed and the atmosphere will turn into an infinite steam room. There will be no glaciers or snow-covered vertices, and even the pole turns into the tropics.

For several million years, life can persist in such greenhouse conditions. But as the sun heal and evaporate water into the atmosphere, hydrogen will begin to quickly disappear into space, which will cause a slow drying of the planet. When oceans completely evaporate (which may occur after 2 billion years), the surface of the Earth will turn into a fruitless desert; Life will be on the edge of death.

Novopangey, or Amazion: 250 million years later

The death of the earth is inevitable, but it will happen very and very soon. A look at a less remote future draws a more attractive picture of a dynamically developing and relatively safe planet. To imagine the world in a few hundred million years, the keys to understand the future followed in the past.

Global tectonic processes will continue to play its important role in changing the appearance of the planet. Nowadays, the continents are separated from each other. Wide oceans share America, Eurasia, Africa, Australia and Antarctica. But these huge sections of sushi are in constant motion, and its speed is approximately 2-5 cm per year - 1500 km for 60 million years.

We can establish fairly accurate vectors of this movement for each mainland, studying the age of basalts of the ocean bottom. Basalt near the middle ocean ridges is quite young, no older than a few million years. In contrast, the age of basalt in continental outflows in subducts can reach more than 200 million years.

It is easy to consider all these age data composition of the ocean bottom, to rewind the ribbon of global tectonics back in time and get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe mobile geography of earthly continents over the last 200 million years. Based on this information, the movement of continental slabs is 100 million years old.

Taking into account the modern trajectories of this movement throughout the planet, it turns out that all continents move to the next collision. After a quarter of a billion years, most of the earthly sushi will again become one gigantic supercontinent, and some geologists already prophesy his name - Novopangey. However, the exact device of the future of the united continent remains the subject of scientific controversy.

The assembly of Novopangei is a surround game. You can take into account modern movements of continents and predict their way for the next 10 or 20 million years. The Atlantic Ocean will expand several hundred kilometers, while the Pacific Ocean is narrowed at about the same distance.

Australia will move to the north towards South Asia, and Antarctica will slightly remove from the southern pole in the direction of South Asia. Africa also does not stand still, slowly moving to the north, moving into the Mediterranean Sea. After a few tens of millions of years, Africa will face southern Europe, closing the Mediterranean Sea and erecting at the collision site mountain range in size from Himalayas, compared to which the Alps will seem just dwarfs.

Thus, the world map after 20 million will seem familiar, but slightly overwhelmed. Modeling the world map is 100 million years old, most developers allocate general geographical signs, for example, agreeing that the Atlantic Ocean will overtake the size of quiet and become the largest water pool on Earth.

However, from this place the model of the future is diverged. According to one theory, extroversion, the Atlantic Ocean will continue to reveal and as a result, both America will eventually face Asia, Australia and Antarctic.

In the later stages of this assembly of the supercontinent, North America will be closed in the east of the Pacific Ocean and will face Japan, and South America gets clockwise from the south-east, connecting with the Equatorial part of Antarctica. All these parts are surprisingly combined with each other. Novopangey will be a single mainland, stretching from the east to the west along the equator.

The main thesis of the extroversion model lies in the fact that large convection cells of the mantle, located under tectonic plates, will be stored in their modern form. An alternative approach, called introversion, adheres to the opposite point of view, referring to previous cycles of closure and opening the Atlantic Ocean.

Reconstruction of the Atlantic position for the last billion years (or similar ocean, located between two America in the West and Europe along with Africa in the East), experts argue that the Atlantic Ocean was closed and blurred three times with cycles of several hundred million years - this conclusion suggests that heat exchanger The processes in the mantle are changeable and episodic.

Judging by the analysis of rocks, as a result of the movements of Lavrentia and other continents, about 600 million years ago, the predecessor of the Atlantic Ocean, called Jappetus, or Yuppa (by the name of the ancient Greek Titan of Japet, Father Atlas). Jappetus turned out to be closed after assembling Pangai. When this supercontinent began to split 175 million years ago, the Atlantic Ocean was formed.

According to the supporters of the introversion (perhaps, it is not necessary to call them introverts), continuing to expand the Atlantic Ocean will follow the same way. He will slow down, stop and retreat approximately after 100 million years. Then, after another 200 million years, both America will come together with Europe and Africa.

At the same time, Australia and Antarctica will be connected to Southeast Asia, forming a supercontinent called Amazion. This giant mainland in the form of a horizontally located Latin letter L includes the same parts as Novopangei, but for this model both America form his western outskirts.

Now both models of supercontinents (extroversion and introversion) are not deprived of the merits and are still popular. Whatever the outcome of this controversy, everyone converges in the fact that, although after 250 million years the geography of the land will change significantly, it will still reflect the past.

The temporary assembly of continents in the equator area will reduce the effect of glacial and moderate changes in the sea level. The mountain ranges will be erected in the collision of the continents, changes in climate and vegetation will occur, and there will also be fluctuations in oxygen levels and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. These changes will be repeated throughout the history of the Earth.

Collision: Coming 50 million years

A recent review on the topic of mankind will die, reflected a very low collision rating with asteroids - something about 1 per 100 thousand. Statistically, this coincides with the probability of death from a lightning strike or from tsunami. But in this forecast there is an obvious flaw.

As a rule, lightning kills about 60 times a year per person. In contrast, a collision with an asteroid may not kill a single person for several thousand years. But one is not a wonderful day, a modest blow can destroy everyone at all.

The likelihood that we have nothing to worry about, and hundreds of subsequent generations too. But you can not doubt that one day a large catastrophe occurs like the one that destroyed dinosaurs. In the coming 50 million years, the Earth will have to survive such a blow, perhaps not even one. This is just a matter of time and coincidence.

The most likely villains are asteroids, bringing close to the earth, are objects with a strongly elongated orbit, which takes place near the earth orbit close to the circular. There are no less three hundred of such potential murderers, and in the coming few decades, some of them will be held in dangerous intimacy from the Earth.

On February 22, 1995, the asteroid discovered at the last moment, which received a decent name of 1995 CR, with a whistle rushed pretty close - in several distances of the Earth-Moon. On September 29, 2004, the Tautatis asteroid, an oblongable object, about 5.4 km in diameter, passed even closer.

In 2029, asteroid Apophis, a fragment of about 325-340 m in diameter, should approach even more, deeply entering the lunar orbit. This unpleasant neighborhood will inevitably change its own orbit of Apophis and, perhaps, in the future it will bring it further to Earth.

On each well-known asteroid, crossing the orbit of the Earth, is available with dozen or more not yet detected. When such a flying object, in the end, will detect, it may be too late in order to take something. If we are a target, then perhaps at our disposal will be only a few days to prevent danger.

The impassive statistics leads us to calculate the probability of collisions. Almost annually, the fragments fall on the ground about 10 m in diameter. Due to the inhibitory effect of the atmosphere, most of these shells explode and falls into small parts even to contact with the surface.

But objects with a diameter of 30 or more meters, meetings with which occur about once every thousand years, lead to significant destruction in places of fall: In June 1908, such a body collapsed in the taiga near the river River Tunguska in Russia.

Very dangerous, diameter near a kilometer, stone objects fall to the ground around once every half a million years old, and asteroids at five or more kilometers can fall to the ground for about 10 million years.

The consequences of such collisions depend on the size of the asteroid and the area of \u200b\u200bthe fall. Fifteen-taller walne will empty the planet, wherever he fell. (For example, an asteroid, which destroyed dinosaurs 65 million years ago, was, on calculations, about 10 km in diameter.)

If 15-kilometer pebbles fall into the ocean - 70% of the likelihood, taking into account the ratio of water and sushi, then almost all the mountains on the globe, except the highest, will be demolished by destructive waves. Everything disappears below 1000 m above sea level.

If an asteroid of this size collapses to land, the destruction will be more local. Everything will be destroyed within a radius of two-three thousand kilometers, and throughout the mainland, which will be unhappy target, devastating fires will sweep.

For some time, the consequences of falling from the blow of the area will avoid the consequences of the fall, but such a blow spacing an immeasurable amount of dust from destroyed stones and soil, for the years closing the atmosphere with dust clouds reflecting sunlight. Photosynthesis will practically come down. The vegetation will die and the food chain will interrupt. Part of humanity can survive in this catastrophe, but civilization in the form in which we know it will be destroyed.

Small objects will cause less destructive consequences, but any asteroid is more than a hundred meters in diameter, whether it will collapse to the land or in the sea, will cause a natural disaster worse than those known. What to do? Can we ignore the threat as something remote, not so significant in the world and without that complete problems requiring immediate solution? Is it possible to reject a large chip in some way?

The late Carl Sagan is perhaps the most charismatic and influential representative of the scientist community over the past half a century, a lot reflected on asteroids. Public and in private conversations, and mostly in its famous TV shows "Cosmos" he ratified for agreed actions at the international level.

He began with the fact that he told the fascinating story about the monks of the Canterbury Cathedral, who in the summer of 1178 became witnesses to the colossal explosion on the moon - it was a very close to the fall of an asteroid less than a thousand years ago. If such an object collapsed to Earth, millions of people would die. "The Earth is a tiny corner on a huge Space Arena," he said. - It is unlikely that someone will come to help us. "

The simplest step to be done first is to draw the most close attention to dangerously approaching the Earth the celestial bodies - the enemy should be known in the face. We need accurate telescopes equipped with digital processors to locate flying objects approaching land, calculate their orbits and make calculations of their future trajectories. It is not so expensive, and something is already done. Of course, it would be possible to make more, but at least some efforts are undertaken.

And what if we find a large object that can crash in us in a few years? Sagan, and together with him and a number of other scientists and military believe that the most obvious way is to cause the deviation of the asteroid trajectory. If you start on time, then even a slight push of a rocket or several directed nuclear explosions could significantly move the asteroid orbit - and thereby direct the asteroid past the goal, avoiding the collision.

He argued that the development of such a project requires an intensive and long-term program of space research. In the prophetic article 1993, Sagan wrote: "Since the threat of asteroids and comet concerns each inhabitable planet in the galaxy, if any, reasonable creatures will have to be united to leave their planets and move to neighboring. The choice is simple - fluttering into space or die. "

Space flight or death. To survive in the remote future, we must colonize the neighboring planets. First, it is necessary to create bases on the moon, although our glowing satellite will still remain a non-microgenic world for life and work. The next - Mars, where more solid resources are poured - not only large stocks of frozen groundwater, but also sunlight, minerals and cut, but the atmosphere.

It will not be a slight and cheap enterprise, and it is unlikely that Mars will turn into a prosperous colony in the near future. But if you settle and cultivate the soil, our promising neighbor may well become an important step in the evolution of mankind.

Two obvious obstacles may not be removed, or even at all will make it impossible to settle people on Mars. First - money. Tens of billions of dollars, which will be needed for the development and implementation of flights to Mars, exceed even the most optimistic NASA budget, and this under favorable financial conditions. International cooperation would be the only way out, but so far such large international programs took place.

Another problem is the issue of surviving astronauts, because it is almost impossible to ensure safe flight on Mars and back. Surov Cosmos, with its countless meteorite gears, capable of piercing a thin sheath of even an armored capsule, and unpredictably the sun - with its explosions and deadly, penetrating radiation.

Astronauts "Apollo", with their weekly flights to the moon, it is incredibly lucky that at that time nothing happened. But the flight on Mars will last for several months; In any cosmic flight, the principle is one: the longer time, the greater the risk.

Moreover, existing technologies do not allow the spacecraft sufficient for reverse flight fuel. Some inventors are talking about the processing of Martian water to synthesize rocket fuel and fill in the reverse tanks, but so far it is from the area of \u200b\u200bdreams, and about a very distant future. Perhaps the most logical solution is that it hurts the NASA pride, but is actively supported by the press, the flight is one way.

If we sent an expedition, in many years, providing it with a provisionant instead of rocket fuel, reliable shelter and greenhouses, seeds, oxygen and water, tools for the extraction of vital resources on the most red planet, such an expedition would be able to take place.

She would be unthinkable dangerous, but all the great pioneers were dangerous - such was the world's round-the-world swimming in 1519-1521, the expedition to the West Lewis and Clark in 1804-1806, Parilar Expeditions of Peel and Amundsen in the early 20th century.

Humanity has not lost a gambling desire to participate in such risky enterprises. If NASA announces the registration of volunteers to one-sided flight to Mars, thousands of specialists will be recorded without thinking.

After 50 million years, the Earth will still be a living and dwelling planet, and its blue oceans and green continents will be shown, but will remain recognizable. Much less obvious to the fate of mankind. Maybe a man will sweep as a view. In this case, 50 million is quite enough to erase almost all traces of our brief dominion - all cities, roads, monuments will be weathered much earlier than the deadline.

Some alien paleontologists will have to sweat to discover the smallest traces of our existence in near-surface sediments. However, a person can and survive, and even evolve, colonize the nearest planets, and then the nearest stars.

In this case, if our descendants come to space space, then the Earth will be appreciated even higher - like a reserve, museum, shrine and place of pilgrimage. Maybe only leaving his planet, humanity, finally, will truly appreciate the place of birth of our species.

Change of land map: next million years

In many ways, after a million years, the Earth will not change much. Of course, continents will be shifted, but not more than 45-60 km from the current location. The sun will shine as before, coming over every twenty-four hours, and the moon will make a turn around the Earth for about one month.

But something will change very thoroughly. In many points of the globe, irreversible geological processes convert the landscape. The vulnerable outlines of the coast of the ocean will be particularly significant.

County Kalvert in Maryland, one of my most beloved places, where Miocene rocks with them are drawn to many kilometers on the type of infinite reserves of fossils, as a result of rapid weathering disappears from the face of the earth. After all, the size of the entire county is only 8 km and it decreases almost 30 cm annually. At such a speed, the county of Calvert will not last and 50 thousand years old, not that Million.

Other states, on the contrary, will acquire valuable land plots. The acting underwater volcano near the southeastern coast of the largest from the Hawaiian Islands rose above 3000 m (although it is still covered with water) and comes in growth every year.

Million from the ocean waves will rise a new island, which has already called the name of the right. At the same time, the extlicate volcanic islands northwest, including Maui, Oahu and Kauai, respectively, decrease under the influence of wind and ocean waves.

As for the waves, the specialists who investigate rocks for future changes come to the conclusion that the most active factor in the change in the geography of the earth will be the offensive and retreat of the ocean. Changing the rate of rift volcanism will affect a very long time, depending on how much more or less lava will be glanced on the ocean day.

The sea level can be significantly reduced during periods of volunteering of volcanic activity, when the bottom cliffs are cooled and calmed: as scientists believe, it is precisely a sharp decrease in the sea level directly in front of the Mesozoic extinction.

The presence or absence of large inner seas like the Mediterranean, as well as the cohesion and split of the continents cause significant changes in the sizes of coastal offshore sites, which will also play an important role in the formation of the geosphere and the biosphere during the coming million years.

Million years are tens of thousands of generations in human life, which is hundreds of times the whole of the previous human history. If a person survives as a view, the land can also undergo changes as a result of our progressive technological activity, and such that it is difficult to even imagine.

But if humanity is dying, the land will remain about the same as now. On land and in the sea will continue life; The joint evolution of the geosphere and the biosphere will quickly restore the pre-industrial equilibrium.

Megavilling: the following 100 thousand years

A sudden catastrophic collision with an asteroid fade in comparison with a continuous eruption of megavilling or a solid stream of basalt lava. Vulcanism on a planetary scale accompanied almost all five mass extinction, including what was caused by the fall of the asteroid.

The consequences of megavulcanism should not be confused with ordinary destruction and losses in eruptions of ordinary volcanoes. Conventional eruptions are accompanied by lava flows, well-known inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands, living on the slopes of Kilauea, whose dwellings and everything that is in her way, it destroys, but in general, such eruptions are limited, predictable and it is not difficult to avoid them.

Several more dangerous in this category of ordinary eruptions of pyroclastic volcanoes, when a huge amount of hot ash rushes down along the mountainside at a speed of about 200 km / h, sewing and burking everything on its path.

This was the case in 1980 with the eruption of the volcano of St. Helena, Washington, and Pinatubo Volcano in the Philippines in 1991; Thousands of people would have killed in these catastrophes if there were no advance warning and mass evacuation. An even more terrible danger represents the third type of volcanic activity: the release of huge masses of small ashes and poisonous gases into the upper layers of the atmosphere.

The eruption of Icelandic volcanoes Eyyafyallayokudl (April 2010) and Grimswall (May 2011) refer to relatively weak, since they were accompanied by emissions of less than 4 km³ of ash. Nevertheless, they have been paralyzed by air traffic in Europe for several days and harm the health of many people from nearby locality.

In June 1783, the eruption of the Vc volcano is one of the largest in history - was accompanied by a release of more than 12 thousand m³ of basalt, as well as ashes and gas, which turned out to be quite enough to enhance Europe with a poisonous Mal. At the same time, a quarter of the population of Iceland died, some of which died from directly poisoning with acid volcanic gases, and most of the hunger during the winter.

The consequences of the catastrophe affected the distance of more than a thousand kilometers in the direction of the southeast, and tens of thousands of Europeans, mostly residents of the British Isles, died from the protracted effects of this eruption. But the most deadly was the eruption of the Tambo volcano in April 1815, during which more than 20 km³ of lava were thrown.

At the same time, more than 70 thousand people died, most of them from mass hunger, which arose as a result of damage made by agriculture. The Tamborsky eruption was accompanied by the release of huge masses of sulfurous gases into the upper layers of the atmosphere, which led to the blocking of sunlight and plunged the northern hemisphere in the "Year without sunlight" ("Volcanic Winter") in 1816.

These historical events still affect the imagination, and not for reason. Of course, the number of victims does not go to any comparison with hundreds of thousands of people who died from the recent land of shaking in the Indian Ocean and Haiti. But between the eruptions of volcanoes and earthquakes there is an important, frightening difference.

The size of the most powerful possible earthquakes is limited to the strength of the breed. The solid breed can withstand a certain pressure before split; The strength of the breed can cause a very devastating, but still a local earthquake - magnitude nine points on the Richter scale.

In contrast to this eruption of volcanoes, there are no restrictions on the scale. In fact, geological data is irrefutable indicate eruptions, hundreds of times more powerful than volcanic catastrophes, preserved by the historical memory of mankind. Such giant volcanoes could eclipse the sky for years and for many millions (not thousands!) Square kilometers change the appearance of the earth's surface.

Gigantic taupo volcanic eruption on the North Island, New Zealand, occurred 26,500 years ago; More than 830 km³ of magmatic lava and ashes were monsigible. Toba volcano on Sumatra exploded 74 thousand years ago and the monster is more than 2,800 km³ Lava. The consequences of a similar catastrophe in the modern world is difficult to imagine.

Nevertheless, these supervocals, which gave rise to the greatest cataclysms in the history of the Earth, are fused compared to giant basalt streams (scientists call them "traps"), which caused mass extinction. In contrast to disposable eruptions of supervulkanov, basalt streams cover a huge time period - thousands of years of continuous volcanic activity.

The most powerful of such cataclysms, as a rule, coinciding with the periods of mass extinction, distributed hundreds of thousands of millions of cubic kilometers of Lava. The largest catastrophe occurred in Siberia 251 million years ago during the great mass extinction and was accompanied by a scale of basalt on an area of \u200b\u200bmore than a million square kilometers.

Dinosaur death 65 million years ago, which is often attributed to a collision with a major asteroid, coincided with the gigantic spill of basalt lava in India, which gave rise to the largest magmatic province of Decan trappes, the total area of \u200b\u200bwhich is about 517 thousand km², and the volume of grown mountains reaches 500 thousand km³ .

These huge territories could not form as a result of a simple conversion of the crust and the top of the mantle. Modern basalt formations models reflect the idea of \u200b\u200bthe oldest era of vertical tectonics, when gigantic magma bubbles slowly rose from the boundaries of the rusted core of the mantle, splitting the earth's bark and fluttering on a cold surface.

Such phenomena in our time happen extremely rarely. According to one of the theories, between the streams of basalt, the time interval is approximately 30 million years, so you can hardly live up to the next one.

Our technological society will definitely receive a timely warning about the possibility of such an event. Seismologists are able to track the flow of hot, molten magma, ascending to the surface. At our disposal can be hundreds of years to prepare for such a natural disaster. But if humanity falls in the next surge of vulcanism, we can do little to oppose this cruel from earthly trials.

Ice factor: the next 50 thousand years

In the foreseeable future, the most significant factor determining the appearance of earthly continents is ice. Within a few hundred thousand years, the depth of the ocean is strongly dependent on the general volume of frozen water, including ice caps of mountains, glaciers and continental ice shields. The equation is simple: the greater the volume of frozen water on land, the lower the water level in the ocean.

The past is the key to forecasting the future, but how do we know the depth of the ancient oceans? The results of observation using satellites behind the water level in the oceans, although they are incredibly accurate, are limited to the last two decades. Measuring sea levels by level gauges, although less accurate and local deviations are collected over the past one and a half century.

Geologists, exploring the coast, can resort to mapping signs of the coastline in antiquity - for example, raised coastal terraces, which can be found on the sediments of coastal sediments, which have tens of thousands of years, are such raised areas may reflect the periods of water levels.

The relative position of fossil corals, which usually grow in the zone of the shallow ocean shelf heated by the Sun, could extend our record events of the events deep into centuries, but this entry will be distorted, since such geological formations are rapidly raging, immersed and leaked.

Many experts began to pay attention to the less obvious indicator of the sea level - on the changes in the ratios of oxygen isotopes in small shells of marine mollusks. Such ratios can tell much more than the distance between any celestial body and the sun. Due to its property, react to change the temperatures of oxygen isotopes give a key to deciphering the volume of the ice cover of the Earth in the past and, accordingly, to changing the water level in the ancient ocean.

However, the connection between the amount of ice and oxygen isotopes is the matter is the curd. It is believed that the most common isotope of oxygen, which makes up 99.8% air oxygen, which we breathe is light oxygen-16 (with eight protons and eight neutrons). One on 500 oxygen atoms - severe oxygen-18 (eight protons and ten neutrons).

This means that one of every 500 water molecules in the ocean is harder than the usual. When the ocean is heated from sunlight, water containing light isotopes oxygen-16, evaporates faster than oxygen-18, and therefore water weight in low-seated clouds is easier than in the ocean itself.

As the clouds rise in the cooler atmospheric layers, water with severe oxygen-18 condenses in the rain drops faster than the light water with an oxygen isotope-16, and oxygen in the composition of the cloud becomes even easier.

In the process of the inevitable movement of the clouds to the poles of oxygen in the components of their water molecules becomes much easier than in sea water. When precipitation falls over the polar glaciers and the glytchers, light isotopes are frozen and marine water becomes even harder.

In periods of maximum cooling of the planet, when more than 5% of the earth's water turns into a lot, sea water becomes particularly saturated with severe oxygen-18. During the periods of global warming and departure of glaciers, the level of oxygen-18 in sea water is reduced. Thus, thorough measurements of the ratio of oxygen isotopes in coastal sedimentary rocks can provide an idea of \u200b\u200bchanges in surface ice in retrospective.

It is these studies and a geologist of Ken Miller with colleagues at the University of Ratgers for several decades, studying the powerful sediment layers covering the coast in New Jersey. These sediments, in which the geological history of the last 100 thousand years is recorded, are saturated with the sinks of microscopic fossil organisms, called phoraminifera.

Each tiny foraminifer is kept in its composition of oxygen isotopes in the proportion, which was in the ocean at a time when the body grew. Measuring oxygen isotopes in the coastal sediments of New Jersey, a layer behind the layer, provides a simple and accurate means for estimating the volume of ice into the corresponding period of time.

In the recent geological past, ice cover was decreased, it was growing, which was accompanied by relevant significant fluctuations in the sea level every few thousand years. At the peak of the glacial periods, more than 5% of water on the planet turned into a lot, lowering the sea level of meters per hundred relatively modern.

It is believed that about 20 thousand years ago, one of these periods of low standing of water was formed by landstakes through the beerings of the Strait between Asia and North America - it was on this "bridge" in the new world, people and other mammals migrated. In the same period, La Mansha did not exist, and the dry valley was running between the British Islands and France.

During the periods of maximum warming, when the glaciers were almost disappeared, and snow caps swept on the tops of the mountains, the sea level was increased, becoming about 100 m above the modern, immersing hundreds of thousands of square kilometers of coastal territories throughout the planet.

Miller and his staff have calculated more than a hundred cycles of advancing and retreating glaciers over the past 9 million years, and at least a dozen of them fall on the last million - the range of these mad ocean fluctuations reached 180 m. One cycle can be slightly different from the other, but events They occur with obvious frequency and are associated with the so-called Milankovich cycles, named so in honor of Serbian astronoma Milutina Milankovich, who discovered them about a century ago.

He found out that well-known changes in the parameters of the earth's movement around the Sun, including the slope of the earth's axis, the eccentricity of the elliptic orbit and the slight oscillation of their own axis of rotation, determine the periodic changes in the climate with gaps from 20 thousand years to 100. These shifts affect the solar energy flow, Reaching land, and thus cause significant fluctuations in climate.

What awaits our planet in the next 50 thousand years? You can not doubt that sharp fluctuations in the sea level will continue, and it will not go down again, it will rise. Sometimes, probably, over the next 20 thousand years, snow hats will grow on tops, the glaciers will continue to increase, and the sea level drops sixty or more - to such a level of the sea, lowered at least eight times for the last million years.

It will have a powerful impact on the outlines of continental coastal lines. The east coast of the United States will expand a lot of kilometers in the eastern direction, as the shallow-water main slope is unfolded. All major harbor of the Eastern coast, from Boston to Miami, will turn into dry inner platea.

Alaska will connect with Russia a new ice-covered shelter, and the British Islands can again become part of mainland Europe. Rich fisheries along the continental shelves will be part of the sushi.

As for the sea level, if it decreases, then it must certainly increase. It is quite possible, it is even very likely that after the next one thousand years of the sea will rise 30 m and above. Such a rise in the level of the world's ocean, rather modest geological standards, unrecognizable posts the map of the United States.

The thirty-meter rise level of the sea will lead to the flooding of most of the coastal plains on the east coast, shifting the coastline to one and a half hundred kilometers in the west direction. The main coastal cities are Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Washington, Baltimore, Wilmington, Charleston, Savannah, Jacksonville, Miami and many others - will be under water. Los Angeles, San Francisco, Sandihi and Seattle will disappear in sea waves.

Flames almost all Florida, the shallow water will spread on the site of the peninsula. Under water will be most of the states of Delaware and Louisiana. In other parts of the world, the damage caused by the rise of the sea level will be even more devastating. The whole countries will cease to exist - Holland, Bangladesh, Maldives.

Geological data is irrefutable indicate: such changes will continue to occur. If warming is rapid, as many experts believe, the water level will rise quickly, by about 30 cm over a decade.

The usual thermal expansion of sea water during global warming periods is capable of increasing the rise of the sea level on average to three meters. Undoubtedly, it will be a problem for humanity, but will have a very insignificant effect on the Earth.

Nevertheless, this will not become the end of the world. This will become the end of our world.

Warming: The following hundred years

Most of us do not look at several billion years ahead, as does not look at a few million years or even a thousand years. We are worried about more pressing concerns: how do I pay for higher education for a child in ten years? Will I get a promotion in a year? Will the stock market go up next week? What to cook for lunch?

In this context, we have no need to worry. Excluding an unexpected catastrophe, our planet in a year, after ten years it will not change. Any difference between what is now, and what will happen in a year, almost imperceptible, even if the summer will be unprecedented hot, or the crop will suffer from drought, or will get an extraordinarily strong storm.

Undoubtedly one thing: the earth continues to change. There are many signs of the upcoming global warming and melting of glaciers, perhaps partly accelerated by the human activity. Over the next century, the consequences of this warming will affect many people in a wide variety of aspects.

In the summer of 2007, I participated in the symposium on the problems of the future in the fishing village of Ilulissat on the west coast of Greenland, almost near the northern polar circle. The choice of a place to discuss the future was very successful, since climate change took place directly outside the conference room in the cozy hotel "Arctic".

For a thousand years, this Harbor, located near the rich of the mighty Ilulissat Glacier, was the place of profitable fishing fishery. Thousand years of fishermen in the winter, when the harbor frozen, they were engaged in retribution. That is, they were engaged before the beginning of the new millennium. In 2000, for the first time (at least according to the millennial oral history), the harbor did not frown in winter.

And such changes are observed throughout the globe. From the shore of Cesapik Bay, they report a sustainable increase in the level of the tide compared with previous decades. Year after year, sugar applies further to the north, turning the once fertile agricultural land of Morocco in a dusty desert.

The ice of Antarctica is rapidly and split. The average air and water temperatures are constantly growing. All this reflects the process of consistent global warming - the process that the Earth has already experienced the random number in the past and will experience in the future.

Warming can be accompanied by others, sometimes paradoxical effects. Gulfstream, the powerful ocean flow that carries warm water from the equator to the North Atlantic, is controlled by a large temperature difference between the equator and high latitudes. If, as a result of global warming, the contrast of temperatures will decrease, as follows from some climate models, then Gulf Stream can weaken or stop at all.

Ironically, the direct result of this change will be the transformation of the temperate climate of the British Islands and Northern Europe, which are now heated by a golfustrim in a much cooler.

Similar changes will occur with other ocean flows - for example, with the course coming from the Indian Ocean to the Southern Atlantic past the African horns, it can cause a cooling of South Africa's soft climate or a change in the monsoon climate that provides part of Asia with fertile rains.

When the glaciers are melting, the sea level rises. According to the most modest calculations, it will rise half meter in the following century, although, according to some data, in some decades, the growth of sea water can fluctuate within a few centimeters.

Such changes in the sea level will affect the many inhabitants of coastal territories around the world and will become a real headache for builders engineers and beach plots owners from Maine to Florida, but in principle, with a rise to one meter, you can cope in densely populated coastal zones. At least the nearest one or two generations of residents may not worry about the occurrence of the sea on land.

However, certain types of animals and plants may suffer much more. The melting of polar ice in the north will reduce the habitat of polar bears, which is very unfavorable to preserve the population, the number of which is already reduced. The rapid shift of climatic zones towards the poles will adversely affect other types, primarily on birds, which are especially susceptible to change in seasonal migration and feed areas.

According to some data, the average increase in temperature on the planet is just a couple of degrees, which involves the majority of the climatic models of the coming century, can reduce birds of birds by almost 40% in Europe and more than 70% in fertile rainforests of Northeast Australia.

A serious international report says that of about six thousand species of frogs, the toad and lizards every third will be in danger, mainly due to the propagation of fungal disease provoked by the warm climate, fatally dangerous for amphibians. Whatever the consequences of warming are discovered in the upcoming century, it seems that we come into the period of accelerated extinction.

Some transformations in the following century, inevitable or only likely, may be instantaneous, whether it is a major destructive earthquake, an eruption of a supervolkan or a drop in an asteroid with a diameter of a more kilometer. Knowing the history of the Earth, we understand that such events are common, which means that are inevitable on the scale of the planet. Nevertheless, we build cities on the slopes of the current volcanoes and in the most geologically active zones of the Earth in the hope that we will confide from the "tectonic bullet" or "space projectile".

Between very slow and rapid changes are the geological processes, which usually leave the century or even the millennium - climate change, sea level and ecosystems, which may remain invisible for several generations.

The main threat is not the changes themselves, but their degree. For the condition of the climate, the position of the sea level or the existence of ecosystems can achieve a critical level. Acceleration of positive feedback processes may unexpectedly hit our world. What is usually required by millennium can manifest itself in a dozen or other years.

Easy to stay in a complacent mood, if the chronicle of rocks is wrongly read. For some time, until 2010, concern about the modern events, it was concerned about studies discovering 56 million years ago - the time of one of the mass extinctions, sharply affected by the evolution and the spread of mammals. This is a formidable phenomenon, called the Late Paletsen's thermal maximum, caused a relatively sharp disappearance of thousands of types.

The study of the thermal maximum is important for our time, since it is the most famous in the history of the Earth, a documented sharp shift of temperatures. Volcanic activity caused a relatively rapid increase in the content in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide and methane, two inseparable greenhouse gases, which, in turn, led to the emergence of a positive feedback, which lasted over a thousand years and was accompanied by moderate global warming.

Some researchers see the explicit parallel with a modern situation in the Late Pallel's thermal maximum, which is unfavorable - with the rise of global temperatures by almost 10 ° C, the rapid increase in sea level, ocean oxidation and a significant displacement of ecosystems towards poles, but not so catastrophic, To threaten the survival of most animals and plants.

The shock from the recent finds of Lee Kemp, a geologist from the University of Pennsylvania, and his colleagues practically deprived us of any reason for optimism. In 2008, the Kemp team gained access to the materials obtained as a result of drilling in Norway, which allowed in detail the events of the Late Pallececene thermal maximum - in sedimentary rocks, layer behind the layer, captured the finest details of the rate of change of carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere and climate.

Bad news are that the thermal maximum, which for more than a decade was considered the fastest climatic shift in the history of the Earth, was due to changes in the composition of the atmosphere, in the intensity of ten times in charge of what is happening today.

Global changes in the atmosphere and the average temperature formed for a thousand years and as a result, led to extinction, in our time occurred over the past hundred years, for which humanity burned enormous amounts of hydrocarbon fuel.

This is an unprecedented fast change, and no one can predict how the land will react to it. At the Prague Conference in August 2011, where three thousand geochimics were gathered, a very sad mood reigned among specialists disgraced by the new data of the Late Pallececene thermal maximum.

Of course, for the general public, the forecast of these experts was formulated in rather cautious expressions, but comments that I heard in the sidelines were very pessimistic, even awesome character. The concentration of greenhouse gas increases too quickly, and the mechanisms of absorption of this excess are unknown.

Does this not cause a massive ejection of methane with all subsequent positive feedbacks that such developments entail? Will the sea level on a hundred meters rise, how many times happened in the past? We enter into the Terra Incognita zone, exercising a poorly thought out experiment on a global scale, similar to which land has not been experienced in the past.

Judging by the data of rocks, there would be a life-resistant to the shocks, the biosphere in the turning point of sudden climatic shifts is strongly voltage. Biological productivity, in particular, agricultural, for some time falls to a catastrophic level.

In rapidly changing conditions, large animals, including a person, will pay an expensive price. The interdependence of rocks and the biosphere does not destroy, but the role of humanity in this saga, a duration of billions of years, remains incomprehensible.

Maybe we have already achieved a turning point? Perhaps not in the current decade, it is possible at all without the life of our generation. But this is the nature of the turning point - we recognize such a moment only when it is already coming.

Financial bubble burst. The population of Egypt raises the rebellion. Exchange tolerates collapse. We are aware of what is happening, only in a retrospect, when it is too late to restore Status Quo. Yes, and was not in the history of the land of such a recovery.

And civilization or even the whole universe. The threat can be both imaginary and real. Someone has the expression "end of the world" causes fear, panic and horror, and someone considers it absurd. Nevertheless, there is even a whole list of upcoming apocalyps. Before talking about them, you should learn the possible causes of the end of the world.

Possible causes of apocalypse

There are a lot of reasons for the end of the world. Some of them seem really impossible, while others could easily lead to the death of all living things.

• First, this is war. Biological or even nuclear.
• Secondly, possible genetic diseases that eventually destroy the whole world, so much capturing him that attempts to cure humanity will be useless.
• Thirdly, hunger, which, for example, may occur in case of overcrowding.
• Fourth, an ecological catastrophe, when the cause of the death of the people is the people himself. That is why environmentalists around the world urge to take care of their planet. Take, for example, the destruction of the ozone layer - all this is quite dangerous.
• Another problem, whose guilty serves himself, is a way out of control of nanotechnology.
• Sixth, sharp climate change. Global cooling or warming will lead to the death of almost everything alive on the planet.
• The causes of the apocalypse can also serve as an eruption of supervolkan, drop in a huge asteroid or a strong flash in the sun.

All these and many other reasons are able to radically change the life on Earth, and perhaps, and lead to her death. How dangeries these events and is it worth waiting for the apocalypse in the near future? We will talk about this and many other things further.

Maja Calendar Light

To begin with, remember 2012, when the whole world literally lived in fear before the end of the Light on the Mayan calendar. According to numerous data, the Apocalypse was supposed to happen 2012. Why did everyone wait for it that day and where did this mythical figure come from?

The whole thing is that the people who have ever lived in Central America, the so-called Mayan people, led the calendar, which ended in this number. Fans of mysticism and various kinds of clairvoyants said that the world would be supposedly an end to this day. Such statements, just blowing the Internet, frightened millions of people. What they just did not wait for earthlings, penetrated by fear: eruption of volcanoes, strong earthquakes and tsunami, and all this one day.

"Silence and darkness will come in the world, and humanity will be destroyed," Maya said. Now it seems absurd as for geophysicists in 2012. They then said that it was simply impossible. Interesting is the fact that people offered to survive during a terrible apocalypse, surviving it in a secluded place with huge food reserves. Even a statement about the possible death of mankind was used by supermarkets around the world, which was very on hand. The gullible people with fear were purchased by products for months.

But not only supermarkets were earned at similar news. In many cities, even special bunkers were built, which allegedly could save people from the upcoming apocalypse. Accommodation in such a safe place cost huge money. But, as it turned out, the apocalypse was not destined to happen, which is not surprising at all, because we have already experienced a few ends of the world and still live happily. Anthropologist Dirk Van Turnethut explained the situation by saying the following: "This is not an end, this is just one calendar changed to others."

Another loud end of the world

Apocalypse was also expected in 2000. People believed that with the transition to the new millennium, the very end of the world will come, and even invented the reason for which it would happen, the parade of the planets, the appearance of the second moon. According to some data, the asteroid drop should occur.

The end of the world would come in his collision with the Earth. In the new millennium, we entered, and the end of the world was not, and there is no. Then astronomers and predictors decided to move the expected apocalypse for 2001. What is his reason?

Apocalypse-2001.

It is still more interesting here. "On August 11, 2001, the planet Earth and all the sunny system will sleep in a black hole," the American astronomers made such an interesting forecast. The following forecast was also made by American scientists. According to him, in 2003, the end of the world will occur due to the decay of the Earth. Another apocalypse, apparently believed a few, otherwise how to explain that the mentions in the media almost did not have. After this prediction, humanity lived calmly as many as five years, after which it became known about the next end of the world.

End of Light - 2008

This year several apocalypse scenarios were announced at once.

One of them was the fall in the land of a huge asteroid, the diameter of which was 800 meters. Another reason could be the launch of a huge collider. This made the earthlings worry much more than the forecast of the asteroid. Fortunately, the excitement was in vain, but fear left us for a short time. Began to happen that the end of the world will happen in 2011. As it will be?

2011

This version turned out to be much more interesting. American Harold Camping predicted that on May 21, the dead will rise from the graves. Those that deserve to burn in the hell will remain on Earth and will survive a number of terrible natural disasters: earthquakes, floods, tsunami, and only then go to another world. The version itself is absurd, but, nevertheless, Harold Camping received a huge number of supporters, especially in the United States.

The preacher even gave hope that there would be a small percentage of surviving, consisting of his followers. Interesting is the fact that the US PR-company organized the release of huge posters with a statement about the vessel. After anything like that did not happen in the expected day, the Prophet himself suffered the date of the end of the world on October 21 of the same year, explaining that the incident was morally, and everything that now needs to be done is to wait for the present, the final end of the world .

According to his new forecasts, he had to happen exactly in 5 months. Despite the predictions of Harold, the end of the world did not come, and thousands of people calmly exhaled and continued to live. When Camping realized that his forecast was erroneous, he admitted guilt and even apologized.

And again about 2012

Well, the most expected on the list of the ends of Light is the 2012 Apocalypse. It has already been mentioned above. Perhaps the discussion of this end of the world are the most loud of all.

This date, indeed, frightened millions of people all over the world, because the incidents of that year said not only Maya calendar. Predicts about terrible events did Nostradamus and Wang, famous to the world with their prophecies. What did they actually mean? Natural disasters, the beginning of a new life or the death of the planet? All this remains a mystery. But the Patriarch Kirill about 2012 and the apocalypse generally said that he was not worth waiting, because Jesus Christ does not give us instructions of any time.

Will there be any rebirth? Perhaps, but when it comes, no one knows. In spite of everything, people continue to listen to predictions and believe in the end of the world. So what threatens the earth in the near future?

What promise in the future?

Another end of the world is scheduled for 2021. Such a statement was made by the IA Saraineform, which was presented a new list of the ends of the world. Inversion of the magnetic field is the reason for the end of the world in 2021. Or maybe not even end, because they promise that not all of humanity will die, but only a big part of it.

Scientists assume that this end of the world will not take place, but there will be another, and it will happen in 2036. In their opinion, an asteroid called an asteroid called Apophis to Earth, but again, this information is not objective, since maybe there will be a discrepancy of the asteroid with the Earth.

Another apocalypse allegedly happen in 2060. Newton himself predicted him back in 1740 by the Holy Book. And in 2240 the planetary era will be replaced. So argued scientists who lived in different centuries. And also, in their opinion, this year should end the epoch of the Sun.

Other possible ends of light date 2280, 2780, 2892 and 3797 years. By the way, the last apocalypse was predicted by Nostradamus, therefore, it is about the fact that he did not think about the end of the world in 2012 as the end of all the lives in general. In his letter, his son wrote that the Sun allegedly would absorb the land, having exhausted all the hydrogen and reaching incredible volumes.

To other the dates of the apocalypse are not serious, but no one knows what will happen with time. By the way, this is not all the dates, there are some others - intermediate, but nobody pays for them, since the probability of incident is almost zero.

Will the end of the world come?

We looked at the list of the ends of the world, believing or not to believe in the forecasts - the personal matter of everyone. You can say with 100% confidence: whether the apocalypse will be whether it is, no one knows and can not know. What awaits land in the near future? Who to trust: predictors or scientists? Each has its own point of view, however, it is worth noting that the information of the second is more argued and objective.

Instead of guessing, it is better to think about real dangers that we apply to our planet. For example, each of us can improve the environmental situation, because the land is indeed in a dangerous state, and the people of all this is the people themselves.