After the end of the Second World War, India experienced the rise of the national liberation movement. The British authorities, trying to stay in India, maneuvered, combining methods of brutal suppression with concessions and actions aimed at splitting the Indians.
Under the pretext of protecting the interests of Muslims and other minorities, the authorities established a system of elections to the Central Legislative Assembly in 1946 according to religious curia, which aggravated the conflict between the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Muslim League. The INC program included demands for the independence of the country and the equality of all its citizens, the unity of Hindus, Muslims and adherents of other religions:
The main demand of the Muslim League was the division of India into two states on religious grounds and the creation of the Muslim state of Pakistan "the land of the pure."
The INC and the Muslim League received a majority in their curiae, but in a number of provinces a large number of Muslims supported the program of the Inc. The vast majority of the population spoke out against British domination.
The INC included representatives of various social strata, was very authoritative due to many years of opposition to the colonialists. The most popular leaders of the INC were M. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru.
In August 1946, a provisional government headed by Nehru was established. The Muslim League refused to enter the government and proclaimed the start of a direct struggle for Pakistan. Already in August, pogroms began in Calcutta in the Hindu quarters, in response, the Muslim quarters of the city flared up. Clashes between Hindus and Muslims, developing into a massacre, spread to other parts of the country.
In February 1947, the British government announced its intention to grant India the rights of a dominion on the condition that it be divided along religious lines into the Indian Union and Pakistan. The principalities themselves decided which of the dominions they entered. The INC and the Muslim League accepted this plan.
A huge number of refugees moved from the Pakistani parts to the Indian regions and vice versa. Hundreds of thousands were killed. M. Gandhi spoke out against inciting religious hatred. He demanded the creation of acceptable conditions for the Muslims who remained in India. This caused attacks, accusations of betraying the interests of the Hindus. In January 1948, M. Gandhi was killed by a member of one of the religious organizations.
On August 14, 1947, the founding of the Dominion of Pakistan was proclaimed. Leader of the Muslim League becomes Prime Minister of Pakistan Liqiat Ali Khan. On August 15, the Indian Union declared its independence. Of the 600 principalities, the vast majority joined India. The first Indian government was headed by J. Nehru.
When dividing the territory, neither economic ties between regions, nor geographical boundaries, nor national composition were taken into account. 90% of all mineral reserves, textile and sugar industries remained on Indian territory. Most of the areas for the production of bread and industrial crops went to Pakistan.
A difficult situation has developed in the principality of Kashmir. It was supposed to become part of the Indian Union, although the majority of the population were Muslims. In autumn 1947, Pakistani troops invaded Kashmir. The Maharaja announced his accession to India, and Indian troops entered Kashmir. But the western part of the principality was occupied by Pakistani troops. The Kashmir issue became a bone of contention between India and Pakistan and one of the main causes of the Indo-Pakistani wars of 1965 and 1971. The result of the 1971 war was the formation of the state of Bangladesh on the site of East Pakistan.
In 1949, India adopted a constitution declaring it a republic. Election victories until the end of the 70s. 20th century won the INC. Its leaders advocated the development of a mixed economy with a strong position of the state in it. Agrarian reform and various social transformations were carried out. The Indian economy, despite all the difficulties, developed quite successfully. Evidence of this was the creation and testing by India at the turn of the 21st century. nuclear weapons.
In foreign policy, India has taken a course of non-participation in blocs, the struggle for peace. Friendly relations were maintained with the USSR. After Nehru's death, the post of prime minister passed to his daughter Indira Gandhi. After the assassination of I. Gandhi in 1984, her son became prime minister Rajiv Gandhi, killed in 1991. These killings are connected with the activation of the nationalist and separatist
movements (Sikhs, Tamils). At the end of the twentieth century. The INC has lost its monopoly on power. Representatives of the Hindu parties came to rule the country (Prime Minister A. Vajpayee). However, the main directions of domestic and foreign policy, as well as the overall successful development of the country, continue.
After the Second World War, the British government began to understand that it would not be possible to keep India. The Indians understood this too. The Muslim League called for the creation of its own Muslim state. The problem of relations between Hindus and Muslims has taken on a nationwide character. Not without bloody clashes on religious grounds, in which thousands of people died. In the end, the parties came to the conclusion that it was necessary to separate Muslim territories into a separate state - Pakistan.
On August 15, 1947, India gained independence, and a new state was formed - Pakistan. The separation of part of Indian territories into a separate state of Pakistan led to huge flows of refugees from one side and the other. A fierce inter-ethnic conflict flared up.
The coming to power of the so-called national bourgeoisie in India contributed to the development of a political line for the development of an independent national economy, the formation of democratic forms of national statehood.
Constitution of the Independent State of India 1949(entered into force in 1950) proclaimed the creation of a sovereign and democratic republic which prohibited slavery and any form of forced labor. The Constitution spoke of the equality of all citizens before the law, regardless of religion, race, caste, gender, or place of birth. The constitution proclaimed the inviolability of private property.
The form of government of India is a parliamentary republic. The highest legislative body according to the Constitution is the Parliament, consisting of the head of state and two chambers - the People's Chamber and the Council of States.
Jawaharlal Nehru(November 14, 1889 - May 27, 1964) - one of the leaders of the left wing of the Indian national liberation movement and the Indian National Congress, who became the first Prime Minister of India after the country gained independence on August 15, 1947. In domestic politics Nehru sought to reconcile all the peoples of India and Hindus with Muslims and Sikhs, warring political parties, and in the economy, the principles of planning and a market economy. He avoided radical decisions, and he managed to keep the right, left and center factions of Congress united, maintaining a balance between them in his politics. Nehru, who enjoyed great prestige in the world, became one of the authors of the policy of non-alignment with political blocs. He accepted economic assistance from the USSR, advocated the peaceful existence of states with different social order. In 1954, he put forward 5 principles of peaceful coexistence, on the basis of which the Non-Aligned Movement arose a year later.
Nehru's two favorite projects were: the establishment of an Asian identity and non-alignment.
In 1967, as a result of an internal political struggle, the Indian National Congress came to power. Indira Gandhi.
At this time, on the one hand, the state is developing in the country. sector and heavy industry, the latest technologies are being created, agrarian reform is underway (due to the redistribution of land between large landowners and the poor), and at the same time, there is wild poverty in the country, 70% of the country are in extreme poverty. All economic successes take place in a smaller part of the population.
1975 - A youth movement led by Indira's son, Sanjay Gandhi, a supporter of tough problem-solving methods, advances into the political arena => puts forward a program:
- Elimination of illiteracy (going to the people, education of the masses + along the way explaining to them how good the policy of Indira Gandhi is)
2. The fight against caste (elimination of untouchability) - the rise of lower castes
3. Cancellation of the dowry
4. Fight for the cleanliness of the streets (demolition of old houses and the construction of new ones from which they made a profit)
5. Birth control - reduced to the sterilization of the male population.
In the eighth elections 1984 defeats the Indian National Congress, which is headed by Rajiv Gandhi(he completely changes the political course):
1. Retreats from Gandhian socialism
2. Privatization begins, the share of the state decreases. sectors
3. India is leaning towards the US, Germany and Japan - the internal and external course changes sharply
At the same time, Rajiv Gandhi's government is under attack for corruption, which is drastically undermining the credibility of the Indian National Congress. A group of members comes out of it again in 1988.
1990s– sharp growth and modernization of the economy
Fourteenth Election 2004 - victory Hindu Manmohan becomes Prime Minister of Indian National Congress Singh.
India is characterized by high rates economic development, a growing share in the world economy and great authority in the world political arena.
Occupying the 7th place in the world in terms of territory, in terms of population, India is second only to China. Given the high population growth (1.5-2% per year), it can be predicted that India is able to overtake China in this indicator.
in the World Bank ranking, the country ranks 12th, slightly behind Brazil. When calculating GDP at purchasing power parity, according to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, in 2006 India ranked 5th in the list of the largest economies in the world after the USA, China, Japan and Germany.
India has managed to normalize political and economic relations with China and Pakistan. The conflicts that existed between India and its neighbors, including territorial ones, which have repeatedly led to military clashes, have not been completely eliminated, but are no longer in the foreground in the current complex international situation. India has acquired nuclear weapons.
Politically, India maintains friendly relations with modern Russia. This is mutually beneficial economic cooperation and joint actions in the international arena, when the interests and foreign economic concepts of Russia and India coincide.
Characteristically, in relations with the US, Indian leaders also speak of a far-reaching strategic partnership, along with intensive economic cooperation.
Having extensive economic ties with the European Union, ASEAN countries and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), participating in the meetings of the Group of 8, the Commonwealth of Nations and other similar organizations, India is practically not included in any regional integration grouping. Some exception is the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, which includes, in addition to India, its neighbors - Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and the Republic of Maldives. These states were once part of the orbit of the former British India. In fact, the Indian economy is the core of the entire South Asian economy.
India, as one of the largest economies in the world, was included in the G20, designed to develop a strategy for overcoming the global economic crisis. At the same time, India joined the BRIC group along with Russia, Brazil and China. The countries of this informal organization in the pre-crisis period provided at least a third of the total growth of the world economy.
There are actually 5 communist parties in India:
・Communist Party
Marxist Communist Party
The Central Party of Marxist Intellectuals
Marxist-Leninist Communist Party
The Naxalite Movement
In June 1947, a final agreement was reached that allowed the British Parliament to pass the Indian Independence Act, which came into force on August 15, 1947. This document set out the principles of the partition, according to which a number of areas were given the opportunity to decide whether to join the Indian Union or Pakistan and declared the right of everyone of these dominions to self-government with the right to secede from the Commonwealth. The suzerainty of the English monarchy over the Indian principalities, as well as the validity of the treaties concluded with them, also ceased. The people of East Bengal and West Punjab opted for Pakistan, while the people of West Bengal and East Punjab voted for joining the Indian Union. Proclamation of Independence Post Independence India
Immediately after gaining independence in India, a government was formed headed by Prime Minister J. Nehru. The country experienced unprecedented clashes between Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. There was a mass migration of Muslims to Pakistan, and Hindus to India. To intercommunal hostility and clashes were added economic and political difficulties caused by partition. iron and car roads and irrigation canal systems were cut off by state borders, industrial enterprises were cut off from sources of raw materials, civil services, police and army, necessary for ensuring the normal government of the country and the security of citizens, were separated. January 30, 1948, when violations public order began to decline, Gandhi was killed by a Hindu fanatic. Consequences of partition of Jawaharlal Nehru
The rulers of 555 principalities had to decide whether to join India or Pakistan. The peaceful integration of the vast majority of small principalities did not cause complications. But the Muslim Nizam, who was at the head of the richest and most populous principality of Hyderabad, where the Hindus predominated numerically, declared his desire to rule an independent sovereign country. In September 1948, Indian troops entered Hyderabad, and under pressure from the central Indian government, the lower classes signed an agreement on joining the Indian Union. Aftermath of the Partition of the Principality of Hyderabad
A serious situation arose in the north, where the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, a territory with a predominantly Muslim population, was a Hindu Maharaja. Pakistan exerted economic pressure on the principality to secure its accession. In October 1947, about 5,000 armed Muslims entered Kashmir. The Maharaja, who was in dire need of help, signed a document on the inclusion of the principality in India. India accused the Pakistani side of aggression and referred the issue of Kashmir to the UN Security Council for discussion. The UN decided to recognize as a demarcation line the actual ceasefire line as of January 1, 1949. On November 17, 1956, the Constituent Assembly of Kashmir adopted the Constitution, according to which the state of Jammu and Kashmir was declared integral part India. Consequences of Partitioning the Disputed Territory of Kashmir
Relations with Pakistan have become a major issue in India's foreign policy. The protracted dispute over Kashmir prevented India from taking a leadership role in the Non-Aligned Movement. When Indian Prime Minister J. Nehru refused to cooperate with the United States in the fight against Soviet expansion, the Americans entered into a military alliance with Pakistan. This forced the Indian leadership to expand contacts with China and the USSR. Indo-Soviet ties became noticeably stronger after the conclusion of a major trade agreement in 1953 and the exchange of visits by the leaders of the two states. The USSR welcomed the Indian policy of non-alignment, which coincided with its strategic line of limiting US influence in the Afro-Asian region. Consequences of partition 1954. Meeting with J. Nehru. On the left I. M. Kharchenko.
January 26, 1950 India was proclaimed a republic. The 1950 constitution reflects the cautious position of the leadership and enshrined progress made during the independent development of the country. The relatively simple procedure for amending the constitution on the basis of majority decisions in parliament increased the scope for further reforms. Under J. Nehru, who was also the head of the planning commission, three five-year plans were implemented. The industrial policy was oriented towards the creation of a mixed economy and opened up prospects for cooperation with private capital, although only state ownership was allowed in the leading industries. This rule affected enterprises of the defense industry, ferrous metallurgy, heavy engineering, mining, etc. Development and reform Flag of India Emblem of India
The policy of stimulating the development of industry was combined with a policy of cautious reforms in the agrarian sector. The Planning Commission urged the states to legislate to protect land users' rights, such as capping rents, setting a "ceiling" on individual land holdings, and cooperatively reorganizing the supply chain, and possibly agricultural production in the more distant future. Since 1953, the implementation of a community development program began, which set, in particular, the task of organizing a network of institutions for the dissemination of advanced agricultural experience in the countryside, as well as the creation of cooperative associations and panchayats in the countryside. Development and reform Peasants
The government delayed reaching a compromise on the question of reorganizing the territorial-administrative division on a linguistic basis, and when 14 states were formed in 1956 on the basis of dominant languages, other ethnic communities became dissatisfied. In 1960, serious unrest in the state of Bombay forced central authorities meet demands for its division into two new states - Gujarat and Maharashtra. The Sikhs succeeded when in 1965 the Punjab was divided into the state of Punjab, in which the Sikhs were the majority, and the state of Haryana, with a predominantly Hindu population. The ethnic problem arose even more sharply in the northeastern border zone, where some local tribes demanded independence and raised armed uprisings for this purpose. Moderate exchange rate boundaries New administrative-territorial divisions
Compromise with the leading castes seriously limited the government's ability to carry out social transformations in the countryside. The agrarian reform laws that were approved by the states contained significant gaps that allowed, on the one hand, to drive tenants off the land, and on the other, to bypass the provision on the upper limit of the land area. The slow roll-out of change has resulted in chronic shortages of agricultural products, higher food prices and cuts in government subsidies. In the early 1960s, the financial crisis deepened. Economic stagnation, in turn, limited the ability to maneuver for the INC. Moderate exchange rate boundaries Classical model of caste hierarchy
The authority of Nehru in October 1962 was significantly undermined after the invasion of Chinese troops into the territory of the North-Eastern Border Agency and the Ladakh Mountains in Kashmir. In an effort to secure links between the Xinjiang Uyghur and Tibet Autonomous Regions, China tried to force India to relinquish rights to the strategically important Aksai Chin Plain in eastern Ladakh in Kashmir. China's armed forces carried out several strikes indian army and occupied an area of 37.5 thousand square meters. km. By the time China announced the withdrawal of troops from all occupied areas except Aksai Chin, Nehru was forced to turn to the United States for military assistance. The borders of the temperate course of Ladakh on the map of India
Nehru's successor as prime minister, Shastri, was nominated to the post by a group of party leaders called the "syndicate", supported by large landowners and entrepreneurs. In 1965, experts from the World Bank determined the provision of financial assistance to the implementation of a set of economic reforms. During the year and a half of his tenure as prime minister, Shastri made decisions to reorient the main stream of state investment from heavy industry to agriculture; emphasis on intensive farming and land reclamation; incentives through the price system and the allocation of subsidies to village farms that are able to modernize production; increasing the role of private and foreign investment in industry. The economy became especially dependent on financial inflows from abroad when the additional burden of military spending fell on the country during the second war with Pakistan in 1965. Nehru's successors Lal Bahadur Shastri
The losses suffered by the INC in the parliamentary elections in 1967 did not deprive it of a narrow victory at the national level, but led to defeat in 8 states. In the states of Kerala and West Bengal, the INC was ousted from power by a coalition led by the Communist Party of India. In both states, the leftist governments restricted the activities of the police, and there the tenants and the agricultural proletariat launched uprisings against the landlords and factory workers - against the management of enterprises. Revolutionary-minded communists supported the armed peasant riots in several states where the CPI operated. In the late 1960s, they organized performances by small peoples in Andhra Pradesh and members of the scheduled tribes and castes in West Bengal, which were suppressed by the army. Nehru's successors Parliament building in India
The country's next prime minister, Indira Gandhi, could no longer rely on the old party leaders and teamed up with a small youth group of socialists and ex-communists. The Prime Minister's decisive actions to nationalize the largest commercial banks linked her name with a new policy focused on helping the poor. The popularity of the prime minister reached its peak in 1971 as a result of victory in the third Indo-Pakistani war. With the emergence of Bangladesh, India found itself in a dominant position in the South Asian region. Moreover, in May 1974, she conducted nuclear tests, which demonstrated an increased military power country. Indira Gandhi
In 1971, the government restored the right of Parliament to amend the Constitution, which had been canceled in 1967 by a Supreme Court ruling. The adopted 26th amendment stated that any law must comply with the fundamental articles of the Constitution, based on the principles of social and economic justice. When the amendment was rejected by the Supreme Court in April 1973, the government removed the three oldest judges who had voted against it and appointed one of its members as chairman of the court, who spoke in favor of the amendment. The leaders of all opposition forces, except for the CPI, saw this act as a threat to the establishment of an authoritarian regime. J. Narayan, the oldest follower of Mahatma Gandhi, became the leader of the opposition. Narayan launched a campaign in Gujarat, which led in January 1974 to the resignation of ministers and the dissolution of the state legislature. An equally vigorous campaign was carried out in Bihar. The Political Crisis of Mahatma Gandhi
On June 2, 1975, Gandhi's accusation of "corrupt practices" gave her opponents the opportunity to organize a movement to remove the prime minister. In response, Gandhi imposed a state of emergency in India, resulting in mass arrests of political opponents and widespread censorship. In the March 1977 parliamentary elections, the new Janata Party, which was a bloc of opposition groups, won a landslide victory and repealed the emergency law. However, the Janata government soon became the victim of internal intrigues. Its head, M. Desai, resigned in June 1979, and Gandhi came to power again in the January 1980 parliamentary elections. The political crisis of Morarji Desai
The participation of the electorate in the 1980 elections was reduced to about 55% with an increase in the number of conflicts during the election campaign. In West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura, the KPI won. The central government was faced with a resurgence of separatist movements in the northeast, with a number of sectarian unrest in Uttar Pradesh. In all cases, to restore order had to resort to military force. In June 1984, following the outbreak of Sikh terrorism in the Punjab, the army stormed the Sikh shrine, the Golden Temple in Amritsar, which led to the death of the Sikh leader Bhindranwale and hundreds of his followers who had taken refuge in the temple. Gandhi's decisive action was greeted with approval in other parts of India, but revolted against the premier by the Sikhs. On October 31, 1984, I. Gandhi was killed by two of her Sikh guards. She was replaced as head of government and as leader of the INC by her son, Rajiv Gandhi, who scheduled parliamentary elections for the end of 1984 and won them a landslide victory. The political crisis of Rajiv Gandhi
In the 1989 elections, the anti-INC(I) parties rallied around former Finance Minister V. P. Singh, who then led a minority government. Singh's government was backed by the Janata Dal Party, founded in 1988, and supported by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and two communist parties. The coalition collapsed in November 1990, when the BJP left it. Chandra Sekhar's next government resigned four months later as the INC(I) did not approve the draft state budget. Political crisis Coat of arms of the BJP
Rajiv Gandhi was killed by a bomb thrown by a Sri Lankan Tamil terrorist in May 1991. It was an act of revenge for the entry of Indian troops into the north of Sri Lanka in 1987 to counter the Tamil separatists. The new Prime Minister Narasimha Rao carried out decisive economic reforms in 1992, designed to modernize the country's industrial and scientific and technical base. Less successful was the Rao government's efforts to prevent inter-communal clashes that arose after the destruction of a mosque in Uttar Pradesh by orthodox Hindus in December 1992. Narasimha Rao's political crisis
Elections in April-May 1996 led to the distribution of seats in parliament between the three main factions: the INC (136 seats), the BJP (160) and a left-wing coalition called the United Front (111 seats). After the BJP refused to enter the majority government, the new prime minister, H. D. Deve Govda, recruited the INC to participate in it. The basis of the government was made up of representatives of regional and leftist parties. Political crisis Sonia Gandhi, INC leader
In April 1997, the INC refused to support the coalition led by Govda, and the prime minister was forced to resign. His place was taken by President-appointed and parliament-approved Inder Kumar Gujral, who continued his predecessor's course of economic liberalization and economic growth, but refused to further cut social spending. India's foreign policy dialogue with Pakistan and China has intensified. The resignation of the government of Gujral led to early parliamentary elections in March 1998. A coalition consisting of 18 parties came to power, in which the BDP held a leading position. Political Crisis Trilateral Meeting of Foreign Ministers of China, India and Russia
The main task of the new Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee was to maintain a coalition government led by the BJP. In April 1999 there was a government crisis and the government was forced to resign. The lower house of parliament was dissolved. New parliamentary elections were held in October 1999. Despite the active participation in the election campaign of the Indian National Congress, the National Democratic Alliance, led by the BJP, won the majority in parliament. Vajpayee became Prime Minister again. India's nuclear tests have complicated its relations with most states of the world. In today's unstable environment, the figure of the president remains a factor of stability, who in 1997 for the first time in the history of the country elected a representative of the former caste of "untouchables" Kocheril Raman Narayanan, who previously held the post of vice president under Sh. D. Sharma, who belonged to the Brahmin caste. Political crisis of Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Conclusion After independence, India faced many paths of national development. effective development the state was hampered by a number of internal problems: strong social differentiation, the presence of castes and dogmas, the problem of national minorities, the struggle between Hindus and Muslims. But despite the difficulties and obstacles in development, India has managed to reform and strengthen the social, economic and other spheres of society. Now India is a modern, dynamically developing state, actively participating in solving international problems.
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India after the Second World War Prepared by the history teacher of KSU "Uritskaya secondary school No. 1" Ivanova Olga Nikolaevna.
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Until the middle of the 20th century, India consisted of principalities dependent on Great Britain and territories that were British colonies. India was considered by Great Britain as a source of raw materials (coal, ore, cotton, etc.). British India and the native principalities in 1909
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Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak was an Indian radical nationalist, social reformer and independence fighter. By nationality - Marathi. The first leader of the Indian independence movement - the Indian National Congress (1885) Swaraj "law" - a synonym for the concept of self-government used by Mahatma Gandhi. Usually correlated with Gandhi's concept of India's independence from Great Britain. Swaraj basically means political decentralization and management not through the government, but through members of society and public meetings.
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The national liberation movement in India, the largest British colony, intensified after the Second World War. It was led by two parties - the Indian National Congress (INC), whose leader was Jawaharlal Nehru, and the Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The INC advocated the preservation of the integrity of the country, and the Muslim League demanded the creation of Pakistan - an independent Muslim state. The British tried unsuccessfully to reconcile the positions of both sides. In June 1947, a plan was developed, according to which the country's territory was to be divided on religious grounds into 2 states - India and Pakistan. The plan served as the basis for the Indian Independence Act passed by Britain. On August 15, 1947, British troops were withdrawn from Indian territory. Two new states appeared on the world map - the Indian Union (India) and Pakistan. National Liberation Movement in India Jawaharlal Nehru Muhammad Ali Jinnah
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The borders between the newly formed states did not reflect the features of the national composition, which led to armed conflicts between India and Pakistan. It is estimated that more than 6 million Muslims and 4.5 million Hindus migrated. Nearly 700,000 people died in Hindu-Muslim clashes. Mahatma Gandhi sharply spoke out against the Hindu-Muslim enmity, declaring a hunger strike in protest. However, his position was not shared by extremists from both parties. In January 1948, M. Gandhi was mortally wounded during one of the rallies. His death caused the leaders of the INC and the Muslim League to look for opportunities for compromise and reconciliation. In 1947-1949. 555 Indian principalities (out of 601) joined India, the rest became part of Pakistan.
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On November 26, 1949, a new Indian constitution was adopted, which entered into force on January 26, 1950. India is a parliamentary federal republic. The head of state is the president, elected for a 5-year term by the electorate. The supreme body of legislative power is the Parliament, which consists of two chambers - the People's Chamber and the Council of States. The government of India - the Council of Ministers - is formed by the parliamentary faction of the party that won the elections to the House of the People. The Prime Minister and Government of India enjoy considerable power. The judiciary as the third branch of government functions independently.
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Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of independent India. Economic course J. Nehru provided for the division of industry. Thus, the industry of India consisted of three sectors: - state - heavy industry, energy, vehicles, connection; mixed - modern branches of the economy; private - light and food industries. Western countries shared their technical experience with India, provided loans, and invested in Indian industry. Since 1955, economic relations between India and the USSR began to develop at an accelerated pace. In December 1953, the first Soviet-Indian agreement was signed on the participation of the USSR in the construction of a metallurgical plant with a capacity of 1 million tons of steel in Bhilai.
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Reforms of Jawaharlal Nehru. Development of state capitalism (mixed economy) Agrarian reforms Improvement of the health care and education system Comprehensive development of relations with all states of the world Administrative and political reforms (state reorganization law)
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New modern industries began to develop in the country - aerospace, instrument making, petrochemical. In the agricultural sector of the economy, the situation was much worse. home social problem the Indian village - small plots of land for the majority of rural workers - was solved with great difficulty. The government eliminated the institution of intermediaries who rented land from the landlords and then subleased it to the peasants, had a fixed rent, bought out part of the landowners' land and transferred it to the peasants. However, the essence of the INC's agrarian policy was to support the development of large, highly productive farms. In the growth of grain production, a certain role was played by the "green revolution" - a set of agrotechnical measures for the use of high-yielding varieties of crops, fertilizers, and modern agricultural equipment. However, the "green revolution" was limited.
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INC in 1947-1964 took a clear position on such fundamental issues as the struggle for peace, security and cooperation with other countries, countering aggression, colonialism and racism. J. Nehru and his country stood at the origins of the non-aligned movement. At the initiative of India, Indonesia and Yugoslavia, in September 1961, the First Conference of the Heads of State and Government of 25 non-aligned countries was held in Belgrade. However, at that time, relations between India and China were seriously complicated. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the PRC laid claim to certain areas in the Himalayas. This was the reason for the escape from Tibet to India of the Dalai Lama - the "living god" of all Buddhists. The support of the Dalai Lama by the Indian government worsened relations between states, which led to an armed conflict. Chinese troops captured part of Indian territory in the Himalayas. These troubles adversely affected the health of J. Nehru, and in May 1964 he died.
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In mid-1973 - early 1974, as a result of the world energy crisis, the cost of importing oil increased manifold, due to which two-thirds of India's needs for this type of raw material were covered. The level of production in the energy sector has dropped sharply. Prices have risen due to inflation. The terrible drought caused great damage to agriculture. The standard of living of the population, already low, was declining. Despite the course announced by the government of Indira Gandhi to achieve economic independence, India was forced to take large foreign loans. In the context of the economic crisis, the resistance of the opposition was growing. In this situation, on June 26, 1975, the government declared a state of emergency in the country.
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V India- the richest colony of Great Britain began the rise of the anti-colonial movement. To weaken it, in 1946 a decision was made to elect elections to the Central Legislative Assembly. The victory of the secular Indian National Congress (INC), which did not express the interests of certain religious groups, caused the displeasure of the Muslims, who refused to trust the Hindus and demanded their representation in power. The INC, unwilling to meet the demands of the Muslims, emphasized its desire to become the only national party representing the interests of both Hindus and Muslims.
It was this that prompted the Muslim League under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah to break with the INC and embark on the path of separatism, which led to the emergence of the state of Pakistan. In August 1947, an independence law was passed, providing for the creation of two states. The former colony was divided along religious lines into India, in which the majority of the population professed Hinduism, and Pakistan, in which the Muslim population predominated. On August 14 in India and on August 15, 1947, Independence Day was celebrated for the first time in Pakistan.
Massacre in India (1947)
But before the holidays were over, the tragedy began. During August and September 1947, up to 500,000 Muslims were killed as they left the Indian half of the eastern Punjab (Pyatirechye). Militant Sikhs (representatives of a religious doctrine that differs from Islam and Hinduism) did not spare even women and children, stopped trains overflowing with refugees, and killed everyone in cold blood. Killings of Hindus also took place in Pakistan, but on a much smaller scale. The Muslim League tried to survive the Sikhs and Hindus who found themselves in Pakistan. Seeking safety, millions of refugees crossed the border in both directions, maddened by the horror of intercommunal warfare. 9-10 million Muslims fled from India; there were very few Hindus left in West Pakistan, but in East Pakistan there were about 30 million. Inter-communal clashes and killings occurred later, but never reached the horrendous proportions of 1947.
Murder of M. Gandhi
The transfer of power in India from the British to the national government turned into a catastrophic massacre. Among the victims was the founder of the Indian National Congress, M. Gandhi, who was killed in January 1948 by a Hindu extremist. A certain share of the blame for this bloodshed lies with the former colonial administration, which did not have a clear concept of a multinational state, and the new authorities, which, through irresponsible statements or inaction, contributed to the tension.
India is coping with food difficulties, it has entered the top ten countries in the world in terms of industrial production.
Unlike India, Pakistan was proclaimed an Islamic republic with a strong presidential power. Pakistan's disagreement with the terms of territorial demarcation, which believed that a number of Muslim regions mistakenly became part of India, became the cause of repeated armed conflicts between the countries.
