Oral public speech is a functional type of literary language that belongs to the sphere of book speech. Its texts are consolidated, united into a special functional variety, due, on the one hand, to the fact that group communication finds its verbal embodiment in them, which presupposes verbal communication within unstable social groups. In such groups, native speakers are united by some occupation, general work, passing interests, circumstances.

On the other hand, all texts of this functional variety are oral. The same tasks and goals of social communication that are inherent in written styles - journalistic, scientific, official business - are realized in the UPR. Accordingly, within the framework of management, fragments are distinguished: political eloquence; academic eloquence; administrative and legal eloquence.

Obviously, these fragments of the UPR are correlated with journalistic, scientific, official business styles:

* according to the main functional parameters - tasks and goals of social communication;
* according to the main linguistic-stylistic categories and phenomena, principles and techniques of combination, integration, use speech means, specific to the speech structure of each of the “written” styles.

Meanwhile, the UPR is considered as an independent functional-style formation, since, on the one hand, in its texts verbal communication is carried out in conditions of group communication. They are not read, but pronounced, finally created in the process of pronouncing.

Syntax of oral public speech

Simple sentences, as the study of the syntax of the UPR shows, make up 41.6% of the total representation of syntactic structures in oral scientific speech. Simple sentences are characterized by the actual use of verb tense. If in written scientific speech the 2nd person forms and the pronouns you, you, as the most concrete, are practically not used, the percentage of the 1st person singular forms is very small, the 3rd person forms and the pronouns he, she, it are mainly used as the most abstract by meaning, then in the UPR all these forms (with the exception of the forms of the 2nd person singular and the pronoun you) are actively used. 1st person forms in the subject position account for 53%.

SSP. Among sentences of open structure (i.e., allowing the connection of more than two predicative units), sentences with a closing conjunction and or a predominate.

Among the SSPs of a closed structure in the UPR, the compositional and distributive sentences with the conjunction and attract attention. The second part of such proposals serves to disseminate the content of the first.

SPP. In the UPR, sentences with attributive and explanatory clauses are most widely used. These two types of clauses account for 73.69% of all clauses.

In the UPR there is a tendency towards redundancy of speech in complex sentences, which manifests itself in the repetition in the main and subordinate subjects, expressed by a pronoun. Duplication of the same word is observed in both parts of the SSP.

Dismemberment syntactic constructions is associated with the desire to “present” the irreversible oral speech flow in “portions” in order to facilitate both its formation and, most importantly, perception.

Along with intonational division, utterances resort to some lexical means, for example to the particle here.

The desire to facilitate the perception of a phrase, a text as a whole, explains the limitations in the UPR of constructions with verbal nouns, which cannot be avoided in the UPR, and in texts of administrative-legal eloquence, and often in political speech.

The UPR is characterized by a general tendency towards a reduction in the volume of syntactic constructions compared to written speech.

Vocabulary of oral public speech

The UPR presents the main composition of lexical units and compound names (primarily terminological and nomenclature), relevant for the corresponding “written” styles.

In contrast to written scientific and official business texts, EPR texts (within the framework of oral scientific speech and especially political speech) widely involve emotionally charged lexical and phraseological units from both book and colloquial speech.

The use of stylistically reduced, colloquial and, at the same time, bookish, expressively colored lexical and phraseological units in educational development, including in oral scientific speech, is explained by the factor of targeting the speaker’s speech (he addresses a specific audience) and the function of influence, i.e. the speaker’s desire to give his speech maximum clarity for the audience and persuasiveness.

Among the expressive means used in oral texts, including the texts of the UPR, that express an emotional and subjective assessment, there are lexical and phraseological units that express a positive and negative assessment.

These lexical units can equally belong to both book and colloquial speech

The UPR texts also practice metaphorical use of words.

The presence of speech metaphors and phraseological units arising from the tendencies of oral communication towards a freer way of expression sharply distinguishes the UPR from its book and written counterparts.

This use of words and metaphor in general are extremely relevant in the sphere of political eloquence.

cold war, parade of sovereignties

So, the oral form determines the main functional and stylistic characteristics of the UPR, the features of the use of speech means in its texts, clearly correlated with the speech structure of “written” styles.

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Stylistic features in the speech of modern politicians

Introduction

Definition of stylistics

Stylistic features of speech

"Economy" Luzhkov

Conclusion

Introduction

What is the basis for the contact of a political leader with the people? Why does one, having started his career to deafening national applause, quickly lose popularity, while another, having entered politics to the accompaniment of mocking comments from the press, in a matter of months gains an unprecedented rating, which then lasts for years? Of course, the biblical “by their works you will know them” always remains in force, but for the mass consciousness, as a rule, the true meaning of what people in power are doing is closed. A man of the masses is not a political scientist, but he is a great esthete and perceives political chronicles as a “soap opera”: he recognizes some characters as “his own” and then worries about them as if they were relatives, but for others he resolutely refuses his sympathy . The ideal democratic politician must renounce all personal passions and only “represent” the interests of those who elected him.

But those who take the demands of the democratic ideal seriously never make bright, any noticeable politicians - except perhaps industry lobbyists. Already in order to be noticed and chosen as a “representative”, you need to be someone, and the “will of the people” (which no one has ever known or knows anything about) you must first be able to formulate yourself, and then convince your voters that this - what you drum into them at every rally - is their true will. And for this you need to have a specific “artistry”, which is a derivative not only of individual talent and external human “texture”, but also of the political culture of the country where it happened to live and be educated as a politician. A significant, if not significant, role in this “artistry” relates to the style used by political figures. What is the concept of stylistics, its significance, if it is capable of winning the minds and hearts of millions of voters, ordinary citizens of the country.

Definition of stylistics

From the point of view of modern ideas about the structure of the science of language, stylistics could be included in both linguistic semantics (since it is associated with the expression of a certain class of meanings) and linguistic pragmatics (since it involves the expression of a certain attitude of the speaker to the utterance; it is not for nothing that some authors call pragmatic components meanings expressive and/or stylistic), and in the theory of speech influence (since stylistically determined choice is one of its tools), and in general theory linguistic variation. This, however, is not done due to the historical circumstance that stylistics is noticeably older than any of these disciplines: in the European philological tradition, ideas about linguistic styles can be traced back to antiquity, and during the 18th century. they were formulated explicitly. Throughout the 19th century. the idea of stylistics as an independent branch of linguistics was formed, which became generally accepted in the first third of the 20th century, after the works of S. Bally and representatives of the Prague Linguistic Circle.

Style is always an expression of the speaker's commitment to some value that can be formally expressed. In the case of linguistic stylistics, this is a commitment to such a value category as the appropriateness of the chosen form of expression in a given communication situation - taking into account its subject, social context and mutual social status communicators (they speak differently in a pub than from a university department, a message to the nation is constructed differently than a message to a beloved, they communicate with a representative of the authorities differently than with a dentist or subordinate, etc.). Language styles typify all this diversity and introduce into it some coarsening, but also ordering division, supported by tradition - which, in fact, is one of the functions of language in general. It is significant that if the incorrectness of a statement is described as its falsity, and the incorrectness of a speech act - as its failure (in the case of a speech act of a statement, expressing, in particular, its falsity), then stylistic incorrectness is described precisely as inappropriateness - such a style is inappropriate here, expressed, in particular, and in pragmatic failure.

A set of stylistically opposed variants of linguistic expression is usually considered as describing the same extra-linguistic content, but at the same time additionally informing about the speaker’s attitude to the communicative situation, to the content of the utterance, to the addressee, to himself (it has long been a practice to classify means of expression as stylistic expressive components of meaning, see below), finally, in the case of stylization of a statement or, more often, a text to some value-laden tradition. At the same time, stylistic options are considered in stylistics from the point of view of the mechanism of their formation, the scope of their use and the principles of selection, depending on the goals and context of speech communication.

Stylistic features

Stylistic roughness, inaccuracies, and direct deviations from stylistic literary norms make up in our chronicle of errors from 20% to 25% of all cases recorded in it. At first glance, it may seem that errors in style are not as linguistically crude as grammatical or lexical ones. Moreover, since they represent only a discrepancy in the functional-genre orientation of speech and do not directly affect the systemic laws of language, they should be attributed more to violations of the canons of communication than to linguistic irregularities themselves. It is not without reason that when evaluating school essays they are not equated with grammatical errors, nevertheless, they have the same negative impact on listeners as the other types of errors we have considered. The fact is that stylistics covers the aesthetic and ethical qualities of speech, and they directly characterize the speaker. The thought “style is a person,” which has become banal, but has not ceased to be true, fully corresponds to our position in assessing stylistic sloppiness, which leaves the same impression as dirt under the fingernails of an interlocutor.

Repetitions affect the listener's aesthetic sense.

The linguistic-psychological mechanism of their occurrence has an unconscious basis: as a rule, one of the repeated units turns out to be two-word and has signs of a stable turnover, which is used by the speaker as a single, integral formation, as a separate word; compare: to matter, to express readiness, active struggle, historical excursion, upon closer examination, according to rumors, the pursuit of happiness, etc., therefore the speaker himself does not always hear the repetition he made. Obscenisms and simply “strong words” are deliberately inserted into public speech and act as weapons prohibited by the social contract, directed against the speaker’s real and potential opponents and destroying the ethical and aesthetic expectations of listeners. Thus, we can only classify repetition as a stylistic error, while the public use of fecal-genital vocabulary should be classified as immoral acts.

Among other deviations from the stylistic norms of the literary language, the most noticeable is the use of various kinds of jargon. The reason for the appearance of defective utterances can be not only the inclusion of stylistically reduced elements in speech, i.e. jargon and vernacular, but also erroneous, often completely unnecessary and generated only by “neurosis of originality”, the desire to “speak beautifully”, the use of “high” - bookish and poetic - vocabulary or “fashionable” foreign words.

Putin's laconicism and tactfulness

stylistics political leader brevity

Why did Putin succeed in what Yeltsin failed to do? After all, Boris Nikolaevich, without any doubt, is a gifted person in his own way, endowed with will and determination, and purely outwardly and much more “textured”, much closer to the standard image of a “big politician”. And he ruled, most importantly, very colorfully, so to speak, turning every turn of the winding historical plot into a spectacular performance. This was a man of gestures, turning almost every public appearance into an element of the show! What was there: speeches from a tank, and the picturesque signing of a decree banning the Communist Party, and the dispersal of the Supreme Council, and an extravagant promise to lie on the rails, and all sorts of “castlings”.

In a word, Yeltsin worked in a shock, overstrained “storm and stress” style, and it is impossible to remain at the height of such pathos for a long time: the actor turned out to be not a titan of spirit, and the audience’s nerves were not of iron. In addition, the audience had enough time to notice: threats to enemies and, in general, everything destructive that Yeltsin planned were carried out, but with promises of something good, the situation was different. And then very soon the hero’s fatigue began to show: among the pathos gestures, comic ones appeared, and then completely shameful ones - like conducting an orchestra in Berlin. The heroic performance began to turn into a farce, and the audience had every right to boo the actor who could not meet the given level. IN last years During the presidency of Boris Nikolayevich, there was a frank, unartistic disintegration of his heroic style: he endlessly parodied his former self, and this humiliated not only him, but also all sensible witnesses.

Observing the sad decline of the patriarch from a close distance, Putin apparently understood one very important thing for himself: the political style of a leader in a country mortally tired of turmoil and disorder should not be emotionally overloaded. Perhaps it’s worth starting on a high note, if only so that you can be noticed at all (hence the famous “peeing in the toilet” addressed to Chechen militants and a boy’s flight in a fighter plane), but the basis of political behavior should be everyday methodicality without any extravagance, which was so boring in Yeltsin’s performance. The people should constantly see their president in sound mind and sober memory - in the office, on trips, on vacation - but, seeing a familiar face on the screen, they should not tense up in anticipation of some next “castling” or an absurd thunderous phrase, the meaning of which is not Even a super-professional press secretary can then explain. And in general - less theatrical pathos, props, heroic gestures, familiarity and other political bad taste.

However, so that methodicality does not turn into monotony and does not lull observers to sleep, the smooth fabric of everyday life must be constantly, in a certain given rhythm, stitched with restrained, but still effective gestures: words or actions that no one expects.

It is true that in the first months of his rule, Putin scored a lot of points by contrasting his political style with Yeltsin's. But it is also true that quite quickly he learned to work in contrast to himself. In any case, with the image of oneself, which at this particular moment is accepted by the media and their consumers as a certain standard. For example, the usually dry, pedantic, concrete Putin answers a journalist’s question at some economic forum about what he sees Russia like in ten years. Instead of generalized optimistic forecasts, guesses and figures, which could be expected in the context of a conversation, he utters one single phrase that radically changes the entire style and internal meaning of the press conference.

He says: “We will be happy,” and the amazed listeners laugh gratefully - without ridicule, feeling a certain psychological release.

This, of course, is a trifle, but much more serious gestures were made by Putin according to the same scenario: for example, an unexpected call to President Bush on September 11 last year, which immediately changed the entire context of world politics. And the latest event of this kind was Putin’s announcement of his plan for integration with Belarus: in his usual manner, in a calm, even voice, he pronounced a text of truly revolutionary content, radically changing the usual situation of long debates about a premature union, while completely knocking out of the saddle, who did not expect such a turn in the affairs of the Belarusian president. The circles from this small storm will continue to spread throughout the entire political space of both Russia and Belarus for a long time.

It seems that Putin's favorite word is plan, and in a special sense of the word. In most cases, he does not mean the step-by-step implementation of certain actions over time, with given deadlines and a planned result (although this is there: we not only say, but also do exactly what we promise). Putin is talking, rather, about rules, the exact observance of which (without any connection with time) presupposes a positive result. In most of his statements and assessments, Putin emphasizes that they are not related to a specific case, but have a permanent significance (this applies not only to regular statements that the acting actions and projects are not related to the presidential elections, but are focused on the future outside depending on who turns out to be o). People who are strictly rule-oriented, often regardless of reality, are a special mental type, and there are many reasons to believe that Putin belongs to it. For example, the manner of conducting a conversation (argument). Firstly, Putin is inclined to correct “spelling errors” - inaccuracies in the wording of his interlocutor, and translate his statements into his own language. correct language(second favorite word is intelligible). Secondly, he does not even mimic the point of view of the interlocutor, is not inclined to change the rhythm of the conversation, retreat and attack, tactically step aside and return to main topic, play with the interlocutor - conversations with Putin are smooth, consistent and linear in nature with punctual clarification of rough edges. His statements, with rare (and therefore especially noticeable) exceptions, are boring and lacking in color. There is little personal content in them, since the rules are, by definition, impersonal. Putin's penchant for public speaking does not appear to have yet manifested itself. At least for now, he is irritated by the need to repeat the same thing in different audiences and to different correspondents. This in no way prevents him from making lengthy statements, but only once - as is customary in the bureaucratic environment, where an instruction is followed by execution, and repeated instructions imply dissatisfaction with a subordinate. Correlating with this is the love of emphasizing the connection between one’s instructions and their substantive results. On the other hand, emphasized irritation indicates weak adaptability - insufficient flexibility and lack of ability to adapt to new people and circumstances. In the end, he, regardless of the interlocutor, begins to ask himself questions and answer them himself.

In addition, Putin - secretive person. A lover of hints - he hints himself and knows how to read the hints of others. For example, the change in foreign policy orientation from America to Europe was conveyed in one word in the speech. The same goes for Putin's jokes. If Lebed, according to Zhvanetsky, thinks in swear words, which he translates into Russian, Putin most likely thinks in jokes and jokes (including cinema and fiction), which he translates into bureaucratic. Strong quality Putina has a good memory, especially visual. Based on individual stories, one can assume that it is approaching eidetic. Sometimes he even flaunts it. Putin has always been an excellent student - both at school (from the 6th grade) and at the institute. Excess memory could lead to the development of quotative inner speech - for all occasions, Putin has quotes from books and films, which he sometimes voices, sometimes, grinning, he pronounces to himself. However, usually a precedent type of thinking correlates with a tendency to quote (and there is nothing funny in the fact that, having successfully inventoried foreign property in St. Petersburg, he is going to conduct an inventory on a national scale); anyway, logical thinking Putin often suffers. Vladimir Vladimirovich, despite his status and prudence, also makes unexpected statements. Here are some of them:

“We have a country of enormous opportunities not only for criminals, but also for the state.” (Itogi, 1999, No. 50)

“The way the election campaign went freed me from the main necessity - the need to mislead the masses of the population.” (Aif, 2000, No. 14)

The President spoke particularly harshly towards Western journalists at the Russia-EU summit after their question about Chechen terrorists and “wrong” behavior Russian troops in this region. "They talk about the need to kill the 'infidels'. If you are a Christian, you are in danger. If you reject religion and become an atheist, you are also in danger. If you decide to become a Muslim, even that will not save you, because traditional Islam does not meet their goals. If you want to become a real radical Islamist, and are ready to undergo the rite of circumcision, then I invite you to Moscow.

We have many different religions. We have specialists in this field. I will recommend to them that they perform the operation so that nothing else grows on you."

Chernomyrdin's ambiguity and flexibility

Viktor Chernomyrdin was born on April 9, 1938 in the village of Cherny Ostrog, Saraktash district, Orenburg region. In 1957, he became a mechanic at the Orsk Oil Refinery, served in the army, and continued his work. In 1966 he graduated from Kuibyshevsky Polytechnical Institute. He headed the Orenburg gas processing plant, Gdavtyumengazprom, and since 1985 he has been the Minister of Oil and Gas Industry of the USSR. In 1989-1992 - Chairman of the Board of the State Gas Concern Gazprom. On December 14, 1992, he was confirmed as Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. In April 1995, he organized and led the “Our Home is Russia” movement. On August 10, 1996, he was re-approved by the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. In 1999-2000 - Chairman of the Board of Directors of OJSC Gazprom. On December 19, 1999, he was elected to the State Duma. On May 21, 2001, by decree of Vladimir Putin, he was confirmed as the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation to Ukraine with the status of a special representative of the President of the Russian Federation for the development of trade and economic relations between countries. His five-year record as prime minister remained unbroken in all states of the post-Soviet space. And although journalists continue to sneer at the stylistic features of Chernomyrlin’s speech, his phenomenon is of serious interest to political scientists: a “red director” who has mastered global macroeconomics and is able to speak frankly and harshly with his cabinet, in a soft-diplomatic manner during negotiations, and in a soft-spoken manner with the population. In his humorous way, he became a role model for many aspiring to power. Welcoming the arrival of Viktor Chernomyrdin in Kyiv and considering this as important step on the way to strengthening Ukrainian-Russian relations, the Yabluko party highly appreciated Viktor Stepanovich’s intention to study the Ukrainian language. He made a corresponding statement at Boryspil airport, answering a question from Vedomosti. The Yabluko party offered Chernomyrdin the services of a highly qualified teacher of Ukrainian language and literature, a member of its party - Galina Mikhailovna Sagach, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor of Kyiv national university, founder of the school of Ukrainian eloquence. It is curious that a few hours ago, flying out of Moscow airport, Chernomyrdin made the exact opposite statement, arguing that there is no need to study the Ukrainian language. Such contradictory statements could be costly for any other politician, but not for the “unsinkable” Chernomyrdin. As you can see, Chernomyrdin’s statements are characterized not only by openness, alternating with some obscenity, but also by inconsistency. Moreover, the nature of obscenity in Chernomyrdin’s statements is often ambiguous, which can be easily seen by referring to his sayings.

“We need to help the government, but we give it hand-in-hand, hand-in-hand, hand-in-hand... Moreover, we strive not only hand-in-hand, but also in some other places” (1999);

Even if you put you on your butt or in another position, it still won’t do any good.

What we always have in Russia is not what we need.

“Many people have it here, by the way. Well, let it lie there. Do you have it? Well, that means you don’t need it, well, if you don’t need to use it” (1998); “Russia should eventually become a European member” (1997);

“Whose hands are itchy? Whose hands are itchy, scratch them somewhere else”;

“I only have time to notice beautiful women. And nothing more” (1996); “They didn’t do this, they didn’t satisfy this one, they didn’t satisfy that one”;

It should be noted that numerous statements former prime minister and the current diplomat occur far from subconsciously, as happens very often. Viktor Stepanovich knows the feeling of what was said inappropriately and the responsibility for this.

The deputies all spoke out for me to go. Elected, more precisely. I love power and want power,” Chernomyrdin said in an interview. And he deciphered: “I love to work, I know how to manage. Especially with what I know.” And yet, of course, Chernomyrdin is a trendsetter in the art of creating aphorisms and puns throughout the neighboring countries, which even led to the appearance of a hit parade of his sayings: “I would not link these issues so perpendicularly” (about the influence of business on politics , 1998); “Today they don’t like one, tomorrow they don’t like another... Either they are black, then they are curly, then they are red, then they are grey... Well, what kind of approach is this? You can repaint everyone - there is no need for intelligence here” (1997); “Two Jews fought. The whole country will watch this farce” (about the battle of two oligarchs B. Berezovsky and Yu. Gusinsky in the summer of 1999); “I can see it in your eyes: you’re sick...” (1998); I am ready to invite everyone into the cabinet - white, red, and motley. If only they had ideas. But they just stick out their tongues and something else. People have a lot of money in their stockings or socks. I don't know where - it depends on the quantity. Here is Mikhail Mikhailovich - the new Minister of Finance. I ask you to love me and even love me very much. Mikhail Mikhailovich is ready for love. We hope that we will not have any blockages at the border.

"Economy" Luzhkov

Luzhkov Yuri Mikhailovich, 66 years old, Russian, born in Moscow, into a working-class family; graduated from the Gubkin Moscow Institute of Oil, Gas and Chemical Industry, worked at the Plastics Research Institute, various enterprises and organizations of the USSR Ministry of Chemical Industry, first deputy chairman, chairman of the Moscow City Executive Committee, vice-mayor, prime minister of the Moscow government, and since 1992 - Moscow mayor; co-chairman of the Supreme Council of the United Russia party; married for the second marriage, two sons from his first marriage, two daughters from his second; preferences in art: A. Pushkin, S. Yesenin, P. Tchaikovsky, Z. Tsereteli, I. Kobzon, A. Pugacheva, O. Gazmanov and others; leisure: beekeeping, literary creativity, invention, football, fishing, winter swimming; habits: hasn’t drunk or smoked for 30 years; favorite dish: millet porridge with milk; favorite sayings: “First you need to choose a goal, then the trajectory of movement towards the goal and, finally, the speed of movement along the trajectory,” “If you did the job quickly, but poorly, they will forget that it was fast, they will remember that it was bad.” Few people are more visible than him. It seems that his entire bustling life is public - from regular tours of the capital entrusted to him to honey collection in his personal apiary. He does not leave television screens and newspaper pages, publishes one book after another, and has already become the hero of a feature film.

But behind all this, oddly enough, it is not so easy to see the person. This is the business executive he likes to introduce himself as. This is a politician as society perceives him. Here is a showman, an inventor, even a philosopher... And where is the man? WITH difficult fate, character, losses, victories and suffering... This is also Luzhkov, unexpected for many. Yuri Luzhkov is a tireless innovator.

First he improved the beehive, then the internal combustion engine, then he began to work on large social mechanisms. In communication, Luzhkov can be luscious, charming, and for a short time - a good storyteller. Listens well to others. The dominant motive in his communication with new people is “love me with a monster.” The conversation begins tensely, a little gloomily, but when he feels that he is accepted, relaxes, thaws, it seems that a prince from a frog’s skin appears: from springy, slightly wrinkled, he becomes calm and smoothed out, even the bow becomes flexible and funny jokes slip through. He becomes more elegant, graceful, seems taller, blooms with a charming smile, moves more easily and senses the situation more accurately.

The car and important matters are a kind of wrapper, a skin in which he needs to be. And if in the car he manages to remain silent and stay away from society, then the rest of the time he is in the “dense ring” of society, where a figure of such a high rank cannot do without statements and sayings. The permanent mayor of the capital of the Russian Federation, Moscow, and one of the largest metropolises in the world, has gained the reputation of a solid business executive capable of simultaneously solving many problems in various spheres of social development of the capital.

However, such “thrift” is not always evident in his public statements. His stylistic features are as varied as his social activity. They may concern both his personal attributes (the famous cap, for example), and the activities of the president himself.

“Not noticing Fatherland is not noticing the beam in your own eye.” "A politician, I am convinced, to the very last days doesn’t believe that people don’t love him.” “The cap protects some naked parts of my body.” “Yes, besides two cows, I also have a pig! And the President uses my milk, and I’m pleased with it.” “I don’t want to cheat on my wife, nor the President, nor Muscovites.” I think we should tell the truth, or at least say what we think. ... Mayors, peers ... and I'm just like cultured person, I can't continue. Cabbage was a very, very difficult position for us in the spring. (about vegetables) ... Otherwise every third-rate clerk Russian government strives to obtain "blue" status. (about flashing lights on cars).

Unlike other political figures, Luzhkov’s popularity among the people is characterized primarily by his economic activity, its positive results and least of all the stylistic features of his speech. Therefore, such puns are easily forgiven by the people, or rather, they are rarely noticed. However, in the case of Luzhkov’s closer contact with politics, moreover, on an international scale, such forgiveness does not take place. It is well known that Luzhkov is also known for his frequent trips abroad to discuss very pressing problems with the national leaders of individual countries, and such participation is very negatively responded to by the reaction of those countries whose interests are affected. In 2001, the Ukrainian Foreign Ministry demanded clarification from Moscow regarding Luzhkov’s latest statement that “Crimea is Russian land" Yuri Mikhailovich has been active on the peninsula for a long time and, having once again visited the coveted region, he could not restrain himself, declaring that “Crimea has always been Russian and never belonged to Ukraine.”

The indignation of the official representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Sergei Borodenkov, who called Luzhkov’s statements “harmful to the climate of cooperation and trust that has recently established in relations between Ukraine and Russia,” is quite understandable. “Another attempt by the mayor of Moscow to question the territorial integrity of Ukraine and the legality of the existing border between two sovereign member states of the UN and the OSCE is contrary to international legal principles,” he added, also ironically pointing out to the mayor of Moscow his poor familiarity with modern historical geography.

Conclusion

The linguistic expressiveness of statements is created not only due to the expressive-stylistic and evaluative-stylistic components of meaning, but also due to the fact that words and their combinations can acquire figurative meanings, i.e. become tropes, or become part of stylistic figures that provoke the creation of figurative meaning. Such an emergence of figurative meaning is a very negative factor in the relationship between people and politicians. Since not only the incorrect statement itself, but also the course of thoughts can discredit a politician in the eyes of society.

The stylistic features of political figures must be considered as a connecting link between the people and politicians, since they are the very first and constant, and most importantly, effective measures of influence on the formation of the electorate’s trust in the elected person, that is, a certain politician. But even if the confidence of the electorate cannot play an effective role in relation to the politician, then his stylistic omissions can be marked by the structure or controlled apparatus. In a word, the correct stylistic feature of a politician acts as a guarantor of his longevity in the political arena and, most importantly, as the basis for the formation of an effective image.

List of used literature

1. Altunyan A.G. "From Bulgarin to Zhirinovsky: Ideological and stylistic analysis of political texts." M.: Russian State University for the Humanities, 1999.

2. Baranov A.N., Karaulov Yu.N. “Dictionary of Russian Political Metaphors” RAS. Institute of Russian Language. - M., 1994.

3. Ilyin M.V. “Words and meanings. Experience in describing key political concepts.” M., 1997.

4. Lévi-Strauss K. “Structural Anthropology” Trans. from fr. V.V. Ivanova. - M.: Publishing house EKS-MO-Press, 2001.

5. Meinhof U. “Discourse / Contexts of modernity-2” Reader. Comp. And ed. S.A. Erofeev. - Kazan: Kazan University Publishing House, 2001.

6. Nazarov M.M. “Mass communication in the modern world. Analysis methodology and research practice.” M., 2002.

7. First person. Conversations with Vladimir Putin. M., Vagrius, 2000.

8. Alexander Ageev “Sense of Rhythm” Magazine Profile No. 31 (301) dated 08/26/2002

9. V. Konovalov, M. Serdyukov “Yuri Luzhkov: Loneliness does not save me” Izvestia. 01/20/2004

10. “Teachers were found for Chernomyrdin” Kyiv Vedomosti, No. 116 (2337), 06/01/2001

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Stylistics

Stylistic features of conversational style of speech

High culture of spoken and written speech, good knowledge and development of instinct native language, the ability to use its expressive means, its stylistic diversity is the best support, the surest help and the most reliable recommendation for every person in his public life and creative activity.

V.A. Vinogradov

Introduction

My work is devoted to the study of conversational style of speech.

The main goal is to identify the stylistic features of a given style of speech, to understand how colloquial styles differ from other styles. My task is to define the colloquial style of speech, divide it into types, determine the specifics and intra-style features of the colloquial style.

Language is a means of communication between people, a tool for the formation and expression of thoughts and feelings, a means of assimilation of new information, new knowledge. But in order to effectively influence the mind and feelings, the native speaker of a given language must be fluent in it, that is, have a speech culture.

M. Gorky wrote that language is the primary element, the main material of literature, i.e. that vocabulary, syntax, the entire structure of speech is the primary element, the key to understanding the ideas and images of a work. But language is also an instrument of literature: “The struggle for purity, for semantic precision, for the sharpness of language is a struggle for an instrument of culture. The sharper this weapon, the more accurately directed, the more victorious it is.”

Stylistics (the word “style” comes from the name of the needle or stiletto with which the ancient Greeks wrote on waxed tablets) is a branch of the science of language that studies the styles of literary language (functional styles of speech), the patterns of language functioning in different spheres of use, the peculiarities of the use of linguistic means depending on the situation, content and purpose of the statement, the sphere and condition of communication. Stylistics introduces the stylistic system of the literary language at all its levels and the stylistic organization of correct (in compliance with the norms of the literary language), accurate, logical and expressive speech. Stylistics teaches the conscious and purposeful use of the laws of language and the use of linguistic means in speech.

There are two directions in linguistic stylistics: stylistics of language and stylistics of speech (functional stylistics). Language stylistics examines the stylistic structure of language, describes the stylistic means of vocabulary, phraseology and grammar. Functional stylistics studies, first of all, different types of speech and their dependence on different purposes of utterance. M. N. Kozhina gives the following definition: “Functional stylistics is a linguistic science that studies the features and patterns of language functioning in various types of speech corresponding to certain spheres of human activity and communication, as well as the speech structure of the resulting functional styles and “norms” “selection and combination of linguistic means” 1. At its core, stylistics must be consistently functional. It should reveal the connection between different types of speech with the topic, the purpose of the statement, with the conditions of communication, the addressee of the speech, and the attitude of the author to the subject of speech. The most important category of stylistics is functional styles - varieties of literary speech (literary language) serving various aspects of public life. Styles are different ways of using language when communicating. Each style of speech is characterized by the originality of the selection of linguistic means and their unique combination with each other.

The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of use of the language, the subject matter determined by it and the goals of communication. The areas of application of language correlate with types of human activity corresponding to forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative and legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish between the styles of official speech (book): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic).

Functional style ¾ is a historically established and socially conscious variety of a literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain sphere of human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of linguistic means in this sphere and their specific organization 2.

Conversational style is a functional style of speech that serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and vernacular vocabulary.

The usual form of implementing the conversational style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection language material. In this style of speech play a big role extra-linguistic factors: facial expressions, gestures, environment.

The conversational style is characterized by emotionality, imagery, concreteness, and simplicity of speech. For example, in a bakery it doesn’t seem strange to say: “Please, with bran, one.”

A relaxed communication environment allows for greater freedom of choice. emotional words and expressions: colloquial words are used more widely ( be silly, talkative, talkative, giggle, cackle), vernacular ( neigh, weakling, awsome, disheveled), slang (parents - ancestors, iron, world).

In a conversational style of speech, especially at a fast pace, a smaller reduction of vowels is possible, up to their complete elimination and simplification of consonant groups. Word-formation features: suffixes of subjective evaluation are widely used. To enhance expressiveness, doubling words is used.

Oral speech is a form of speech activity, including understanding sounding speech and the implementation of speech utterances in audio form ( speaking). Oral speech can be carried out through direct contact between interlocutors or can be mediated by technical means ( phone etc.) if communication occurs at a considerable distance. Oral speech, in contrast to written speech, is characterized by:

redundancy (presence of repetitions, clarifications, explanations);

usage nonverbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions),

economy of speech utterances, ellipses(the speaker may not name, skip what is easy to guess).

Oral speech is always determined by the speech situation. There are:

unprepared oral speech (conversation, interview, performance in discussions) and prepared oral speech ( lecture, report, performance, report);

dialogical speech (direct exchange of statements between two or more persons) and monologue speech (a type of speech addressed to one or a group of listeners, sometimes to oneself).

Literary conversational style

Literary language can be divided into two functional varieties - bookish and spoken.
Calling this division of the literary language “the most general and most indisputable,” D.N. Shmelev wrote about this: “At all stages of the development of a literary language, even when overcoming the alienation of the written language in one way or another, when the halo of simply literacy and proficiency in a special book language fades, speakers in general never lose the feeling of the difference between “how can be said" and "how to write".
The next level of division of the literary language is the division of each of its varieties - book and spoken languages - into functional styles. The spoken variety of a literary language is an independent and self-sufficient system within common system a literary language, with its own set of units and rules for combining them with each other, used by native speakers of a literary language in conditions of direct, unprepared communication in informal relations between speakers.
A spoken literary language is not codified: it certainly has certain norms (thanks to which, for example, it is easy to distinguish the oral speech of a native speaker of a literary language from the oral speech of a native speaker of a dialect or vernacular), but these norms have developed historically and are not consciously regulated by anyone or enshrined in in the form of any rules and recommendations.
Thus, codification - non-codification is another, and very significant, feature that distinguishes bookish and colloquial varieties of a literary language. Conversational style is a special type of language that is used by a person in everyday, everyday communication.
The main difference between the conversational style and the book styles of the Russian language is the different manner of presenting information. So, in book styles, this manner is subject to the rules of language recorded in dictionaries. Conversational style is subject to its own norms, and what is not justified in book speech is quite appropriate in natural communication.

Colloquial style

The colloquial style functions in the sphere of everyday communication. This style is implemented in the form of casual speech (monologue or dialogue) on everyday topics, as well as in the form of private, informal correspondence. Ease of communication is understood as the absence of an attitude towards a message of an official nature (lecture, speech, answer to an exam, etc.), informal relations between speakers and the absence of facts that violate the informality of communication, for example, strangers. Conversational speech functions only in the private sphere of communication, in everyday life, among friends, family, etc. In the field of mass communication, colloquial speech is not applicable. However, this does not mean that the colloquial style is limited to everyday topics. Conversational speech can also touch on other topics - a conversation with the family or a conversation between people in informal relationships: about art, science, politics, sports, etc.; conversation between friends at work related to the speaker’s profession, conversations in public institutions, such as clinics, schools, etc.
The colloquial and everyday style is contrasted with book styles, since they function in the same areas of social activity. Colloquial speech includes not only specific linguistic means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the literary language. Therefore, this style is associated with other styles that also use neutral language means.

The colloquial and everyday style is contrasted with book styles, since they function in certain areas of social activity. However, colloquial speech includes not only specific linguistic means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of literary language. 3
Within a literary language, colloquial speech is contrasted with codified language. (The language is called codified because work is being done in relation to it to preserve its norms, its purity). But codified literary language and colloquial speech are two subsystems within the literary language. As a rule, every native speaker of a literary language speaks both of these varieties of speech. With
The main features of the everyday conversational style are the already mentioned relaxed and informal nature of communication, as well as the emotionally expressive coloring of speech. Therefore, in colloquial speech all the riches of intonation, facial expressions, and gestures are used. One of its most important features is its reliance on the extra-linguistic situation, i.e. the immediate context of speech in which communication takes place. For example: (Woman before leaving home) What should I wear? (about the coat) This is it, or what? Or that? (about the jacket) Won't I freeze? Listening to these statements and not knowing the specific situation, it is impossible to guess what they are talking about. Thus, in colloquial speech, the extra-linguistic situation becomes an integral part of the act of communication.

3 - Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook (edited by Prof. V. I. Maksimov. - M.: Gardariki, 2002. - 89 - 93 p.

Everyday conversational style of speech has its own lexical and grammatical features. A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. Here you can find the most diverse thematic and stylistic groups of vocabulary: general book vocabulary, terms, foreign borrowings, words of high stylistic coloring, as well as facts of vernacular, dialects, jargons. This is explained, firstly, by the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics and everyday remarks; secondly, the implementation of colloquial speech in two tones - serious and playful, and in the latter case it is possible to use a variety of elements.
Syntactic constructions also have their own characteristics. For colloquial speech, constructions with particles, with interjections, constructions of a phraseological nature are typical: “They tell you and tell you, but it’s all to no avail!”, “Where are you going? There’s dirt!” and so on.

Objectivity of presentation is the main stylistic feature of scientific speech, which follows from the specifics of scientific knowledge, striving to establish scientific truth. Hence the presence in the text of scientific works of introductory words and phrases indicating the degree of reliability of the message. Thanks to such words, this or that fact can be presented as completely reliable (of course, of course, really), as assumed (apparently, we must assume), as possible (possibly, probably). A prerequisite for the objectivity of a scientific text is an indication of the source of the message, who expressed this or that thought, and who specifically owned this or that expression. In the text, this condition is realized by quotations or special introductory words and phrases (according to message, according to information, according to opinion, according to data, etc.).

The stylistic features of scientific speech are semantic completeness, integrity and coherence. The most important remedy expressions of logical connections are special functional-syntactic means of communication, indicating the sequence of thought development, contradictory relationships, cause-and-effect relationships, the transition from one thought to another, result, conclusion. Such words and phrases do not always decorate the syllable, but they allow you to follow the course of the author’s reasoning. Appendix 8, Table 8, shows speech cliches that perform various speech functions, which are used in scientific works as means of communication between sentences.

The style of written scientific speech is an impersonal monologue. Therefore, the presentation is usually conducted in the third person, since the attention is focused on the content and logical sequence of the message, and not on the subject.

The first person form (“I”) and the second person form (“you”) of singular pronouns are not used at all. The author's “I” seems to recede into the background.

It has become an unwritten rule that the author of a scientific work speaks plural and instead of “I” he uses “we”. Expressing authorship as a formal collective is believed to impart greater objectivity to the presentation. Expressing authorship through “we” allows you to reflect your opinion as the opinion of a certain group of people, scientific school or scientific direction. Having become a fact of scientific speech, the pronoun “we” gave rise to a whole series of new meanings and expressions derived from them, in particular, with a possessive pronoun like “in our opinion.”

However, the use of the pronoun “we” in the text makes an unpleasant impression. Therefore, you should try to resort to constructions that exclude the use of this pronoun. Such constructions are vaguely personal sentences (for example: “First, information is collected for analysis, and then the analysis itself is carried out directly...”). A third-person form of presentation is also used (for example: “The author believes...”). A similar one the function is performed by sentences with the passive voice (for example: “A comprehensive approach to research has been developed...”). Such a voice eliminates the need to fix the subject of the action and thereby eliminates the need to introduce personal pronouns into the text of a scientific work.

In scientific speech, demonstrative pronouns “this”, “that”, “such” are very common. They not only specify the subject, but also express logical connections between parts of the statement (for example: “This data serves as a sufficient basis for the conclusion...”). The pronouns “something”, “something”, “anything” are not used in the text of scientific work due to the uncertainty of their meaning.

Qualities that determine the culture of scientific speech

The qualities that define the culture of scientific speech are accuracy, clarity and brevity.

Semantic accuracy- one of the main conditions ensuring the scientific and practical value of the information contained in the text of a scientific work. An incorrectly chosen word can significantly distort the meaning of what is written, provide the opportunity for a double interpretation of a particular phrase, and give the entire text an undesirable tone.

The accuracy of scientific speech is determined not only by the targeted choice of words and expressions, but also by the choice of grammatical structures that presuppose strict adherence to the norms of communication in the phrase. The ability to explain words in phrases differently creates ambiguity.

Often accuracy is impaired as a result of synonymy of terms. There should not be synonymous terms in one statement. It is not allowed to write either “computer” or “electronic computer (computer)”, or “monitor” or “display”, or in one case use “random access memory” and in the other “random access memory (RAM)”.

The accuracy of the reported information is reduced by the penetration into scientific speech of colloquial and slang words from the subject area, which are used instead of the corresponding terms.

Clarity - another necessary quality of scientific speech. Clarity is the ability to write clearly and intelligibly.

Often authors of scientific papers write “etc.” in cases where they do not know how to continue the enumeration, or introduce the phrase “quite obvious” into the text when they cannot state the arguments. The phrases “in a known way” or “by a special device” often indicate that the author in the first case does not know how, and in the second - what kind of device.

The reason for the ambiguity of the statement may be the incorrect order of words in the phrase. For example: “Four similar machines serve several thousand people.” In this phrase, the subject does not differ in form from the direct object, and therefore it is unclear who (or what) is the subject of the action: the machines or the people who operate them.

Accessibility and clarity are often called simplicity. Simplicity of presentation makes the text of the report easy to read, i.e. when the thoughts of its author are perceived without difficulty. However, simplicity and primitiveness cannot be equated. Simplicity should also not be confused with accessibility scientific language. The main thing in the linguistic and stylistic design of the text of scientific works is that its content, in the form of its presentation, is accessible to the circle of readers for whom such works are intended.

Brevity- the third necessary and obligatory quality of scientific speech, which most of all determines its culture. Realization of this quality means the ability to avoid unnecessary repetitions, excessive detail and “verbal garbage”. Every word and expression must serve a purpose, which can be formulated as follows: to convey the essence of the matter as accurately as possible, but also as briefly as possible. Therefore, words and phrases that do not carry any semantic load should be completely excluded from the text of a scientific work.

Verbosity, or speech redundancy, most often manifests itself in the use of unnecessary words. For example: “For this purpose, the company uses the existing utility rooms” (if there are no premises, then they cannot be used); “The audit found that existing prices in many retail outlets in our city were significantly inflated” (non-existent prices can be neither overestimated nor underestimated).

Extra words in a scientific work indicate not only the linguistic negligence of its author, but also often indicate a vague understanding of the subject of speech or that he simply does not understand the exact meaning of a word borrowed from a foreign language. This is how combinations like: break interval, interior, overall dimensions, etc. appear. .

Speech redundancy can also include the unnecessary use of foreign words that duplicate Russian words and thereby unjustifiably complicate the statement. For example:

extraordinary - special,

ordinary - ordinary,

indifferent - indifferent,

ignore - not notice

limit - limit,

approximately - approximately,

to function - to act,

diversification - variety,

determine - determine

test - check, etc.

Incorrect or parallel use of foreign language vocabulary leads to unnecessary repetitions, for example, “industrial industry” (the word “industry” already contains the concept “industrial”), “to speed up construction at an accelerated pace” (“to force” means “to carry out at an accelerated pace”), “to suffer a complete fiasco” (“a fiasco” is a “complete defeat”).

Another type of verbosity is tautology, i.e. repeating the same thing in different words. Many scientific works are filled with repetitions of the same or similar words, for example, “in the month of August,” “schematic plan,” “five miners,” “seven transformers,” etc.

In the text of technical and economic scientific works, there is often a need to list technological operations, labor techniques, and malfunctions of machines and mechanisms in a certain sequence. In such cases, complex non-union proposals, the first part of which contains words with a general meaning, and the subsequent parts specify the content of the first part point by point. In this case, the enumeration headings are constructed in the same way, like homogeneous members with a generalizing word in ordinary texts. Meanwhile, violation of the uniformity of listing headings is a fairly common flaw in the language of many scientific works. Therefore, you should always pay attention to the uniformity of construction of such headings.

Questions for self-control

1. What characterizes a scientific text?

2. What are the basic principles of using scientific terminology?

3. What is characteristic feature language of written scientific speech?

4. Is it allowed to use verbs in scientific speech? imperative mood?

5. What is the style of written scientific speech?

6. What are the stylistic features of scientific speech?

7. List the main qualities that determine the culture of scientific speech?

8. What is speech redundancy (verbosity)?

Definition of stylistics

From the point of view of modern ideas about the structure of the science of language, stylistics could be included in both linguistic semantics (since it is associated with the expression of a certain class of meanings) and linguistic pragmatics (since it involves the expression of a certain attitude of the speaker to the utterance; it is not for nothing that some authors call pragmatic components meanings expressive and/or stylistic), and in the theory of speech influence (since stylistically determined choice is one of its tools), and in the general theory of language variation. This, however, is not done due to the historical circumstance that stylistics is noticeably older than any of these disciplines: in the European philological tradition, ideas about linguistic styles can be traced back to antiquity, and during the 18th century. they were formulated explicitly. Throughout the 19th century. the idea of stylistics as an independent branch of linguistics was formed, which became generally accepted in the first third of the 20th century, after the works of S. Bally and representatives of the Prague Linguistic Circle.

Style is always an expression of the speaker's commitment to some value that can be formally expressed. In the case of linguistic stylistics, this is a commitment to such a value category as the appropriateness of the chosen form of expression in a given communication situation - taking into account its subject, social context and mutual social status of the communicants (in a pub they speak differently than from a university department, a message to the nation is constructed differently than a message to a beloved, one communicates with a representative of the authorities differently than with a dentist or subordinate, etc.). Language styles typify all this diversity and introduce into it some coarsening, but also ordering division, supported by tradition - which, in fact, is one of the functions of language in general. It is significant that if the incorrectness of a statement is described as its falsity, and the incorrectness of a speech act - as its failure (in the case of a speech act of a statement, expressing, in particular, its falsity), then stylistic incorrectness is described precisely as inappropriateness - such a style is inappropriate here, expressed, in particular, and in pragmatic failure.

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