§ 2. DEVELOPMENT OF VIRGIN AND FALLOW LAND

The party called to new lands. The feat of developing virgin and fallow lands has forever entered the history of our Motherland. The conquerors of virgin lands transformed the steppe region. On the site of endless undeveloped and uninhabited steppes with heroic labor Soviet man Hundreds of new villages, schools and hospitals, libraries and cinemas were created, railways, highways and power lines were laid, giant elevators were built, and most importantly, hundreds of modern state farms grew.

The development of virgin and fallow lands was carried out on the basis of the decisions of the February-March (1954) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee “On the further increase in grain production in the country and on the development of virgin and fallow lands.” The Central Committee of the CPSU, regional and district committees, primary party organizations were able to organize a powerful movement of thousands of workers, collective farmers, intelligentsia, youth, students, soldiers Soviet army, gone into reserve, to virgin lands.

First virgin soil farmers of the Adamovsky state farm

Orenburg residents in the struggle for virgin bread. Our Orenburg (then Chkalov) region became one of the areas for the development of virgin and fallow lands. Already during the preparation for the February-March Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, the region’s capabilities in the development of virgin and fallow lands were determined. The main virgin lands had to be developed in the Adamovsky, Kvarkensky, Novoorsky, Akbulaksky districts. The Plenum of the Chkalov Regional Party Committee, held on March 24, 1954, having discussed the resolution of the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee of March 2, 1954, set the task of developing 1 million hectares of virgin and fallow lands in the region, and provided a system of measures to ensure the implementation of this task.

In September, in order to effectively develop virgin lands, the bureau of the regional committee of the CPSU decided to build a narrow-gauge railway. railway in the main region of virgin lands - Adamovsky.

A powerful stream of volunteers rushed to our region to develop virgin lands. By February 1955, 11 thousand people arrived in the region. A stream of modern agricultural machinery was sent to the virgin lands. In 1956 alone, the region received 6 thousand combines, 4 thousand cars, and more than a thousand tractors. At that time, 11 new state farms were created on the virgin lands of the Chkalov region.

In 1956, based on the development of virgin and fallow lands, grain production was sharply increased, which made it possible to deliver 153 million poods of grain to the state. Our region was the first in the country to fulfill the grain procurement plan.

The Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on awarding the Chkalov region said: “For outstanding achievements in the development of virgin and fallow lands, the major successes achieved by the working people of the Chkalov region in increasing grain production, and the fulfillment of the obligations assumed to deliver 150 million poods of grain to the state and award the Chkalov region with the Order of Lenin.” At that time, the Adamovsky district alone handed over 29 million poods of grain to the state (in the past, before the development of virgin lands, in the best years the district handed over no more than 1.5 million poods).

Overcoming difficulties. Documents from those years and participants in the events tell not only about heroic everyday life, but also the difficulties that the virgin lands encountered at first. There were still cold days, and they lived in tents, there was no water supply, there were not enough canteens, newspapers and magazines arrived very late. Bread was brought from afar. But gradually life got better. Bakeries, canteens, baths, hospitals and schools were erected, residential buildings and clubs were built. However, the acuteness of the housing issue and by the beginning of the 60s. was not removed. Per person on virgin state farms there was less than 4 square meters. meters of housing.

Many material and everyday difficulties were to some extent compensated for by the nationwide care and love that surrounded the virgin lands: artistic teams came to them from Moscow and Leningrad, Orenburg and Orsk. Hundreds of propaganda teams and lecturers came here to contribute to the common cause. Everywhere, Komsomol organizations collected libraries, musical instruments, and sports equipment; and all this went to the virgin lands in an increasing stream.

On May 18, 1954, the first furrow was laid on this tractor at the Vostochny state farm. It became a monument to the virgin lands.

Over the course of 5 years, the costs of organizing new state farms on virgin lands in our region have more than paid off. From 1954 to 1962, 1,783.5 thousand hectares of virgin and fallow lands were developed in the Orenburg region. Thanks to this, grain production and its delivery to the state sharply increased. So, if for 1949-1953. the region handed over and sold to the state 213 million poods of grain, then from 1956 to 1960 - 673 million poods, or almost 3 times more.

However, despite these achievements, it should be noted that during the development of virgin and fallow lands, insufficient attention was paid to protecting soils from erosion and the environmental side of the matter, which had a negative impact in subsequent years. And now special care is required to preserve the soils of the region.

The party and government highly appreciated the work of grain growers, conquerors of virgin lands in the Orenburg region. Over 6 thousand virgin soil workers were awarded orders and medals, and 18 of the most distinguished were awarded high rank Hero of Socialist Labor.

§ 3. DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND CULTURE

Education and science. In the 60s the transition to universal secondary education began. The network of schools grew, the number of students and teachers increased. In 1970/71 academic year in the region there were 448 secondary, 676 junior secondary, more than a thousand primary and 115 schools for working youth.

Dedurovskaya secondary school and collective farm named after. Kirov were the first in the country to become laureates of the Lenin Komsomol Prize for success in the labor education of students.

Along with the factory forms it grows government system training personnel in modern working professions.

New ones were built academic buildings and student dormitories of agricultural, medical, pedagogical institutes. The Orsk Pedagogical Institute was opened, preparations were being made for the opening of an independent Orenburg Polytechnic Institute, branches of other universities operated. In the 1970/71 academic year, 17.4 thousand students studied at universities in the region, including 9.8 thousand full-time students.

The scale is expanding scientific research. They are conducted by university scientists, employees of research institutions, and production workers. Issues of history, economics, geography and culture of our region are studied by scientists of the Pedagogical Institute, the main ways and prospects for the growth of agricultural production - by scientists of the Agricultural Institute.

The team of the Research Institute of Dairy and Beef Cattle Breeding has developed a new, Kazakh white-headed breed of beef cattle. In the fourth five-year plan, Orsk nickel workers were twice awarded State Prizes for improving nickel production technology. They were awarded to engineers E.P. Petrov, N.F. Uspensky, L.L. Chermak, and director of the plant S.M. Tepikin. For the creation of a new rolling mill "850/700/500" Chief Engineer Yuzhuralmashzavod B. Yu. Kulik became a Lenin Prize laureate. Scientists, designers, engineers and workers have created dozens of new highly productive and economical machines and mechanisms. Among them are steel converters, steel-pouring ladles, continuous steel casting plants, hydraulic presses, metal-cutting and drilling machines, etc.

Culture.IN post-war years The construction of cultural institutions was carried out on a large scale. Construction of a new building was completed in Orenburg drama theater, a musical comedy theater was built, and the Palace of Culture of Metallurgists was built in Novotroitsk. In 1954, a planetarium opened in Orenburg.

In 1956, a regional exhibition opened in Orenburg in a specially built building National economy. Its pavilions show the achievements of grain growers and livestock breeders, display the best machines and products of Orenburg plants and factories, and tell about cultural achievements.

The number of libraries grew, printing, cinema, and radio broadcasting developed. Since 1961, when a television center was built in Orenburg, regular broadcasts of Orenburg television began.

The spiritual culture of Orenburg residents was enriched. There are 5 professional theaters in the region: Orenburg, Orsky, Buguruslan drama, musical comedy and puppet theaters. There were also 12 folk theaters, music and dance groups in the Orenburg region. Traditionally, regional amateur art shows were held, turning into real celebrations of folk talent. The regional House of Folk Art provided great methodological assistance to these groups.

In the region there were 26 children's music schools, where more than three thousand children studied. Certificate high development The musical culture of Orenburg residents was the creation in 1958 of the Orenburg Folk Choir. Not only talented musicians and performers work in the region, but also composers: D. Gendelev, V. Laptev, A. Tsibizov, S. Turin, Y. Eyrikh, V. Zaitsev.

The work of writers and artists in the region has been marked with creative success. The novels “Riga Bastion”, “The Seventh Passage”, “Faceted Time” by B. Burlak, and the stories “ Wonderful doctor", "The Village Teacher" and the novel "The Village Doctor" by A. Gorbachev, the novels "Officers" and "Speed" by A. Rybin, poems by A. Voznyak, M. Trutnev and others.

Orenburg residents remember the paintings of local artists N. Ledyaev, N. Eryshev, Sh. Mukhamedzyanov, and the sculptures of N. Petina. In their works they depicted heroes of our time: builders, innovators of production, conquerors of virgin lands, and sang the beauty of their native land. In 1957, the House of Artists was built in Orenburg. It houses the creative workshops of artists and at the same time displays their paintings. In the summer of 1962, the Museum of Fine Arts opened in Orenburg.

Questions and tasks

1. What are the main directions of industrial development in the Orenburg region in the 1950-1960s?7

2. Tell us about the construction of which industrial facilities in our region the Komsomol sponsored.

3. What was the national economic significance of the development of virgin and fallow lands9

4. What successes characterize the development of education, science and culture in the Orenburg region in the 1950-1960s?

50 YEARS ago - in March 1954 - the development of virgin and fallow lands began. We are talking with Acting Deputy Prime Minister - Minister of Agriculture of Russia Alexei GORDEEV about what this epic meant for the country then and what it makes us think about today.

Big bread

I THINK that this is a civic feat of those people who, half a century ago, regardless of any difficulties, went to settle in the steppe expanses. Living in the literal sense of the word. In the vast territories of the eastern regions of the country at that time there were not even populated areas. How did the development of virgin lands begin? From canvas tents and trailers in the middle of endless steppes. But what a thrill the envoys from all over the country experienced when the first furrow was laid and the first bunker of golden grain was received!

I think that history gives each generation the opportunity to express themselves. More than one and a half million young people who went to develop virgin lands in the 50s may not have even thought that they were performing a feat. The realization of the scale of his work most likely came later. And then, in 1954-1960, people tirelessly and selflessly created the basis for the production of much-needed bread for the country. Big bread.

How pressing was the issue of grain supply back then?

At the beginning of the 50s of the last century, the country had not yet recovered from the severe consequences of the Great Patriotic War. Grain production never reached 1940 levels. In 1953, only 31.1 million tons were harvested. This quantity was clearly insufficient to meet the needs of the population.

Therefore, the issue was extremely acute - it was necessary to create a base for increasing gross grain yields. And not only for food purposes. It was necessary to develop livestock farming, which also suffered greatly during the war.

Yes, considering the virgin epic from the perspective today, one can argue about how justified this step was. As a matter of fact, there were doubts, as follows from various documentary sources, at that time. And yet, life has convincingly confirmed the feasibility of the strategic task set in 1954.

Indeed, on this score there is different opinions. They say that it was easier to feed the country, which also lost more than thirty million citizens during the war, by restoring agriculture in the usual regions - in Ukraine, the Black Earth Region, and the Kuban. It would be both cheaper and more effective. What arguments could you give in defense of virgin lands?

It was possible to take a course towards intensifying agriculture in traditional areas for cultivating grain crops. But here two problems arose at once. The first is where to get resources? How to raise arable land that has become depleted during the war years without fertilizers? And how can land reclamation be carried out without financial resources, especially in the arid Lower Volga region, in the swampy Non-Black Earth Region? Therefore, it was decided to use such a large reserve as the natural fertility of virgin and fallow lands in the east of the country - in Kazakhstan, Siberia and the Urals.

The second problem of that time was that a powerful mobilization campaign was needed to raise the labor enthusiasm of people to solve a large-scale national project. Could this be done without raising virgin soil? I don't think so.

New granary

WHAT was the final result?

Over six years of work, about 42 million hectares of new land were included in economic circulation. Of these in Russian Federation- 16.3 million hectares. The largest areas were developed in the Altai and Krasnoyarsk territories, Orenburg, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Kurgan, Chita, Saratov, Volgograd regions and in Bashkiria.

A new granary was created in the east of the country, producing large quantities of mostly high-quality food grains. Already in the first five years after the beginning of the development of virgin lands, the volume of government purchases of grain from strong varieties of wheat increased by 3.2 times, and durum wheat grain by almost four times.

Is it possible to estimate in numbers the entire half-century contribution of virgin lands to the country’s “loaf of bread”?

Over five decades, virgin lands produced more than 3.5 billion tons of grain, which is 45 percent of its gross harvest. Impressive? I think that these data put an end to the debate about whether it was worth or not worth developing these lands.

The 40th anniversary of the virgin lands epic was celebrated in Barnaul in 1994. How and where will we celebrate the half-century anniversary?

March 12 in Orenburg. Festive and solemn. This region was not chosen by chance. The Orenburg steppes half a century ago were completely different from what they are now. More than a dozen virgin villages arose on the territory of the region. By the way, the popular film “Ivan Brovkin in the Virgin Lands” was filmed at the Komsomolsky state farm in the Adamovsky district of the region. Two years ago I had the opportunity to visit this famous farm. It still confidently maintains its brand. There I met with some pioneers. When you listen to their memories, believe me, a lump comes to your throat. These are, without exaggeration, heroic pages in the history of our country. Believe me, as a participant in the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline, this is emotionally understandable.

Judging by your words, the country managed to make a powerful breakthrough 50 years ago. But don’t you think that Russia is facing a task similar in severity and scale again? The country now even sells bread abroad. But the last few years are unlikely to go down in history as the most successful for Russian villagers and farmers.

Now the country faces a task no less important than in the 50s of the past. In the near future, it is necessary not only to significantly increase the efficiency of agricultural production and provide the country with its own food as much as possible, but also to intensify public policy for the social reconstruction of the village, develop a strategy sustainable development rural areas. In terms of its scale and socio-economic significance, this work is akin to a virgin lands epic. This, figuratively speaking, is virgin soil of our time. It needs to be raised, just like fifty years ago, by the whole country. Then Russia will have a decent future.

Tselinnik Ivan Brovkin on the Orenburg land


Yusupova A.S.


During the development of virgin lands in the USSR, cinema did not stand still. Many films have been made on this topic. One of the most famous was the film “Ivan Brovkin on Virgin Lands.” The actions took place in the Orenburg region, in one of the famous state farms - “Komsomolsky”. Filming feature film began on August 1, 1958 and lasted 2 months according to the script of Georgy Mdivani. After soldier Ivan Brovkin, the hero of the film of the same name, “walked” across the screens, the film crew received thousands of letters. Viewers asked how Brovkin lives, where he is now. The screenwriter, director and actors of the film decided that they should look for the demobilized soldier Brovkin in the virgin lands. The second series of the film story about Ivan Brovkin was dedicated to the heroic work of the virgin lands, the life of the new settlers. This continuation of the film did not come to the director by chance; everything was connected with the events taking place in the country. Great Patriotic War dealt a heavy blow to the grain industry of the USSR. Therefore, in the first post-war years, much attention was paid to restoring grain crops. However, by the beginning of the 1950s. The discrepancy between the existing level of development of grain farming and the country's growing needs for bread began to become increasingly clear. In 1953, 31.3 million tons of grain were procured in the USSR, and expenses for industrial supplies of the population and other needs amounted to over 32 million tons. It was necessary to partially use state reserves. The country needed bread. Under these conditions, drastic, decisive and urgent measures were required to solve the grain problem. In conditions of food shortages, the issue of developing new lands to quickly increase grain production has become particularly urgent. In the early 1950s. In the USSR there were large tracts of land suitable for plowing and sowing agricultural crops. In 1953, in only 14 regions of the RSFSR and 8 regions of the Kazakh SSR, there were up to 40 million hectares of fallow and virgin lands.

Their development could become an important factor in increasing agricultural production. Detachments of land managers, soil scientists, and hydrologists moved into the virgin steppes. They, together with the directors and agronomists of state farms and MTS, studied and cut up tracts of land and looked for reservoirs. In the Orenburg region alone, 2 million hectares of virgin land suitable for agriculture were taken into account. The bulk of these lands were located in the eastern and southern regions. The region had the largest areas of virgin and fallow lands in the RSFSR. Based on the collected data, the extent of development of new lands was planned. However, on the ground these plans were often arbitrarily increased. Thus, at the regional party conference held in Orenburg (February 1954), agricultural workers were given the task of plowing in 2 years not 700 thousand hectares, as was planned for the region, but not less than a million hectares of virgin and fallow lands. Most of the new lands were supposed to be developed with the help of collective farms. However, the most remote areas of virgin land had to be plowed by state farms, especially new ones. They began to be organized in the spring of 1954. On March 17, 1954, the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee adopted a resolution on the development of virgin and fallow lands. Eight new grain farms were created in the Orenburg region. One of which was the Komsomolsky state farm. On December 23, 1954, in the vast steppe expanses of the Adamovsky district, the first peg with the name “Komsomolsky z/s” was hammered. This date is the official founding date of the farm. Many went to the virgin lands with a great desire to work, but the haste with which its development was prepared, departmental confusion and the lack of necessary funds led to the emergence of many serious problems, first of all, of a material and everyday nature. Immediately after arriving in new areas, new settlers faced enormous difficulties. Often there was simply no place to place them. The lack of builders and the lack of building materials, the lack of transport and other reasons led to the fact that there was little housing in virgin areas and it was built extremely slowly. It was difficult to distribute the people who came to explore the virgin lands among the local residents, since they themselves were in dire need of housing.

Therefore, virgin lands were housed in school buildings, various regional organizations, in outbuildings and other places. Thus, 320 people who arrived in the Varna region in February 1955 from Chelyabinsk were placed in trailers in 20-degree frost. The townspeople who arrived in the Ak-Bulak district of the Orenburg region were settled in huts. Undoubtedly, it was difficult to work in such conditions. This is what the film is dedicated to, namely the perseverance and work of ordinary and ordinary virgin lands. But in the script of the film, the life of the virgin lands, of course, is greatly embellished. A separate house for each new resident, and a bath in the house, and a toilet - this is something from the category of “Potemkin villages”... The film was shot on real virgin soil, on the Komsomolsky state farm in the Adamovsky district of the Orenburg region. The Komsomolsky state farm is located six hundred kilometers from Orenburg. There was no need for bulky sets: they filmed real houses and streets, real virgin lands and, most importantly, people who themselves inhabited virgin lands. It was from them, the new settlers - virgin lands, that artists and directors made their heroes. Life under one roof, working together with the virgin lands enriched the actors, their acting became more authentic and deeper. Suffice it to say that many artists learned to drive tractors, and Brovkin himself - Leonid Kharitonov became a real motorcyclist. A talented actor, Kharitonov once again captivates the viewer with his charming performance and deep insight into the character of the hero. His Brovkin, the foreman of tractor drivers, is taken directly from life. His new luck the artist, of course, owes a lot to his work on the state farm and communication with living heroes of the virgin lands. People's Artist of the Republic Sinitsin and the director of the state farm where the film was filmed, Golovanov, turned out to be fellow countrymen, residents of Stalingrad. They knew each other before: Konstantin Aleksandrovich Sinitsin once gave a concert at MTS near Stalingrad, where Golovanov was the director at that time. Old acquaintances now met in the Orenburg steppe. It can be said that the convincing image of the state farm director created by Sinitsin was the result of their collaboration.

The wonderful actress Tatyana Ivanovna Peltzer charmingly and comically played Ivan’s mother. In the second series, her Evdokia Makarovna is even more colorful and multifaceted. Everything in her game is from life: every word, every gesture. The film successfully uses amateur artistic performances of youth groups of the state farm and enterprises of Orenburg. Especially in the wedding scene. Even if the dances are not very clear, there is a charm of authenticity in this: after all, it is not artists who sing and dance, but ordinary guys and girls, tractor drivers and drivers, painters and milkmaids. In other crowd scenes, it is also not extras that are occupied, but rural and working youth. The script of the film was as follows - Main character Ivan Brovkin (Leonid Kharitonov) comes to his native village after demobilization, but plans to go from here to the virgin lands. However, his beloved Lyubasha does not want to leave her village for the sake of Brovkin’s cherished dream. The endless Orenburg steppe, the Komsomolsky state farm. The spring thaw, the rush and the bustle of business began plowing... Brovkin works with a twinkle: the hardening acquired in the ranks of the Soviet Army helped. The former good-for-nothing became a foreman. It was he, trying to make the life of the new settlers cultured and beautiful, who organized a fashion studio on the state farm. Having finished his epic on merchant fleet, Zakhar Silych (Mikhail Pugovkin) arrives at the state farm. Soon he and Polina (Vera Orlova) played a cheerful wedding. Ivan is alone and bored; Lyubasha doesn’t even answer his letters. For his high performance in work, Ivan was awarded an order. He goes on vacation to his native village. Again, throwing the accordion strap over his shoulder, Brovkin came to Lyubasha’s house. And the misunderstanding between lovers ends in complete reconciliation. They go to the state farm together. Filming ended and Muscovites returned to the capital. While seeing off the actors, the virgin lands people punished them not to forget about the new settlers in the future and to create good films about working people. The artists, directors, and workers of the group were presented with certificates of honor for their participation in the 1958 virgin harvest.

Many songs were sung together on long virgin evenings around the fires of the field camps. Echoes of those songs are now heard in the cheerful, good film “Ivan Brovkin in the Virgin Lands.”

The most famous virgin state farm is Komsomolsky. The Order of Lenin on the banner, 7 heroes of socialist labor and the set of the film “Ivan Brovkin in the Virgin Lands”. The main street, Orskaya, has hardly changed since filming. Only the decorations were taken away a long time ago. When it comes to the heroic epic of the development of virgin and fallow lands, including in our region, middle-aged and older people, willingly or unwillingly, recall the wonderful Soviet film “Ivan Brovkin in the Virgin Lands.” It was filmed as a continuation of the funny movie story about a young, reckless village guy, “Soldier Ivan Brovkin.” Further fate the joker and merry fellow attracted the attention of the audience. Where else in the mid-fifties could the authors of the film “send” the restless Brovkin, planning to make a sequel to the film? Of course, to virgin lands. By and large, Ivan Brovkin became a symbol of the generation of conquerors of the unknown. He, willingly or unwillingly, personified the romance of that time, because hundreds of thousands of boys and girls went to uninhabited lands in those years to build new life and give the country bread. The Komsomolsky state farm in the Adamovsky district was chosen as the location for filming the new film. And it was here that after graduating from the Chkalovsky Cooperative College, young Vera Sinelnikova came with a group of her friends and colleagues. Then, of course, she could not know that she would take part in the filming of the film. That's not what we were going for. As Vera Mikhailovna herself recalls, on one of the August days, when the girls were working on the current, a film crew arrived. It was a wonder for the village girls to see a mobile movie camera and hear the command “Motor”. But the artists Leonid Kharitonov, Tatyana Peltzer, Vera Orlova, Evgeny Shutov did not give the impression of “stars” at all. Simple, smiling and good people. True, I didn’t have to communicate with them, but that was the outward impression they made.

And, according to her, this is how Vera Mikhailovna Fedorova got into the film chronicle of the Virgin Lands epic. They worked, as already mentioned, on the current loading grain. It was here that the operator caught the girls pouring amber onto the conveyor. It is clear that for the film a corresponding scene of mass labor heroism was necessary. Then a group of girls were put in the back of a truck and they, singing, went to another work site. Of course, in accordance with the director's intention. In fact, they were busy loading grain in the following days. In addition to participating in the filming of the legendary movie, Vera Mikhailovna remembers something else with warmth. In particular, the wonderful meeting of the then director of the Komsomolsky state farm, Hero of Socialist Labor Mikhail Grigorievich Golovanov with grain growers. Do not forget the feeling of the greatest pride for your country, for the labor heroism of the people, when immeasurable piles of Orenburg wheat, which was already beginning to acquire glory, towered on the threshing floor. And even everyday inconveniences - they lived in trailers, without light and amenities, with steppe all around, could not overshadow the romance of those days. Of course, this page in life remained unforgettable for Vera Mikhailovna. After harvesting, she was sent to the Grachevsky district, where she worked in her specialty. Returning home, she worked as a school instructor in the district Komsomol committee. And from 1962 until his retirement, he worked in the regional department of Selkhoztekhnika as an accountant, economist, and deputy chief accountant. Like all participants in the development of virgin lands, Vera Mikhailovna is convinced that the labor feat of that generation was not in vain.

film virgin soil brovkin orenburg


Note


.History of the socialist economy of the USSR. T. 6. M.. 1980. P. 379.

.Economic life THE USSR. Book two. M., 1967. P. 471; CPSU in resolutions... M., 1985. T. 8, pp. 359-391

.RGAE. F. 7803. Op. 6. D. 1125. L. 86.

.A feat on virgin soil. Orenburg, 1961. P. 16-17; RGAE. F. 7803. Op. 6. D. 1125. L. 86; RGASPI. F. 1. On. 9. D. 298. L. 171; GARF. F. 374. Op. 30. D. 4582. L. 160.

.From the memoirs of the head teacher of Komsomolskaya high school- Tsyupa D.F. (1974)

.RGASPI. F. 1. Op. 9. D. 298. L. 179, 182, 188; D. 328. L.. 174; GAOO. F. 2567. Op. 1. D. 244. L. 25.

8.Website. - Cinema. RU. Access mode: #"justify">. Article (Shift) Drozdov. V. Ivan Brovkin in virgin lands. SPb.: Science. 1959 - February. - From 4.

.Article (State Internet channel "Russia" 2001, 2014. Certificate of registration of media EL No. 77-4929 dated December 4, 2001) A. Volkov Tselina: how are things on Ivan Brovkin Street? 2004. - February 8.


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Now it’s 2014, but many young people now don’t remember, and most likely don’t know, that back in 1954, young people and girls flocked to our steppe region from all over the country on Komsomol vouchers to raise the country's agricultural sector, to grow bread and grains, which were so lacking in the post-war hard times. In the first years of the development of virgin lands, 11.5 thousand Komsomol members arrived in the Orenburg region, including 4.5 thousand from the cities of our region, and the rest from the Astrakhan, Belgorod, Lipetsk, Ryazan, Penza regions, Udmurtia, etc. The living conditions of the first virgin land inhabitants were not terrible: they lived in tents under open air until late autumn, there was not enough housing, which they began to build overnight in the eastern Orenburg region, there was no necessary medicine, personal hygiene items, and food. According to the stories of my grandmother’s sister, who was the first of our family to come to the Orenburg region, they lived in tents, it was cold, freezing, the conditions were inhuman... By the way, thanks to her, who then came to the “Red Shepherd” state farm in the now Dombarovsky district, our family, ancestors who are natives of the Penza region, now lives in the Orenburg region. According to Wikipedia, developmentvirgin lands- a set of measures to eliminate the backlog agriculture and increased grain production in the USSR in 1955- 1965, by bringing into circulation vast land resources in Kazakhstan, Volga region, Urals, Siberia, Far East. On March 2, 1954, in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Soviets of the RSFSR “On the organization of new grain state farms of the Ministry of State Farms of the RSFSR,” 4 new state farms were created in the Adamovsky district of the Chkalov region: Adamovsky, Vostochny, Ozerny, Tobolsk with an area of ​​25 thousand hectares each. Hundreds of hectares of hitherto untouched virgin steppe lands were plowed up, new towns, villages, villages were erected in the endless scorching steppe. For the most part, the settlement of the Dombarovsky, Adamovsky, Svetlinsky districts began precisely in the 50s of the 20th century. This is especially true for the Svetlinsky district, since previously on the territory of the modern municipality until the 50s there were only steppes, steppes, and the indigenous population lived - the Kazakhs. Russians began to appear here after 1954. For example, the village of Vostochny is practically located on the very border with Kazakhstan; it turns 60 this year!

It would seem like a very short time for the village, but it is already looking at everyone with the empty eye sockets of its dilapidated buildings. Times have changed... Collective farms and state farms have collapsed, equipment has been stolen, so residents cannot put up with the lack of wages, a normal standard of living, and they are leaving in all directions. There are empty two-story buildings in the village; they used to be elite housing, but now they are semi-abandoned ruins. It’s hard to believe that virgin lands once stood in line for apartments in these buildings. During the years of perestroika, they abandoned all this and left, fled, abandoned everything. That is, the process that began in the 50s is becoming reversed, the village is dying out, and only this tractor can remind of its former glory:


It was on this tractor that the first furrow was laid on the Vostochny state farm on May 18, 1954. This iron horse became a kind of monument to the pioneers of the virgin lands.

What is Vostochny now? According to the stories of local residents, this is a dying man locality, in which only those who value their land and home remained, and asocial families coming from Orsk, who sold apartments in the city for next to nothing and moved to the free steppe “bread”. Maybe another twenty or thirty years, and there will be nothing left of the stronghold of the virgin lands? Although I watched local TV, there is information about the celebration of the anniversary of the development of virgin lands. In particular, it is said that repair work is being carried out in full swing in the village of Komsomolsky to celebrate such a grandiose event. Yes, in the same Komsomolsky, where the famous Soviet film “Ivan Brovkin in the Virgin Lands” was filmed.

But what about Tselinny, Vostochny, Light, who will help them? ABOUT current state Eastern you can judge from several videos kindly provided to me by one of former residents village You can get acquainted with them in my group “In contact” - Local history of the Orenburg region.”

On June 7, 2014, a grand celebration of the development of virgin lands, its 60th anniversary, took place in the village of Komsomolsky. Let us not forget the heroic daily exploits of our fellow countrymen in the development of new lands, the pioneers of the earth, hard workers and unknown heroes. Here is what is written about this on the official United Russia page:

In the village of Komsomolsky, Adamovsky district, special events dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the development of virgin lands, reports an ER.RU correspondent

The guests of honor of the holiday were the Acting Governor - Chairman of the Government of the Orenburg Region, member of the Presidium of the Regional Political Council of the United Russia Party, Yuri Berg, deputy State Duma RF, First Deputy Chairman of the Defense Committee Viktor Zavarzin, Chairman of the Legislative Assembly of the Orenburg Region, member of the Presidium of the Regional Political Council of the Party Sergei Grachev, Vice-Speaker of the Regional Parliament, Deputy Secretary of the Regional Branch of the Party Alexander Salo, deputies of the United Russia faction in the Legislative Assembly of the Ildar region Nasybullin, Alexander Bornikov, Andrey Gerasimenko and Evgeny Malyushin, heads of regional ministries, members of the regional Government and representatives of federal structures.

"IN post-war period“When there was no bread, it was necessary to feed the country, and by any means,” emphasized Sergei Grachev. “Therefore, the decision was made to develop virgin lands, and the goal was achieved. It was actually hard labour, people were traveling into the unknown, and they accomplished a feat.”

The history of the village of Komsomolsky, Adamovsky district, began on December 23, 1954, when hundreds of people began to arrive in the bare steppe, to an empty place. For the development of virgin and fallow lands, 44 grain growers were awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor and 10 thousand people were awarded orders and medals for their labor exploits. Thousands of people not only fought for bread, they built state farms and villages from scratch here, and created the infrastructure of the eastern Orenburg region. Their contribution to the development of the region will never be forgotten.

“The lands that were plowed gave a good harvest,” said Alexander Salo. — Our region was awarded two Orders of Lenin for its high performance. Those veterans, those people who worked here are an example for us today, and after them we must provide food security, establish yourself on the world stage to supply your bread. And virgin bread is the best!”

“Given our relations with the West, with America, we definitely need to be autonomous, self-sufficient in terms of food. In this regard, a lot of work is being done in the State Duma. And I think that by joint efforts we will have to help the peasants,” says State Duma deputy Viktor Zavarzin.

I would like to believe that these are not empty promises before the next elections, not slogans political parties. How is it possible to restore at once everything that has been stolen and taken away brick by brick over the past twenty years?

The day was chosen arbitrarily, and the figure “50 years” is also arbitrary. The virgin lands were raised by peasant migrants from Central Russia, who in the second half of the 19th century rushed to fertile, albeit harsh, spaces that did not know the sweat of forced corvee. Few people remember that the first plan for the development of virgin lands was born in 1940 (for example, in Chelyabinsk region in 1940-1942 it was planned to “raise” 544 thousand hectares), but the war interfered. Virgin soil is still being raised today: 2 million hectares abandoned in the 1990s, for the development of which the Government allocated a billion rubles this spring - this is also “virgin soil raised”. And yet, the first association that comes to mind when hearing the word “virgin land” is the February-March plenum of 1954, this is impulse, confusion, romance and miscalculations. This is Virgin Land with a capital C.

Today there are countless experts who criticize or praise that “decision of the party and government.” But let's get into the shoes of those who made this decision. Early 1950s. The country needs 32 million tons of food grains per year. We are preparing 31.3 million. Where to get it from? It takes money and time to squeeze more out of the land than it gives. In a state that 5 years ago graduated terrible war, there was no money. In a situation where people had to be fed every day, there was no time. Unplowed hectares beckoned with simplicity - “come and take it.” They came and took it.

The first joy: the yield on the new lands turned out to be very high. For example, in the Urals - 22 centners per hectare versus the usual 6-10. First mistake: it turned out that bread is never easy. Statistics for Magnitogorsk: 955 people submitted an application that they wanted to go to virgin lands, but only 149 of them had at least a superficial relationship with agriculture. The rest are enthusiastic young people who thought (and propaganda only supported these sentiments) that it didn’t matter what to raise: Magnitogorsk, the next hydroelectric power station or arable land.

The arable land took revenge. The negative things that are associated with virgin lands - dust storms, and the death of pastures - all this is the revenge of the agrarian gods on those who entered their temple without “praying.” And the state itself, having received the first virgin grain, which made it possible to steer the country’s grain balance to “plus”, seemed to have lost interest in its own undertaking and had played enough. The second half of the 50s was marked by a constant decrease in the pace of work in the virgin lands and the attention of the authorities to them. If in 1954-1956 2.6 million hectares were developed in the Urals, then in 1960 - only 29 thousand hectares.

The blows came from where they were not expecting. 1957: complete, in alphabetical order, transformation of collective farms into state farms, resettlement of villages. 1958: liquidation of MTS with forced purchase of equipment by collective farms, which had nothing to pay for it. Hence the sharp increase in agricultural debts, which from that time until today have become the curse of the Russian agro-industrial complex. Already in 1970 in the Urals, 32 percent of state farms were unprofitable; in 1990, almost all of them were unprofitable. Productivity drops sharply: the land is tired, there is no support for it. In 1950, the yield around the future virgin lands was 12 centners per hectare, in 1956 - 13.8, but already in 1958 - 7, almost like in the terrible drought of 1955. Tselina was filled with enthusiasm. She gave everything she could give out of sheer enthusiasm. She demanded money.

There was money in the USSR. In 1961, the country began massive grain purchases from the USA and Canada. At the same time Akmolinsk was renamed Tselinograd. The virgin lands finally became a monument to the “heroism and courage of the Soviet man.” And our petrodollars supported the American farmer. With the first truckload of grain from Canada, the virgin soil died.

Figures and facts

The total area of ​​new lands is 43 million hectares (of which 16.3 million are currently on the territory of the Russian Federation).

3.5 billion tons of grain - yield from virgin soil in 50 years.

337 new state farms were created in Kazakhstan alone.

21.1 billion USSR rubles is the approximate cost of the virgin lands development program.

250-300 thousand people received apartments in virgin new buildings.

1.7 million people - the number of people involved in the program.