Write down the word that is missing in the table.
Question B2
Find a concept that is generalizing for all the other concepts in the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated.
1) family education; 2) additional education; 3) socialization of youth; four) schooling; 5) labor training.
Question B3
A number of terms are listed below. All but two represent social norms.
1) external effects; 2) customs; 3) traditions; 4) laws; 5) international treaties; 6) social attitudes.
Question B4
Please select correct judgments about the needs.
1. A need is a need experienced by a person for what is necessary for life.
2. The need for self-realization, self-affirmation refers to the ideal needs.
3. An example of biological need is the need for knowledge of the surrounding world.
4. The need serves as an incentive for activity.
5. A need, as a rule, is directed towards some object with the help of which it can be satisfied.
Question B5
Establish a correspondence between signs and forms of cognition.
Question B6
Laboratory scientists conduct research in the field of physics solid... What features distinguish scientific knowledge from other types of cognitive activity? Select the desired items from the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1.relying on observational data
2.experimental confirmation of conclusions
3.based on lessons learned
4.use of forms of rational knowledge
5.developing sound theories
6.application of strictly defined concepts
Question B7
Choose the right judgments about the subjects of banking and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Commercial banks can be engaged in the production of wealth.
2. The central bank can accept deposits and issue loans.
3. The Central Bank may establish certain financial standards that all credit organizations must comply with.
4. Commercial banks can trade and insure property.
5. Commercial banks can be engaged in lending to enterprises, the state and the population.
Question B8
Establish a correspondence between types of costs and specific examples of costs: for each item given in the first column, select the corresponding item from the second column.
Question B9
The financial advisor explains to his client the differences between preferred and common shares. What rights provided by preference shares should a consultant highlight? Choose the correct positions and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. These shares give the right to participate in the management of the company.
2. These shares give the right to receive a fixed dividend.
3. The size of the dividend on these shares and the liquidation value are determined in hard cash or as a percentage of the par value of the preferred shares.
4. These shares give the primary right to receive part of the property of the company in the event of bankruptcy.
5. The source of payment of dividends on preferred shares is the net profit of the joint stock company for the current year.
6. These shares give the right to an unconditional refund of their par value at maturity.
Question B10
The graph reflects the change in demand for new models of mobile phones: the demand line D moved to a new position D 1 (P is the price of the product, Q is the quantity of the product). Which of the following factors can cause such a change? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1.Aggregation of companies providing mobile services
2.Price reduction for popular phone models
3.approval of a flat scale of taxation
4.increase in the purchasing power of the population
5.increase in the cost of fixed telephone services
Question B11
Choose the correct judgments about social norms and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Social norms are diverse in time and space.
2. Social norms always prohibit or restrict something in human action.
3. Social norms include traditions and customs.
4. Social norms are an element of social control.
5. Changes in social norms lead to social upheavals.
Question B12
In country Z, the poll was conducted by a sociological service. The participants were asked to answer the question: "What goals does your family set for itself?" The results of the survey are shown in the table (in% of the number of respondents).
What conclusions can be drawn from the data presented? Select the required positions from the proposed list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. For last years the well-being of the people has increased.
2. The majority lack achievement orientations.
3. The average standard of living of people is quite high.
4. The standard of living in developed countries is not considered by most of the respondents as a target.
5. Among the respondents, the number of those who make ends meet has increased.
Question B13
Choose the correct judgments about the characteristics of a democratic political regime and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Under a democratic regime, glasnost is the principle of organization and activity of the state apparatus.
2. Under a democratic regime, power is divided into legislative, executive and judicial.
3. Under a democratic regime, the activities of opposition parties are prohibited.
4. Unlike political regimes of other types, under a democratic regime there is a right of the authorities to collect taxes and fees.
5. Under a democratic regime, in contrast to political regimes of other types, there is a right of power to the legal use of force.
Question B14
Establish a correspondence between the chambers of the Federal Assembly and their functions and powers: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Question B15
In Art. 3 of the Constitution of the Italian Republic states that the task of the state is to remove obstacles that actually limit the freedom and equality of citizens, hinder the full development of the human person. What conclusions does this constitutional provision allow to draw? Write down the numbers under which these conclusions are indicated
1. The Republic has proclaimed the values \u200b\u200bof a democratic social state.
2. The republic is distinguished by stable social relations.
3. The Republic is a welfare state with high living standards.
4. The republic is a modern state with developed legislation.
5. The republic proclaimed the sovereignty of the people.
6. The Republic recognizes a person, his rights and freedoms as the highest value.
Question B16
Which of the following applies to the constitutional obligations of a citizen of the Russian Federation? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
2. to take good care of natural resources
3.pay legally established taxes
4. testify in court
5.determine your nationality
6.participate in social and political activities
Question B17
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and the organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurial activity: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Question B18
What is included in the system of law? Select the required items from the list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1.legal custom
2.the rule of law
3.the branch of law
4.legal sanction
5.institute of law
6.judicial precedent
Question B19
Read the text below, each position marked with a specific letter.
(A) There are more than 200 rivers and 600 reservoirs within Moscow. (B) The condition of many of them leaves much to be desired. (B) Within the city limits, small rivers are mainly taken in pipes. (D) Nevertheless, modern production wastes are discharged through storm drains. (E) Providing people with clean water is one of the solutions environmental problem, requiring the joint efforts of the entire society.
Determine which positions of the text have
1.factual nature
2.the nature of value judgments
3.the nature of theoretical statements
| AND | B | IN | D | D |
Write down the numbers under the corresponding letters.
Question B20
Read the text below where a number of words are missing. Select the words you want to insert instead of spaces from the list provided.
“In general, labor can be defined as ____ (A) human activity to transform natural, material, intellectual _____ (B) into a product necessary for personal or social consumption. When they consider the product of labor as _____ (B), they mean its most diverse forms - finished products of agriculture, industry, all kinds of services. In the process of labor, a person interacts with objects and _____ (D) labor, as well as with the environment. In the conditions of market relations, a person - subject ____ (D) can realize his potential in two ways: either on the basis of self-employment, or as an employee offering his services to the employer, subject _____ (E) ”.
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once. Choose one word after another in sequence, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the blanks.
List of terms:
1.production
4. salary
6.means
7.the subject
8.property
Human needs can be divided into three groups:
- Biological needs:experiencing the need for food, water, movement, normal heat exchange, self-preservation, preservation of the race, etc.
- Social needs:in self-realization, self-affirmation, public recognition of the dignity of the individual, etc.
- Ideal needs:knowledge of the world, society and yourself.
Biological, social and ideal needs are closely related. Basically, biological needs in humans, in contrast to animals, become social (for example, on a hot day, no one will satisfy the need for water from a puddle on the road). For most people, social needs dominate over ideal ones. The need for knowledge often acts as a means to acquire a profession, to take a worthy position in society. In some cases, it is generally difficult to separate the biological from the social, the ideal (the need for communication).
The given classification not the only one in the scientific literature. There are many others. One of them was developed by an American psychologist A. Maslow... He identified the following basic needs:
─ physiological: in the reproduction of the genus, food, respiration, clothing, housing, physical movements, rest, etc.
─ existential (from Lat. existence): in the safety of its existence, comfort, constancy of living conditions, in job security, confidence in the future, and so on.
─ social: in social relations, communication, affection, caring for others and attention to oneself, participation in joint activities with others;
─ prestigious: self-esteem, respect from others, recognition, achievement of success and appreciation, career development;
─ spiritual: in self-actualization, self-expression.
According to Maslow's theory, the first two types of needs are primary (congenital), and the next three are secondary (acquired). The needs of each subsequent level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.
Along with the needs, the most important motive for activity is social attitudes - the general orientation of a person towards a certain social object, expressing a predisposition to action in a certain way with respect to a given object. Such an object, for example, can be a family.
An important role in the motives of activity is played by beliefs - stable views of the world, ideals and principles, as well as the desire to translate them into reality through their actions and deeds.
In the formation of the motives of activity, a special role is played by interests (from lat. to have meaning, important). The interests of people are to preserve or transform those conditions (orders, norms of relationships, etc.) on which the distribution of goods depends. Interests are determined by the position of various social groups and individuals in society. They are more or less realized by people and are the most important incentives to various types of activity.
Various interests interact in society: individual, group, interests of the whole society as a whole. According to their focus, interests are divided into economic, social, political, spiritual.
Ideals are closely related to the interests of people. The social ideal is the image of a perfect society, which reflects the interests and aspirations of a particular social group, its idea of \u200b\u200bthe highest justice and the best social order.
Needs, interests, ideals are realized by people, i.e. characterize conscious activity. However, the unconscious is also manifested in activity, which means a mental life that takes place without the participation of consciousness.
The unconscious is a condition caused by influences in which a person is not aware of it. In modern psychology, a point of view has arisen according to which the unconscious is the creative principle, the main source of motives and feelings of people (K. Jung).
Human activities can be influenced by drives, i.e. mental states expressing an unconscious or insufficiently conscious need. Some drives have destructive consequences, others are constructive.
4. Activities:
There are classifications of activities according to different criteria
1) By focus human activity can be divided into spiritual and practical. Spiritual activity is aimed either at transforming oneself, acquiring new knowledge, values, experience, understanding one's own behavior, or at changing the consciousness of other people. Spiritual activities include:
─ cognitive activity (reflection of reality in the artistic, scientific and form of religious teachings),
─ value-oriented (positive or negative attitude of people to the phenomena of the surrounding world, the formation of their worldview),
─ prognostic (planning or anticipating possible changes in reality).
Practical activities aimed at nature and material objects; its goal is to change the material conditions of human existence in society. Practical activities include:
─ material and production (transformation of nature)
─ since socially transformative activity (transformation of society).
In fact, most often in human activity, one can distinguish both the spiritual and the practical aspects, they exist in unity, but at certain moments one of the parties can dominate.
2) In the variety of types of activity, creative and destructive activity can be distinguished. With this approach, the main criterion for the selection of types of activities is considered results activities.
A need is a person's conscious experience of the need for what is necessary to maintain the life of his body and the development of his personality.
Need - an objective need of a person for something.
Needs are the initial form of an individual's activity, a state of need for something that is necessary for his normal functioning.
The need (the impetus for action) can be conscious and unconscious. When it is realized, a person has an impulse to act.
Classification of needs:
a) by subjects (carriers of needs):
Individual
Group
Collective
b) by the object (i.e. the object to which they are directed): - physiological - necessary to maintain the vital activity of the organism; - material - to create the necessary conditions for existence; - social - for successful interaction with members of society; - spiritual - for self-development and self-affirmation.
Physiological: food, water, air, climatic conditions, etc.
Material: housing, clothing, means of transportation, tools of production, etc.
Social: communication, social work, public recognition, etc.
Spiritual: knowledge, creative activity, the creation of beauty, scientific discoveries, etc.
c) by areas of activity:
Communication
Recreation (restoration of working capacity: rest, treatment, etc.)
Opportunities to meet human needs:
Limited by available natural resources
Should not contradict the moral norms of society
Must be reasonable and real
See Maslow's Pyramid
More on topic 1. Human needs .:
- 14. Motive as an object responsible for human needs
- 44. SOCIAL NEEDS CONCEPTS OF HUMAN NEEDS
- 7.2. BUYER DEMAND AND CUSTOMER NEEDS 7.2.1. Formation of needs as a stage of buyers' behavior
- 45. The main elements of human life. The importance of the regime of work and rest for the harmonious development of a person, his spiritual and physical qualities.
A very insignificant part of human needs can be satisfied directly with the help of the benefits given to us by nature ( natural goods).
In order to satisfy their so varied needs, people must produce many material goods and intangible values. Therefore, the existence of both an individual and society as a whole is inextricably linked with economic (economic) activities. It is the economic activity of people that is the basis for the existence of human society.
Economic (economic) activity - purposeful activity of people aimed at meeting their various needs and increasing the level of well-being.
For the production of economic benefits, a variety of resources are used, both natural and man-made. Labor resources play a special role in production. Therefore, modern economic theory considers the fundamental problem of economic development the problem of limited economic resources.
All economic resources have quantitative and qualitative limits. The scarcity of resources, on the one hand, is absolute, in the sense that the available economic resources are insufficient to meet the entire mass of needs, on the other hand, it is relative, in the sense that there are enough resources to meet part of the needs. The absolute and relative limitation of economic resources makes it necessary and possible to determine priorities in meeting needs, to determine the proportions in the production of various goods.
Thus, society always faces the problem of choice: from the set of possible (alternative) options for using limited economic resources, it is necessary to choose the best (optimal) option, i.e. the option that best meets the needs of society.
The best option economic theory considers the option that will allow you to get the greatest result with minimum costs, i.e. will ensure maximum efficiencyuse of resources.
Thus, modern economic theory studies the problem of efficient use of limited economic resources in order to maximize the satisfaction of human needs.
Note that economic theory is a fundamental (basic) economic science, i.e. the foundation of the entire complex of economic sciences.
MicroeconomicsIs part economic theorystudying the activity (behavior) of individual consumers and producers (subjects of the economic system), the mechanism of their economic decision-making.
Macroeconomics -it is a part of economic theory that studies the economic system as a whole, as well as large parts of it, such as the private or public sector of the economy.
Economic efficiency
The universal criterion of efficiency was developed by the famous Italian economist-sociologist V. Pareto (1848-1923) and is called efficiency, or optimality, according to Pareto. In accordance with this criterion, production efficiency, efficient allocation of resources and benefits and economic efficiency.
Production efficiency is achieved when it is impossible to increase the output of one economic good without reducing the output of another.
Efficient allocation of resources and benefitsin the economy is achieved when it is impossible to increase the welfare of one individual without reducing the welfare of another.
Economy efficiencymeans the efficiency of production and distribution of resources (and goods).
The efficiency of production in the case of the release of two goods is graphically represented production capability curve, and the efficiency of the distribution of resources and benefits in the case of the participation of two individuals is consumer opportunity curve (see fig. 1.1 and 1.2).
Good B
0 The usefulness of the first
individual
Figure: 1.2. Consumer opportunity curve
§ 2. Economic (economic) activity. Types of economic systems.
The basis for the existence of any state is economic (economic) activity.
Economic (economic) activities- This is an expedient activity of people aimed at meeting their needs and increasing the level of well-being.
IN economic activity people are usually divided into 4 stages: production, distribution, exchange, consumption.
Manufacturing process Is the process of using economic resources to produce economic benefits.
Distribution - the process of determining the share (amount) of the produced product that each participant in economic activity receives.
Exchange- the process of movement of a manufactured product from one participant in economic activity to another, a form of communication between them, between producers and consumers.
Consumption- the process of using the results of production to meet needs. It determines the ultimate goal and motives of production.
Economic activity is carried out within the framework of historically determined economic systems.
Economic system -it is a system of interconnected institutions *, organizationally - legal forms and the principles of economic activity, on the basis of which the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of economic goods in the country are carried out.
Historically, four types of economic systems have been distinguished:
traditional (natural) economy;
command-administrative (centrally-controlled) economy;
market economy;
mixed economy.
1. Traditional (natural) economyIs an economic system in which the factors of production are in the common possession of the tribe, and economic benefits are distributed in accordance with long-standing traditions . In this economic system, economic benefits are produced mainly for personal consumption. The main distinguishing features of the traditional economy are:The prevalence of the closed subsistence farming and small commodity production;
Low level of development of productive forces, predominance of manual labor;
Economic activity is carried out on the basis of historically established traditions, the methods of economic management have remained unchanged for hundreds of years;
Questions: what, how and for whom to produce are decided on the basis of traditions and customs.
The traditional economy exists, now in several countries of Central Africa, South and Southeast Asia, the Amazon Valley.
2. Market economyIs an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned, and economic goods are produced mainly for exchange. This economic system is based on market mechanism (market).Market -it is a mechanism of interaction between producers (sellers) and consumers (buyers) of economic goods, with the help of which it is determined market price goods and the required volume of purchases (sales).
Three others are closely related to the concept of the market: product, moneyand market price.
Product -it is an economic good produced for exchange. Thus, in a market economy, goods become goods.
The exchange of goods on the market is carried out through money. Historically, the first type of money was a specific commodity that was needed by most market participants and therefore performed well the functions of exchange, measuring the value of other commodities, and accumulating wealth.
So, money -it is the universal equivalent, i.e. product that can be exchanged for any other product.
3. Command and control economyIs an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the state, and the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of economic goods are regulated by the authorities government controlled economy.
Command-administrative economy existed in the USSR, the former socialist countries of Europe and Asia. Currently, this type of economic system exists in North Korea and Cuba.
4. Mixed economy -it is a market economy that contains the mechanism of state regulation of the market.
The formation of economic systems involves the solution of the following fundamental economic issues :
- what to produce? (what economic benefits, and in what quantities);
- how to produce? (what resources to use, how to organize production in order to get the maximum result at the lowest possible cost);
- for whom to produce?(on the basis of what principles to distribute benefits).
Production factors
Earth -these are all natural resources: arable land, forests, mineral deposits, water resources (resources of rivers, seas and oceans).
CapitalIs the entire accumulated stock of means of production, i.e. property, industrial rights and intellectual property of the company, as well as raw materials, components, fuel supplies, etc. used in the production process.
Capitalfirms are divided into mainand negotiable.
Main capital- This is a part of the capital of a firm that is used over many production cycles and transfers its value to the produced economic goods in parts.
Thus, main capital includes land plots, industrial buildings, structures and equipment (machines, computers, vehicles etc.), as well as licenses, inventions, industrial designs, trademarks and service marks, know-how, computer programs, etc.
Part of the cost fixed capital, which is transferred to manufactured goods in one production cycle, is called amortization... In other words, depreciationIs the monetary value of wear fixed capital.
Working capital- this is a part of the capital of a company that is used in one production cycle, requires replacement after each cycle and completely transfers its value to the economic goods produced.
Thus, working capitalincludes raw materials, components, fuel supplies, etc.
Work is a set of physical, intellectual and mental costs incurred by people in the production process.
Entrepreneurship (entrepreneurial ability) -it is a special type of human resources, consisting in the ability to use the rest of the factors of production most efficiently.
Market
Market development prerequisites:
1. System formation social division of labor, i.e. a system of relations in which individual producers specialize in certain types of activities, in the production of certain economic benefits. 2. Economic isolation, independence of producerscapable of independently making economic decisions based on considerations of economic feasibility and rationality. As you know, historically, economic isolation arose in connection with the formation of private property relations.Market functions
The main functions of the market include the following:
1. Intermediary function ... It lies in the fact that the market connects economically independent economic entities: producers of goods and their consumers.
2. Pricing function ... As a result of voluntary interaction on the market of economically independent economic entities - producers and consumers, prices are formed that satisfy their interests.
3. Regulating function ... Due to the free dynamics of prices, the market regulates the volumes of production and consumption of goods, ensuring equilibrium (correspondence) between them.
4 . Information function ... The market provides producers with objective information about the tastes and preferences of consumers, about the satisfaction of needs for certain goods, i.e. what and in what volumes should be produced.
5.C stimulating function . Competition on the market encourages manufacturers to reduce production costs, improve the quality of goods, master the release of new goods, improve service, etc.
Competition - This is a struggle, rivalry between producers for the most favorable conditions for the production and sale of goods.
6.C supporting function ... The essence of this function of the market is that, due to competition, producers who produce non-competitive products are squeezed out of the market, as a result of which the economy is “cleared” of inefficiently operating enterprises.
Types of markets
Existing markets can be classified according to the following criteria:
ÿ for economic purposes (market for consumer goods and services, labor market, securities markets, money market, market for means of production, land market, technology market, information market, etc.);
ÿ by geographic location (local, regional, national, global market);
ÿ by types of participants in market transactions (retail market, wholesale market, government procurement market);
ÿ according to the degree of complianceand (legal market and shadow market);
ÿ by the degree of maturity of the market mechanism (the market is emerging, developed
Market types
Along with the types of markets, it is customary to distinguish between types of markets.
Market type -it is the economic environment in which manufacturers (firms) operate in a particular market.
The specificity of this environment is, first of all, characterized by the degree of restriction of competition in the market (the degree of market monopolization). The degree of market monopolization, in turn, is determined by the level monopoly power.
Monopoly power -this is the ability of a firm to influence the market price of a product by changing the volume of production.
The behavior of a manufacturer in the market is largely determined by the type of market in which he operates.
In economic theory, it is customary to distinguish four types of markets:
1.A market of perfect competition;
2.Pure monopoly market;
3.Market of monopolistic competition;
4.Oligopoly market.
The characteristics of market types are carried out according to the following criteria:
1) the number of firms operating in the market;
2) the nature of the products produced;
3) the presence or absence of barriers for firms to enter the industry (market) and exit it;
4) the degree of accessibility of economic information.
Traditional microeconomics courses prove that the efficiency of the economy (market) can only be achieved in perfectly competitive markets.
Most of the actually functioning markets can be attributed either to markets of monopolistic competition or to oligopoly. It should be borne in mind that the market of perfect competition is considered in economic theory as a kind of abstract model, to which actually functioning markets can more or less approach. At the same time, the use of this economic model for the analysis of many economic phenomena makes it possible to identify the most important regularities in the functioning of the market mechanism, to establish the main relationships between its elements.
What is motive?
Motive (from Lat. moveo - move) - 1) an incentive, a reason for some action; 2) a material or ideal object, the achievement of which is the meaning of activity.
Motive - one of the concepts that describe the scope of the subject's motivation to activity - along with needs, interests, attitudes, ideals, beliefs, drives, emotions, instincts.
Needs
Need - this is the need experienced and realized by a person for what is necessary to maintain his body and personality development.
The need is usually directed towards an item.
Classification of needs.
Classification No. 1:
1) biological needs (the need for breathing, food, water, normal heat exchange, movement, self-preservation, preservation of the genus and other needs associated with the biological organization of a person);
2) social needs (the individual's need for diverse relationships with other people, for self-realization, self-affirmation, public recognition of its merits);
3) ideal needs (cognition of the surrounding world in general and in its particulars, awareness of their place in this world, search for the meaning of their existence).
Classification No. 2. Maslow's pyramid.
American psychologist Abraham Maslow (1908 - 1970) identified the following basic needs:
I. Primary (congenital they are also called vital, material, biological, organic):
1) physiological (the need for breathing, food, water, normal heat exchange, movement, self-preservation, preservation of the genus and other needs associated with the biological organization of a person);
2) existential (examples: the need for security, comfort, stability, protection, freedom from fear, anxiety and chaos; the need for structure, order, law, restrictions);
II. Secondary (purchased):
1) social (examples: the need to create a family, the need for friendship, love, the need to be involved in joint activities);
2) prestigious (examples: the need for career growth, in gaining status, attention, recognition, fame, the need for respect from other people, for self-respect);
3) spiritual, cognitive and aesthetic.
The needs of each subsequent level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.
Unsaturated needs - needs, the desire to satisfy which does not have a clearly defined limit (for example, the need for knowledge).
Among social needs, the needs "for oneself" (asserting their rights) and "for others" (the need to fulfill their duties) are distinguished.
Basically, biological needs in humans, in contrast to animals, become social.
False and true needs
False, imaginary needs - needs, the satisfaction of which leads to physical and spiritual degradation of the individual, damages nature and society.
Examples of false needs: needs for alcohol, drugs, smoking, etc.
Herbert Marcuse:
“We must distinguish between true and false needs. "False" are those that are imposed on the individual by special social interests in the process of suppressing him: these are needs that reinforce hard work, aggressiveness, poverty and injustice. Their satisfaction can bring significant satisfaction to the individual, but this is not the kind of happiness that should be protected and protected, because it (both in the given individual and in other individuals) constrains the development of the ability to recognize the ailment of the whole and find ways to cure it.As a result, euphoria in conditions of unhappiness.Most prevailing needs (to relax, have fun, consume and behave in accordance with advertising patterns , to love and hate what others love and hate) belong to this category of false needs. "
What is the source of false needs?
Karl Marx:
"Alienation is the process of transformation of people's activities and their results into an independent force dominating over them and hostile to them"
Erich Fromm:
“By alienation, I mean this type of life experience when a person becomes a stranger to himself. He seems to be“ alienated ”, separated from himself. He ceases to be the center of his own world, the master of his actions; on the contrary, these actions and their consequences subjugate him, he obeys them and sometimes even turns them into a kind of cult. "
IN modern society this alienation is almost pervasive. It permeates the attitude of a person to his work, to the objects that he uses, extends to the state, to the people around him, to himself.
The main reasons for alienation: 1) the total spread of private property; 2) robotization and computerization of production; 3) the omnipotence of the bureaucracy; 4) social inequality and exploitation; 5) absolutization of human spiritual forces.
Interests
Interest (from Lat. interest - has meaning, important) - 1) in sociology - the real cause of social actions, underlying the immediate motives - motives, ideas, etc. - of the individuals, social groups participating in them; 2) in psychology - the attitude of a person to an object as to something valuable and attractive to her.
The interests of people are based on their needs, but are directed not so much to the objects of need, as to those social conditions that make these objects more or less accessible. Interests depend on the position in society of certain groups of the population.
According to their focus, interests are divided into economic, social, political, spiritual.
Attraction
Attraction - an instinctive desire that prompts the individual to act in the direction of satisfying this desire. The mental state, which expresses the unconscious need of the subject, already has an emotional coloring, but is not yet associated with the advancement of conscious goals.
Attraction is characterized by four aspects: source, purpose, object, and strength (energy).
Freud highlights the following types of drives:
1) attraction to life - life-affirming; their goal is the preservation and development of life in all its aspects; this includes sexual drives and drives for self-preservation; 2) attraction to death, aggression, destruction; they are understood as inherent in an individual, usually unconscious, tendencies towards self-destruction and return to an inorganic state.
