FBGOU VPO "MORDOV STATE PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER M.Ye. EVSEVIEVA "
Faculty of Philology
Department of the Russian language
COURSE WORK
Syntactic function infinitive
(based on the stories of V. Shukshin)
E. S. Pronina
Work manager
Cand. Phil. Sciences, Associate Professor
V. Kashtanova
Saransk 2014
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I. SYNTAXIC NATURE OF INFINITIVE
1 History of the study of infinitive in Russian linguistics
2 Semantics of the infinitive
CHAPTER II. SYNTAXIC FUNCTION OF INFINITIVE
1.2.3 Compound nominal predicate
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHIC LIST
INTRODUCTION
The topic of the course work is "The syntactic function of the infinitive in the stories of V. Shukshin."
General characteristics of the work: this course work is devoted to the consideration of one of the most important aspects of Russian syntax - the role of the infinitive as the main and secondary members of the sentence.
The relevance of the topic is that the question of the nature of the infinitive is traditionally the subject of various studies and controversies and still receives an ambiguous interpretation in syntax. And as a consequence of this, there are problems in the interpretation of the syntactic function of the indefinite form of the verb in the sentence by schoolchildren.
The question of the infinitive has always worried grammarians. Some of them (the Fortunatov school, except for A.M. Peshkovsky) decisively separated the infinitive from the verb, referring to the fact that by its origin the infinitive is a name with a verb stem (cf. , article, etc.) that the infinitive does not belong to the number of either predicative or attributive forms of the verb. The infinitive was declared a special part of speech and was considered as a word not involved in conjugation. Note that the infinitive under the name "verb" was singled out from the verb into an independent category by I.F. Kalaydovich. Only academicians D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, A.A. Chess and linguists of the Baudouin school insistently emphasized that the infinitive in modern Russian is a "verbal nominative", that is, the basic, original form of a verb.
In order for this form to be called a verb, it does not at all need to have a definite personal ending, but it is quite enough to have a relation to a person, even if it is unknown outside the context. “The attitude to the face makes the infinitive a conjugated part of speech,” wrote D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky.
It is known that A.A. Potebnya, considering the infinitive a special part of speech, nevertheless ascribed to it a relation to an indefinite person. The infinitive, according to Potebne, "does not contain its subject, but requires it as an adjective and a verb."
Similarly, Academician A.A. Shakhmatov, following A.A. Potebney, he insisted that “the idea of the infinitive evokes the idea of the producer of the corresponding action - the state; it is similar to how an adjective name evokes the idea of a carrier of the corresponding quality - a property. Under certain conditions, the infinitive, while remaining the name of the verb attribute, may not evoke the idea of the producer of the attribute; this is the case where the infinitive appears as an object, where it has the value of the object [7, 343]. “It is impossible - without violence over the language and over one's consciousness - to see in the form of living a separate word, not connected with the forms I live, I lived, etc.
So, the infinitive is inseparable from other forms of the verb. Even A.M. Peshkovsky, who for a long time considered the infinitive a special, albeit a mixed part of speech, was forced to recognize it as a verb “nominative”: are introduced by the forms of indirect cases, so the indefinite form, due to its abstraction, seems to us to be a simple naked expression of the idea of action, without the complications that are introduced into it by all other verb categories. "
Purpose of the work: to consider the syntactic role of the infinitive.
Work tasks:
Analyze the linguistic literature on this issue;
Consider the semantic nature of the infinitive;
Practically substantiate the syntactic role of the indefinite form of the verb with examples taken from the stories of V. Shukshin.
The theoretical basis for this work was the works of leading Russian linguists (Britsyn V.M., Vinogradov V.V., Zolotova G.A., Kazakova L.F., Leconte P.A.).
Research object: the infinitive, its syntactic and semantic nature. We tried to confirm the theoretical propositions with examples from the works of V. Shukshin. The language of the writer's stories is rich, therefore the syntactic function of the infinitive in them is varied, unusual, interesting, sometimes it is difficult to determine the syntactic role of the indefinite form of the verb.
The structure of the course work consists of an introduction, a main part consisting of two chapters, a conclusion and a bibliography.
The introduction reveals the main provisions of the course work, defines the goal and objectives.
The first chapter of the main part - "The syntactic nature of the infinitive" - highlights theoretical issues related to the nature of the infinitive, the ambiguity of interpretations of the status of the indefinite form of the verb in morphology.
The second chapter - "The syntactic nature of the infinitive in a sentence" - examines the role of the indefinite form of the verb as a member of the sentence.
The material for the study was the stories of V. Shukshin: "How a bunny flew on balloons", "Letter", "I choose a village to live", "Order", "Resentment", "Hunt to live", "I believe!", "Master" , "Chudik", "Ticket for the second session", "Wolves", "Strong Man", "Grief", "Version".
In conclusion, the results of the course work are summarized.
syntactic infinitive indefinite verb
CHAPTER I. SYNTHAXIC NATURE OF INFINITIVE
Probably, there is no more controversial question that would worry linguists as much as the question of the nature of the infinitive.
The modern interpretation of the infinitive, which is given in "Russian grammar - 80", is as follows: "The infinitive, or the indefinite form of the verb, is the original form of the verb paradigm. An infinitive is a form that only names an action and does not in any way denote its relation to a person, number, time, reality or unreality. Of the morphological meanings inherent in the verb, the infinitive contains only the non-verbal meanings of the form and voice (do, do, do). The infinitive has special inflections -ty / -ty and -ch, which are usually attached to the base of the past tense. "
These infinitive suffixes can be defined as formative within the verb paradigm, some of them may be part of word-forming suffixes when verbs are formed from other parts of speech.
The most productive suffix is -ty; it characterizes the infinitive of most Russian verbs: work, write, say, lie, cut, veil. The suffix -sti, -is characterizes the infinitive of a small group, the base of the present tense of which ends in consonants t, d, b, for example: put-put-put, put; sit down, sit down, sit down. The suffix -ty (always under stress) is known in the verb go and in a few verbs with the stem of the present tense in the consonants s, z; Wed: carry-carry, carry-carry. The suffix -ty retains the most ancient form of the infinitive suffix. This suffix arose as a result of the phonetic change of the suffix -reduction of the final -and in the absence of stress. The suffix -ch stands out in a few verbs with the stem of the present tense to a voiced back-lingual consonant r: shore-take care, guard-guard, I can-can. This suffix goes back to the Old Russian suffix -chi (final and reduced).
1.1 History of the study of infinitive in Russian linguistics
The syntax and semantics of the infinitive are traditionally the subject of various studies of the Russian language.
In a number of studies, the infinitive is separated into a separate part of speech, sometimes it comes close to nouns. A.M. Peshkovsky qualifies the infinitive as "a noun that has not reached one step to the verb." The tradition “to consider the infinitive as one of the forms of the noun and to attribute to it the syntactic functions of the name”, accurately noted by GA Zolotova. , is also present in studies that consider the infinitive in the system of verb forms, which manifests itself in attributing to this form the functions of a subject, an object, an inconsistent definition. A number of works indicate the syncretic meanings of the infinitive: "... the infinitive occupies an intermediate position between the category of the verb and the category of the noun." The infinitive is characterized as a specific inter-speech form, devoid of clear morphological characteristics and used by two main parts of speech - the verb and the noun. The infinitive acts as the first (syntactic) stage of the transition of a verb into a noun, in which the fixation of the sphere of nouns is manifested in its syntactic positions, and belonging to the verb - in use with analytical morphemes.
According to some scientists, the answer to the question about the essence of the infinitive should be sought in the complexity of its functions. There are several such functions. The first, main, function is the addition of modal and so-called phasic verbs (that is, with the meaning of the beginning, end or continuation of an action). Two other points indicate the strengthening of the substantive nature of the infinitive: the use as a subject, addition or circumstance.
Like any other verb, the infinitive serves as a link, i.e. expresses the meaning of the relationship, content, or rather, the direction of which expresses its lexical meaning.
One of the traditions that has developed when considering the infinitive is to see in it a substitute (that is, one of the forms) of the noun and to attribute the syntactic functions of the name to it. This approach leaves unresolved a number of questions that no less traditionally accompany infinitive constructions.
The basis for such an identity is usually taken to be the possibility of posing a "nominal" question in an indirect case from the previous word and the presence of parallelism in constructions with an infinitive and a verbal name: am I learning what? - draw, paint; hunting for what? - to wander, to wanderings. And also motivating this by the fact that by its origin the infinitive is not a verb, but a nominal form and is a frozen form of the dative-local singular case of a verbal noun, inclined according to ancient bases to i. This name was drawn into the verb system and received the verb categories of the form and voice.
Proponents of this point of view argue that the proof that the infinitive by origin is a nominal and not a verb form is the fact that in modern language its connections with a noun are still preserved. Examples are given: the infinitive to be able and the noun to be able to run at full speed in a phrase, the infinitive to bake and the noun to bake, etc.
In the history of the Russian language, the suffix -ti of the infinitive changed into -th as a result of reduction and falling away [and] in an unstressed position; that is why in the Russian literary language the suffix -ty appears only in those cases when it is under stress: to bear, grow, etc. In written monuments, forms of the infinitive to -ty have been noted since the 13th century, but the infinitive to -ty predominates. And this form acts according to tradition up to the 17th-18th centuries.
A.M. Peshkovsky, offering his solution to the “riddle” of the infinitive, defines the modern infinitive as “a noun that has not reached a verb one step further”. But such an interpretation contradicts the observations of Peshkovsky himself that “the indefinite form of a verb denotes an action, as opposed to a parallel verbal noun denoting an object.” The categorical semantics of a class of words cannot be ignored. This is one of the important features that determine their nature and systemic place in the language, but contrasting the meanings of the infinitive and the verbal noun as an action and an object, Peshkovsky relies not so much on semantics as on morphology. Semantically, the infinitive and the verbal name are related, the categorical semantics of both are the meaning of the action. But the verbal name, in contrast to the infinitive, means an objectified action, which is expressed in the morphological categories of the name. The discrepancy between the semantic and morphological features determines the dual nature of the verbal name. The absence of any shade of objectivity, objectivity in the presence of verbal morphological features constitutes the specifics of the modern infinitive and does not give rise to suspicion of a noun in it. It is no coincidence that a compositional connection between a noun and an infinitive turns out to be impossible, to which D.N. Shmelev: the heterogeneous nature of these categories, reflecting the heterogeneity of the phenomena they designate, cannot give homogeneous relations.
In rare and undoubtedly colloquial cases, where the infinitive appears in a compositional connection with a noun, for example: Give me food and tea; Bring a broom and how to wipe it, the impossible composition of the concepts of an object and an action does not occur: the infinitive appears here in a figurative meaning, it names an object (usually a tool or means) according to its functional meaning.
According to G.A. Zolotova. , experimental attempts to replace the infinitive in various constructions with object names give a negative result, confirming the qualitative differences in the nature of these categories.
Thus, the point of view is confirmed that it is impossible to consider the infinitive as one of the forms of the noun.
Modern morphological theories consider the infinitive as one of the forms in the verb system. But the accepted syntactic approach just ignores the verbity of the infinitive, its meaning of action.
The common thing that predetermines the parallelism of the syntactic use of the infinitive and the verbal noun, as well as the infinitive and the personal forms of the verb, consists not in objectivity, but in the verb base, in the semantics of action.
The semantics of the infinitive, like any other lexico-grammatical category, determines its entire syntactic position. This is manifested in the fact that the name of an action can only enter into those syntactic connections that the action enters into with other phenomena of the extra-linguistic world.
The connection of the action with the agent, the subject, is a condition for the very implementation of the action: the object exists, the action does not exist, but is carried out only as a function of the acting subject.
Peshkovsky, recognizing that "it is logically impossible to imagine activity without any relation to the doer", believed that due to the "irrationality of the language", "a special category (infinitive) with this meaning was created in it." But, according to G.A. Zolotova, "it is hardly worth exaggerating the irrationality of the language, since the lack of expression of personal meaning in the morphological form of the infinitive is overcome by the language syntactically."
The difference between the infinitive and personal forms lies in the absence of the morphological formant of the personality and in the case form of the syntactic expression of the personality: with the infinitive, the agent is named not in the nominative, but in the dative case: "You cannot ... unconditionally oppose the infinitive to all other" predicative forms "of the verb," he wrote V.V. Vinogradov. The difference between an infinitive sentence and a dictionary infinitive is that the subject of the action in the first case is always known. In a sentence containing a message about an action, the subject of the action, potential or real, in principle, always realizes its meaning in one of the three hypostases of a person: definitely personal, indefinitely personal or generalized.
So, the syntactic position of the infinitive is determined by its semantics.
2 Semantics of the infinitive
The infinitive as an indefinite form of the verb significantly expands the range of modal meanings expressed by personal verbs. Sentences with infinitives form a complex system with simple and complex sentences, the members of which are in a relationship of mutual conditionality and complement.
Referring to the infinitive as part of a sentence reveals its clearly expressed predicative functions, associated not with the name of phenomena, as is typical, for example, with a verbal noun, but with the designation of manifestations. The infinitive, like personal verbs, has the properties of verb control. The combination of the infinitive with the subject is one of the most important prerequisites for the possibility of using this form. In this respect, the infinitive turns out to be even more "verb" than the personal forms. This is evidenced by the limited functions of many infinitives correlating with impersonal verbs, for example, infinitives denoting manifestations of nature, functional, psychological and intellectual processes, modal relations: dawn, shiver, feel, see, seem, etc. Such infinitives are used only in combination with modal and phasic verbs. Thus, despite the remark of A.M. Peshkovsky, indicating that “it (of an indefinite form) also has an important difference from the verb, which is that it does not contain any indication of an active object,” in terms of the actual use of the infinitive in a sentence, the regular orientation of this form toward the real or potential (generalized, undefined subject.
The adverb position is one of the most characteristic of the infinitive. (According to the observation of V.M. Britsyn, in the modern Russian literary language there are about four hundred verbs in which the use of a dependent infinitive is possible.
Numerous facts of both the relativity and the non-relativity of infinitives and verbal nouns indicate the presence of certain similarities between them, which, with individual personal verbs, become more significant than discrepancies. With other verbs, differences come to the fore, making it possible to use only the infinitive, or only the verbal noun. In this regard, the semantics of the supporting verb becomes an important tool for explaining the functional role of the infinitive in a sentence. Revealing the semantic properties of the verb, which contribute to the consolidation of their position specifically for the infinitive, requires the development of a system of opposing them with a verb that cannot be combined with the infinitive.
For example, V.M. Britsyn the following classification of verb constructions with a dependent infinitive is given:
Verbs denoting an urge to action, and in their composition there are verbs expressing: a) the actual urge, b) permission, c) the urge to move, d) help;
Movement verbs associated with movement in space and lacking this feature;
Verbs denoting ability, disposition and other attitudes towards action, divided into subgroups of verbs: a) ability, b) acquisition-loss of skills and habits, c) hopes, expectations, d) desires, e) aspirations, f) intentions, decisions, g) readiness, determination, h) attempts, i) consent, promises, j) haste, l) emotional attitude, m) pleading;
Verbs expressing the beginning, continuation or termination of an action.
CHAPTER II SYNTAXIC FUNCTION OF INFINITIVE
The syntactic function of the infinitive in a sentence is varied. The indefinite form of the verb can be expressed as the main members of the sentence - subject and predicate - and secondary - definition, addition, circumstance. According to its semantics, the natural syntactic role of the infinitive in a sentence is the predicate.
1 The main members of the sentence, expressed by the infinitive
The members of the proposal are considered as the core of the categories, characterized by a complete set of differential features. In addition, following Babaytseva V.V., we will consider as typical members of a sentence those in which the absence or weakening of any feature, as well as the appearance of any feature characteristic of another category, does not affect the syntactic meaning of a sentence member ...
The main members of the sentence - subject and predicate - form the structural diagram of the sentence and usually express the linguistic component of the semantics of the sentence.
1.1 Subject, expressed by an infinitive
According to PA Lekant's classification, the Russian language is characterized by two main forms of the subject - nominative and infinitive.
The infinitive subject is very capacious in a semantic sense, since the infinitive retains its syncretic nature in this function as well.
The infinitive in the position of the subject does not receive an objective meaning, it is not substantivized, while all "substitutes" of a noun are substantiated and get the opportunity to be combined with agreed definitions. With an infinitive subject, the verb predicate cannot be used, which means that the infinitive in the position of the subject cannot denote the producer of the action.
The infinitive in the function of the subject retains the inherent meaning of the action presented outside of connection with the subject and outside of time. Thus, the infinitive denotes an independent feature (action), the characteristic of which is contained in the predicate.
The grammatical independence of the infinitive subject rests on the immutability of the infinitive and manifests itself in its position relative to the predicate.
A sentence with an infinitive subject is characterized by a clear splitting into two compositions - the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate. In oral speech this is expressed by intonation, in written speech - by the "dash" sign. The division into two compounds can be formalized with the help of the particle it and auxiliary verbs.
The infinitive can play the role of a subject even if the infinitive group comes after the composition of the predicate, which includes predicate words. The inversion of the subject is associated with the actualization of the infinitive subject, the sign of which is revealed in the predicate.
Structural types of the infinitive subject
Two structural types of the infinitive subject are distinguished, differing in the means of expressing grammatical meaning - and the infinitive-nominal (composite) subject.
The actual infinitive subject
The actually infinitive subject is characterized by the combination of both elements of grammatical meaning in one lexical unit: the meaning of the predicatively determined independent action is based on the morphological nature of the infinitive, and the grammatical independence of the subject is expressed using the formal indicator of the infinitive.
The grammatical form of the actual infinitive subject appears:
In the infinitive of a full-valued verb.
For instance:
I just lived and did not understand that it was wonderful to live.
In general, living is good.
In the infinitive of the verbal phraseological unit.
For instance:
Stupid business - to indulge the soul of the beast.
But going crazy with grief is also ... stupidity.
In the form of an infinitive of a verbal-nominal descriptive turn. We did not come across such examples in the course of Shukshin's analysis.
In each of the indicated means of expressing the grammatical form, there is no separation of the indicators of the elements of the grammatical meaning of the infinitive subject.
Composite (infinitive-nominal) subject
A compound subject is a two-part subject. Each component has its own functions. The infinitive component indicates the independent, independent character of the sign contained in the subject and expresses the grammatically independent position of the subject in the sentence. The nominal component expresses the syntactic meaning of the feature and its material content.
The verb component of a compound subject performs service (auxiliary) functions. He himself cannot act as an independent subject, since he is represented by the infinitive form of connective verbs, that is, verbs with grammatized lexical meaning. In addition to the indicated elements of the main grammatical meaning of the subject, the infinitive - "link" introduces additional shades: statements of the presence of an independent feature (to be), indications of the occurrence of a feature (to become, etc.) or its detection (to be).
For instance:
It was interesting to become a pilot.
It's hard to be a teacher.
The composite subject differs from the actually infinitive subject not only in structure, but also in semantics. In the actually infinitive subject, an independent action is expressed, in a composite one - an independent quality, property.
1.2 Predicate expressed by an infinitive
As a structural and semantic component of a sentence, a typical predicate has the following properties:
Included in the structural diagram of the proposal;
It is expressed by the conjugated form of the verb and nouns, adjectives and others.
Structurally obeys the subject;
Positions after the subject (not always);
Matches a logical predicate;
Designates a predicative feature of the subject of speech;
Expressed in predicative words;
Denotes new, bump (but can also denote a theme).
These properties of the predicate constitute a complex of differential features of the concept of a typical predicate and are included in its definition in various combinations.
An exhaustive definition of the predicate, as well as the subject, is difficult to give, since even the inclusion of all the above-mentioned features of the predicate does not cover all cases of the functioning of the predicate in speech.
1.2.1 Simple verb predicate
The infinitive in the meaning of the indicative mood is used under the following grammatical condition: the infinitive is directly correlated with the subject - without the help of the conjugated verb, and this is not a consequence of a gap or an ellipsis. The result of this use of the infinitive is the designation by it of the action referred to the subject, in terms of a certain time. This value of the infinitive characterizes it as one of the forms of a simple verbal predicate.
The infinitive expresses the main components of the grammatical meaning of the predicate differently than the conjugated verb forms:
The meaning of time is expressed descriptively - the ratio of the predicate and the subject in the sentence, taking into account the syntactic environment. Therefore, the temporary meaning does not always manifest itself quite clearly and indisputably.
The indicative infinitive does not have one temporal meaning. In a certain context, it can be used in the meaning of the past tense, or the present tense. But in the indicated use, the infinitive does not form the modal-temporal paradigm of the predicate, that is, it is not a means of regular expression of the correlative modal and temporal meanings of a simple verbal predicate.
The grammatical subordination of the predicate to the subject does not receive fictitious expression. There is no dependence of the predicate form on the subject form: they have neither direct nor indirect influence on each other. Consequently, the attribution of a predicate to a subject is not expressed by the form of the predicate, but is conveyed by syntactic means outside the predicate - word arrangement (the norm is the postposition of the predicate) and intonation. Intonation in the constructions under consideration plays a more noticeable role than in sentences with a compatible predicate: it is not only a means of connecting the predicate with the subject, but also expresses the modal meaning of the infinitive and the sentence as a whole (the incentive meaning of the infinitive in the sentence, etc.).
The infinitive in the meaning of the indicative mood contains additional expressive and semantic shades, for example, an intense onset of action - "an energetic attack to action." The presence of "excessive meaning" determines the expressiveness of the forms under consideration, which is determined not by the lexical meaning of the verb, but by the construction of the sentence, the position of the infinitive. The very form of the predicate - the infinitive in the meaning of the indicative mood - is stylistically marked; the main sphere of its use is everyday speech.
You can sit on it, light a cigarette and - think.
Now I don’t sit on its banks with a fishing rod, I don’t visit the islets, where it is calm and cool, where the bushes are bursting with all kinds of berries ...
... that wall, the eastern one, should be sanded, as the master wanted, the poppies should be sheathed and laid, and colored glass should be inserted into the upper windows ...
1.2.2 Compound verb predicate
In the main forms of the compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary component expresses one of the meanings - modal or phasic. The grammatical nature of these meanings is also manifested in compatibility with the main component - the infinitive. It has no lexical restrictions, that is, any full-valued verbs in the infinitive can be combined with the corresponding forms of modal and phasic verbs.
Specialized forms of a compound verb predicate are a combination of the main component - the infinitive - with an auxiliary one, which is expressed by the conjugated forms of a phasic or modal verb.
Phasic verbs indicate the moment of the beginning of the course of the action expressed by the main component, and, thus, are not realized independently. They seem to merge with the infinitive, playing with it the role of a kind of indicator of the moment of the course of action (beginning, continuation, end). Due to this, the construction of the predicate has integrity: both verbs complement each other.
The unity of the predicate components is also manifested in the expression of species meanings and shades. The main component is combined with phasic verbs only in the imperfect form.
Sometimes it happened that the grandfather suddenly, for no reason at all, began to laugh.
And then - imperceptibly for themselves - they began to lie a little to each other.
Shurygin, stop being headstrong!
The verb continue is used in a compound verb predicate only in the imperfect form: the meaning of the limit of the form of the perfect form is incompatible with the function of this verb in the infinitive - to express a continuation, that is, the course of an action:
Maxim put out the cigarette on the sole and continued to listen with interest.
A special position in a compound verb predicate with a phasic meaning is occupied by constructions in which the auxiliary component is expressed by the conjugated forms of the verb to become. In its use in a compound verb predicate, this verb differs from the actual phasic verbs.
Sometimes the verb become can be perceived as a phasic verb with the meaning of the beginning of an action:
I began to slowly remove books from the attic, which had previously been stolen from the school closet.
During the war, from the very beginning, two troubles began to torment us children most of all: hunger and cold.
Mitka began to show signs of life.
In other cases, the verb become indicates the very fact of the existence of an action:
Philip began to think about his life.
And this deep, quiet hatred also began to live in her constantly.
I began to think that I again didn’t give a favor to Kolka Bystrov, so as not to think about Viy.
Sanka was completely sober, so they did not call the police.
In view of the extreme abstraction and indefiniteness of the lexical meaning of the verb to become in a compound verb predicate, its role is reduced mainly to expressing the general grammatical meanings of mood, time and the attribution of the action expressed by the main component to the subject.
Despite the indicated differences between the verb become from phasic verbs, the forms of the compound verb predicate, including this verb, are similar in their basic grammatical properties to constructions with phasic verbs: firstly, the infinitive is combined with the conjugated forms of becoming only in imperfect form; secondly, the form of the compound verbal predicate with the verb become is characterized by "fusion", close cohesion of the components expressing the action, formed by all the basic grammatical meanings.
Thus, the compound verb predicate with conjugated forms to become is adjacent to constructions with phasic verbs, although the verb to become itself does not have a distinct phasic meaning.
Modal verbs express a modal assessment of an action, the name of which is enclosed in the main component - the infinitive.
The compound verb predicate with modal verbs does not show that fusion of meaning that characterizes constructions with phasic verbs. Modal verbs retain the independence of their content, they do not indicate the moment of the main action, do not contain the specific characteristics of this action. There is no need for this, since the infinitive is combined with modal verbs in two specific forms.
Lecant P.A. identifies eight main types of modal values of the auxiliary component, expressed by modal verbs:
Obligation (must, obliged, compelled, etc.);
Why did we decide that good must overcome evil?
The teacher suddenly jumped from his place, ran from the side of the church, where it was supposed to fall, and stood under the wall.
Opportunity (to be able, to be able, to be in time, etc.);
And Nikitich can reason in this manner even all night - just hang up your ears.
How can years make a person old?
Fyodor, in a temper, could not immediately think of what to promise.
The rest of the villagers could not believe in any way.
Expression of will (want, desire, dream, etc.);
Heat, heat, but still deathly want to sleep.
I want to find a village to live in.
Only the guy didn't want to listen.
With a tinge of readiness, determination to take action (decide, think up, get together, etc.);
I decided not to wait for the police.
People noticed this, and no one dared to speak to him at this time.
With a touch of an attack on action, attempts to perform an action (try, try, try, etc.);
We followed them and also tried not to look at the plane: it was impossible to show that we were really such a completely impassable “village”.
With a tinge of consent or "permission to yourself" to perform an action (agree, take, etc.);
Tell me now: we are allowing you to repair the Talitsky church.
Subjective-emotional assessment (love, prefer, addicted, etc.);
Actually, I like driving too.
Well, some kind of canopy, bringing in there - I love to touch in my free time.
Evaluation of the usualness of the action (get used to, learn, adapt.
Then I got the hang of stealing books from the school bookcase.
Older people are all baptized in it, in it they served the funeral service for deceased grandfathers and great-grandfathers, as they used to see heaven every day.
In the considered types of modal meanings, the general concept of modal evaluation of an action, the relationship between the subject and the action, is disclosed, which is an obligatory grammatical meaning expressed by the auxiliary components of the specialized forms of the compound verb predicate. This meaning is superimposed on the general grammatical meaning of the predicate.
In a compound verb predicate, among non-specialized forms, there are two varieties - synthetic and analytical forms.
In synthetic forms, the auxiliary component is mainly represented by either verbal phraseological units, or descriptive verbal phrases.
Verb phraseological units express the same modal meanings as the corresponding modal verbs in specialized forms. The entire composition of the verbal phraseological unit participates in the expression of modal meaning. The general grammatical meaning of the predicate is expressed by the formal indicators of the conjugated verb term of the phraseological unit. Since the modal meaning is characteristic of phraseological units as a whole, it must be assumed that the expression of common grammatical meanings and modal values is not distributed between the components of the phraseological unit, i.e. carried out synthetically.
Already he promised, no, let's poison the soul now!
Commercials, Vanechka, you can sleep through the whole kingdom of heaven.
And, in an amicable way, it would be necessary to drive him in three necks.
And I just cry for you, I came to congratulate you from the bottom of my heart.
He was passionate about how he wanted to look at the hut.
In analytical non-specialized forms of a compound verb predicate, the auxiliary component has a two-term structure. It consists of a bundle and a full-valued word from the class of names; each of the members fulfills its own function. The conjugated link expresses the main grammatical meaning of the predicate (the meaning of the present indicative mood is found in the zero form of the link to be). A named member expresses a modal value. Thus, in analytical forms, the grammatical meanings of the auxiliary component are expressed separately. However, the analytical construction as a whole is functionally adequate to the conjugated modal verb (if he agreed to leave, he agreed to leave).
The nominal member of the auxiliary component can be reconciled - these are the forms of short adjectives or participles (glad, ready, much, forced, agree, etc.)
Bronka is silent for a while, ready to cry, howl, to tear his shirt on his chest.
He was ready to cry.
The analytical constructions of the auxiliary component, although in principle they duplicate the main modal meanings of the conjugated verbs, may differ in details from them both in some shades and in stylistic coloring. Some analytical constructions are not correlative in meaning with modal verbs (I should have been, I was glad, I was forced, etc.)
All the noted constructions of the main forms of a compound verb predicate have an essential common feature - the expression of one of the specific grammatical meanings, phasic or modal, and differ in the ways of transmitting these meanings, means of expressing the auxiliary component.
Complicated forms of compound verb predicate
In the complicated forms of a compound verb predicate, not one, but two grammatical meanings of a phasic or modal type are expressed. This means that in addition to the main, real infinitive component, the complicated form includes at least two auxiliary units. The grammatical complication of a compound verb predicate is carried out at the expense of an auxiliary component.
A complication of a compound verbal predicate consists in an additional expression of a grammatical meaning specific to an auxiliary component, i.e. modal or phasic. Elimination of the complicating component leads to the loss of the additional grammatical meaning, but does not affect the real meaning of the predicate.
No matter how complex the structure of the compound verb predicate, no matter how many grammatical meanings of the modal or phasic type are expressed in it, the basis of the grammatical form of this structural subtype of the predicate remains unshakable - its fundamental duality, two-component nature. Complication occurs due to an auxiliary component, which acquires an additional meaning, but retains the main function unchanged - the expression of the grammatical meanings of modality, time and the attribution of the predicative attribute to the subject. The grammatical complication does not concern the main component - the infinitive of a full-valued verb.
The main component of a compound verb predicate can only receive a lexical complication - due to the infinitive of the second full-valued verb. Two infinitives of full-valued verbs that are not connected by object or target relationships can be included in a compound verb predicate only if they denote accompanying actions, the meaning of the predicate does not change.
Thus, the grammatical complication of the compound verb predicate occurs only due to the auxiliary component. Not all scientists distinguish this type of predicate.
The girl Vera began to go to bed.
1.2.3 Compound nominal predicate.
The infinitive in the function of the nominal part does not lose its categorical meaning. The evaluative, characterizing the meaning of the infinitive in the composition of the predicate acquires due to the relationship with the subject, represented by certain categories of nouns. The infinitive is used in a predicate with a subject - a noun with a modal-evaluative meaning (goal, task, purpose, happiness, pleasure, etc.) or with the general meaning of an activity (business, occupation, work, etc.).
An identification relationship is established between the subject and the predicate:
If only to start all over again!
Complicated forms of a compound nominal predicate
Complicated forms of a compound nominal predicate are built on the basis of the basic forms and differ from them in additional grammatical meanings.
Complication of the forms of a compound nominal predicate is achieved with the help of verbs (or other forms, in particular analytical), used as an auxiliary component of a compound verb predicate. These complicating means introduce into the compound nominal predicate the corresponding grammatical meanings - phasic and modal.
She wants to be like her mother.
Sasha was shaking, but he gathered all his strength and wanted to be calm.
And the driver, Mikolay Igrinov, is a year old, and he is trying so hard to drive evenly, too much time can’t be delayed: we are retreating.
Philip was used to doing this way in the morning - from home to the ferry, making it thoughtlessly.
The generalized meaning of the replaceable part, expressed by the infinitive, focuses on the meaning of specialized forms of nouns - the nominative and instrumental cases of the noun in the predicate. However, there is no reason to speak of duplication of the indicated value. The infinitive does not denote an object, but an action outside of its course and outside of relation to the subject.
Complicated forms retain the main structural features of a compound nominal predicate: functional delimitation of the main and auxiliary components, means and forms of expression of the nominal part. The complication affects only the accessory component, and its consequence is the expression of one or more additional grammatical meanings.
2 Minor members of the sentence, expressed by the infinitive
The members of the sentence, being a functional category for their material expression, use certain parts of speech, more precisely, the forms of these parts of speech. On the other hand, parts of speech, in the historical aspect, are frozen members of a sentence, that is, categories that have been distinguished on the basis of functional features. In this regard, there is a certain ratio between the parts of speech and the members of the sentence. The core of each minor member of the sentence is made up of such members of the sentence, the syntactic function of which is correlated with their morphological expression. So, the most typical way of expressing a circumstance is an adverb; additions - prepositional case forms of names; definitions - an adjective and other agreed parts of speech. Thus, there are ways of expressing the members of the sentence, typical, inherent in their syntactic and morphological nature, and there are ways of expressing the members of the sentence, atypical, not determined by their morphological-syntactic nature.
The members of the sentence, the way of expression of which corresponds to their syntactic function are called morphologized, and the members of the sentence, the way of expression of which does not correspond to their syntactic function are called non-morphologized. Thus, the syntactic function of the infinitive, which is used to express the secondary members of the sentence, is atypical. There are few such examples in the works under consideration. Often morphologized and non-morphologized members of a sentence can be combined in a homogeneous series.
The infinitive can be used to express a definition, an addition, and a circumstance.
2.1 Definition expressed by an infinitive
Definition - a minor member of the sentence, explaining the word form with the objective meaning and calling the feature of this object.
Definitions expressed by an infinitive serve to reveal the content of an object, often denoted by an abstract noun.
She painfully experienced this ineradicable, unburnable passion of her husband - to write, write and write in order to restore order in the state ...
So, the idea of Christ arose from the desire to overcome evil.
Solodovnikov felt a keen desire to act.
They found an opportunity to spoil an important moment.
And while he was walking, such a thought occurred to him - to call Yegor here.
There is an irresistible desire to look down into a dark corner.
2.2 Infinitive Complement
Addition - a minor member of the sentence, designating the object to which the action is directed, which is the result of the action or its instrument, the object in relation to which the action is performed or a sign is manifested.
Infinitive additions denote an action as an object to which another action is directed. In the complement swarm, a subjective or object infinitive can appear.
An infinitive is called subjective if the subject of the action indicated by it coincides with the subject of the action, which is indicated by the explained verb.
While still very young, he dreamed, for example, of getting together three or four, equipping a boat, taking guns, tackle and sailing along the rivers to the Arctic Ocean.
Nobody calls to wordlessly endure grievances, but immediately because of this, to overestimate all human values, to put the very meaning of life on the priest is also, you know ... a luxury.
An infinitive is called objective if the subject of the action indicated by the infinitive does not coincide with the subject of the action indicated by the explained word.
I hate being taught to live.
2.3 Infinitive circumstance
Circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that explains a member of a sentence that denotes an action or sign and indicates a way of performing an action, its quality or intensity, or a place, time, reason, purpose, condition with which the action or manifestation of a sign is associated.
The infinitive expresses only the circumstances of the goal, which designate the goal of performing an action.
He was in the city (he went to buy a motorcycle), went to a restaurant there to eat.
I got up and went to their room to see what kind of stoves there were in the city.
Tomorrow we will invite grandfather to spend the night, and you will read it all to us again.
Late in the evening we arrived at the brigade's house, and we sat down in some places to sip on something.
It's time to go to you - to be treated.
Kaigorodov stopped to light a cigarette.
As you can see from the above examples, the syntactic function of the infinitive in a sentence is varied. All members of the sentence are expressed in an indefinite form of the verb. This speaks of the complex and ambiguous nature of the infinitive in both syntax and morphology.
CONCLUSION
The syntax and semantics of the infinitive are traditionally the subject of various studies of the Russian language. Peshkovsky A.M. called the infinitive a category of verb mysterious in its meaning ", into an independent part of speech under the name of" verb "he singled out the infinitive I.F. proof of this are the preserved connections of the infinitive with the noun, for example, the infinitive to be able and the noun to be able to run at full speed in a phrase, etc. In a number of works by Ténière L. The intermediate position of the infinitive is indicated - between the category of the verb and the category of the noun.
According to G.A. Zolotova, such a variety of interpretations of the infinitive is based on the insufficient elaboration of the principles of classification of parts of speech, and the absence of a comprehensive description of the syntactic positions of the infinitive.
In the course of our work, we came to the following conclusions.
First, the syntactic position of the infinitive is determined by the semantics.
Secondly, one should distinguish between two forms of existence of the infinitive. As a dictionary representative of all other verb forms, the infinitive acts in a purely nominative function as a name for an action. In the speech use of the infinitive, as opposed to the vocabulary, the predicative function dominates over the nominative function, which is expressed in syntactic connections.
Third, the understanding of the infinitive in morphology and syntax is different. In morphology, the infinitive is taken as the original form (the rules for the formation of a number of forms are formulated from the bases of the infinitive). In syntax, the infinitive represents a secondary form: the modal and expressive coloration of the infinitive takes it beyond the basic models of the syntactic "center". “The infinitive is not the center of the verbal system, but its outskirts,” wrote V.V. Vinogradov. ... At the same time, the infinitive "margin" of the syntax itself is quite extensive and not simply arranged. Thus, the syntactic function of the infinitive in a sentence is varied. The indefinite form of the verb can be expressed as the main members of the sentence - subject and predicate - and secondary - definition, addition, circumstance.
According to its semantics, the natural syntactic function of the infinitive in a sentence is the predicate. The infinitive can be expressed:
The actual infinitive subject
In general, living is good.
Composite subject
It's hard to be a teacher.
Simple verb predicate:
Well, I haven't hit it with a horn yet - I should have sat on his head like a sheaf on a pitchfork.
Compound verb predicate
The father of childhood began to drag along the taiga with him.
Compound nominal predicate
I lie down and try to think about it more cheerfully.
Definition
An irresistible urge to look down arises.
Addition
I am asking you to receive this iron today.
Circumstances of purpose
Kaigorov stopped to light a cigarette.
So, the infinitive is a category with a special syntactic behavior, with its own functions and constructive capabilities, due to its semantic specificity. All members of the sentence can be expressed in an indefinite form of the verb.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC LIST
Avilova N.S. The type of the verb and the semantics of the verb word. -M., 1976.-326 p.
Babaytseva V.V. One-part sentences in modern Russian. - M., 1968.-P.62-65.
Babaytseva V.V. The system of sentence members in modern Russian. -M., 1988.-158 p.
Bandarko A.V., Bulanin L.L. Russian verb. -L., 1967 .-- 192 p.
Vinogradov V.V. From the theory of studying Russian syntax // Selected works. -M., 1958.-400 p.
Vinogradov V.V. Selected Works. Studies in Russian grammar. -M., 1975.-475 p.
Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. -M. 1986.-343 p.
Questions of the theory of parts of speech. -L., 1968.-343 p.
Grammar of the modern Russian literary language. - M., 1970.- S. 567-569, 573.
Zhirmunsky V.M. On the nature of parts of speech and their classification // Questions of parts of speech. -L., 1968. - C 7-32.
Zolotova G.A. Essay on the functional syntax of the Russian language. -M., 1973.-351 s.
Zolotova G.A. On the syntactic nature of the modern Russian infinitive // Philological sciences. - 1979. -№5. -S 43-51.
Zolotova G.A. Syntactic dictionary. -M., 1988.- 440 p.
Lecant P.A. Types and forms of the predicate in modern Russian. -M., 1976.- S. 29-32.
I. I. Meshchaninov Sentence members and parts of speech. -L., 1978 .-- 378 p.
General Linguistics / Ed. N.M. Kodukhova. -M., 1973.-318 p.
Peshkovsky A.M. Russian syntax in scientific coverage. -Myu, 1956. -511s.
Russian grammar in 2 vols. T.I.-M., 1980. - S. 674-675.
Modern Russian language / Ed. V.A. Beloshapkova.-M., 1989. - 450 p.
Sunik O.P. General theory of parts of speech. -M.-L., 1966 .-- 132.p.
A.E. Suprun Grammatical properties of words and parts of speech // Questions of the theory of parts of speech. -L., 1968.- S.208-218.
A.E. Suprun Parts of speech in Russian. M., 1971. - 134 p.
Tenier L. Fundamentals of Structural Syntax. -M., 1988 .-- 654 p.
Fedorov A.K. Difficult syntax questions. -M., 1972 .-- 239 p.
Fortunatov F.F. Selected Works. -M., 1956 .-- 450 p.
Chernov V.I. Questions of the classification of a complex predicate // Questions of the syntax of the Russian language. -Kaluga, 1969 .-- S. 64-81.
Shmelev D.N. Syntactic articulation of utterances in modern Russian. -M., 1976 .-- 150 p.
Shukshin V.M. Until the third roosters. Stories. Stories. -M., 1976. - S. 9 -392.
L.V. Shcherba On parts of speech in Russian // Language system and speech activity. -L., 1974 .-- S. 77-100.
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The infinitive is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon, which, apparently, is one of the reasons for the inaccuracies in the analysis of the syntactic role of the infinitive.
The infinitive - the initial form of the verb - is very flexible syntactically: it is able to occupy the syntactic positions of both major and minor members in a sentence; those. in speech, the infinitive exhibits a variety of functional and semantic properties. Depending on this, the subjective infinitive, predicate infinitive, object infinitive, adverbial (target) infinitive, and attributive infinitive are distinguished.
The most common among them is the predicate infinitive.
The traditional idea of the infinitive independent and the infinitive dependent (here we single out the subjective one), apparently, turns out to be insufficiently adequate and correct. The future teacher of language and literature needs to navigate the functional and semantic properties of the infinitive, in its syntactic role in the sentence. Knowing this makes it easier to understand the multifaceted communicative essence of the infinitive.
Subjective infinitive
The subjective infinitive denotes a grammatical subject, i.e. the subject of thought (utterance) is subject to a two-part sentence, since its actual sign is expressed by the second main member of the sentence - the predicate. The infinitive subject usually comes before the predicate, grammatically does not depend on any member of the sentence, i.e. does not agree with any word, is not controlled by any member and does not adjoin any member of the sentence, it reveals syntactic synonymy with a verbal noun in the form of the nominative case, the position of which it occupies.
For instance:
Smoking is harmful to health. (Proverb); ... chasing lost happiness is useless and reckless. (M. Lermontov); Hunting on skis is very exhausting ... (S. Aksakov); It was becoming dangerous to stay in Bogucharovo. (L. Tolstoy); To invent is to dream. (Kozhevnikov); It is forbidden to eat here. (Announcement).
Wed: Smoking is harmful to health; The pursuit of lost happiness is useless and reckless. Ski hunting is exhausting. Etc.
In the given examples, the infinitive acts as a subject, although not morphologized, atypical. A.M. Peshkovsky wrote: "The infinitive here is not a real subject, that is, the designation of an" object "to which the attribute expressed in the predicate is attributed." Such an infinitive subject is a "substitute" for the subject, "substitution is a grammatical fact ..." of all verb forms, the only infinitive, by its very nature, is capable of some (minimal) approximation to a noun. "
The subjective infinitive takes the same position with the personal verb, forming a compound verb predicate with it, but only if this personal verb is auxiliary (phase, modal or emotional), as in sentences: ... In the end, I completely stopped thinking about the purpose of my trip. (Yu. Nagibin); ... All people sometimes want to cry ... (E. Yevtushenko); She was afraid to speak loudly. Compound predicates here - I stopped thinking, I want to cry, I was afraid to speak. Another condition for the participation of the infinitive in the formation of the predicate is its dependence on the predicative and the predicative adverb, for example: But, however, you cannot put on shoes without expense. - You can stand and sit in them. In any weather. (N. Matveeva). The infinitive to put on depends on the predicative cannot be and forms a predicate with it; the infinitives to stand and sit form predicates with the predicate can. In a sentence I am ashamed to shake hands To flatterers, liars, thieves and scoundrels ... (A. Tarkovsky) The infinitive to reap depends on the predicative adverb shame and forms a predicate with it.
The subjective infinitive is associated with a personal verb that does not belong to the category of auxiliary ones, therefore, it cannot be in the position of the predicate, but takes other positions, which are also determined by substituting a question. Consider the proposals. Small children! Don't go to Africa, to walk in Africa for the world! (K. Chukovsky). In combination, do not go for a walk, a personal verb, having the meaning of movement, is not included in the category of auxiliary ones, therefore it is a simple verb predicate, and the infinitive is a circumstance of the goal: do not go (for what purpose?) To go for a walk. We ... will walk in Africa Forever forget! (K. Chukovsky) - let's forget (about what?) To walk.
Thus, the function of the subject, i.e. the subjective infinitive in speech does not seem clear enough. Nevertheless, the prepositive position of the infinitive when the predicate follows it and the possibility of its syntactic synonymy with the nominative case of the noun confirm the subject function of the subjective infinitive.
Infinitive predicate
The predicate infinitive is the most important semantic center of a two-part sentence, a component of a simple analytical predicate, in which the grammatical meanings of the future tense and indicative mood are expressed by the conjugated form of the verb to be; for example: We were surprised to ask: will Silvio really not fight? (A. Pushkin); ... during a thunderstorm, clouds will descend to my roof. (M. Lermontov); A month would pass, and it seemed to him that Anna Sergeevna would be covered in a fog in his memory and only occasionally would she dream with a touching smile, as others dreamed. (A. Chekhov); We will play a wedding, I will crawl on my knees ... (K. Serafimov). I will speak to the whole world. (K. Paustovsky); I do not yet know what I will write myself. (K. Paustovsky).
The predicate infinitive is an indispensable component of the widely used compound verb predicate, in which it depends on the conjugated form of the ligamentous auxiliary verb of semi-abstract, modal and phase infinitives such as become, can, continue, stop, etc .; For example: Everyone began to furtively interpret, joke, judge not without sin, read Tatyana the groom. (A. Pushkin); ... I could not look around for a long time. (M. Lermontov); The girl stopped crying ... (N. Korolenko); He did not answer and continued to look at Klavdin. (Panova); Let him just try to come up! (K. Paustovsky).
The predicate infinitive is an essential component of a complex predicate. The last infinitive expresses in it the lexical meaning of the predicate, and the preceding infinitive of the type decide, wait, endure, start, dare, etc., a short predicative adjective of the type ready, much, should, must, capable, etc. as a semantic complicator together with with an auxiliary verb (materially expressed or "null") forms a connective part. For example: I was ready to love the whole world ... (M. Lermontov); Princess Marya ... could not make up her mind to leave him alone and for the first time in her life allowed herself to disobey him. (L. Tolstoy); Still, he could wait to boast about the rules in his men's school. (Prilezhaeva); I shouldn't dare to tell you about it. (I. Turgenev); In the middle of the road, he once again forced himself to stop thinking about the impossible. (K. Simonov).
We also note that when analyzing a complex predicate, it is sometimes difficult to determine its syntactic connection with the subject-infinitive. Wed:
To teach is to sharpen the mind. (Proverb);
To teach is like sharpening the mind;
To teach is to sharpen the mind.
These varieties, perhaps, limit the connection between the predicate and the infinitive subject. It cannot be called grammatical agreement, since the infinitive subject is devoid of inflectional formants (affixes), and therefore the predicate cannot be adequate to them. Here, apparently, coordination manifests itself, i.e. logical agreement.
Object infinitive
The object infinitive performs the function of a grammatical object in a sentence, i.e. additions. It refers to a verb predicate with a lexical intellectual-imperative meaning (ordered, demanded, asked, forced, offered, advised, helped, forced, persuaded, etc.), is associated with this predicate by the method of adhesion.
The object infinitive denotes an action (state) as an object of the activity of someone, something that is not subject. The object infinitive never occupies the same position with a personal verb, i.e. cannot be predicate. To determine its syntactic function, we use the usual technique - we substitute the question: And I ask you not to bother me - the infinitive takes the position of the complement. Similarly: We offered our readers to work as private detectives ... (from the newspaper), the infinitive to work is an addition. He answers the questions of the complement (semantic questions, homonymous to the questions of indirect cases).
The object infinitive can enter into syntactic synonymous relations with an object noun (prepositional-substantive combination) in the complement function. Infinitive complement is a kind of atypical, i.e. non-morphologized complement. For example: Domestic circumstances forced me to settle in a poor village in the N county. (A. Pushkin). The pouring rain made me return to the tent. (Arseniev); ... my grandfather forbade me to walk around the yard and in the garden for some offense. (M. Gorky); She kind of asked her not to call her and not to shame her, because she herself is not good at heart ... (K. Paustovsky). This belief in the imaginary is the force that makes a person look for the imaginary in life, fight for its embodiment, go to the call of the imagination, as old Hidalgo did, and finally create the imaginary in reality. (K. Paustovsky). Wed: Domestic circumstances forced me to settle in a poor village ... Cf. See also: He will teach you to save words, conciseness, accuracy. (M. Gorky); He'll bring you some vodka to eat. (M. Gorky).
Here, in the same context, the infinitive and the usual (substantive) additions are used in parallel.
In rare cases, it is possible to use an infinitive addition, depending on a complex predicate, for example: Nobody dared to suggest Sobol to correct him [the story]. (K. Paustovsky).
The object infinitive can take the position of the circumstance of the goal: He willingly gave them (books) to read. Wed also a replacement: gave for reading.
Adverbial infinitive
He performs in the sentence the syntactic role (function) of a secondary member - the circumstances of the goal. It spreads the predicate - a verbal word form with the lexical meaning of movement (to go, come, sit down, put, come, sit down, gather, etc.), depends on this predicate, communicates with it by the method of adhesion, answers the questions why? for what purpose? However, one must remember about the ambiguity of words. So, for example, the verb go is polysemantic: along with the direct meaning "to move", it can realize the figurative - "start doing something, begin to exercise", in the latter case it acts as an auxiliary and together with the infinitive forms a compound verb predicate, cf.: And they went to laugh - Limpopo. (K. Chukovsky). Let's go laughing means starting to laugh, this is a compound verb predicate with a phase auxiliary verb denoting the beginning of an action.
The adverbial infinitive easily enters into a relationship of syntactic synonymy with an infinitive turnover, which has a pronounced target meaning and is attached to the explained part by a subordinate union so that. For example: It became stuffy in the sakla, and I went out to freshen up. After the rally, Cherepanov invited Frolov to his place for dinner.
Infinitive attributive
Is a minor member in a sentence - an inconsistent definition. Such an infinitive depends on the noun and is associated with it by the way of adjoining. The attributive infinitive answers what questions? which? which? what ?, coming from the noun being defined. Along with the basic, definitive meaning, a substantive phrase with a dependent infinitive can express additional shades (objective, causal, etc.). The syncretic attributive infinitive reveals synonymy with the prepositional-nominal combination corresponding to the meaning. For example: Zurin was ordered to cross the Volga. (Pushkin); I have an innate passion to contradict. (Lermontov); [Compare: order to cross ...; an innate passion for contradiction ...].
Finally, the infinitive is often used in the function of the principal term of a one-part sentence.
The main term of a one-part sentence, expressed by the infinitive, is the predicative center of the statement. Such varieties are distinguished with the main term - the infinitive.
1. The infinitive is the main member of a one-part personal sentence. This is the main term in the predicate form.
I like to sleep for a long time, but I am ashamed to get up late.
2. The infinitive is the main member of a one-part impersonal sentence. Here the infinitive is a composite component of the analytical construction.
The good ones are not given away, but the bad ones do not want to be taken.
3. The infinitive is the main member of the infinitive sentence. In this use, it is absolutely grammatically independent, expresses a potential procedural meaning, which is usually correlated with the dative case of the subject.
Russian infinitive Dagestan school
You cannot catch up with the mad three.
The subject's dative may not be present. Wed:
It is a good deed - to speak the truth boldly.
In linguistic analysis, a particular difficulty is caused by cases when several infinitives are used in one sentence (especially multifunctional ones). These are examples of the type. The habit of wandering around the maps and seeing different places in your imagination helps to see them correctly in reality.
Possessing a small number of morphological properties, the infinitive has developed a complex system of syntactic properties that are found in a phrase, sentence, and text. So, the indefinite form can be used independently, combined with several parts of speech, defined by semantics and form. Let's name, first of all, combinations with personal forms of verbs - seeks to find out, decided to go, wants to leave, went to inquire, invited to talk; combinations with participles - seeking to find out, deciding to go, wanting to leave; combinations with gerunds - trying to find out, deciding to go, inviting to talk; combinations with abstract nouns - the desire to leave, the decision to go, the desire to leave; with full and short adjectives - ready to help, inclined to exaggerate, intends to leave; with the words of the category of condition - you can't be late, you can study, you must announce. Of all the named combinations, the most frequent and productive are combinations with personal verbs and words of the category of state.
Infinitive sentences
Infinitive sentences are one-piece sentences with a leading predicate, expressed by an infinitive, denoting a possible (impossible), necessary or inevitable action. For instance:
Do not turn a stone from the path of thought. (M. Gorky);
Be a great thunderstorm! (A. Pushkin);
The clouds of the sun cannot hide, the world cannot be won by war. (Proverb).
Infinitive sentences differ from impersonal ones in the composition of the predicative stem. In impersonal sentences with an infinitive, the predicate necessarily includes a verb or a word of the category of state, to which the infinitive adjoins: Yes, you can drink in the heat, in a thunderstorm, in frosts, yes, you can starve and get cold, go to death, but these three birches with life cannot be given to anyone. (Simonov). In infinitive sentences, the infinitive does not depend on any word, but, on the contrary, all words obey it in semantic and grammatical terms: You cannot catch up with the mad three! (N. Nekrasov). Wed See also: Don't (shouldn't, don't, can't) rush to answer! - Do not rush to answer!
Infinitive sentences differ from impersonal ones in their general meaning. If the main (typical) mass of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the agent, then in the infinitive sentences the actor is prompted to active action, the desirability, the need for active action is noted. The character of the agent (a definite, indefinite or generalized person) in infinitive sentences has a semantic and stylistic meaning, and in impersonal sentences the uncertainty of the producer of an action has a structural and syntactic meaning.
Infinitive sentences are one of the syntactic means for expressing modal values. In infinitive sentences, modality is expressed "by the very form of the infinitive and intonation, and is strengthened and differentiated by particles."
Infinitive sentences without a particle would express modal meanings of obligation, necessity, impossibility, inevitability, etc.: Who are you talking to? Be silent! (A. Chekhov); Always shine, shine everywhere, until the last days of the bottom, shine - and no nails! This is my slogan - and the sun! (V. Mayakovsky); Do not grow grass after autumn. (A. Koltsov).
Infinitive sentences without indicating the person-doer are often used in the titles of articles that are in the nature of an appeal, in slogans, etc.: Grow a high harvest! Harvest without loss! Create an abundance of food for the population and raw materials for industry! Wed See also: Don't be late for class! Do not talk during class! No smoking at the institute!
Often, the infinitive sentences of this structure have the meaning of rhetorical questions: Well, how not to please a dear little man! (Griboyedov).
Infinitive sentences with a particle would express the desirability of an action, fear about its commission or warning, an unfulfilled action, etc.: I would mow, plow, sow, ride horses ... (A. Chekhov). To pick up a large, large bouquet here and quietly bring it to the headboard. (A. Surkov); Oh, if it rained down on my livestock, I would not consider life wasted aimlessly! (V. Soloukhin); Not to be late for the train! (E. Serebrovskaya); See at least one lousy partridge. (V. Sanin).
Infinitive sentences as part of a complex syntactic whole are often "fit" into the semantics of the sentence with the subject pronoun: Wait? It was not in his rules (V. Kataev); Wandering in the mountains with a hammer and a bag over your shoulders, riding a horse, living in a tent, seeing peaks blazing under the sun ... Is it really going to be? (L. Volynsky). Such sentences on the semantic-functional role are close to the so-called "nominative representation", the structural core of which is formed by nouns.
The specificity of infinitive sentences is created by the infinitive, which combines the properties of the verb and the name. Approaching one side with impersonal, the other with nominative, infinitive sentences form a special kind of one-piece sentences.
Determination of the place of infinitive sentences in the system of types of a simple sentence and in modern linguistics is controversial. Some scholars distinguish them into a special kind of one-part sentences, others include them in the composition of impersonal ones. In a school textbook, infinitive sentences are considered as part of impersonal ones.
Infinitive sentences thus express a variety of modal and expressive meanings:
1) inevitability: to be in trouble;
2) desirability: Sleep for at least an hour;
3) must: for you to walk;
4) opportunity: Now just live;
5) impossibility: You can't drive here;
7) rhetorical question: Do you know him? - How not to know !;
8) other emotionally expressive meanings: Refuse the operation! How could such a thing come to your mind !; Retreat? Give up? Never!
The infinitive is widely used in interrogative sentences (How to get to the library?), As well as in complex sentences to express various modal meanings - in the subordinate purpose: I came to talk; in the clause: If I could talk to him, I am sure that he would have changed dramatically; in subordinate tense: Before taking the exam, you need to prepare.
Infinitive sentences usually have a paradigm consisting of one form, but sentences with the meaning of impossibility have four forms: It was impossible to drive through here (and today the boards were laid); There will be no way here; It would not have been possible to drive here (if the boards had not been laid).
Thus, in this section we have shown that the infinitive is very actively used in speech and that the most striking feature of this form of the verb is that the infinitive can be any member of the sentence, both major and minor.
As for infinitive sentences, we can again note the following: they express different modal meanings; they must be distinguished from impersonal sentences. Infinitive sentences, according to some scholars, form a special kind of one-piece sentences. Other scholars include them as impersonal. In the school textbook, they are considered as part of the impersonal.
A verb in an indefinite form (infinitive) can be not only the main, but also any minor member of the sentence. It is necessary to distinguish the infinitive in the grammatical base from the infinitive that performs other syntactic functions.
1) Drive (mean.) on such a horse was a pleasure for him.
3) The infinitive acts as circumstances intact and most often with verbs of movement:
He went to the princess (for what purpose?) say goodbye.
They went abroad for two years (for what purpose? Why?)
work on the construction of a hydroelectric power station.
4) The infinitive can be complementing , while denoting the action of another person (object). In such constructions, mistakes are especially often made, including the infinitive in the composition of the predicate!):
Mum requested(action mothers)me (about what?) to call
(another person's action) after classes.
This book teach(action books subject) you (what?)
understand(action of another person, understand will be you)the natural world.
The servant was ordered (what?) No one to him do not let (ordered was one person and do not let anyone in must servant).
5) The infinitive can be defining , including with an explanatory meaning:
You surprised me with your decision (how?) drive tomorrow.
Does he now have only one constant desire (which one)? - sleep well.
Exercise 1.In these proposals, the main members are highlighted; read the sentences and explain the legality of highlighting the grammatical basis in each case; specify the type of predicate.
1) Recent years she lot working._______
3) Let's check this exercise._______
4) Now we will together to choose a gift for him .______
5) He came to school on time ._______
6) He flew into a rage upon learning about it ._______
7) I think stop thrashing, it's time to take up the mind!______
8) We together will meet New Year._______
9) We will be glad to see you on our holiday ._______
10) She always pleased meeting with you .______
11) This the girl will amazing beautiful ._______
12) For me a life still beautiful and amazing!_____
13) He for the second year is an my companion. ______
14) Chosen by you path, to my mind, The shortest.______
15) This the adaptation seems to me more interesting .______
16) T ema essays seem to be very difficult .______
17) Conflict after these events became more tighter .______
18) She does not want nothing talk.______
19) It was not necessary to you part .______
20) Here can't stop for a long time .______
21) I am not going to in front of you make excuses .______
22) You begin something understand.______
23)The city was founded in the nineteenth century .______
24) This manual will help you to understand the difficult questions of our subject .______
25) He I think will be able you help .______
26) She asks stay at the dacha longer .______
27) Daughter left study to a friend .______
28) In good faith to study – here today is your task. ______
29) I AM Badly I know this area and I do not remember, how turned out near the metro .____
30) The young man who rode with us in the same compartment, turned out to be a student our institute and already on the road managed to please all the girls . _____
Exercise 2.
What words are grammatical in the following sentences?
a)Each of the employees with such an organization of activities is a universal.
1) everyone is a universal;
2) each of the employees is;
3) everyone is;
4) each of the employees is a versatile person
b)Our deputy director - in the past, by the way, the cashier - must, seeing the queue in the sales area, start serving customers himself.
1) deputy director - cashier;
2) the cashier must;
3) the deputy director must start;
4) the deputy director should start serving.
Exercise 3.Mark the sentence number with the indicated predicate type:
a)with a simple verb:
1) The room hasn't been cleaned yet.
2) Your tomorrow will be different.
3) He will attend your school.
4) You will need to take a picture today.
b)with a compound verb:
1) In my opinion, he is not at all to blame.
2) Finally, all things are packed!
3) Such reports and messages will help you better understand events
the life of the country today.
4) I can't go to the movies with you tomorrow.
v)with a compound nominal:
1) You should call him after seven.
3) In the classroom, he became much more attentive.
4) They are happy to meet you again.
Exercise 4.In which case right is the grammatical basis of one of the following sentences specified?
a) A. She was sitting by the window, her face turned away, and seemed pale.
B. As a result of the inactivity of the company's management, the financial
the situation began to deteriorate.
C. Three young birches grew under the windows of the school.
D. The students who sat upstairs did not hear this.
1) she sat and seemed (A);
2) the situation has become (B);
3) three birches grew (B);
4) the students sat, did not hear (D).
b) A. During the presentation, the text will be read to you three times.
B. Latecomers to class stood at the door.
Q. They had to drive through the forest to the mill.
D. The square in the middle of the city was large and very dusty.
1) the text will be read (A);
2) latecomers stood (B);
3) they should have (B);
4) the area was large (D).
Exercise # 5... Indicate the grammatical basis in each sentence; define the types of predicates and syntactic functions of the infinitive (which member of the sentence is the infinitive):
1. If you often do something pleasant to the people around you, they will become kinder and better.
2. Construction is nearing the end, so it's time to think about landscaping this neighborhood.
3. One of the ways to live more environmentally is to use less harmful chemicals in summer cottages.
4. Lyubov Sliska said: "Let's stop preventing ourselves from loving our country."
5. Genius is immediately visible, talent must be discerned (J. Flanner).
6. Father commanded us to learn and become educated people.
7. They have already gone to the station to meet you.
8. My brother rushed to catch up with my offender, but he had already managed to escape.
9. And who tells you to mess around? Aren't you your own master?
10. Gradually he began to take possession of some kind of indifference, a desire to drop everything and go somewhere in the wilderness.
11. He advised us to be careful and not jump to conclusions.
12. Life has to be a little crazy, otherwise it's just a series of Thursdays strung on top of each other (K. Costner).
13. He went to stay with his parents and will be in the city in two days.
14. We wanted to go further that evening, but the owners persuaded us to stay overnight.
15. Do not be so upset about the C, it is better to do more work this week, and then you can correct the grade.
16. The main thing for you now is to think over a plan of action.
In a sentence, the indefinite form of the verb can act as any member of the sentence.
Approach (subject) it was scary to my brother (M. Gorky).
I AM ready to tell (predicate) to you, field, about wavy rye in the moonlight (S. Yesenin). Yes, and you will go your own way spray (circumstance) joyless days (S. Yesenin). He was sent to her on a mission will transmit b (definition) sign (A. Pushkin). Mother in tears punished me cherish (addition) his health, and Savelich watch for the child (A. Pushkin).
V the role of the predicate the infinitive most often appears in the following syntactic constructions:
1) one-part impersonal and infinitive sentences: Best understood and forgiven!
2) in two-part sentences as part of a compound verb predicate. I wished to say goodbye to you as a friend (M. Lermontov).
3) in two-part sentences as a simple verb predicate in a situation when it is likened to the forms of the indicative mood and receives a temporary meaning with a nominal subject:
And he stomped, knocked, shouted - nothing came of it!
Subject function
can perform an independent infinitive with a predicate, a pronounced noun, a predicative adverb, another infinitive, less often an adjective in the full instrumental case with a link.
Living on earth without even being in love is a glorious occupation (A. Chekhov). "To live is to know!" - Liza repeated (M. Gorky).
In the role of circumstance
the purpose of the infinitive appears if it refers to the verbs of movement (walk, run, jump, move, drive, etc.): We have come to say goodbye forever.
You came here to listen to my confession, thank you (M. Lermontov). A neighbor sometimes comes to play cards alone (A. Pushkin). Tired of an overnight stay, the soldiers walked from all the dens to warm themselves running, wash themselves in snow - hard as sand (A. Tvardovsky).
Infinitive, often used in the role of the inconsistent definition
, explains an abstract noun with a modal meaning of necessity, possibility, obligation, desirability, expression of will, etc. and denotes a sign by internal content: The desire to live did not leave her for a minute
.
He gave a strict order not to let her out of the room and to make sure that no one spoke to her (A. Pushkin). I have an innate passion to contradict (M. Lermontov).
Sometimes the infinitive for verbs is complementing... The infinitive addition denotes the action as an object to which the action of another person is directed (asked to stay, invite to sit down): The tsar ordered a sleigh to be brought in.
Exercise 1.
Write down, determine which member of the sentence the underlined words are.
1. I am fast began to descend from the hill
2. Gotta respect old age.
3. Run the escalator is prohibited.
4. Sister asked us return By the evening.
5. After leaving school, I I will do in the Institute.
6. He has a desire run away from here.
7. Walk barefoot on the ground is a great pleasure.
8. He went to the sanatorium to heal.
9. Alone able to live not every.
Exercise 2.
Highlight the grammatical foundations of the sentences. Determine the type of predicates. Determine the syntactic role of the infinitive.
1. He was afraid to go to doctors.
2. A footman came to call me to the princess.
3. The old woman has gone to plead about leaving.
4. He asked me to plead about leaving.
5. The great national poet knows how to make both the master and the peasant speak in their language.
6. I try to teach them respect for their native land.
7. No effort will a person be able to convey the charm of this day.
8. In Moscow, I will neither see you, nor write to you, nor call.
9. Rare drops of rain began to pound heavily on the ground.
10. Autumn rain will be drizzling for a long time.
11. And as if in response to her words, a rare and warm rain quietly begins to rustle along the river and bushes.
12. Dense, neglected alleys immediately began behind the gate.
13. Ominous rumors began to circulate.
14. They continued snoring, dozing and yawning for decades.
15. The sea at times completely stopped making noise.
16. And the blizzard, as if mocking, did not want to appease.
17. Antonenko ordered the people to leave the barge.
18. I will not allow myself to speak ill of life in my presence.
19. Tagilov did not go to breakfast with Natalya.
20. She didn't even have time to say hello to him.
Exercise 3.
Determine the syntactic role of the infinitive, taking into account: 1) the semantic meaning of the personal verb and the infinitive, 2) what the action or feature denoted by the verbs in the infinitive refers to.
1. Soon the spring forest will meet its feathered masters.
2. Meeting a father from a long voyage is a great joy for us.
3. In the evening, my sister went to the station to meet her brother, who was returning from the camp.
4. The creative asset of the school got the right to meet the delegation from England.
5. Our class received the right to welcome guests who came to the opening of our school museum.
Exercise 4.
Determine which minor members of the sentence the infinitive is .
1. The thought of not catching her in Pyatigorsk with a hammer hit me in my heart.
2. Well, I wish you some good fun.
3. Captain Tushin sent one of the soldiers to look for a dressing station or a doctor.
4. And now we are going to look for Palitsyno.
5. Cannons from the pier are firing, the ship is ordered to dock.
6. I have an innate passion to contradict.
7. The next year Nevzorov went to study abroad.
8. The habit of finding only a replaceable side in everything is the surest sign of a shallow soul, for the funny always lies on the surface.
9. The doctor recommended that I move more.
10. Logic is the art of making mistakes with the confidence that you are right.
Exercise 5.
Write down sentences, explain punctuation marks, define the role of the infinitive.
1. The lieutenant goes out to find out if there is a connection.
2. Go check, and we'll wait.
3. I also had personal reasons to go on vacation to the Caucasus.
4. Ivan Efimovich, what will you do after the war?
5. To clarify the information helped in the archive.
6. The roads began to turn limp literally before our eyes.
7. It is inconvenient to refuse.
8. The commander had the ability to make decisions quickly.
9. The division continued to move forward.
10. Resting our hands on the sides, we helped the car to get out into the meadow.
Exercise 6.
Make a sentence so that the infinitive is part of the compound verb predicate and another part of the sentence.
Tell, hurry, guess, fulfill, learn, remake.
What is the syntactic role of the infinitive in a sentence?
Exercise 7.
Rearrange the sentences so that the infinitive is 1) subject, 2) predicate.
1. Learning to play the violin is my big dream.
2. Rereading works of classical literature is both useful and necessary.
3. Explain the setting of punctuation marks with a confluence of unions - a task of increased difficulty.
4. The camp where I will rest in the summer is located on the shores of Lake Baikal.
5. For the holiday, our class will have to prepare a concert.
Exercise 8.
Come up with sentences where the infinitive is:
1) subject; 2) predicate; 3) addition; 4) the circumstance of the purpose; 5) definition.
Exercise 9.
Insert the missing letters, justify the spelling of words with spelling, emphasize the grammatical basis of the sentence, determine the type of predicates and the syntactic role of the infinitive. What is the role of the infinitive in a sentence?
1) Life is good and life is good! (V. Mayakovsky) 2) Oblomov began to read aloud. (I. Goncharov) 3) You cannot catch up with the mad three! (N.Nekrasov) 4) Forests teach a person to understand pr_red. (A. Chekhov) 5) Traveling around the native land is a great pleasure. 6) More than once an irresistible desire arose in her soul to express everything without concealment. (I. Turgenev) 7) We went to defend freedom, to rid the light of darkness. (M. Isakovsky) 8) He went to the forest city_r_dock to be like skiing. (V.Kaverin) 9) It is sad for us to listen to the autumn blizzard. (N.Nekrasov) 10) Preparing for the exam is not so easy. 11) The task of the astronauts upon returning from the flight is to process and summarize the results of the studies. 12) The most motivated students will study according to a special program. 13) The detachment began to advance into the depths of the forest. 14) At the station_ Winter, we went to have lunch. (V. Veresaev) 15) Pr_roda teaches us to understand pr_red. (K. Paustovsky) 16) And already several times Judas sat down to breathe ... (L. Andreev) 17) I tied the reins around my hand and fell asleep weakly, waiting for the order to go forward. (A. Pushkin)
Exercise 10.
Determine which member of the sentence the infinitive is. Compare the two sentences (see part A). Indicate in each of them the type of predicate. Insert the missing letters, expand the brackets.
A. 1) We decided to talk about the case. - We came to talk about the case. 2) I want to do extra chemistry. - I stayed after school to study chemistry. 3) The tourists decided to relax on the shore of the lake. - The tourists stopped to rest. 4) I have come to ask for your help. - I will ask for your help. 5) My father promised to buy me skis. - My father and I went to the store to buy skis. 6) It is good for everyone to breathe fresh air. - In the evening we went out to get some fresh air. 7) I went to make peace with a friend. - He did not want to put up with injustice.
B. 1) P_satel began to work on the book. 2) He was recommended to live in the village. 3) He made a decision to be silent. 4) I went out to refresh myself. 5) The guys decided to redeem. 6) I went goodbye. 7) I was offered to learn Khlestakov's monologue. 8) She had a habit of being late. 9) My brother asked me to meet him. 10) The travelers stopped to rest. 11) On the way, they made an effort to go forward a little. (N. Gogol) 12) For the palm week in St. Petersburg, the fin_y didn’t want to ride the children in their peasant sledges. (D. Likhachev) went to beg you for one favor. 2) Remember Chaplitsky, whom you helped to win back. 3) I wanted the driver to go. 4) In meek words I explained to him that I had a quarrel with Aleksey Ivanovich, and I ask him, Ivan Ignat_ich, to be my second ... 5) I got scared and began to ask Ivan Ignat_ich to tell the commandant nothing (not) to tell ... 6) Vasilisa Yegorovna left to talk about departure_ daughter_. 7) I went to the house of the saint to see Maria Ivanovna. 8) Go: our father ordered to let the officer in. 9) The people went to escort Pugachev. 10) Pugachev greeted me and told me to get along with him in the wagon. 11) He [Zurin] himself went out into the street apologizing to Maria Ivanovna in (not) free (not) understanding_ and told the sergeant to give her the best apartment in the city. 12) We stayed in Lars to spend the night. He [the Frenchman] advised us to leave the carriage in Kobe and go on horseback. 13) Maria Ivanovna went to say goodbye to the graves of her parents, who were buried for the church. 14) The next day, the troops following the (un) friend were ordered to return to the camp. (A. Pushkin)
Exercise 11.
Insert the missing letters, expand the brackets. Define the members of the sentence, explain the syntactic role of the infinitive. Arrange punctuation marks.
A. 1) Sof_ya ordered not to give the Monomakh crown. 2) In the settlement of the boys they knew well and they let them in. 3) Sof_ya left for the village of Kolomenskoye and sent the priest to the districts to convene the Dv_ryanskoe operation. 4) [Menshikov] often lured Peter with generals, masters of money and karls to walk and play pranks on Kukui ... 5) It was difficult for the boyars to dare to shed the blood of such an ancient family. 6) Have dinner with me. (A.N. Tolstoy)
B. 1) The lady got angry and burst into tears and ordered to find him. (I. Turgenev) 2) Anyone can hinder, but they would not be able to help and help! (D. Granin) 3) To comprehend the depths of the profession, laziness, necessity, lack of interest in specialty. (V. Koretsky) 4) What is required from a shepherd? Its main task is to provide animals with a well-fed life without which people will not have milk, butter or meat. 5) He was asked to wait. (A. Kuprin) 6) I ordered to put the suitcase in my body to replace the bulls with horses and for the last time looked down at length ... (M. Lermontov) 7) I tried to please the princess made her several times laughing heartily ... (M. Lermontov) 8) For a long time I resisted the temptation to lie down somewhere in the shadows. (I. Turgenev)
V. 1) Marya Ivanovna came up to the house with papa and mum. (A. Pushkin) 2) Suddenly Marya Ivanovna immediately sat down at work announced that the (in) necessity makes her go to P_terburg and that she asks for a way to go. 3) Lunch ended, the big ones went to the room to drink coffee and we went into the garden to shuffle our feet along the roads covered with fallen yellow leaves and talk. (L. Tolstoy) 4) Fock was ordered to close all the doors to the rooms. (L. Tolstoy) 5) When we were dressed with ice cream and fruits, there was (not) anything to do on the carpet, and we (not) looking at the slanting rays of the sun got up and went for a walk. (L. Tolstoy) 6) Here Homeless made an attempt to stop the hiccups that tortured him ... (M. Bulgakov) 7) (C) the prisoners asked to talk about yesterday's events on the Patriarch's Ponds, but they (not) were very (not) reported about Ponti_ Pilate. 8) The poet's attempts to compose an application (to) the account of a terrible consultant (did not) lead (n_) to (what). (M. Bulgakov)
Exercise 12.
Write off by placing the missing punctuation marks. Underline all members of the sentence. What syntactic functions does the infinitive perform in these sentences?
1. Shame is the most precious ability of a person to put his actions in accordance with the requirements of the highest conscience bequeathed by the history of mankind. (M. S-Shchedrin.)
2. You can only give to the rich and you can only help the strong. This is the experience of my whole life. (M. Tsvetaeva.)
3. To love to see a person the way God created him and his parents did not fulfill him. Not to love to see the way his parents made it happen. Stop loving to see a table, a chair instead. (M. Tsvetaeva.)
4. To love your Motherland means to ardently desire to see in it the fulfillment of the ideal of humanity. (V. Belinsky.)
5. Great will is not only the ability to wish for something and achieve something, but also the ability to force yourself to give up something when you need it. (A. Makarenko.)
6. I shouldn't dare to tell you about it. (I. Turgenev.)
7. Shubin wanted to start working, but the clay was crumbling. (I. Turgenev.)
8. None of them wanted to start the conversation first. (S. Krutilin.)
9. A person should never lose the ability to wonder. (K. Paustovsky.)
10. In Fedya's view, a real writer was a legendary creature. He had to know everything to see everything to understand everything perfectly to do. (K. Paustovsky.)
11. During this year I have learned to understand fire and water. (J. Smelyakov.)
12. Oh, I want to live madly:
Everything that exists is to perpetuate
insane - to humanize
Unfulfilled - to realize! (A. Blok.)
13. I came to you with greetings to tell you that the sun has risen ... (A. Fet.)
14. Tatiana on the advice of the nanny
Gathering at night to enchant
Quietly ordered in the bath
Lay the table for two devices ... (A. Pushkin.)
15. It was more difficult to climb down the mountain on a black oak tree than to climb. (N. Lyashko.)
16. To name means to know and therefore to know. (V. Bryusov.)
17. There is time to work and there is to have fun. (Proverb.)
18. During the exercise, we were ordered to deploy antennas near Kim's domain. (O. Prikhodko.)
19. Once Paderewski gave a concert in London. The hall was stuffy and two ladies asked to open the window. A strong draft has formed. Paderewski addressed the ladies: “I have to ask you to close the window. You can't have two pleasures at once: listening to good music and killing the pianist. "
20. A person should never lose the ability to wonder. If he is a real person and not a briefcase full of papers. (K. Paustovsky.)
Test on the topic "Syntactic properties of the infinitive"
1. In which sentence is the infinitive the subject?
1) It was a pity to look at him.
2) What a great pleasure it is to wander in the forest!
3) Loving others is a heavy cross, and you are beautiful without convolutions.
4) To teach a scientist is just a matter of dragging.
2. In which sentences is the infinitive not a subject?
1) I hate changing the familiar to the unknown.
2) Fedor, don't let him go anywhere!
3) Giving advice is easy, but difficult to follow.
4) It's awkward to ask for a house.
3. In which sentences is the infinitive part of the predicate?
1) Did it happen to you on a rainy winter day, in the late quiet light, to sit alone, without a candle in your study?
2) He is always ready to help with advice and deed.
3) Losing a family is not a shame - it was not your fault.
4) Losing a head off - it's a shame, but well, that's the war. (A.T.)
4. In what sentences is the infinitive not part of the predicate?
1) Ivan Ivanovich was a solid man, of the most subtle treatment, he could not stand rude or obscene words.
2) Nozdryov continued to laugh at the top of his lungs.
3) Auntie invited both families to stay with her for two weeks.
4) It was easy to talk to her.
5. Establish the relationship between the highlighted word and its role in the sentence.
1) What a great pleasure it is to wander in the forest.
2) The sacred ability to speak is given to us.
3) It freezes beautifully at the parade, and goes to the guard to warm up.
4) I'm not afraid of death, oh no! I'm afraid to disappear completely.
a) addition
b) circumstance
c) definition
d) predicate
6. In which sentences is the infinitive complement?
1) An attempt to solve the problem by the shortest route failed.
2) I told both of them to drink two glasses a day of mineral water and bathe twice a week in an adjustable bath.
3) It is very helpful to hone and polish your mind about the minds of others.
4) Everyone asked her to sing something.
7. In which sentences is the infinitive not a definition?
1) Pierre got into the carriage with the intention of going home.
2) Troekurov told the guests to get out.
3) Under the sound of wheels, the writer quickly sketched line by line, fearing to miss the emerging idea.
4) I am now embarking on a new path from my past life to rest.
8. In which sentences is the infinitive a circumstance?
1) Since we had a vacation, every day we went to the Novodevichy Convent to paint landscapes.
2) Chichikov went into the room to get dressed and wash.
3) She said it quite loudly and probably with the intention of stabbing me.
4) Petrushka was ordered to stay at home, look after the room and the suitcase.
9. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which the infinitive is not part of the predicate.
1. We came to the place, to the birch current, only in the evening and, as usual, immediately began to prepare for an overnight stay. 2. Even before the arrival of the birds (wood grouses flock to the current at sunset), you need to chop wood, prepare the bed from the branches. 3. Here, by the hunting fire, I intended to spend more than one night. 4. In the evening, having prepared an overnight stay, we separated. 5. The satellite went to look for the neighboring currents, and I was left alone. 6. After seeing off my friend, I stamped out the fire, took my gun and slowly headed into the current. 7. Under an old birch tree, I chose a high hummock and, lighting a pipe, I prepared to listen and observe. 8. Never before have I seen such an extraordinary number of wood grouses on the currents. 9. I sat spellbound, not moving, afraid to move. (after I. Sokolov-Mikitov)
10. Indicate the numbers of sentences containing an infinitive that serves as a definition.
1. The Belaya River began to protrude from the banks and flood the meadow side. 2. My father argued that it was difficult to drive through those places that were flooded with spring water. 3. But to me all such obstacles seemed absolutely not worthy of attention. 4. The desire to move to Sergeevka as soon as possible has become for me a painful aspiration of all my thoughts and feelings towards one subject; 5. I could no longer do anything, I was bored and picky. 6. It was possible to foresee and should have taken measures to tame in me this passion, this ability to be carried away to self-forgetfulness and go to extremes. (according to S. Aksakov)
