Alma-Ata (Alma-Ata or Almaty, which literally means "father of apples") - this rapidly developing city was founded in 1854 on the site of the Kazakh settlement of Almaty, destroyed by fierce raids and wars, as the Russian border fort Verny, and was the capital of Kazakhstan until the end of 1997
Alma-Ata is located in the south-eastern part of the republic, in the north of the Tien Shan mountain spurs, at the foot of the northern slope of the Trans-Ili Alatau at an altitude of 600-900 m above sea level, in the valleys of the Bolshaya and Malaya Almatinka rivers. The city is quite clean (except for the air - due to its position in the intermountain basin, smog is frequent) and easy to understand, with long straight streets and low-rise architecture that bears the unmistakable imprint of Russian influence. The mountains of the Trans-Ili Alatau rise like a wall along the southern edge of the capital and create an excellent backdrop when the weather and smog allow it.
Everyone who comes to Almaty admires its unique appearance, green attire, majesty, mountain peaks, cascades of fountains, straight wide streets, unique buildings and structures. In the city a large number of parks, lots of space and vegetation, and many of the buildings Soviet era amazingly harmonious. There are a large number of theatres, museums, holiday parks, restaurants, nightclubs and casinos.
Sights of Almaty
Major attractions include Panfilov Park- regular rectangle of vegetation surrounding the bright Zenkovsky Cathedral- one of the few buildings from the Tsarist era that survived the 1911 earthquake (especially if you pay attention to the fact that it was built entirely of wood and without the use of nails). In the western part of the park there are excellent Arasan baths, where there are sections for Turkish, Russian and Finnish baths.
Central State Museum definitely worth a look for its excellent displays on the history of Kazakhstan and a miniature replica of the "Golden Man" - the main archaeological treasure of the country. This is a warrior costume made from 4000 gold pieces decorated with animal motifs.
Almaty has repeatedly suffered from earthquakes (the last ones in 1911 and 1921) and mudflows (powerful anti-mudflow structures have been created, which in themselves can serve as a tourist attraction, since there are no such structures anywhere else in the world).
Almaty or Alma-Ata?
IN last years The controversy surrounding the two names of the southern capital of Kazakhstan flared up with even greater force. On October 18, 2004, the Medeu District Court of Almaty satisfied an unprecedented claim against the newspaper "Arguments and Facts Kazakhstan", which until recently used the name Alma-Ata, and ordered the editors of the newspaper "AiF Kazakhstan" to henceforth comply with the spelling of the city as Almaty. In connection with this, there is some resonance in society today regarding these two names.
This article, written in question-and-answer style, was written in an attempt to systematize the disparate arguments for and against the names of Almaty and Alma-Ata and help the average person decide on this rather complex and confusing issue.
The questions present the main arguments against the name of Almaty, and the answers, respectively, contain counterarguments.
Everything is very simple. "Alma-Ata" is in Russian, and "Almaty" is in Kazakh. Each language has its own way. Just like “Moscow” - in Russian, “Maskeu” - in Kazakh.
Guardians of the Soviet name Alma-Ata often cite parallels with Moscow-Maskeu, which is fundamentally wrong.
Maskeu is truly a Kazakh variant, a Kazakh transliteration of Russian Moscow. Those. the same name (Moscow), but in a different language (Maskeu).
Moscow and Maskeu - this is essentially same name, but on different languages.
Just like Pari - Paris, Roma - Rome, Toshkent - Tashkent, Kiev - Kyiv, Ashgabat - Ashgabat, Baki - Baku, Shupashkar - Cheboksary, etc.
BUT in the case of Almaty/Alma-Ata such analogies are not appropriate.
Alma-Ata is not a Russian transliteration, not a “Russian” name for Almaty, but a completely different, separate word, independent of Almaty.
Almaty is translated from Kazakh as " Apple ", while Alma-Ata is again a set of Kazakh words" Apple-Grandfather ".
Alma-Ata - like Almaty, is also a Kazakh name, only incorrect, given by mistake.
Alma-Ata from Almaty except general word"alma" does not connect anything, these are different names (like, for example, KARATAU and KARASU, AkTOBE and KokTOBE - despite some common words, the names are completely different).
Therefore, one cannot be a “Russian version” of the other.
If Moscow and Maskeu - This same name, but on different languages, then Almaty and Almaty - This different names, but one language.
Then where did the name Alma-Ata come from?
Alma-Ata is artificial a name invented literally in half an hour by Russian-speaking party workers from Tashkent at a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in what was then Verny (now Almaty) on February 5, 1921.
According to the resolution adopted at this meeting by the Presidium of the TurkCEC, the city of Verny henceforth bore a new name - Alma-Ata. A member of the regional revolutionary committee, A. Lepa, summed up the meeting of the Turk Central Executive Committee: “In commemoration of the historical undertakings for Semirechye for the liberation of the Muslim poor, rename the city of Verny to the city of Alma-Ata by the name of the area in which it is located ".
The initiative of the Bolsheviks certainly deserved respect - they decided to colonial name Faithful to return its historical name. But why was Verny renamed “after the name of the area in which it is located” in Almaty , if this very “terrain” for centuries was called nothing more than Almaty ?
At the historical meeting of 1921, the Bolshevik-Kazakhs who participated in the Presidium: Dzhandosov, Atabaev, Baribaev, Asfendiyarov, Sydykov and others proposed returning it to the city historical name - Almaty . But Russian-speaking Bolsheviks from Tashkent of higher rank - Burnashev, Lepa, Pozdnyshev, Subbotin and others did not accept him. These Bolsheviks, whose anthem, as you know, “we will destroy the old world to its foundations, and then we will ours, we new world let's build", separated the root "from the name Almaty" Alma "(apple) and added to it" - Ata "(grandfather), "borrowed" from the neighboring city of Aulie-Ata (now Taraz), apparently considering that it would look better this way.
From the very beginning, the new name Alma-Ata was presented exclusively as Kazakh and historical - “the name of the area in which it is located.”
Such linguistic experiments, which changed Almaty to Alma-Ata, are not surprising; it was fashionable at that time revolutionary era change.
Let us at least remember the popular names Dazdraperma and Lagshmivar. Alma-Ata is not Russian name
city, but Kazakh, only given to the city out of ignorance, by mistake.
But “Alma-Ata” has such a beautiful translation - “Father of Apples”.
"Almaty If so... Apple-Grandfather " - the name is ridiculous both morphologically and semantically - just a bunch of words "
", an incomprehensible hybrid of two Kazakh words that defies semantic translation. Statements that Alma-Ata supposedly means " Grandfather of apples " (not Father) or " Apple grandfather
" - are absolutely not true.
In this case, the correct phrases would be: “Grandfather of Apples” - “Almanyn” Atasy” or “Alma Atasy”, and “Grandfather of Apples” - “Almaly Ata” - this is how adjective-noun combinations are made in the Kazakh language.
But the Tashkent Bolsheviks did not know that Alma could only be a grandmother. But the city of Aulie-Ata was nearby, so they decided to name it according to consonance.
There are the following places named after the names of the “grandfathers”-ancestors: Askhat-Ata, Kadyrbay-Ata, Cholpon-Ata, Aulie-Ata, Bapen-Ata, Koshkar-Ata, etc.
Then if "Alma" is a female name, then Alma-Ata is " Grandfather Alma "- according to this logic it will be, sorry, transvestite (!)
"Alma-Ata" is more beautiful and sounds better.
“Almaty” hurts the ear and doesn’t bend.
Yes, it doesn't lean. Just like many other equally beautiful cities and names, such as Tbilisi, Sochi, Delhi, etc.
Not to mention the Kazakh names used in Russian: Burkitt, Kamysty, Atyrau, Aktau, Kok-Tobe, Medeu, etc. It’s stupid to argue that “Apple-Grandfather” is more beautiful than “Yablonevy” or vice versa. These are all very subjective judgments. Moreover, the first is an artificial set of words, and the second is the historical name of the area. In addition to euphony and inflection, especially important
meaning and correctness titles. In this case, the true meaning of Alma-Ata - "Apple-Grandfather" - is ridiculous and absurd, and "a transvestite grandfather named Alma" is even offensive. There can be no question of correctness. Moreover, even in
Soviet time . To people born in the city of Alma-Ata, this name seems the most beautiful. Your humble servant is a second-generation Almaty resident himself, so I personally understand that many Almaty residents are nostalgic for the Soviet name, with which they have many warm memories. But turning back the wheel of history is pointless. Almaty today is the largest city in the country, the southern capital, the metropolis of independent Kazakhstan, an economic and cultural center, and the fashionable capital of youth. Over these 11 years, since the name was changed to the new old Almaty, the city has changed beyond recognition. It has both new pros and cons, but it develops every new day, and it has its own unique culture and its own rhythm. There are Almaty residents who are already accustomed to the name Almaty, and those who have completely new memories associated with this Almaty, and those who have fallen in love with this name. From returning the city to its former name, the old soviet city Almaty will not return .
This is self-deception. Just as Soviet Alma-Ata would never again become the Verna fortress of the century before last, so modern Almaty of the third millennium will never again be the Alma-Ata of 1986.
But “Alma-Ata” is an established name adopted in the Russian language. Some Russian-speaking journalists in Kazakhstan, using the name "Alma-Ata", refer to the resolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAN) and the Order of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation dated August 17, 1995 No. 1495, which states that in Russian it is recommended to use the name "Alma-Ata". Ata." This sometimes becomes the last straw for journalists to have the right to use the incorrect name “Alma-Ata”..
The creepy and obsessive activity developed recently on the pages of some newspapers by these journalists makes the situation around the hyphen a matter of principle
As can be seen from the above, not all Kazakhstanis fully understand the difference between Almaty and Alma-Ata, that these are completely different names, without any “national” characteristics. Then what can we say about the awareness of the foreign Russian Academy of Sciences in these subtleties of the language? Let us remember in
The Russian language would not be what it is now, “great and powerful,” if it were not a flexible language. It just so happens that over the past 500 years the Russian language has changed dramatically several times. The last 10 years have seen much more dramatic changes driven by globalization and internal changes.
The same RAS several years ago officially confirmed that in the Russian language the names Tatarstan, Bashkiria, Yakutia and the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic should now officially be written as Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Sakha and Mari El, and all these changes, in the opinion of the RAS, do not in any way contradict the grammar and phonetics of Russian language (!).
The rules and principles of the Russian language change depending on political changes , and the example of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Mari El and Sakha is proof of this.
Moreover, on August 17, 1995, the Presidential Administration Russian Federation issued the above-mentioned Order No. 1495 “On the spelling of the names of states - former republics of the USSR and their capitals”, in which the corresponding spellings of Tallinn/Tallinn, Ashgabat/Ashgabat and Alma-Ata/Almaty were streamlined. But also pay attention to what the government has authorized the relevant departments " take into account, if necessary, the wishes of counterparties regarding the spelling of the mentioned names ", later the same wording was repeated in the "Quick Guide to the Formulation of Acts of Federal Bodies state power" (M., 1997, p. 84). © http://www.slovari.ru/lang/ru/rls/ussrnames.html
Name " Almaty "mentioned in the list permitted to counterparties .
Those. According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, the use of the name "Almaty" in Russian is permitted if the counterparty, in this case the state of Kazakhstan, so desires.
Therefore, all the talk about the incorrectness of Almaty in the Russian language is completely groundless.
In the case of the notorious journalists, we are dealing with a deliberate and even aggressive reluctance to “take into account the wishes of counterparties regarding the writing of the mentioned names.”
So, the state’s demands to comply with the onomastics adopted in Kazakhstan are absolutely normal and legitimate.
If "Alma-Ata" is an incorrect Kazakh name used in Russian, then what is the real Russian name for Almaty?
A city with the name Almaty has not existed on the territory of Kazakhstan for 11 years. It was renamed Almaty - a new name and not related to the previous one.
So the question of the real “Russian” name of Almaty is as complicated as, for example, the question of the real “Russian” name of the capital of Kazakhstan - Astana. Is this the current name of Astana? Soviet Tselinograd? Or royal Akmolinsk? Or what is the real “Kazakh” name, for example, of the northern capital of Russia - St. Petersburg? Leningrad? Or maybe Petrograd?
All these new names appeared due to political changes, regardless of linguistics, therefore they cannot be either “Russian” or “Kazakh” variants of each other.
Same with renaming Verny > Almaty > Almaty.
If Alma-Ata is originally a Kazakh name, then the alternative Russian name (not a transliteration) of the Kazakh Almaty is most likely Verny, used in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The fortification and then the city lived under this name for more than sixty years, when Kazakhstan was a colony Tsarist Russia. But the return of this colonial, and partly negative (Loyal to the Tsar, Russia) name in modern Kazakhstan is a more than complicated issue. This is equivalent to if, for example, the British, Portuguese and Belgians demanded that old colonial African names be written and spoken: Salisbury instead of Harare, Lourenço Marques instead of Maputo, Leopoldville instead of Kinshasa.
In principle, the Russian language does not have its own phonetic version of Kazakh Almaty , such as Moscow and Maskeu - English and Kazakh versions of Russian Moscow, or, for example, Chimkent, Issyk and Baikonur - Russian versions of Kazakh Shymkent, Esik and Baikonur.
Both names - Verny and Alma-Ata - are essentially different, individual names that have nothing to do with Almaty.
By the way, in 1867, when the Vernoye fortification received the status of a city, the city was initially renamed Almatinsk, but the name did not stick, and according to the report of the Steppe Commission, the city soon received the name Verny.
Where did the name Almaty come from?
And what does it mean? : Alma + you Alma - this Apple", -You
is a typical adjective suffix in Kazakh place names.
Almaty is the historical name of the area in which the modern city is located. Almaty - "Apple" - was named after the apples that have been growing in these places since ancient times.
Moreover, this was the name of a medieval city and a later settled settlement, which were the predecessors of modern Almaty.
Almaty was first mentioned on silver dirhams of the Chagataid state of the late 13th century. On the coins it is written in Arabic script: “This dirham was minted in the city of Almaty” and the minting date is 684 according to the Muslim Hijri calendar (i.e. 1285-86). You can read more about medieval Almaty coins in the article by Russian orientalist and numismatist V.N.
Nasticha: Almaty - 13th century mint. Statesman , writer and poet of the first half of the 16th century, Zahir ad-din Muhammad Babur, at the very beginning of his work “Babur-name”, mentions Almaty, along with Almalyk and Yangi (Taraz), among major cities
north of the Fergana region. The medieval historian Mirza Muhammad Haydar Dulati in his work “Ta”rikh-i Rashidi” reports major battle
for the Mogul throne, which took place in 1508 (914 AH) “in Almaty, a famous place in Mogolistan.” Availability ancient settlement and a medieval city on the site of modern Almaty is confirmed not only by written sources, but also by archaeological excavations late XIX
and 20th century.
Why then is Alma-Ata considered the Russian version of Almaty and how is it really?
In Soviet times, from 1941-1993, the name Almaty (in Kazakh) was in use in parallel with Alma-Ata (in Russian). This fact gives the false impression that Almaty is supposedly the “Kazakh” name, and Alma-Ata is the “Russian” name of the same city.
Photo: Transport interchange at the intersection of Tashkent-ya, Saina and Sev-Zap Ring streets from the times of the USSR.
You probably noticed that since Soviet times the names of city rivers have been written precisely as Bolshaya and Malaya Almatinka (and not Alma-Atinika), and not otherwise. The same is with the Almaty (and not Alma-Ata) lake, the Almaty (not Alma-Ata) gorge, etc. The root of all these names is the same - the historical name of Almaty, and not the artificial Alma-Ata.
Major M.D. Peremyshlsky, the founder of Verny, is one of the first to use "Almaty" in Russian. In his reports during the advance of his detachment beyond the river. Or the foundations of the Zailiyskoye (later Vernoye) fortification, he writes from a place called Almaty:
G. Corps Commander
With my report dated July 18, No. 140, I had the honor to report on the crossing of the river. Or...
...The wooded area of the gorges from which the Issyk flows forced me to immediately begin to survey them. After inspection, I moved towards Talgar and, having examined its peaks, I am currently overlooking Almaty.
G. Corps Commander
I had the honor to inform Your Excellency about my intentions to survey the peaks Almatov. Having examined the first and second with engineer-lieutenant Aleksandrovsky Almaty and the valley between them, we found due to the convenience of obtaining timber, a large amount of beautiful, arable land, cut by ditches, pastures and hayfields, far superior to the tracts on Issyk and Talgar, which is why we proposed Almaty site of future settlement.
In all royal and Soviet sources, the place where Verny was founded is called Almaty (Kazakh settlement of Almaty, wintering site of Almaty, parking lot of Almaty, Almaty River, etc.). P.P. Semenov-Tien-Shansky wrote about Verny, on the site of Almaty. C.H. Valikhanov calls the Vernoye fortification “Almaty village” and “Almaty picket”.
Thus, the Kazakh name Almaty migrated into the Russian language in the form of names of rivers, lakes, gorges, Cossack villages and other names that have survived to this day.
In 1921, after the fall of the Russian Empire, the historical name of Almaty could have regained official status, but “thanks to” the illiterate Tashkent Bolsheviks, the city of Verny was renamed into something absurd - Alma-Ata.
In 1941 Almaty became official name only in one Kazakh language. All others continued to use the incorrect 1921 name.
And only after gaining sovereignty the whole world learned the real and historical name of the capital of Kazakhstan - Almaty.
In the text of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, adopted on December 28, 1993 at the ninth session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the twelfth convocation, in the section Fundamentals of the Constitutional System in paragraph nine on the Coat of Arms, Flag, Anthem and Capital it was indicated: " The capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the city of Almaty", which meant the abolition of the name Alma-Ata and its renaming into the new Almaty .
Legislative acts of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, adopted on January 28, 1993 and the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan" dated September 15, 1995, determined the new name of the city as Almaty.
The city with the Soviet name Alma-Ata was officially renamed the new old Almaty. Just like Frunze, they renamed Bishkek, Tselinograd to Akmola, and Leningrad to St. Petersburg. Those. the Soviet name was changed to a completely different, historical name.
There can be no talk of “Russian options”. Returning the city's real name to Almaty in 1993 is not a mistake and an insult, as some people want to make out today." former people
", but a manifestation of gratitude from descendants and a triumph of historical justice.
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For a more understandable chronology of the names of Almaty and Alma-Ata, the following table was compiled: |
Years |
Kazakh toponym |
Russian toponym |
International toponym |
|
|
Renaming document |
basic |
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|
1285/86 – 1854 |
additional |
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|
Almaty (Almaty) |
Almaty (unofficial) |
Loyal |
R. Almaty Article 29 772 Full meeting |
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laws of the Russian Empire, vol. XXX, 1854 |
etc. |
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|
Resolution of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic dated February 5, 1921, confirmed on March 14, 1921 |
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Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated January 28, 1993, Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan” dated September 15, 1995.
- CONCLUSIONS: Almaty and Alma-Ata are two different names independent of each other. Both were used in both Russian and Kazakh languages
- . Therefore, it is absurd to call them “Kazakh” or “Russian” versions of each other.
- It is precisely the fact that the artificial name Alma-Ata is both not Russian and incorrectly Kazakh, i.e. It’s generally not clear what, it encourages one to accept something that lends itself to logic. Almaty is a completely logical name.
- Almaty is a historical name with a 719-year history (since its first mention on a Chagataid coin in 1285-86).
- The meaning of the artificially invented and illiterate Alma-Ata is a set of words “Apple-Grandfather” or “Grandfather Alma”.
- Alma-Ata is not a “Russian” name, but a Soviet one.
It is incorrect to call the city by the old Soviet name Alma-Ata, which, apart from the general word “alma”, has nothing to do with Almaty. Continuing to call Almaty by the Soviet (and not “Russian”) name Alma-Ata is equivalent to calling, for example, St. Petersburg by the Soviet name Leningrad, Volgograd - Stalingrad, Bishkek - Frunze, Taraz - Dzhambul, and Astana - Tselinograd, i.e. . absolutely incorrect in official usage.
These names appeared in Soviet times because of ideology (Leningrad, Stalingrad, Tselinograd, Frunze, etc.), or because of the absurdity of the Bolsheviks (as in this case from Almaty - Alma-Ata). None of the above names is a “Russian variant” of the other. And all these names, as well as Almaty and Alma-Ata, are different and in no way connected with each other.
The city of Alma-Ata was officially renamed Almaty in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated January 28, 1993.
The current official name of the city is Almaty.
Alma-Ata, as well as Verny, is the old name of the city of Almaty, which has nothing to do with the current name to call it “Russian” or any other version of Almaty.
In recent years, the controversy surrounding the two names of the southern capital of Kazakhstan has flared up with even greater force. On October 18, 2004, the Medeu District Court of Almaty satisfied an unprecedented claim against the newspaper “Arguments and Facts Kazakhstan,” which until recently used the name Alma-Ata, and ordered the editors of the newspaper “AiF Kazakhstan” to henceforth comply with the spelling of the city as Almaty. In connection with this, there is some resonance in society today regarding these two names.
This article, written in question-and-answer style, was written in an attempt to systematize the disparate arguments for and against the names of Almaty and Alma-Ata and help the average person decide on this rather complex and confusing issue. wrong.
The questions present the main arguments against the name of Almaty, and the answers, respectively, contain counterarguments.
Moscow and Maskeu - this is essentially same name, but on different languages.
Just like Pari - Paris, Roma - Rome, Toshkent - Tashkent, Kiev - Kyiv, Ashgabat - Ashgabat, Baki - Baku, Shupashkar - Cheboksary, etc.
BUT in the case of Almaty/Alma-Ata such analogies are not appropriate.
Alma-Ata is not a Russian transliteration, not a “Russian” name for Almaty, but a completely different, separate word, independent of Almaty.
Almaty is translated from Kazakh as "Apple" , while Alma-Ata is again a set of Kazakh words "Apple-Grandfather" .
Alma-Ata - like Almaty, is also a Kazakh name, only incorrect, given by mistake.
Alma-Ata and Almaty have nothing in common except the common word “alma”, these are different names (like, for example, KARATAU and KARASU, AkTOBE and KokTOBE - despite some common words, the names are completely different).
Therefore, one cannot be a “Russian version” of the other.
If Moscow and Maskeu - This same name, but on different languages, then Almaty and Almaty - This different names, but one language.
Then where did the name Alma-Ata come from?
Alma-Ata is artificial a name invented literally in half an hour by Russian-speaking party workers from Tashkent at a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in what was then Verny (now Almaty) on February 5, 1921.
According to the resolution adopted at this meeting by the Presidium of the TurkCEC, the city of Verny henceforth bore a new name - Alma-Ata. A member of the regional revolutionary committee, A. Lepa, summed up the meeting of the Turk Central Executive Committee: “In commemoration of the historical undertakings for Semirechye for the liberation of the Muslim poor, rename the city of Verny to the city of Alma-Ata by the name of the area in which it is located ».
The initiative of the Bolsheviks certainly deserved respect - they decided to return the city with the colonial name Verny to its historical name. But why was Verny renamed “after the name of the area in which it is located” in Almaty , if this very “terrain” for centuries was called nothing more than Almaty ?
At the historical meeting of 1921, the Kazakh Bolsheviks who participated in the Presidium: Dzhandosov, Atabaev, Baribaev, Asfendiyarov, Sydykov and others proposed returning the city to its historical name - Almaty . But higher-ranking Russian-speaking Bolsheviks from Tashkent - Burnashev, Lepa, Pozdnyshev, Subbotin and others - did not accept him. These Bolsheviks, whose anthem, as you know, “we will destroy the old world to the ground, and then we will build ours, we will build a new world,” separated the root from the name Almaty "Alma" (apple) and added to it "-Ata" (grandfather), “borrowed” from the neighboring city of Aulie-Ata (now Taraz), apparently considering that it would look better this way.
From the very beginning, the new name Alma-Ata was presented exclusively as Kazakh and historical - “the name of the area in which it is located.”
Such linguistic experiments, which changed Almaty to Alma-Ata, are not surprising; it was fashionable in that revolutionary era of change. Let us at least remember the popular names Dazdraperma and Lagshmivar.
Alma-Ata is not the Russian name of the city, but a Kazakh one, only given to the city out of ignorance, by mistake.
But “Alma-Ata” has such a beautiful translation - “Father of Apples”!
If so...
"Alma-Ata" - the name is ridiculous both morphologically and semantically - just a bunch of words "Apple-Grandfather" , an incomprehensible hybrid of two Kazakh words that defies semantic translation.
Statements that Alma-Ata supposedly means "Grandfather of Apples" (not Father) or "Apple Grandfather" - are absolutely not true.
In this case, the correct phrases would be: “Grandfather of Apples” - “Almanyn Atasy” or “Alma Atasy”, and “Grandfather of Apples” - “Almaly Ata” - this is how adjective-noun combinations are made in the Kazakh language.
There is another “justification” for Alma-Ata, they say - this name is in honor of the name of the grandfather-ancestor (ata).
But the Tashkent Bolsheviks did not know that Alma could only be a grandmother. But the city of Aulie-Ata was nearby, so they decided to name it according to consonance.
There are the following places named after the names of the “grandfathers”-ancestors: Askhat-Ata, Kadyrbay-Ata, Cholpon-Ata, Aulie-Ata, Bapen-Ata, Koshkar-Ata, etc.
Then if “Alma” is a female name, then Alma-Ata is "Grandfather Alma" - according to this logic it will be, sorry, transvestite !
“Alma-Ata” is more beautiful and sounds better. “Almaty” hurts the ear and doesn’t bend.
Yes, it doesn't lean. Just like many other equally beautiful cities and names, such as Tbilisi, Sochi, Delhi, etc. Not to mention the Kazakh names used in Russian: Burkitt, Kamysty, Atyrau, Aktau, Kok-Tobe, Medeu, etc.
It’s stupid to argue that “Yabloko-Grandfather” is more beautiful than “Yablonevy” or vice versa. These are all very subjective judgments. Moreover, the first is an artificial set of words, and the second is the historical name of the area.
Not to mention the Kazakh names used in Russian: Burkitt, Kamysty, Atyrau, Aktau, Kok-Tobe, Medeu, etc. meaning and correctness titles. In this case, the true meaning of Alma-Ata - “Apple-Grandfather” - is ridiculous and absurd, and “a transvestite grandfather named Alma” is even offensive. There can be no question of correctness.
Moreover, even in Soviet times, city residents very rarely pronounced the name of the city as Almaata, Almaatinka, Almaatinets, and more often they simply said Almaty, Almatinka, Almatinets, i.e. without rolling out the double "a" separated by a hyphen. Which, again, proves the obvious artificiality of the name Alma-Ata.
The point here is not in abstract “beauty” and far-fetched “euphony”, and not even in the inclination of Alma-Ata, but in a banal habit, reluctance to change and, of course, a certain amount of nostalgia for the past .
To people born in the city of Alma-Ata, this name seems the most beautiful. Your humble servant is a second-generation Almaty resident himself, so I personally understand that many Almaty residents are nostalgic for the Soviet name, with which they have many warm memories. But turning back the wheel of history is pointless. Almaty today is the largest city in the country, the southern capital, the metropolis of independent Kazakhstan, an economic and cultural center, and the fashionable capital of youth. Over these 11 years, since the name was changed to the new old Almaty, the city has changed beyond recognition. It has both new pros and cons, but it develops every new day, and it has its own unique culture and its own rhythm. There are Almaty residents who are already accustomed to the name Almaty, and those who have completely new memories associated with this Almaty, and those who have fallen in love with this name.
The old Soviet city of Alma-Ata will not return from returning the city to its former name. . This is self-deception. Just as Soviet Alma-Ata would never again become the Verna fortress of the century before last, so modern Almaty of the third millennium will never again be the Alma-Ata of 1986.
But “Alma-Ata” is an established name adopted in the Russian language!
Some Russian-speaking journalists in Kazakhstan, using the name "Alma-Ata", refer to the resolution Russian Academy Sciences (RAN) and on the Order of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation dated August 17, 1995 No. 1495, which states that it is recommended to use the name “Alma-Ata” in Russian. This sometimes becomes the last straw for journalists to have the right to use the incorrect name “Alma-Ata”. The creepy and obsessive activity developed recently on the pages of some newspapers by these journalists makes the situation around the hyphen a matter of principle.
As can be seen from the above, not all Kazakhstanis fully understand the difference between Almaty and Alma-Ata, that these are completely different names, without any “national” characteristics. Then what can we say about the awareness of the foreign Russian Academy of Sciences in these subtleties of the language?
Let us remember that in the Russian Empire there lived such peoples as the Veliross, Little Russians, Kyrgyz-Kaisaks, wild-stone Kyrgyzs, Taranchis, Chukhons, Sarts. The empire disappeared - the Little Russians with the Sarts and the Kaisaks with the Chukhons disappeared. Many toponyms also disappeared, including the well-known Verny. The Russian language survived this very well. This is about “established” names.
The Russian language would not be what it is now, “great and powerful,” if it were not a flexible language. It just so happens that over the past 500 years the Russian language has changed dramatically several times. The last 10 years have seen much more dramatic changes driven by globalization and internal changes.
The same RAS several years ago officially confirmed that in the Russian language the names Tatarstan, Bashkiria, Yakutia and the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic should now officially be written as Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Sakha and Mari El, and all these changes, in the opinion of the RAS, do not in any way contradict the grammar and phonetics of Russian language (!).
The rules and principles of the Russian language change depending on political changes , and the example of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Mari El and Sakha is proof of this.
Moreover, on August 17, 1995, the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation issued the above-mentioned Order No. 1495 “On the spelling of the names of states - former republics of the USSR and their capitals,” in which the corresponding spellings Tallinn/Tallinn, Ashgabat/Ashgabat and Alma-Ata/Almaty were streamlined. But also pay attention to the fact that the government has allowed the relevant departments “to take into account, if necessary, the wishes of counterparties regarding the spelling of the mentioned names” , later the same wording was repeated in the “Quick Guide to the Formulation of Acts of Federal Bodies of State Power” (M., 1997, p. 84).
Name "Almaty" mentioned in the list permitted to counterparties .
That is, according to the legislation of the Russian Federation, the use of the name “Almaty” in the Russian language is permitted if the counterparty, in this case the state of Kazakhstan, so desires.
Therefore, all the talk about the incorrectness of Almaty in the Russian language is completely groundless.
In the case of the notorious journalists, we are dealing with a deliberate and even aggressive reluctance to “take into account the wishes of counterparties in writing the mentioned names.”
So, the state’s demands to comply with the onomastics adopted in Kazakhstan are absolutely normal and legitimate.
If "Alma-Ata" is an incorrect Kazakh name used in Russian, then what is the real Russian name for Almaty?
A city with the name Almaty has not existed on the territory of Kazakhstan for 11 years. It was renamed Almaty - a new name and not related to the previous one.
So the question of the real “Russian” name of Almaty is as complicated as, for example, the question of the real “Russian” name of the capital of Kazakhstan - Astana. Is this the current name of Astana? Soviet Tselinograd? Or royal Akmolinsk? Or what is the real “Kazakh” name, for example, of the northern capital of Russia - St. Petersburg? Leningrad? Or maybe Petrograd?
All these new names appeared due to political changes, regardless of linguistics, therefore they cannot be either “Russian” or “Kazakh” variants of each other.
Same with renaming Verny - Almaty - Almaty.
If Alma-Ata is originally a Kazakh name, then the alternative Russian name (not a transliteration) of the Kazakh Almaty is most likely Verny, used in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The fortification and then the city lived under this name for more than sixty years, when Kazakhstan was a colony of Tsarist Russia. But the return of this colonial, and partly negative (Loyal to the Tsar, Russia) name in modern Kazakhstan is a more than complicated issue. This is equivalent to if, for example, the British, Portuguese and Belgians demanded that old colonial African names be written and spoken: Salisbury instead of Harare, Lourenço Marques instead of Maputo, Leopoldville instead of Kinshasa.
In principle, the Russian language does not have its own phonetic version of Kazakh Almaty , such as Moscow and Maskeu - English and Kazakh versions of Russian Moscow, or, for example, Chimkent, Issyk and Baikonur - Russian versions of Kazakh Shymkent, Esik and Baikonur.
Both names - Verny and Alma-Ata - are essentially different, separate names that have nothing to do with Almaty.
By the way, in 1867, when the Vernoye fortification received the status of a city, the city was initially renamed Almatinsk, but the name did not stick, and according to the report of the Steppe Commission, the city soon received the name Verny.
Where did the name Almaty come from? And what does it mean?
And what does it mean? : Alma + you - this Apple", - this Apple", is a typical adjective suffix in Kazakh place names.
For example, in Kazakhstan there are (names taken from the 1990 Atlas of the Kazakh SSR in Russian): rivers Kayrakty (Tochilnoye), Ashchytasty (Gorkokamennoye), Bulanty (Losinnoye), Moyynty (Sheynoye), Buldyrty (Mutnoye); mountains Burkitty (Berkutnoe), Bakty (Sadovoe); Lake Balykty (Rybye) and the settlements of Aktasty (Belokamennoe), Bakbakty (Oduvanchikovoe), Kamysty (Kamystovoye), Arshaty (Archovoye) ... and of course Almaty (Yablonevoye).
Almaty is the historical name of the area in which the modern city is located. Almaty - "Apple" - was named after the apples that have been growing in these places since ancient times.
Moreover, this was the name of a medieval city and a later settled settlement, which were the predecessors of modern Almaty.
Almaty was first mentioned on silver dirhams of the Chagataid state of the late 13th century. On the coins it is written in Arabic script: “This dirham was minted in the city of Almaty” and the minting date is 684 according to the Muslim Hijri calendar (i.e. 1285-86). You can read more about medieval Almaty coins in the article by Russian orientalist and numismatist V. N. Nastich “Almaty - the 13th century mint”.
Statesman, writer and poet of the first half of the 16th century. Zahir ad-din Muhammad Babur at the very beginning of his work “Babur-name” mentions Almaty, along with Almalyk and Yangi (Taraz), among the large cities north of the Fergana region.
The medieval historian Mirza Muhammad Haydar Dulati, in his work “Ta"rikh-i Rashidi,” reports a major battle for the Mogul throne, which took place in 1508 (914 AH) “in Almaty, a famous place in Mogolistan.”
The presence of an ancient settlement and a medieval city on the site of modern Almaty is confirmed not only by written sources, but also by archaeological excavations of the late 19th and 20th centuries.
Why then is Alma-Ata considered the Russian version of Almaty and how is it really?
In Soviet times, from 1941-1993, the name Almaty (in Kazakh) was in use in parallel with Alma-Ata (in Russian). This fact gives the false impression that Almaty is supposedly the “Kazakh” name, and Alma-Ata is the “Russian” name of the same city.
Transport interchange at the intersection of Tashkentskaya, Saina and North-West Ring streets from the times of the USSR
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You probably noticed that since Soviet times the names of city rivers have been written precisely as Bolshaya and Malaya Almatinka (and not Alma-Atinka), and not otherwise. The same is with the Almaty (and not Alma-Ata) lake, the Almaty (not Alma-Ata) gorge, etc. The root of all these names is the same - the historical name of Almaty, and not the artificial Alma-Ata.
The tradition of using the name Almaty in Russian begins long before the founding of the Vernaya fortress in 1854.
Major M.D. Peremyshlsky, the founder of Verny, is one of the first to use “Almaty” in the Russian language. In his reports during the advance of his detachment beyond the river. Or the foundations of the Zailiyskoye (later Vernoye) fortification, he writes from a place called Almaty:
G. Corps commander
With my report dated July 18, No. 140, I had the honor to report on the crossing of the river. Or... The wooded area of the gorges from which the Issyk flows forced me to immediately begin to survey them. After inspection, I moved towards Talgar and, having examined its peaks, I am currently surveying Almaty.
G. Corps commander
I had the honor to inform Your Excellency about my intention to survey the peaks Almatov. Having examined the first and second with engineer-lieutenant Aleksandrovsky Almaty and the valley between them, we found due to the convenience of obtaining timber, a large amount of beautiful, arable land, cut by ditches, pastures and hayfields, far superior to the tracts on Issyk and Talgar, which is why we proposed Almaty site of future settlement.
In all royal and Soviet sources, the place where Verny was founded is called Almaty (Kazakh settlement of Almaty, wintering site of Almaty, parking lot of Almaty, Almaty River, etc.). P.P. Semenov-Tien-Shansky wrote about Verny, on the site of Almaty. Ch. Ch. Valikhanov calls the Vernoye fortification “Almaty village” and “Almaty picket”.
Thus, the Kazakh name Almaty migrated into the Russian language in the form of names of rivers, lakes, gorges, Cossack villages and other names that have survived to this day.
In 1921, after the fall of the Russian Empire, the historical name of Almaty could have regained official status, but “thanks to” the illiterate Tashkent Bolsheviks, the city of Verny was renamed into something awkward - Alma-Ata.
In 1941, Almaty became the official name in only one Kazakh language. All others continued to use the incorrect 1921 name.
And only after gaining sovereignty the whole world learned the real and historical name of the capital of Kazakhstan - Almaty.
In the text of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, adopted on December 28, 1993 at the ninth session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the twelfth convocation, in the section Fundamentals of the Constitutional System in paragraph nine on the Coat of Arms, Flag, Anthem and Capital it was indicated: “The capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the city of Almaty,” which meant the abolition of the name Alma-Ata and its renaming to the new Almaty.
Legislative acts of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, adopted on January 28, 1993 and the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan” dated September 15, 1995, determined the new name of the city as Almaty.
The city with the Soviet name Alma-Ata was officially renamed the new old Almaty. Just like Frunze, they renamed Bishkek, Tselinograd to Akmola, and Leningrad to St. Petersburg. That is, the Soviet name was changed to a completely different, historical name. There can be no talk of “Russian options”.
The return of the real name of Almaty to the city in 1993 is not a mistake and an insult, as some “former people” want to present today, but a manifestation of the gratitude of descendants and the triumph of historical justice.
For a more understandable chronology of the names of Almaty and Alma-Ata, the following table was compiled:
| For a more understandable chronology of the names of Almaty and Alma-Ata, the following table was compiled: | Years | Kazakh toponym | Russian toponym | International toponym | |
| basic | add. | ||||
| 1285/86 - 1854 | Almaty | Almaty | Almaty (Almaty) | ||
| 1854 - 1921 | Almaty (unofficial) | Zailiyskoe, True, Almatinsk, Loyal |
Almaty village, Almaty picket, R. Almaty, R. Almaty |
Loyal | Article 29 772 of the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire, vol. XXX, 1854 |
| 1921 - 1941 | Almaty | Almaty | R. Almaty, Almaty Lake, Almaty Gorge etc. |
Almaty | Resolution of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic dated February 5, 1921, confirmed on March 14, 1921 |
| 1941 - 1993 | Almaty | ||||
| 1993 - | Almaty | Almaty | Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated January 28, 1993, Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan” dated September 15, 1995 | ||
Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated January 28, 1993, Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan” dated September 15, 1995.
- Almaty and Alma-Ata are two different names independent of each other. Both were used in both Russian and Kazakh languages. Therefore, it is absurd to call them “Kazakh” or “Russian” variants of each other.
- It is precisely the fact that the artificial name Alma-Ata is at the same time not Russian and incorrectly Kazakh, i.e. It’s generally not clear what, it encourages one to accept something that lends itself to logic. Almaty is a completely logical name.
- Almaty is a historical name with a 719-year history (since its first mention on a Chagataid coin in 1285-86).
- The meaning of the artificially invented and illiterate Alma-Ata is a set of words “Apple-Grandfather” or “Grandfather Alma”. Almaty, according to all the rules, is translated as “Apple Tree”.
- The Russian language does not have its own phonetic version, the transliteration of Almaty. In Russian it will be “Almaty,” as Peremyshlsky wrote back in 1853. The alternative Russian name is rather Verny, rather than the originally Kazakh Alma-Ata. The name Almaty was used in Russian for the longest time (since the mid-19th century) and in parallel with Verny and Alma-Ata with all the “derived” names of city rivers, lakes, villages, etc.
- Alma-Ata is not a “Russian” name, but a Soviet one. It is incorrect to call the city by the old Soviet name Alma-Ata, which, apart from the general word “alma”, has nothing to do with Almaty. Continuing to call Almaty by the Soviet (and not “Russian”) name Alma-Ata is equivalent to calling, for example, St. Petersburg by the Soviet name Leningrad, Volgograd by Stalingrad, Bishkek by Frunze, Taraz by Dzhambul, and Astana by Tselinograd, i.e. ., absolutely incorrect in official use. These names appeared in Soviet times because of ideology (Leningrad, Stalingrad, Tselinograd, Frunze, etc.), or because of the absurdity of the Bolsheviks (as in this case from Almaty - Alma-Ata). None of the above names is a “Russian variant” of the other. And all these names, as well as Almaty and Alma-Ata, are different and in no way connected with each other.
In what region is the city of Almaty (Almaty) located?
The city of Alma-Ata (Almaty) is part of the Alma-Ata region.A characteristic of a region or subject of a country is the integrity and interconnection of its constituent elements, including cities and other settlements, included in the region.
The Almaty region is an administrative unit of the state of Kazakhstan.
Population of the city of Alma-Ata (Almaty).
The population of the city of Alma-Ata (Almaty) is 1,552,300 people.Year of foundation of Alma-Ata (Almaty).
Year of foundation of the city of Alma-Ata (Almaty): 1854.In what time zone is the city of Almaty (Almaty) located?
The city of Almaty (Almaty) is located in the administrative time zone: UTC+6. Thus, you can determine the time difference in the city of Almaty (Almaty), relative to the time zone in your city.Telephone code of the city of Almaty (Almaty)
Telephone code city of Alma-Ata (Almaty): +7 727. In order to call the city of Alma-Ata (Almaty) from a mobile phone, you need to dial the code: +7 727 and then the subscriber’s number directly.Official website of the city of Alma-Ata (Almaty).
Website of the city of Almaty (Almaty), official website of the city of Almaty (Almaty) or as it is also called “Official website of the administration of the city of Almaty (Almaty)”: http://almaty.kz/.Flag of the city of Almaty (Almaty).
The flag of the city of Almaty (Almaty) is the official symbol of the city and is presented on the page as an image.Coat of arms of the city of Alma-Ata (Almaty).
The description of the city of Alma-Ata (Almaty) presents the coat of arms of the city of Alma-Ata (Almaty), which is a distinctive sign of the city.Metro in the city of Alma-Ata (Almaty).
The metro in the city of Alma-Ata (Almaty) is called the Alma-Ata Metro and is a means public transport.The passenger traffic of the Alma-Ata (Almaty) metro (the congestion of the Alma-Ata (Almaty) metro) is 6.90 million people per year.
The number of metro lines in the city of Almaty (Almaty) is 1 lines. The total number of metro stations in Alma-Ata (Almaty) is 9. The length of metro lines or the length of metro tracks is: 11.30 km.
ALMA-ATA (Kazakh - Almaty), a city at the northern foot of the Trans-Ili Alatau, on the Bolshaya and Malaya Almatinka rivers (Republic of Kazakhstan). Founded in 1854 as a Russian military fortification, since 1867 the city of Verny has been the center of the Semirechensk region as part of the Turkestan Governor-General. Since 1921 A.-A. In 1929-36 the capital of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as part of the RSFSR, in 1936-90 - the Kazakh SSR (since 1990 the Republic of Kazakhstan). In 1991-98 the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Almaty - quite interesting city Kazakhstan, which until 1997 was the capital of the country, and which is currently an unofficially recognized southern capital republics. Almaty has still retained those important metropolitan qualities that were formed in it during its stay as the main center of the republic. However, despite the fact that it is no longer such, the city has not lost its charm and attractiveness, remaining as valuable to the people and the country as many years ago.
The city is located at the foot of the Trans-Ili Alatau mountains in the extreme southeast of the republic, at the northernmost ridge of the Tien Shan, it rises from 600 to 1650 meters above sea level. The city has a sharply continental climate, the air temperature varies sharply not only throughout the year, but also during the day. There are several small rivers in Almaty, among which the Bolshaya and Malaya Almatinka, as well as their tributaries, stand out. Main water resources cities are rivers and lakes.
Now Almaty is the most important state, cultural and science Center, where the country's main universities, the Academy of Sciences, national theaters, as well as hundreds of monuments and fountains are located. Almaty is also the sports capital of Kazakhstan; the Asian Winter Games will be held here in 2011.
Population
The total number of city residents as of 2009 was 1,365,105 people, but this figure may not be entirely accurate, since in addition to registered citizens, Almaty is also home to a large number of illegal migrants who came to the city in search of work or simply a better life; it is approximately 13%. Thus, the number of city residents can reach 2 million people. The population density is 4,379 people/sq.km. In terms of ethnic composition, the city is quite multinational; representatives of such nations as Kazakhs, Russians, Uyghurs, Tatars, Koreans, Germans, Ukrainians, Turks and others live here. People here speak different languages, the predominant of which are Kazakh and Russian. The city is characterized by multi-confessionalism. Followers of world religions such as Islam (specifically Sunnism), Christianity (Orthodoxy, Protestantism and Catholicism), Judaism and other less common beliefs live and work here.
Alma-Ata was the last capital and largest city of the Kazakh SSR
Name
On the spot modern city already in the late Middle Ages there was a camp of Turkic and Mongolian nomads. At that time it was called Almaty. More new story begins for the city in 1854, when on the site of the settlement of the Kazakh nomads Almaty (translated as “apple tree”) a Russian military fortification was built called Zailiyskoye, later renamed Verny, then in 1867 - Almatinskoye, then Verny. In 1921 the city was given the name Alma-Ata. Literally this name can be translated as “Apple-Grandfather”, since “alma” in Kazakh means “apple”, in Soviet publications the name of the city was translated more poetically - “Father of Apples”. Since 1993, the city began to be officially called Almaty in Kazakh and Russian languages. Currently, this name is correct, although the old name, Alma-Ata, is widespread in Russia.
History of the city of Almaty
The first settlements of early farmers and cattle breeders on the territory of Almaty appeared in the 10th - 9th centuries BC. Other historical sources prove that here in the 6th - 3rd centuries BC. there were settlements of the famous tribes of the Sakas, and later the Usuns. The most significant finds dating back to this period are the Saka mounds, the largest of which reached 20 meters in height, and the diameter at the base was over 100 meters. They were located mainly along the banks of the Bolshaya and Malaya Almatinok, Vesnovka, and Aksay rivers. Several urban settlements were founded in this region between the 8th and 10th centuries. And one of them was named “Almaty”. This settlement was quite prosperous, since in ancient times it lay on a section of the famous Great Silk Road between Europe and China. The 13th century turned out to be difficult for Almaty, when it, like many cities in Central Asia, was destroyed by the warlike army of Genghis Khan. Later, with the decline of the Great Silk Road, the city completely lost any significance and in its place a typical aul was formed in the 16th century.
Main Post Office. 1931 - 34. Architect G. G. Gerasimov.
A new life for a small settlement began on February 4, 1854, when the Russians erected a military fortification on this site. 470 soldiers and officers of the Russian army settled here. Since 1855, the settlement began to grow dynamically, mainly due to the presence of Russian settlers here. From now on, the city began to actively develop: the Bolshaya and Malaya Almaty Stanitsas, the Tatarskaya Slobodka, and the “Government Garden” (now the Central Park of Culture and Leisure) emerged. In 1858, with the opening of the first brewery, the local manufacturing industry began to develop. In 1859, 5 thousand people already lived in the city, and in 1860 the first hospital and post office opened.
In April 1867, Verny became the center of the Semirechensk region as part of the Turkestan General Government.
On May 28, 1887, a powerful earthquake occurred, killing 322 people and destroying 1,798 brick houses. In memory of the tragedy, people built a small chapel, which, unfortunately, was demolished in 1927. Soon after the earthquake, a seismic and meteorological station was established in the city, and houses began to be built taking into account seismicity and mainly from wood. Thus, large wooden buildings of the city were built - the House of the Military Assembly Regiment, the Cathedral, and the House of Public Assembly.
In 1918, Soviet power came to Verny. The city and region became part of the Turkestan Autonomy (TASSR) as part of the RSFSR. On April 3, 1927, the capital of the Cossack Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was moved from Kyzylorda to Alma-Ata, which was the reason for the further development of the city in all areas of its life. Almaty also remained the capital of the newly formed Kazakh SSR in 1936, and of independent Kazakhstan in 1991.
, or by means of a cable car built back in 1967. As it is popularly called, the “cable car” passes over a part of the old city built up with private houses, often called “kompot”. The area received this unusual name thanks to the fruit streets that make it up: Yablochnaya, Grushovaya and others.
Almaty TV Tower In the spring of 2004, an unpleasant event occurred on Mount Kok-Tyube: after heavy rains the earth began to crack, the soil disappeared, and the buildings built on the hill collapsed. There was a real threat of a landslide, which would cause enormous damage to the residential areas located at the foot. That's why local authorities
In order to avoid such an emergency situation, they decided to close the mountain. Work has begun to keep the soil from further sliding. Today, the “restored” Mount Kok-Tyube is again open to visitors and delights them with its bright green slopes. Almaty TV tower.
The TV and radio broadcasting tower is located on the slopes of Mount Kok-Tyube. Its height is 372 meters, there are two observation platforms, which can be reached by high-speed elevators. However, despite all the conditions provided, the tower is closed to tourists. The structure was erected between 1975 and 1983 and is one of the most earthquake-resistant buildings in the world. The Palace of the Republic is located at the intersection of Dostyk Avenue and Abay Avenue. The main purpose of the palace is to host concerts, festivals and other cultural events. The building has been the pride of Almaty since the reign of Dinmukhamed Kunaev. On the square in front of the palace you can see fountains and a monument to the Kazakh poet Abai Kunanbayev. The history of the palace begins in 1970, when it was still called the Palace of Culture named after V.I. Lenin. In 1971, its creators (V. Yu. Alle, V. N. Kim, Yu. G. Ratushny, N. I. Ripinsky, A. G. Sokolov, L. L. Ukhobotov, etc.) for their marble work of art were awarded the USSR State Prize.
Beatles Monument
Beatles monument. It is the first monument to the world's most famous Fab Four erected in the CIS. The monument is quite young. It was installed only in 2007, it is located on Mount Kok-Tyube. The author of the bronze Beatles was Eduard Kazaryan. The composition depicts only John Lennon seated, with a guitar in his hand. If you wish, you can sit next to the metal “double” of the musician. George Harrison, Ringo Starr and Paul McCartney are shown standing.
Park named after 28 Panfilov guardsmen. The park is located in the Medeu district of the city, covering an area of 18 hectares. In the park you can see various species of trees: elm, oak, aspen, maple, pine, spruce, as well as a complex of structures that give the already picturesque park an even more impressive look. Among the buildings in the park one can highlight the Ascension Cathedral, the Memorial of Glory, the House of Officers, the Ykylas Museum of Folk Musical Instruments, and the Monument to I.V. Panfilov.
The park was founded in the 70s of the 19th century, when Verny itself was still under construction. The name of the park has changed many times over its more than century-long existence. This park was the Pushkin Garden, and the Park of those who fell for freedom, and the Federation Park, until, finally, it began to honor with its name the 28 soldiers of the 1075th regiment of the 316th division, who accomplished a feat in the defense of Moscow during the Great Patriotic War.
Zenkov Cathedral in Almaty.
Ascension Cathedral. This Russian Cathedral Orthodox Church located in the center of the park. A unique wooden structure, built in 1904 - 1907 by the famous architect A.P. Zenkov, became an excellent example of an earthquake-resistant structure, which in 1911 withstood strong earthquake in 10 points. Moreover, the height of the temple is 54 meters. The internal structure of the cathedral was made in art workshops in Moscow and Kyiv. The iconostasis was painted by artist N.G. Khludov. It was used as a religious institution until 1927. During the Soviet era, the cathedral building housed a local history museum. In 1995, the temple was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church, and in 1997, after careful restoration work, bells began to ring here again and Orthodox services were held.
In 2007, the National Bank of Kazakhstan issued a coin in denomination of 500 tenge, on the reverse of which the Orthodox Ascension Cathedral is depicted. 4,000 silver coins were issued with the aim of promoting greater understanding of the entire culture of Kazakhstan, promoting the presentation of religion as a peaceful teaching about the spiritual and moral self-improvement of the individual. The obverse of the coin depicts the coat of arms of Kazakhstan.
Memorial of Glory. It was built in 1975 on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the Victory in the park of 28 Panfilov guardsmen, in the same year the Eternal Flame was lit. The opening of the memorial took place on May 8, 1975. Its first part is the high relief “Oath” (on the left side) - it is dedicated to young fighters for Soviet power In Kazakhstan. central part The triptych “Feat” captured the images of heroes who defended Moscow at the cost of their own lives. On the right is the composition “Trumpets of Glory”, which gives the entire memorial an optimistic sound; its images embody the hymn of a triumphant life. U Eternal Flame
there are massive cubes made of labradorite, under which are walled up capsules with earth delivered from the hero cities.
Museum of Folk Musical Instruments named after Ykylas
House of Officers. The former building of the district officers' house was built in 1978, the authors of which were Yu. G. Ratushny, O. N. Balykbaev, T. E. Eraliev. The house is located near the eastern entrance to the park named after 28 Panfilov guardsmen. The building is a magnificent architectural landmark of the city. Stone, aluminum, decorative plastics, synthetic materials, leather and other materials were used in interior decoration. The strict combination of colors of the white shell rock of the attic floor with the black veins of flagstone gives the building a special solemn appearance. Museum of Folk Musical Instruments named after Ykylas. officers' meeting, the building of which was built back in 1908, the museum began operating in 1980. All kinds of musical instruments, mainly Kazakh, are collected here - the pride of the Kazakh people. In the past, many outstanding folk singers, poets, and composers used them when composing new musical works of art and simply to the delight of listeners. Over a thousand exhibits are kept in the Almaty Museum, which are of particular interest and value for true admirers of this kind of art. The interior of the museum is decorated in the traditional Kazakh style, using motifs of such folk patterns as agash - the tree of life, shynjara - running waves, uzilmes - a climbing stem.
Central Mosque. The mosque was built in July 1999 and on this moment is the most grandiose monument in Kazakhstan - a symbol of the Muslim religion. The building is decorated with marble and colored tiles, reflecting the national culture of the country. A huge blue dome rises above the mosque, and next to it there is a minaret 47 meters high.
Independence Monument. As if emerging from the pages of history, this monument has become a kind of mirror, reflecting the entire historical chronicle of the development and formation of the Kazakh people and Kazakhstan, starting from the time of the ancient queen of the Saka tribe Tomaris, and ending with the present time. In the center of the complex there is a symbol of independence - the “Golden Warrior”.
Medeo.
Medeo is a sports complex built in 1972 in the gorge of the same name, located 15 km from the city. The peculiarity of the Medeo skating rink is that it is located at an altitude of 1500 m above sea level; a special role is played by the quality of the ice, based only on the purest mountain water without any admixtures of salts, and rarefied air. Interestingly, over 33 years, 126 world records were set at the high-altitude skating rink. This is why the skating rink is also called the “record factory.” In the 1990s, Medeo was the site of the Voice of Asia international music festival. On December 16, 2009, the sports complex, as well as the Chimbulak ski resort, located a little higher, were reopened after reconstruction.
Fountains of Almaty.
Today in the city of Almaty there are more than 120 fountains, 61 of which are communal property. Together with the extensive irrigation ditch network, the fountains create a single complex of reservoirs and watercourses in the city.
The first fountain in Almaty appeared in 1948; it marked the beginning of the so-called “fountain cult” in the city. As a result, every year May 25 is celebrated as Fountain Day, when at 9 pm a water show begins in every fountain in the city. Every year from May 25 to September 15, the fountains operate regularly from 10 a.m. to 2 a.m. Monuments of Almaty.
