Biosocial in a person. Man as a biosocial being. Features characteristic of the animal

Man is inherently a creature biosocial... He is part of nature and at the same time is inextricably linked with society. The biological and social in man are fused together, and only in such a unity does man exist.

The biological nature of a person is his natural prerequisite, a condition for existence, and sociality is the essence of a person.

As a biological being, man belongs to the highest mammals, forming a special kind of homo sapiens. The biological nature of man is manifested in his anatomy and physiology. A person has a circulatory, muscular, nervous, bone and other systems. Yielding to animals in the development of individual organs, man surpasses them in his potential capabilities. His biological properties are not rigidly programmed, which makes it possible to adapt to different conditions of existence. Biological in humans does not exist in its pure form, it is socially conditioned. The influence of the social is experienced by human genetics, heredity. This is manifested, for example, in the acceleration of children, in life expectancy, in the reduction of the birth rate, infant mortality, etc.

Man as a social being is inextricably linked with society. A person becomes a person only by entering into social relations, into communication with other people. An individual, for certain reasons, divorced from society from birth, remains an animal. Since human activity can exist only as a social one, the essence of a person appears as a set of social relations.

Man is not only a product of socio-historical development, but also a subject, influencing the environment with his activity. The social essence of a person is manifested through such properties as the ability and readiness for socially useful work, consciousness and reason, freedom, responsibility, etc.

Based on the foregoing, let us point out the main differences between humans and animals. First, a person is able to make tools of labor and use them as a means of producing material goods. Highly organized animals can use natural tools (sticks, stones) for specific purposes. But not a single animal species is capable of making tools with the help of previously made tools.

Secondly, a person is capable of conscious, purposeful creative activity. The animal in its behavior is subject to instinct, its actions are initially programmed. Human activity is purposeful, has a conscious-volitional character. A person himself models his behavior and can choose various social roles. A person has the ability to foresee the long-term consequences of his actions, the nature and direction of the development of natural and social processes. A person is characterized by a value attitude towards reality, and an animal does not separate itself from nature.

Animals cannot make fundamental changes in the conditions of their existence. They adapt to environment, which determines their lifestyle. Man transforms reality in accordance with his constantly evolving needs, creates a world of material and spiritual culture.

The concepts of "society" and "social relations".

The system of social relations Society is an artificial reality (“second nature”) that is separated from nature and built on top of it, the only one in which the life-supporting activity of people who have emerged from nature and are inseparable from it is possible and actually takes place. Genetically, society “originates” from nature and cannot ignore laws, but, once separated from it, then develops on its own basis and according to its own logic. In the course of activity, a person enters into various and multidimensional relationships with other people. At the same time, relations, being a product of activity, act as its necessary social form... In general, any interaction of people inevitably takes on a social character. Social relations can be defined as the forms of interaction and relationships that arise in the process of activity between social groups, as well as within them. These relationships - both material and spiritual - have a high degree of abstractness. Activity, interaction, and social relations are aimed primarily at sustainable life support in all its diverse dimensions, i.e. to create the necessary and sufficient conditions and means for the functioning of society and the reproduction of its constituent people as generic beings, as well as their further development. Since the philosophical meaning and understanding of society consists in determining the type of connections that unite individuals into social integrity, its nature and essence are most visibly revealed in the concept of a system. The systemic nature of society is a manifestation of the systemic nature of the surrounding world. It has not been challenged or disputed by any of the thinkers of the past and present. Moreover, the development of ideas about social system can be considered one of the theoretical achievements of the XIX - XX centuries. Society as a system is an ordered, self-governing and self-developing set of connections and relationships that form a qualitative integrity and which are carried by acting people and the groups they form. As a system, society has, first, a complex and hierarchical structure, since it includes various elements and levels; secondly, an integrative system-forming quality - the relations of active people; thirdly, the property of self-control, which distinguishes only highly organized systems. Society is an open system. This means that, despite its autonomy in relation to the external world, it experiences its active influence, perceives and processes information, and reacts to a changing context. Society is an adaptive-adaptive system, i.e. is able not only to adapt to the environment, but also to change it according to its own interests. The social sphere of a society is an integral totality of all communities functioning in it, taken in their interaction. Such communities (taken on different grounds and dimensions) include peoples, nations, classes, estates, strata, castes, socio-demographic and professional groups, labor collectives, informal formations, etc. In this area, interaction is carried out regarding the conditions of life, everyday life, production; problems of health care, education, social protection and security; observance of social justice; regulation of the entire complex of ethnic, national, social-class and group relations. Socialization is a process of integration, “embedding” a subject into society in accordance with the rules adopted in it. In the course of socialization, the individual connects to social experience - symbolic-semiotic, communicative, cultural. The phenomenology of socialization includes many procedures and techniques, but with the exception of elementary imitation, other forms of it “deliver” truths that, as a rule, are not declared, demonstrated, or exposed. They arise from the way of life, accepted by people of the world attitude.

The meaning of life is a philosophical problem that each person solves for himself in his own way. As a rule, this concept refers to the assessment of a person's entire life, touches on the problem of the impact of an individual on the surrounding reality and questions about the setting of goals by a person that go beyond the framework of his life. The vagueness of the question comes from the word "meaning", which allows you to interpret the question in different ways.

The category “meaning of life” is one of the main worldview concepts that is of great importance for the formation of the spiritual and moral image of a person. From what life strategy a person chooses, life often depends not only on himself, but also on his environment, and sometimes all of humanity. The question of the meaning of his life at a certain period is visited by every thinking creature who wants to understand and know himself, his purpose and place in this world. Life necessarily forces a person to answer the questions: "What am I living for?", "What is the meaning of my life?" Every person who is responsible for his own destiny and the destinies of others cannot and does not want to live without a goal, a specific task or a dream, but is always looking for something “worthy” that could be used to occupy his life, to make it more significant. A clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe meaning and purpose of your life is the main driving force of human being, a strategic tool that allows you not to submit, but, on the contrary, to overcome all difficulties and trials life path... But for this it is necessary that a person himself determines, he himself communicates this or that meaning to his existence, finds his purpose according to his abilities, makes his life as fruitful, useful, necessary as possible. By the meaning of life, we mean an individual's awareness of the main content of his life, both past and present, and future, which determines his place and significance in the life of society and gives a person confidence that his individual life is needed both for himself and others, and society.

As the researchers emphasize, the meaning of human life as a living being is "a teleonomical concept, for it expresses a certain purposefulness of activity and life in general."

The value basis of the meaning of life is “a vital, emotionally acceptable goal, which is not only objectively expedient, but also subjectively approved, personally acceptable and recognized as such ... Gaining the meaning of life presupposes the free goal-setting of the individual, therefore, its necessary condition is freedom as a human a form of self-determination (self-conditioning) of being ”.

Understanding the meaning of life presupposes the existence of stable plans and programs for the future, which, despite all kinds of temporary difficulties, will steadily lead a person forward. According to K.S. Stanislavsky, the meaning of life can be correlated with the “super-task” of human life, which unites all small life goals: “The goal of life in this case can be viewed as the trunk of a whole“ tree of goals ”, which unites and directs all private and specific goals to realize the meaning life

Man is biosocial being. This means that some properties are inherited by people, due to nature, while others are the result of socialization, life in society, the acquisition of properties and qualities necessary for life among people.

On the exam, there are tasks in which it is necessary to determine what is characteristic only of a person, what is only an animal, and what is both a person and an animal. Therefore, let's differentiate all these features.

Features characteristic of humans

• The ability to have thinking, the ability to analyze, reflect, think.
• Articulate speech ability. Even if a person cannot speak, he uses a special language of the deaf and dumb, but this is also verbal communication (that is, with the help of words).
• The ability to set goals (goal-setting) and strive to achieve the expected result. A person can foresee the results of his activity, plan it.
• The ability to consciously act, transform nature, society and oneself.
• The ability to create tools of labor, to use them in their activities.
• Only a person is capable of creative activity, to the creation of spiritual values \u200b\u200band culture. This is the ability to reflect reality not only with the help of words, but also with the help of other means: music, colors, body movements in dance, etc.)
• A person can model his behavior, play several social roles during even one day, depending on the situation.
• Only a person is characterized by an attitude towards the world, reality, people from the standpoint of morality, good and evil.
• A person satisfies all kinds of needs: biological, social, spiritual, material.

Features characteristic of the animal

• Life is only by instincts, by nature laid down a program
• Lack of consciousness, thinking. In recent decades, scientists have come to the conclusion that some monkeys are characterized by such mental operations as analysis, synthesis. The elements of thought are observed in dolphins. But this is a small exception from the vast animal world.
• Lack of articulate speech, there is only the ability to make sounds warning about something (about danger, for example). Animal signals do not carry information about the past or the future, about some abstract subject. They reflect the current situation.
• The inability to set a conscious goal, any actions of animals determine instincts.
• Animals are not capable of work, of creating tools of labor, they only adapt to the environment. They only talk about the activity of animals, which is also conditioned by instincts. And no matter how much we admire beaver dams, honeycombs of bees or nests of birds - all this is the result of instinctive action. Animals, and only a very few, can use natural material to get food (for example, a monkey can knock down a fruit with a stick), but they are not able to create a tool.
• The needs of animals are only biological, determined by instincts.

Features characteristic of both humans and animals

Man is part of nature. Much of it is inherent in nature itself. Therefore, there are properties that unite humans and animals. And they are connected only with instincts.

What instincts have people preserved?

• The instinct of self-preservation
• Procreation instinct
• Motherhood instinct
• The so-called sixth sense is the instinct to anticipate something. For some, this instinct is very strongly developed, for others it is weak. But it is known that a mother can feel the misfortune that awaits his child.

So the person as a biosocial being, possesses both natural features that bring him closer to the animal world, and social ones that distinguish him from animals, and he acquires them in the process of socialization. You can read about socialization here.

Prepared by: Vera Melnikova

In the era of the Enlightenment, many thinkers, striving to separate the natural and the social, considered all the attributes public life (social institutions, morality, traditions, etc.) as "artificially" created by man, during this period such concepts as "natural law", "natural equality", "natural morality" are widely spread.

Natural (natural) was considered as the foundation, the basis of the correctness of the social order. There is no need to emphasize that the social played a kind of secondary role and was in direct dependence on the natural environment. In the second half of the XIX century. significant distribution various theories social Darwinism, the essence of which is attempts to extend to social life the principles of natural selection and the struggle for existence in living nature, formulated by the English naturalist Charles Darwin. The emergence of society, its development were considered only within the framework of evolutionary changes occurring independently of the will of people. Naturally, everything that happens in society, including social inequality, the harsh laws of social struggle, were considered by them as necessary, useful both for society as a whole and for its individual individuals.

In the XX century. attempts at a biologic "explanation" of the essence of man and his social qualities do not stop. As an example, we can cite the phenomenology of man of the famous French thinker and naturalist, by the way, the clergyman P. Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955). According to Teilhard, man embodies and concentrates in himself all the development of the world. Nature in the process of its historical development receives its meaning in man. In it, she attains, as it were, her highest biological development and at the same time he also acts as a kind of beginning of her conscious, and, consequently, social development.

Man is a social being

At present, the opinion about the biosocial nature of man has been established in science. At the same time, the social is not only not belittled, but its decisive role in the allocation of Homo sapiens from the animal world and its transformation into a social being. Now, hardly anyone dares to deny the biological prerequisites for the emergence of man. Even without referring to scientific evidence, but guided by the simplest observations and generalizations, it is not difficult to discover the enormous dependence of man on natural changes - magnetic storms in the atmosphere, solar activity, earthly disasters and disasters.

In the process of ontogenesis, fundamental biosocial differences between humans and animals appeared, which is associated with human life among people, in society. Such features relate to physiology, behavior, and human lifestyle.

The main difference between humans and animals, which speaks of human socialization, is the presence of conceptual thinking. The concept contains the most important essential features and properties of the object being determined, the concepts are abstract. For animals, the reflection of reality is concrete, objective, and human thinking can be logical, generalizing, abstract. The basis of animal behavior is instincts, which are innate aspirations and tendencies that are expressed in automatic behavior and are inherited. This behavior is strictly limited and predetermined, it does not change with changing conditions, even if the action becomes irrational. And human behavior has a goal, for the achievement of which he draws up a plan that can change depending on the circumstances. In addition, a person is able to analyze the results of their actions, draw conclusions based on the results of activities and correct their behavior.

Another difference between a person and an animal, which determines him social essence is speech.

The Russian scientist - physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, who studies the features of higher nervous activity in humans, considered the presence of speech in humans as a specific feature that distinguishes his nervous activity from the nervous activity of animals.

Human speech is the second signaling system, the first signaling system is the sense organs that allow one to catch various changes in the qualities and properties of surrounding objects and phenomena (sound, smell, taste, temperature, etc.). The first signaling system is common in humans and animals. If sensory mechanisms work in the first signal system, then the signals of the second system are words, speech, separated from the object itself, abstract and generalized. The results of numerous studies have shown that a person's speech can develop only when communicating with other people, which means that the development of speech has a social character.

Labor is also the result of human socialization. Animals, to some extent, are capable of creative activity, but only a person is capable of making complex tools, planning labor activity, adjusting it depending on the results, and predicting the results of this activity.

In the course of his development, man became independent of the elements - he mastered fire, electricity, learned to protect himself from various natural phenomenathat made a person free. The development of science, technology and various human achievements are all the result of the developments of many scientists, achieved through interaction between scientists, as well as through the transfer of experience from generation to generation.

Man learned the division of labor - already at the initial stages of the development of human society, there was a division of labor according to age and gender. In the future, social relations developed, which led to an increase in labor productivity, made it possible to transfer experience and knowledge to a new generation.

An important positive result of socialization, which contributed to the development of society and the biological evolution of man, was the regulation of marriage relations. So, empirically, a person came to the need to prohibit family marriages, which avoids the accumulation of negative mutations, leads to the enrichment of the gene pool of society.

In addition to the fundamental differences between humans and animals listed above, a person has specific, inherent only to him, features of the structure of the body - upright walking, the ability to work, cognitive activity of the brain and others. Natural selection retained the traits that stimulated a joint search for food, protection from predatory animals, caring for offspring, etc., which contributed to the development of herd formation as the initial stage in the development of sociality.

2. Being a person. Human needs and abilities.

Human activity and its diversity.

4. Personality as a subject of social life. Socialization of the individual.

Spiritual world person.

1. Man as a biosocial being

Philosophical debates about human nature have a long history. Most often, philosophers call human nature binary (double), and the person himself is defined as biosocial being possessing articulate speech, consciousness, higher mental functions (abstract-logical thinking, logical memory, etc.), capable of creating tools, using them in the process of social labor.

Part of nature man belongs to the highest mammals and forms a special species - Homo sapiens. Like any biological species, Homo sapiens is characterized by a certain set of species characteristics, each of which can vary in different representatives of the species within fairly large limits. This change can be influenced by both natural and social processes. Like other biological species, the species Homo sapiens has stable variations (varieties), which, when it comes to humans, are most often denoted by the concept race Race Differentiation people is predetermined by the fact that their groups inhabiting different regions of the planet, adapted to the specific features of their habitat and they developed specific anatomical, physiological and biological characteristics. But, referring to a single biological species Homo sapiens, a representative of any race has such biological parameters inherent in this species that allow him to successfully participate in any of the spheres of life of the entire human society.

The biological nature of man is the basis on which the formation of the proper human qualities ... Biologists and philosophers call the following anatomical, physiological and psychological characteristics of the human body, which form the biological basis of human activity as a social being:

a) straight gait as an anatomical feature that allows a person to take a wider view of the environment, freeing the forelimbs even during movement and allowing them to be used for work better than four-legged ones can;

b) tenacious hands with movable fingers and opposed thumb, allowing complex and subtle functions;

c) look forward , and not to the sides, allowing you to see in three dimensions and better navigate in space;

d) big brain and complex nervous system , giving the opportunity for high development of mental life and intelligence;

f) long-term dependence of children on their parents , a long period of adult custody, a slow growth rate and biological maturation, and therefore a long period of learning and socialization;

g) plasticity of congenital impulses and needs , the absence of rigid mechanisms of instincts, such as occur in other species, the ability to adapt needs to the means of their satisfaction - all this contributes to the development of complex patterns of behavior and adaptation to various environmental conditions;

h) stability of sexual desire influencing the forms of the family and a number of other social phenomena.

Being, of course, a natural being living according to the laws of the natural world, a person can live and develop fully only in a society of people like him... Such important factors of human life as consciousness, speech, are not transmitted to people in the order of biological heredity, but are formed in them during their lifetime, in the process of socialization, that is, assimilation by an individual of the socio-historical experience of previous generations. A person from the moment of his birth is an individual , that is, a single natural being, a bearer of individually unique traits. Individual commonly called a single concrete person, considered as a biosocial being. Concept "person" , as a rule, they use, wanting to show the belonging of a person to the human race (Homo sapiens) , as well as the fact that this person has universal traits and qualities inherent in all people. From these two concepts it is necessary to distinguish the concept "Personality" .

2. Human being. Human needs and abilities

Being - this is the most general and abstract concept denoting the existence of anything at all. IN philosophy this concept denotes and the objective world (matter) existing independently of the consciousness of people, and the real process of human life (human existence).

The motives of human activity are associated with the satisfaction of his needs. Under the need in the ordinary sense is understood need or lack of anything necessary to maintain the vital activity of the organism, human personality, social group, society as a whole. but in scientific theory the concept of need means not a need experienced by a person, but constant contradiction between the current situation and the necessary conditions for human life and development (for example, quenching thirst with a glass of water does not eliminate a person's need for water, without which his normal life is impossible). therefore needs are a constant internal stimulus of all activity (including human activity).

At the heart of every human need lies the corresponding innate instinct (that is, a biological, natural factor inherent in the individual as a living organism). All natural human instincts are divided into three groups :

a) vital (from Lat. vita - life), which are aimed at ensuring the vital activity of the body (food, sexual, etc.);

b) social expressing the vital necessity of relations between individuals;

c) intellectual aimed at cognition of the surrounding reality (for example, the orienting instinct).

Accordingly and human needs can be roughly divided into three groups : biological (needs for food, water, normal heat exchange, movement, procreation, etc.), social (needs for work, social activity, self-realization and self-affirmation in society, etc.) and spiritual (needs for knowledge, knowledge, other elements of spiritual culture). Such a variety of needs reflects the complex nature of a person as bio-socio-spiritual being ... The unity of the various aspects of human existence is expressed in close interconnection, interdependence and interdependence of his needs. Human biological needs for drinking, food, sleep are met in social forms. In turn, the satisfaction of spiritual needs (for example, in knowledge) often serves as a means of realizing social needs (getting a profession, changing one's own social status). Sexual attraction develops into one of the most subtle and lofty spiritual needs - the need for individual love.

A different classification of human needs was proposed by an American psychologist AND. Maslow. In his opinion, all people have some hierarchicalsystem of basic (basic) needs... Maslow separated primary (congenital) needs from secondary (acquired). TO first group Maslow attributed the needs:

a) physiological (needs for reproduction of the clan, food, respiration, clothing, housing, rest, etc.);

b) existential (needs for the safety of their existence, comfort, confidence in the future, job security, etc.)

Secondary the same needs include:

a) social (needs for social connections, communication, participation in joint activities with other people);

b) prestigious (needs for self-respect, respect from others, achievement of success, career development, etc.);

c) spiritual (needs for self-expression).

The needs of each next level become, according to Maslow, urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.

Psychologists distinguish also needs genuine (reasonable) and imaginary (unreasonable, false) ... Satisfaction of imaginary needs leads to physical and spiritual degradation of the individual, damages nature and society. Genuine needs encourage a person to active, prudent, socially useful life, contribute to the physical and spiritual improvement of the individual without harming nature and other people.

People's interests should be distinguished from needs. Interest - it is so a conscious need that characterizes people's attitude to objects and phenomena of reality that are of great social importance for them, attractiveness. IN based on interest lies the understanding of the need for any action to achieve a perceived goal, i.e. conscious need... However, a person's interest is directed not to the immediate object of need, but to those social conditions that make this object accessible. Interests depend on a person's position in society, on his or her belonging to a particular social group. They are more or less recognized by people and are powerful incentives to various types of activity. Interests vary gradual generality (individual, group, public ), by focus (economic, political, social, spiritual ), by the degree of awareness (acting spontaneously or on the basis of a developed program of activities ), on possibilities of implementation (real and imaginary ).

Human activity directed by the action of needs is carried out due to the presence of the richest set of abilities in the individual. Under abilities understand individual characteristics of a person, on which the success of a certain type of activity depends. Abilities are not limited to the individual's knowledge, skills, and abilities. They are found in the speed, depth and strength of mastering the methods and techniques of some activity.

In the history of philosophy, abilities have long been interpreted as properties of the soul, special forces inherited and originally inherent in the individual. In modern times D. Locke and the French materialist scientists formulated the thesis of the complete dependence of a person's abilities on the external conditions of his life. Modern science examines the formation and development of abilities through the prism organic unity of biological and social. The biological origin in abilities is represented in the form of certain genetic programs of behavior encoded in DNA molecules. Thanks to their action, a person has abilities that are potentially inherent in each individual (upright posture, articulate speech, etc.). Hereditary programs can also affect the level of development of the corresponding ability in an individual.. This partially explains the differences in the development of ear for music, the volume and speed of memory action, and physical strength. but the development of any ability largely depends on the action of various social factors: For example, for the development of musical abilities, in addition to the presence of a musical ear, a musical instrument, a systematic musical education, constant practice, etc. are needed.

The criteria for the typology of abilities are usually differences in the main types of activity. On this basis, distinguish scientific, artistic, engineering and other abilities. Modern psychology distinguishes and general abilities meeting the requirements of not one but many different activities. At the same time, a number of psychologists postulate the existence of general intelligence - an invariable all-round mental endowment.

The qualitative level of development of abilities is expressed in terms of talent and genius. Talent call this a set of abilities that allows you to get a product of activity that is distinguished by novelty, high perfection and social significance. - the highest stage of talent development, which allows for fundamental shifts in a particular field of activity.

3. Human activity and its diversity

All living things interact with the environment. Outwardly, this is manifested in physical activity. By adapting to their environment, animals can use natural objects as tools and even craft them. But only a person is inherent in activity, under which in social sciences is understood as a form of activity aimed at transforming the surrounding world.

In the structure of any activity it is customary to single out object, subject, goal, means of achieving it and the result. Object called what the activity is for

directed ; subject - whoever implements it . Before taking action, a person determines purpose of activity , i.e. forms in his mind an ideal image of that result he seeks to achieve... Then, when the goal is determined, the individual decides which funds he needs to use to achieve it. If the funds are chosen correctly, then the outcome of activities will get exactly that result sought by the subject .

The main motive that prompts a person to activity is his desire to satisfy their needs. These needs can be physiological, social and ideal. Perceived by people in one way or another, they become the main source of their activity ... Play a huge role beliefs people regarding the goals to be achieved, and the main ways and means leading to them. Sometimes in the choice of the latter, people are guided by the prevailing in society stereotypes , that is, some general, simplified ideas about any social process (specifically - about the process of activity). Unchanging motivation tends to reproduce similar actions of people and, as a result, a similar social reality.

The main unit of activity is action : any activity appears before us as a chain of actions. Action includes both goal setting (an act of consciousness) and an externally expressed act of behavior. The specific way (s) to perform actions is called an operation. The nature of the operations depends on the objective conditions in which the action is performed and the person's existing experience - operations are usually little or not recognized by a person (they are performed at the level of automatic skills).

Distinguish practical and spiritual activities . The first aimed to transformation of objects of nature and society existing in reality . Variety of practical activities are material and production (transformation of nature) and socio-industrial (transformation of society). Content spiritual activities associated with a change in the consciousness of people. It includes: cognitive, value-oriented and predictive activity.

A different classification distinguishes activity labor, educational, leisure ... Depending on the results obtained, the activity can be characterized as destructive or constructive .

Often, in order to achieve a set goal and obtain the desired result, a person has to resort to interaction with other subjects in the process of activity, to communicate with them. Communication - this is the process of information exchange between peers. The subjects of communication can be both individuals and social groups, strata, communities and even all of humanity as a whole. There are several types of communication :

1) communication between real subjects (for example, between two people);

2) communication of a real subject with an illusory partner (for example, a person with an animal, whom he endows with some qualities unusual for him);

3) communication of a real subject with an imaginary partner (for example, a person's communication with his “inner voice”);

4) communication of imaginary partners (for example, literary characters).

The question of the relationship between activity and communication is debatable ... Some scientists believe that these two concepts are identical to each other, because any communication has signs of activity ... Others believe that activity and communication are opposite concepts , since communication is only a condition of activity, but in no way it itself. Still others consider communication in conjunction with activity, however, consider it an independent phenomenon.

The most important kind of practical activity is an material and production activity of people (or labor activity ) - one of the forms of human activity aimed at transforming the natural world and creating material wealth. IN structure of work (in the narrow sense of the word) distinguish:

1) deliberately set goals - production of certain products, processing of natural materials, creation of machines and mechanisms, etc.;

2) objects of labor - those materials (metal, clay, stone, plastic, etc.), the transformation of which the activities of people are aimed at;

3) means and tools of labor - all devices, devices, mechanisms, devices, energy systems, with the help of which objects of labor are transformed;

4) technologies used - techniques and methods used in the production process.

For job characteristics the following parameters are commonly used:

1) labor productivity - the amount of products produced per unit of time;

2) labor efficiency - the ratio of material and labor costs, on the one hand, and the results obtained, on the other;

3) the level of division of labor - the distribution of specific production functions between participants in the labor process (on the scale of society and in specific labor processes).

The nature of the requirements for a participant in labor activity , depends on many factors, primarily on the specific content of labor and place in the system of division of labor. The general requirements are as follows :

1) the employee must own all techniques and methods of production which make up technological process (requirement of professionalism);

2) employee qualifications cannot be lower than the level that is determined by the nature of labor. The more difficult the work, the higher the requirements for special training of the participant in the labor process (qualification requirement);

3) the employee is required to compliance with labor laws and internal labor regulations, compliance with the specified parameters of the production process , fulfillment of obligations arising from the content of the employment contract (requirements of labor, technological, executive, contractual discipline).

Under spiritual activities understand the creative process of production and reproduction of spiritual values \u200b\u200b(ideas, knowledge, perceptions, etc.), as well as their preservation, distribution, dissemination and consumption . In this regard, spiritual activity can be conditionally divided into spiritual-theoretical (production of spiritual values ) and spiritual and practical (preservation, distribution, dissemination and development of created spiritual values ). Specialized spiritual activities are science, art, religion, education.

Activity has a huge impact on the personality, being the basis on which the development of the latter takes place. In the course of activity the individual self-actualizes and asserts himself as a person, it is the process of activity that underlies socialization of the individual... Providing a transformative impact on the world, a person not only adapts to the natural and social environment, but rebuilds and improves it. The entire history of human society is the history of human activity.

4. Personality as a subject of social life .Socialization of the individual. Interpersonal relationships

Word "Personality" (lat. persona) originally denoted mask worn by the actor in the ancient theater. Then they began to apply it to the actor himself and his role (hence - "character" ). The ancient Romans had the word persona was used only with the indication social function, role, role of a person (personality of a judge, personality of a father, personality of a consul, etc.). Turned into a scientific term the word "personality" has significantly changed its meaning and now expresses something opposite to the content that was put into it in antiquity.

Personality is called a human individual who is a subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant traits, properties and qualities that he realizes in public life . When talking about personality, first of all imply her social individuality, uniqueness ... The last is formed in the process of upbringing and human activity, under the influence of a particular society and its culture. Not every person is a person. People are born, become a person in the process of socialization .

Socialization called the process of the impact of society and its structures on them throughout the life of individuals, as a result of which people accumulate social experience of life in a particular society, become individuals. Socialization should be distinguished adaptation (time-limited process of getting used to new conditions of existence ), training (the process of an individual acquiring new knowledge about the world around him ), growing up (sociopsychological formation of a person in a narrow age range from 10 to 20 years).

Socialization begins in childhood, continues in adolescence and at a fairly mature age. It depends on its success to what extent a person, having mastered the values \u200b\u200band norms of behavior adopted in a given culture, will be able to realize himself in the process of social life. The human environment can influence the development of personality as purposefully (by organizing training and education) , and unintentionally.

The socialization process goes through several stages which sociologists call life cycles : childhood, adolescence, maturity and old age ... Vital cycles are associated with a change in social roles, the acquisition of a new status, a change in habits and lifestyle. According to the degree of achievement of the result, they are distinguished initial, or early, socialization, covering periods of childhood and adolescence, and continued, or mature, socialization, covering maturity and old age.

The formation of a person's personality in the process of socialization occurs with the help of the so-called agents and institutions of socialization .

Under socialization agents are defined as individuals who are responsible for teaching other people about cultural norms and helping them to master different social roles. Distinguish agents of primary socialization (parents, brothers, sisters, close and distant relatives, friends, teachers, etc. ) and secondary socialization agents (officials university, enterprises, television employees, etc. .). The agents of primary socialization constitute the immediate environment of a person and play a crucial role in the process of forming his personality, agents of secondary socialization have a less important influence.

Institutions of socialization - this is social institutions that influence the process of socialization and guide it. Like agents, institutions of socialization are also subdivided into primary and secondary ones. An example primary institution of socialization can serve family, school, secondary - media, army, church.

Primary socialization of the individual is carried out in the sphere of interpersonal relations, secondary - in the sphere of social relations.

Agents and institutions of socialization perform two main functions :

1) teach people the cultural norms and patterns of behavior accepted in society ;

2) exercise social control for how firmly, deeply and correctly these norms and patterns of behavior are assimilated by the individual.

Therefore, such elements of social control as reward (for example, in the form of positive assessments) and punishment (in the form of negative assessments) are simultaneously methods of socialization.

During the period of secondary socialization, a person can be a subject of processes desocialization and resocialization .

Desocialization represents loss or deliberate rejection of the assimilated values, norms of behavior, social roles, habitual way of life . By re-socialization called the opposite process of restoring lost values \u200b\u200band social roles, retraining, the return of an individual to a normal (old) way of life. If a the process of desocialization is negative and deep enough, it can destroy the foundations of the personality, which will be impossible to restore even with the help of positive resocialization.

In the course of their life, people enter into diverse social relations with each other. One of the types of social relations are interpersonal relationships , i.e. relations between individuals for various reasons. Depending on the presence or absence of elements of standardization and formalization, all interpersonal relationships subdivided into formal and informal.

Formal and informal interpersonal relationships differ from each other, At first, the presence or absence of a certain normativeness in them . Official relations is always are governed by some specific norms - legal, corporate, etc. Second, the formal relationship standardized and impersonal , that is, the rights and obligations that develop within the framework of official interpersonal relationships do not depend on the individual, while informal interpersonal relationships are determined by the individual personality characteristics of their participants, their feelings and preferences. Finally, in an official relationship the ability to choose a communication partner is extremely limited, while informally the decisive role is played by the choice of the individual. Such a choice is made by communication partners, depending on the inherent need for each of them to communicate and interact with a person who is quite definite in terms of his personal qualities.

Formal and informal interpersonal relationships that people enter into with each other, extremely diverse ... They can be brief temporary (fellow travelers on the train), long-term (friends, colleagues), permanent (parents and their children), causal (the perpetrator and his victim), functional (customer and tailor), educational (teacher and student), subordinate (chief and subordinate).

5. The spiritual world of man

The spiritual world of a person (human microcosm) is an integral and at the same time contradictory phenomenon. it a complex system, elements which are:

1) spiritual needs in the knowledge of the surrounding world, in self-expression by means of culture, art, other forms of activity, in the use of the achievements of culture, etc.;

2) knowledge about nature, society, man, himself;

3) beliefs, firm views based on the worldview and determining human activity in all its manifestations and spheres;

4) belief in truth those beliefs that a person shares (i.e., unsubstantiated recognition of the correctness of a particular position);

5) ability to one or another form of social activity;

6) feelings and emotions, in which the relationship of man with nature and society is expressed;

7) goals, which a person deliberately sets before himself, ideally anticipating the results of his activities;

8) values , underlying the relationship of a person to the world and to himself, giving meaning to his activities, reflecting his ideals.

Values \u200b\u200bare the object of a person's aspirations, they are the most important moment of the meaning of his life. Distinguish social values - social ideals serving as a standard of due in various spheres of public life, and personal values - the ideals of an individual, serving as one of the sources of motivation for her behavior ... Values \u200b\u200bare of a historical nature; they change with changes in the content and forms of life. However, modern civilization has approached the possibility of developing common human values based on humanism ... Common human values \u200b\u200breflect the spiritual experience of all mankind and create conditions for the realization of common human interests (that is, the universal needs of people inherent in them regardless of national, age, religious, class or other differences). Human values acquire priority in relation to group values, ensuring the full existence and development of each individual person.

An important element of the spiritual world of a person is his worldview , which is understood as a set of generalized views on objective reality and a person's place in it, on the attitude of people to the surrounding reality and to themselves, as well as the beliefs, principles, ideas and ideals caused by these views . Subjects (carriers) of one or another worldviews are advocated by individuals, groups of people and society as a whole.

The nature of the worldview is determined by the level of the historical development of society, the state of its culture, therefore, the worldview of a medieval person is so different from a modern one. However, the worldview of people, even those living in the same society, is different. It depends on their personal qualities, and on the conditions for the formation of their worldview, and on their belonging to various social groups.

There are several types of worldview :

1) commonplace (or everyday), which is based on personal experience and is formed under the influence of life circumstances;

2) religious , which is based on the religious views, ideas and beliefs of a person;

3) scientific , which is based on the achievements of modern science and reflects the scientific picture of the world, the results of modern scientific knowledge;

4) humanistic , combining the best aspects of the scientific worldview with ideas about social justice, environmental safety and moral ideal.

The spiritual world of the individual expresses the inextricable connection between the individual and society. A person enters a society that has a certain spiritual fund, which he will have to master in life .

Section III

KNOWLEDGE

1. Cognition of the world. Sensual and rational cognition. Intuition.