Appearance and portrait of the criminal

Temperament and portrait largely determine the behavior and, consequently, the fate of a person. Here we consider the appearance of men as the main carriers of crime. Although, it is believed that any character traits, including criminal ones, are most consistently concentrated in a woman, since she is the “permanent” memory of humanity, while a man is the “operative” memory. No one more than a woman can disguise the evil inclination within herself, behind a beautiful appearance - a cold heart, behind wet, drooping eyes - ruthlessness. An artist-dancer of the Orenburg Musical Comedy Theater washed the blood from the crime weapon - a tourist hatchet, with which her husband Ionesyan, an artist of the same theater, killed victims, including children, entering apartments under the guise of a Mosgaz employee. Aware of their evil inclination, women more often than men, being potential criminals, do not succumb to the call of fate and follow the “religious line”, becoming soothsayers, fortune-tellers, healers like the former Komsomol member and failed doomsday prophetess Masha Tsvigun from the White Brotherhood.

As a rule, the criminal past and present are felt in the face and demeanor. In older people, the past leaves clear traces on the face, fixed as a result of the constant repetition of emotions. It is more difficult to read evil or other secret vices on a young face, especially if the person is experienced in the art of hypocrisy. The higher the development, the more differentiated the facial muscles are, making it possible to convey or mask moods and thoughts. If a person is in the mood for something, truly concerned about something, this is reflected in his appearance. Apart from the heavy lower jaw, cleft chin and sharp facial folds, the greatest overpowering effect is the gaze of the criminal, which, like nothing else, shows what he was faced with. The look corresponds to the character of a person, but more often it is deliberately developed to suppress not only the victims, but also their environment.

A criminal sometimes hides under the guise of an elegant, sophisticated and well-mannered person, a university graduate who speaks English, is a connoisseur of literature and art, and collects antiques. Therefore, there will be no general approach to describing the portrait of a criminal; we will try to give average information that can be used as a guideline. We offer some characteristics of a person from the book by Moreau-Christophe “The World of Fraudsters”. Try to evaluate yourself and those around you for compliance with the described portraits.

People are known to be different in temperament.

Cholerics have a bilious temperament. The lot of these people is hard labour, great talents, deep delusions, serious crimes. They strive to achieve everything by force, violence, violence, and are influenced by imagination and passions. They have a bold and daring appearance, sparkling eyes, a lean face, black hair, a strong but undersized physique, strong muscles, and a thin figure. They are often regulars in prison, or at least predisposed to actions that would lead them there.

Melancholic people They have a sad expression on their face, sunken eyes with a gloomy expression, black and straight hair, a tall and thin figure, long limbs. The look is restless and timid. They appear weak in appearance, but have remarkable strength. Suspicious, unsure of themselves, jealous, envious. The imagination retains in memory the most insignificant impressions; little things are perceived as incidents. These are the most dangerous scammers and criminals.

Phlegmatic people They are distinguished by a weak and delicate physique, a calm face, straight hair of indeterminate color and dull eyes. At the same time, they have a portly body and thick, albeit weak, muscles, and leisurely movements. As a result of laziness, they are moderate in vices, as well as in everything else - in virtue, feelings, thoughts. They are only looking for peace. Criminals, from whom energy and dynamics are required, are rarely and then forced.

Sanguines even less dangerous than phlegmatic people. Always excited, prone to lively impressions, carried away, easily consoled in grief and satiated with passions. They are not capable of strong mental tension or serious reflection. Quiet, patient, calm, obedient. They are distinguished by their small stature and stature, proportional build, fresh and cheerful face, lively eyes, soft and delicate skin. As a rule, they are light and agile.

By shape heads You can draw the following conclusions about a person:

Square - energy, firmness, confidence;

Round - initiative, speed of reaction, courtesy;

Oval - mental alertness, flexibility, independence;

Triangular - intelligence, resourcefulness, cunning.

Face- this is the only part of the human body that is animated by thought. With some experience it can be hidden. But even the most experienced swindlers get tired of their game, and then vice sets its mark on the face, distorts the muscles, obscures the eyes, beauty gives way to ugliness, and a rogue, a thief, a murderer is revealed.

It is difficult to judge a person’s personality by facial features, but a preliminary impression can be made, later clarifying, if possible, by analyzing behavior, verbal and non-verbal characteristics. The upper part of the face characterizes thinking abilities, the middle - spiritual, sensual qualities - the lower, from the tip of the nose to the end of the chin - material properties and a tendency to vices and crimes. A wide face means greater self-confidence; if the bulk of the face is located below the nose, then the person also has great physical activity and energy. A narrow face means indecision; the bulk of the face is located above the nose - the person has great mental energy. He will not be enraged by small or even major failures. Pointed profile - insight. A face that widens from the mouth to the ears and then narrows - greed.

Wide, square, protruding forward at the corners - creative person, thinker, courageous, wise;

Prominent in the middle is the analyst's forehead;

Convex at the temples - subtle intelligence and cunning;

Straight, tall, narrow - undeveloped imagination, slow-witted, but strong character and consistency of actions;

Slanted back - intelligence, wit, practical orientation.

Hair:

Silky, soft, thin - weak character, lack of energy;

Tough, curly - strong character, serious mind, difficult disposition;

Straight, thick - a rude, dull mind;

Blonde - sensitivity and tenderness;

Chestnut, black - energy, passion, voluptuousness;

Red - irritability, temper, anger;

Redheads - extreme malice or the greatest kindness;

Thick hair - strength, hardness, courage, cruelty;

Sparse hair - weakness, tenderness, cowardice;

Hair of a different color than the eyebrows is a sign of pretense.

Brows:

Close to each other, thick and overhanging define a powerful mind, strength, energy, hardness;

Divided, sparse and smooth - weakness of the mind, weakness of physical strength, meekness.

Eyes.

What epithets can be given to the eyes: a mirror of the soul, a pledge of fidelity, a crater of hatred, a symbol of vitality, soft, gentle, piercing, hard, empty, expressionless, glassy, ​​cold, absent, lovers, laughing, crying. Essentially, all possible definitions of human feelings can be attributed to the eyes. A look can excite, rivet, express pain and hatred, and can “kill.”

Eye shape:

Large, bulging - mental mediocrity, good memory, open character, reliability, will, energy;

Round, small - insight, cunning, anger, mockery, unreliability, superficiality, susceptibility to influence;

Low upper eyelid extending over the pupil - lack of analytical abilities; the upper eyelid is not visible - a strong analyst.

Eye location:

Widely placed - coldness, sobriety, practicality, indecision, breadth of nature;

Narrowly defined - idealist, fanatic, striving for perfection, demanding, easily excitable.

Eye expression:

Lively, clear and brilliant - kindness, timidity and weakness of mind;

Inexpressive, dull - little prudence, inability to experience emotional disturbances.

Eye color:

Black, brown - courage and fortitude;

Blue - on the contrary;

Greenish - ardor, irascibility, courage, bravery;

Black with blue whites - anger, greed (gypsy eyes).

Thick eyelashes, little open eyelids - rudeness and stupidity; the eyelashes and eyelids are very open, the pupil is clearly defined - the mind is original, whimsical.

Straight, almost perpendicular to the face - courage, constancy, perseverance, independence;

Eagle - strength of character, will, thoughts, love of gain;

Flattened, inclined towards the lip - gluttony and voluptuousness;

Dull and short - a simple mind, easily deceived;

Small, thin, agile - mockery;

Smooth, straight, motionless - narrowness of mind, coldness, skepticism;

Upturned - gullibility, tendency to submit.

Correct outlines - a strong, judicious mind;

Compressed, straight narrow lips - coldness, practicality, a penchant for acquisitiveness, stinginess, love of order;

Open - stupidity;

Thick lips - kindness, frankness;

Compressed lips - vanity, cunning, a tendency to anger and cruelty;

Shortened lips - stinginess, greed, greed;

Raised upper lip - kindness or weakness of mind;

A drooping lower lip means a high mind;

A fleshy lower lip is a sign of passion (which is why women like to paint it on themselves, trying to deceive them with excessive sexuality);

Drooping corners of the lips are bad qualities, pessimism.

Jaws, teeth:

Wide jaws - strong, cruel, prone to adventure;

Long teeth - weakness, timidity;

Small teeth - cunning, subtlety of mind, vindictiveness, difficult character;

Protruding teeth - lack of energy, sharp mind;

Open upper gum - phlegmatic, cold.

Large, wide, fat - stupidity, a penchant for practical matters;

Not very large - intelligence, internal weakness;

Fixed - coldness, selfishness;

Hanging, agile, thin - sharp mind, courage, independence.

Chin:

Round with a hollow - kindness;

Soft, fleshy, forked - sensuality;

Wide, flat - coldness, selfishness, pugnacity;

Angular - smart, dexterous;

Thick, fat - stupidity;

Cut back - weakness of moral qualities;

Prominent, pointed - courage, sarcasm, stubbornness;

Bony, thin, pointed - greed, ambition, intelligence, cunning.

C. Fourier described 600 normal human characters. There are no less of them in crime. The given portrait characteristics, on the one hand, make it possible to understand a person, but on the other hand, knowing them, you can disguise your appearance and intentions by putting on a false guise. There is a set of stereotypes that mislead a person. For example, full a man seems to us in most cases to be talkative, good-natured, accommodating, trusting, emotional, and open; tall, thin- nervous, ambitious, suspicious, those who love solitude, secretive; athlete- courageous, bold, self-confident, energetic, daring, initiative. It should be added that such a stereotype often deprives us of the opportunity to correctly understand a person, especially if it concerns high-ranking managers.

Additional attributes of a stereotype are clothing, cosmetics, voice, etc. For example, a military or police uniform ensures complete trust in a person. Robbers like to dress like this before a raid. Marriage scammers seduce women with a sailor's suit, a pilot's suit, and sometimes even a general's uniform. If you wear a priest’s costume to disguise yourself, which is widely practiced by scammers today, then you can easily be convinced that trust in the Holy Father is absolute. Every woman knows how cosmetics can disguise. Instead of one person, under a roughly painted or skillfully applied mask, you can see a completely different one. An indispensable attribute of a thief and a swindler is glasses. The person immediately seems more intelligent, diligent, and decent.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Recognizing a person is difficult, almost impossible. Monstrous egoism, often covered with refined charm, hides the intentions of the criminal. Therefore, the above traits can only become auxiliary material, using which in a criminal situation, the victim can try to find the emotional strings of the criminal on which to play.

2. If this fails, do not resist, do not show any antagonism - you are the victim of a criminal who often needs to destroy you. There is a small chance of escape. Try using it.

3. The given portrait characteristics can be used by applying them to famous state leaders, deputies and local figures. Most of their deeds are known, and from them one can judge the correspondence of the portrait characteristics and the declared official statements. This is a good test for beginning physiognomists.

This text is an introductory fragment.

§ 7. The subject of the crime and the identity of the criminal Each person who has committed a crime is a bearer of many socially significant qualities. Of these, only age, sanity and, in some cases, signs of special behavior are important for the crime.

Chapter III. Identity of the criminal

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2. Basic personality traits of a criminal Let us consider some features of the criminological characteristics of the personality of a criminal, primarily socio-demographic ones. Studying and taking into account the criminological characteristics of the individual will allow us to establish specific differences

4. Formation of the personality of a criminal The process of personality formation is usually considered as socialization - as a process of endowing the individual with social properties, choice life paths, establishing social connections, forming self-awareness and system

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PSYCHOPHYSICAL PORTRAIT OF AN AVERAGE PROFESSIONAL LAWYER AND HIS SPECIFIC FEATURES 1. A professional lawyer is gentle in communicating with the client - the main task of the Defender is to lure the citizen into his web, conclude an agreement with him and

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Portrait-hypothesis In the spring of 1978, Antonin Aleksandrovich Popov brought a letter from the chairman of the Novorzhevsky district executive committee to the Leningrad Forensic Laboratory with a request to help the regional folk museum in recreating the appearance of their fellow countryman, the Decembrist N.P.

Methodology for a systematic description of signs of appearance and functional features a person for the purpose of his identification, called a “verbal portrait”, is widely used in modern law enforcement practice. The basis of this technique is the provisions on the relative immutability and individuality of the combination of many features that characterize the structural features of the human body and its functional characteristics, as well as their reliable display.

^ When describing appearance using the verbal portrait method, the following basic rules must be followed:

1) optimal completeness of description;

2) use of uniform special terminology;

3) sequence of description.

^ Optimal Full description must satisfy its purpose, that is, use for searching and identifying a specific person. For example, the description of the appearance of a missing person, made in the registration card, should contain the maximum of known signs, which, in the event of the discovery of the corpse of an unknown person, will make it possible to compare in detail all the signs of the deceased with the signs of the missing person.

^ Detailed description compiled during an expert examination of photographic portraits, examination of the corpse of an unknown person and registration of missing, detained and arrested persons. In the conditions of operational activities, one can limit oneself to an abbreviated description of the appearance of the observed person. The purposes of searching for a criminal are satisfied by a brief but informative verbal portrait containing a general physical description of appearance, a description of the anatomical, anthropological, functional characteristics and special features that individualize a person.

^ Unified Special Terminology, used in drawing up a verbal portrait, is adopted for the purpose of accurate description and an unambiguous understanding of the signs of a person’s appearance to be identified.

^ Elements of appearance are characterized in full face (view of the face directly, from the front) and in profile according to the main defining features, that is, size (size), shape, contour, position, color. To describe the human body, its parts are defined in the following positions: “front view”, “rear view”.

^ Dimensions (size) may indicated in absolute numbers, if available, but more often in relation to other parts and details of the body. When characterizing sizes, a three-member classification is usually used. The sizes of parts of the body and face are described in such gradations as small, medium, large; low, medium, high; long, medium, short; narrow, medium, wide; deep, medium, shallow; thick, medium, thin, etc.

^ The form is expressed in comparison with the shape of the surface - convex, concave, etc., as well as in comparison with the shape of well-known objects - pear-shaped, almond-shaped, ovoid, etc.

^ The contour is described similar to geometric shapes(round, oval, triangular, etc.) and the shape of the lines (straight, winding, arched, broken, etc.).

^ Position determined in relation to the vertical, horizontal and parts of the body in terms such as oblique, protruding, raised, lowered, horizontal, vertical, lower, higher, to the right, to the left, closer, further, etc. In relation to the horizontal and vertical, the definition is made with the normal position of the head . A normal position is taken to be when, when viewing the face from the front, a line drawn through the middle of the eyes and the upper thirds of the ears is horizontal, and through the middle of the forehead, along the back of the nose and the middle of the chin - vertical.

^ Color is characterized in generally accepted terms (white, black, red, gray, yellow, etc.). It is indicated regarding the color of skin, hair, eyes, scars, tattoos, birthmarks, nails, teeth, etc.

The sequence of description is based on the principle from general to specific. This sequence corresponds to the peculiarities of the human perception mechanism appearance another subject: first - the general appearance, then - parts of the body and, finally, individual details.

When verbally recording signs of appearance, they are guided by special rules included in the “verbal portrait” technique. Verbal portrait is a forensic method of describing a person’s appearance using uniform terms, carried out according to a certain system for the purposes of criminal registration, search and identification of living persons and corpses.

^ Description rules by method verbal portrait are based on the interrelated principles of consistency and completeness. The principle of consistency determines the sequence (order) of description. The principle of completeness provides for a detailed description.

1. First, the signs characterizing the general physical elements of appearance are recorded: gender, age, nationality (anthropological type), height, physique, then the anatomical signs of individual areas of the body and elements (physique, head, facial elements, torso and limbs); after that - functional signs, accompanying signs; special signs and catchy signs.

^ Demographics include an indication of nationality, nationality, ethnic group. Racial identity is roughly determined by a combination of the following characteristics: skin, hair and eye color, the nature and shape of hair, thickness of lips, protrusion of cheekbones, profile of the back of the nose, certain proportions of the face and some other features. It can be Negroid-Australoid, Mongoloid and Caucasoid. Nationality, nationality, ethnic group is indicated according to reliable data. In the absence of such, it is determined by comparative visual observation “in appearance,” for example, “looks like a Georgian.” Indication of nationality, nationality, ethnic group “by appearance” in the presence of documentary data is also necessary in cases where a person differs from his (documented) nationality, nationality, ethnic group.

^ General physical characteristics of a person. Age is determined based on reliable data. If they are absent, the age is indicated approximately, for example, “a man appears to be 25-30 years old.” Indicating age "by appearance" in the presence of documentary data is also necessary in cases where a person seems significantly younger or older than his years. Human height is measured using anthropometric means, with absolute numerical values ​​in centimeters indicated. It is characterized, as a rule, by a seven-member gradation: very low, “small” (for men up to 150 cm); low, “small”, “small”, “low” (151-160 cm); average, “normal”, “regular” (160-170 cm); above average (171-175 cm); tall, “big” (176-185 cm); very tall, “giant”, “huge” (over 185 cm). For women, these limits are reduced by 5-10 cm. When determining height, it is necessary to take into account the height of the heels of shoes, the person’s posture and functional changes body length during the day - in the morning the growth is several centimeters greater than in the evening.

2. The description of appearance characteristics is carried out according to the scheme “from general to specific” and “top to bottom”. In this case, they first characterize the figure as a whole, the head as a whole, the face as a whole, its individual elements, neck, shoulders, back, chest, arms, legs.

3. Each of the anatomical elements is characterized by shape, size and position, and some by color.

3.1. When describing the shape, use the name of geometric shapes (round, oval, rectangular, triangular, etc.) or geometric lines(straight, convex, winding, etc.).

3.2. The description of the dimensions of the elements is not given in absolute values, but in relation to other elements of appearance. At the same time, they characterize its height, length, width, quantity, etc. The gradation of values ​​is most often threefold: large, medium, small. Five-membered can also be used, with the addition: very large and very small. With a seven-member gradation they add: “above average”, “below average”. If there are doubts about the size characteristics, then it is indicated in two values: “medium-small”, “large-medium”.

3.3. The position of the element is determined relative to the vertical and horizontal planes of the body (horizontal, inclined, beveled inward, etc.), as well as by its relative position (fused, separate).

3.4. Hair is characterized by color (black, dark brown, light brown, blond, red, gray); eyes (black, brown, gray, etc.) and sometimes skin color (very red, yellow, bluish-red nose, birthmark color, etc.).

4. For the description, uniform terms accepted in the verbal portrait must be used, excluding discrepancies and ambiguities.

5. Anatomical features are described in relation to two angles: front view and side view (full face and right profile). In this case, the head should be in a “normal” position, when a horizontal line passes through the bridge of the nose, the outer corner of the eye and the upper third of the auricle (the so-called French anthropological horizontal). The facial muscles should be in a calm state (without smiling, facial expressions, grimaces), no makeup, hair removed from the forehead and ears, glasses and hats removed (their description is given in the accompanying signs)

Below is the description diagram external signs using the “verbal portrait” method, compiled in compliance with the above principles.

^ Description of anatomical features

Floor: male, female.

Age. It is established: a) according to documents, if they do not raise doubts; b) “in appearance” (indicating this circumstance and within certain limits: apparently 25-30 years old, apparently 50-60 years old, etc.); c) according to a medical examination or forensic medical examination.

Nationality(face type). In the absence of documents and other reliable information confirming a person’s nationality, it is permissible to determine the type of person. This may be an anthropological type of appearance characteristic of a certain race (Caucasian, Mongoloid, Negroid, etc.) or a comparative definition of the type in relation to our country: European type, Caucasian, Central Asian, Mongolian, etc.

^ Figure as a whole

Height determined most often by a three-member gradation: low (for men up to 160 cm), medium (for men from 160 cm to 170 cm) and high (for men over 170 cm) (For women, these digital values ​​​​are used for each category 10 cm less .). Acceptable characteristics: very low, very high. If data on anthropometric measurements are available or can be obtained (medical record, etc.), then height is indicated in absolute values.

Body type characterized depending on the development of the musculoskeletal system and the degree of fat deposits. There are body types: weak, very weak, average, stocky, athletic. According to the degree of fatness, a person can be characterized by the following characteristics: thin, lean, average fatness, plump (features - very thin, very plump - “obese”).

^ Description of functional characteristics

Posture- the usual position of the torso and head (the usual human posture). In this case, the position of the head relative to the body is noted (deviated to the right or left shoulder, tilted forward, tilted back), as well as the position of the body in relation to the vertical (back straight, stooped, hunched).

Gait- a set of habitual automatic movements when walking as a manifestation of a certain dynamic stereotype formed in a person. This circumstance determines the constancy of such gait elements as step length (left, right), step width, step angle, turn angle, feet. Therefore, when describing the gait, the size of the step (long, short) is noted. Step width (narrow or short foot spacing, foot placement when walking (toes out, toes in, parallel), tempo (fast, slow), appearance (soft, heavy, staggering, waddling, bouncing, mincing, wobbling gait). Noted also lameness, dragging of the leg, position of the arms when walking (swinging of the arms, hands in pockets, laid behind). The gait may change under the influence of diseases of the legs. nervous system suffered head injuries.

Gesticulation- a set of movements of a person’s arms, shoulders (sometimes head), with which he accompanies his speech in order to give it greater expressiveness. When describing gestures, their pace (fast, slow), expressiveness (buoyant, energetic, sluggish), the nature of gestures and their content (indicative, figurative, etc.) are recorded.

Facial expressions- movement of muscles and elements of the face that change its expression depending on the emotional state of a person or his desire. It can be very developed or inexpressive. Usually the most pronounced and habitual facial expressions are noted (raising eyebrows, biting lips, winking, etc.).

Speech- in relation to it, they characterize both data related to speech itself and data from the speech mechanism. In the first case, they note the languages ​​that a person speaks and which of them is his native language, dialect or adverb, accent, pronunciation features, construction of phrases, use of slang words, clogging of speech (“here,” “you understand,” etc. .).

In relation to the speech mechanism, note the tempo (slow, fast), character (calm speech, excited), speech features (burr, lisp, nasal sound, etc.). The voice is characterized by timbre (bass, baritone, tenor, alto, treble), strength (weak, medium, strong) and purity (clear, hoarse, dull, hoarse).

Manners(habits) behavior are formed in the process of human life and are expressed in the monotonous (usually automatic, uncontrolled) performance of certain actions (rubbing palms, stroking the head, mustache, stepping from foot to foot, manner of lighting a cigarette, greeting, etc.).

^ Description of accompanying elements and their characteristics

This description applies to clothing, shoes, hats and items that... Usually a person has with him (glasses, ring, chains, pendant, etc.) In relation to clothing, its name (jacket, raincoat, jacket, etc.), type (civilian, sports, military, uniform, etc.) is noted. etc.), style and cut (single-breasted jacket, raglan coat, hat with earflaps, etc.), color, pattern, material, condition of clothing, performance characteristics. Other related items are described in a similar way.

The first to suggest looking for signs associated with criminal behavior in the features of a person’s appearance was Lavater (1741 - 1801) and his supporters. In their opinion, such signs were: small ears, lush eyelashes, small nose, large lips (quite a pretty portrait).

Of course, it was not possible to identify any stable connection between these signs and criminal behavior.

Then, Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) proposed his theory of phrenology, which studied external features skulls, which are indicators of personal traits, properties and inclinations. Some ridges on the skull were considered indicators of “lower” brain functions (aggression), while others represented “higher” functions and tendencies (morality). It was believed that among criminals, “lower” aspirations prevail over “higher” ones.

The number of folds and gray matter in the brains of animals increases in proportion to their mental abilities - from fish and amphibians to ungulates, cats, monkeys, on the basis of this he suggested that under the convexities of the skull there are clusters nerve cells the corresponding department responsible for this or that human quality.

The most dubious qualities are evidenced by the convex arc surrounding the ear:

VI. "Predatory instincts, ability to kill" (damn, those are the only bulges on my skull, I think everyone else does)

In the second half of the 19th century, phrenology began to be called a “pseudoscience.” And this name fully justifies itself, it seems.

Physiognomy and phrenology became predecessorscriminal anthropology, a teaching that is often associated with the work of the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso (1835 - 1909) and his students.

Lombroso believed that criminals are characterized by anomalies of internal and externalanatomicalbuildings typical of primitive people Andgreat apes.

From the first edition of his work on the criminal man, Lombroso clearly distinguishes him from the mentally ill. A born criminal is special variety the human race. Initially Lombroso recognized one general type a born criminal; then he began to recognize three of them: the type of murderer, thief and rapist. Two other leaders of the anthropological school also speak about the same three types. Enrico Ferri and Garofalo :

1. Killers are usually distinguished by glassy, ​​cold eyes, bloodshot, a large, often aquiline, downturned nose, developed fangs, jaws and cheekbones.

2. About thieves, Lombroso says that they have a special mobility of the face and hands, wandering small eyes, knitted eyebrows, a sparse beard, a protruding auricle, set at an angle, crooked, sunken, sometimes snub noses.

3. Rapists are distinguished by shiny eyes, swollen lips, feminine body movements, and a broken or hoarse voice.

Born criminals are also distinguished by the relatively large size of their faces, compared with the rest of the skull, which is seen as a sign of a relatively lower organic structure.

In a work on women, he expressed the opinion that female criminals were superior to male criminals in cruelty, but were less common.

With moral callousness and insensitivity born criminals combined with hindsight, due to which they are inaccessible to the influence of the threat of criminal law, the absence moral sense, remorse and remorse, as well as a highly developed vanity, surpassing even the vanity of artists and writers, vindictiveness and special pride. The passions of born criminals - love, passion for games, for delicious food - are characterized by unbridledness, inconstancy and violence. Even noble feelings and inclinations for many of them take on a painful nature and are unstable. In addition, born criminals have a tendency to get tattoos. “In addition to its great prevalence,” says Lombroso, “the very nature of the content of tattoos is striking: shamelessness, boasting of a crime and a strange contrast of evil passions, along with tender feelings.

Lack of sensitivity and greater visual acuity bring criminals closer to savages. The sense of smell among criminals is very acute, especially among criminals against sexual morality, but the taste is somewhat dull.

A born criminal is usually left-handed, and the right hemisphere of his brain works more than the left.

And there is a peculiarity in the gait of a born criminal: his left step is longer than his right and, in addition, his left foot forms a greater angle with the center line than the right; the same features are seen in epileptics.

Of particular importance is Lombroso and his school of insensitivity of born criminals to pain, and in general their reduced sensitivity.

“I saw,” says Lombroso, “how two murderers, who had hated each other for a long time and had denounced each other, fought on a walk, and one bit the other’s lip, and the latter tore out the enemy’s hair; both then complained not about the wounds, which entailed serious consequences, but about the fact that they were unable to complete their revenge.”

Analgesia, Lombroso believes, explains why criminals are relatively durable. Lombroso and Ferri also use it to explain the underdevelopment of the sense of compassion among criminals.

Born criminal , according to the teachings of Lombroso, is, first of all, an anatomical and physiological type, i.e. a subject marked by a number of unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. In all parts of his body, Lombroso and his school find a number of characteristic anomalies. They literally measure the criminal from head to toe and find features everywhere. Some of these features are external in nature and are determined directly by measuring the corresponding part of the body on living and dead people, others are hidden inside the body and are discovered during autopsies of corpses.

At the same time, in the enumeration distinctive features There is no definite system to the anatomy of a born criminal. Characters of the most diverse anatomical and biological significance are presented in disorder.

Natural-born criminals often exhibit: asymmetry of the skull, a short forehead, a protruding profile, and various deviations in the shape of the cranial and facial bones.

Lombroso identified the following main characteristics inherent in born criminals:

• Unusually small or large stature
• Small head and big face
• Low and sloping forehead
• Lack of a clear hair growth boundary
• Wrinkles on the forehead and face
• Large nostrils or lumpy face
• Large, prominent ears
• Protrusions on the skull, especially in the “collapse center” area above the left ear, on the back of the head and around the ears
• High cheekbones
• Lush eyebrows and large eye sockets with deep-set eyes
• Crooked or flat nose
• Protruding jaw
• Fleshy lower lip and thin upper lip
• Pronounced incisors and generally abnormal lips
• Small chin
• Thin neck, sloping shoulders with a wide chest
• Long arms, thin fingers

In general, everyone who is scary, in his opinion, is also dangerous.

Critics rightly pointed out that similar features exist in law-abiding individuals, and there is no statistical difference in the frequency of their occurrence.

In view of this, in the later works of Lombroso himself and his students, in addition to criminals who commit crimes due to biological predisposition, those who can break the law under the influence of life circumstances are also identified - accidental or potential criminals.

Lombroso's theory was almost completely abandoned and the emphasis was placed on the insanity of criminals. As a result, at the beginning of the 20th century, psychiatric hospitals were overcrowded with all sorts of people, both guilty and random, and the methods of treatment were, to put it mildly, not gentle. As, for example, in the book “Over the Cuckoo’s Nest”.

And as measures that were necessary to take only to prevent commission of crimes, supporters of this theory - German psychiatrist Ernst Kretschmer, American criminologistsWilliam Sheldon,Eleanor Gluck was offeredhormonal therapy, as well as placing potential criminals in special camps, where they will be taught skills of socially useful behavior...

Along with the. Attempts have been made to make criminal behavior dependent onconstitutional type of person (body type), which, in turn, was associated with the work of the endocrine glands. There were three main somatic types:

• Endomorphic - tendency toobesity, soft roundness of the body, short and thin limbs, thin bones, smooth skin; relaxed personality with increased level comfort, loves luxury,extrovert
• Mesomorphic - predominance of muscles, bones and musculoskeletal system, large torso, wide chest, large hands and arms, dense physique; active, aggressive and unrestrained personality type.
• Ectomorphic - predominance of skin, fragile body, thin bones, sloping shoulders, small face, sharp nose, thin hair; sensitive type withattention disorders Andinsomnia, skin problems andallergies.

Although every person exhibits characteristics of all three of these types to a certain extent, it was believed that criminals have the greatest degree ofsigns of the mesomorphic type are expressed.

Since then, many more theories have been applied, but the real reason and the relationships have never been established accurately.

The technique of drawing up a verbal portrait of a person is used in various fields of science and art.

First of all this technique used in forensic practice for searching and expert identification of persons, for criminal registration of criminals, as well as in forensic medicine in the process of personal identification.

Verbal portrait (in criminology) is a system for describing a person’s appearance for the purpose of identifying him. A verbal portrait includes a general description of a person’s appearance; anatomical features; special signs; functional signs; features of clothing, shoes, hats and other things.

The technique of drawing up a verbal portrait is carried out daily in the process of communication, since people’s communication
presupposes the idea of ​​the persons mentioned during the communicative act.

When verbally recording signs of appearance, they are guided by special rules included in the “verbal portrait” technique.

However, foreign students do not have the skills to draw up a verbal portrait, their descriptions are inconsistent, fragmentary, and uneven in the description of certain features, so using the methodology for drawing up a verbal portrait in Russian as a foreign language lessons will help foreign students learn to correctly characterize a person.

Description rules when drawing up a verbal portrait

• First, the signs characterizing general physical elements of appearance: gender, age, nationality, height, physique, then anatomical characteristics of individual areas of the body and elements; after that - the functional characteristics of accompanying items.
• The description of appearance features is carried out according to the scheme “from general to specific” and “top to bottom”. In this case, they first characterize the figure as a whole, the head as a whole, the face as a whole, its individual elements, neck, arms, legs.
  It is important to maintain consistency in the description. The description is carried out from general to specific, from top to bottom. First, the figure as a whole is characterized, then individual areas of the body (face, neck, arms, legs) and functional signs and features are described;
• Each of the anatomical elements is characterized by shape and size, and some by color.

If you follow the rules of description using the verbal portrait method, then the totality of these parameters and points grows into a clear and detailed scheme for describing a person’s characteristics, i.e. his portrait.

Scheme for drawing up a verbal portrait

I. general characteristics appearance based on the impression made on the interlocutor (beautiful, attractive, repulsive, etc.)
II. Gender, age and nationality (gender, age, nationality):
III. Anatomical features:
1. Height(tall, short, etc.).

2. Figure(slim, etc.); physique (strong, fragile
etc.).

3. Face:

a) in shape (round, wide, narrow, etc.);
b) by skin color (dark, ruddy, pale, etc.);
c) according to special characteristics (wrinkles, freckles, etc.);
d) by facial expression (naive, stern, etc.).

4. Eyes:
a) by shape (large, small, narrow, etc.);
b) by color (blue, brown, gray, etc.);
c) by reflecting the emotional state (inflamed, sad
etc.);
d) by reflecting character traits (smart, cunning, etc.)

5. Eyelashes:


c) in shape (straight, curved, etc.);
d) by the presence of makeup (made up, etc.).
6. Eyebrows:
a) by length (long, short);
b) in width (thin, wide)
c) by volume (thick, sparse);
d) in shape (straight, curved, etc.);
e) by the presence of makeup (made up, etc.).

7. Hair:
a) by length (long, short, shoulder-length, etc.);
b) by volume (thick, sparse);
c) in shape (straight, curly, wavy, etc.);
d) by color (chestnut, black, red, etc.);
e) according to the naturalness of the color (dyed, natural, etc.)
e) by type of hairstyle/haircut (braid, ponytail, bob, etc.).
8. Cheeks:
a) by shape (plump, sunken, etc.);
b) by color (ruddy, pale, etc.);

9. Forehead:

a) by size (high, low);
b) according to the degree of openness (open, closed).

10. Nose (straight, snub, aquiline, etc.).

11. Lips:
a) in shape (plump, thin, etc.);
b) by expressing a person’s emotional state (compressed,
smiling, etc.);
c) by the presence of makeup (made up, etc.).

12. Chin(flat, with a dimple, etc.).

13. Ears(large, small, protruding, etc.).

14. Mustache(for a man):
a) by length (long, short);
b) by volume (thick, sparse);
c) in shape (straight, curved, twisted, etc.);
d) by color (black, red, gray, etc.).

15. Beard(for a man):
a) length (long, short);
b) by volume (thick, sparse);
c) in shape (flat, wedge-shaped, etc.);
d) by color (black, red, gray, etc.).

16. Neck(long, short).

17. Hands:
a) by length (long, short);
b) in size (muscular, thin, etc.);
c) according to special characteristics (calloused, well-groomed, etc.);

18. Legs:
a) by length (long, short);
b) by shape (straight, curved, etc.);

19. Distinctive features: mole, birthmark, tattoo
ka, etc.

IV. Clothes, shoes and other items:
1. General characteristics of clothing:

a) by gender and age (male, children and
etc.);
b) according to fashion (fashionable, old-fashioned, etc.);
c) according to the impression made on the interlocutor (stylish, beautiful, etc.).
2. Outerwear:
a) by season (winter, spring, summer, autumn);
b) by type (coat, jacket, raincoat, etc.);
c) by material (drape, leather, fur, etc.)
3. Headdress(cap, hat, scarf, etc.).

4. Basic clothes:
a) by purpose of use (business, everyday, home, etc.);
b) by item of clothing (jacket, blouse, jacket, trousers, etc.);
c) by shape: dress (fitted, loose, etc.); skirt (flared, narrow, etc.); trousers (tight, straight, etc.);
d) by material (silk, velvet, wool, corduroy, etc.).

5. Shoes:
a) by type (shoes, boots, sneakers, etc.);
b) by the presence of a heel/platform (on a heel, on a platform and
etc.).
6. Accessories, decorations(tie, belt, ring, brooch, etc.).
V. Functional characteristics:
1. General characteristics of a person’s character(light, heavy and
etc.).
2. Character (character traits):
a) in relation to people (caring, demanding, etc.);
b) by outlook on life (principled, passive, etc.);
c) by mental abilities (smart, quick-witted, etc.);
d) in relation to work (hardworking, efficient, etc.).
3. Emotional state(calm, emotionless, etc.).
4. Behavior(modest, daring, ill-mannered, etc.).
5. Gait(light, heavy, limping, etc.).
6. Habits, hobbies(runs in the morning, smokes, bites nails, etc.).

The number of points in the scheme may vary depending on the situation and the degree of awareness of the speaker about the subject who is being characterized in the process of the communicative act.

Difficulties for students

• A description of a person's emotional state, especially when that person is of a different race.

For example, Chinese students Sometimes it is difficult to characterize the emotional state of people of the Caucasian race, which generally includes residents of the European part of Russia.

When studying the topic “Human Character,” special attention is paid to ways of expressing human emotions.

At first Students are offered a number of tasks, the purpose of which is to inform about the characteristic physical signs with which one can identify a particular emotion.

Materials from the American TV series were used in compiling these assignments "Lie theory", where all the physical signs of basic emotions are clearly demonstrated: anger, happiness, fear, sadness, etc.

For example, physical signs of an expression of happiness on a person’s face: wrinkles in the corners near the eyes, raised cheeks and corners of the lips.

Then students are offered tasks with pictures (first animation, and then photographs real people), which depicts the faces of the same person experiencing different emotions.

AND final stage , when students independently depict different emotions in front of each other and guess them.

To summarize the above, we can say, that the use of the methodology for drawing up a verbal portrait in lessons on Russian as a foreign language enriches the conceptual and linguistic picture of the world of foreign students; helps them in understanding and interpreting the surrounding reality; forms communicative competence; allows you to convey reliable information, share personal impressions and experiences with other people; makes it possible to choose speech and behavioral strategies in communication with the interlocutor, to better understand him.

1. Create the appearance of any of the group members using the “Iconic” system on a PC.

2. Take a photo this person using the method of identification photography (3 photographs: full face, right profile, left half-profile), paste the photographs. Using the scheme for describing a person’s appearance, using the verbal portrait method, describe the appearance of the photographed person in the form of a Search Guide.

Photo 1. Photo 2. Photo 3.

Search orientation

_______________________________

Sequence diagram for describing a person’s appearance

Using the verbal portrait method

Own elements and characteristics	General physical	Floor
Age
Anthropological type
Height
Anatomical	Body type
Head as a whole
Overall face
Hairline
Forehead
Brows
Eyes
Nose
Mouth
Chin
Ears
Leather
Facial hair
Neck
Shoulders
Hands
Legs
Functional	Posture
Gait
Gesticulation
Facial expressions
Articulation
Speech
Habits
Special signs	Birthmarks, traces of operations, tattoos, peculiarities in movement, etc.
Associated symptoms	Headdress
Cloth
Shoes
Accessories
Smell

An example of a description using the verbal portrait method

Man, about 30 years old, European type, height approximately 185 cm, average build.

Head medium height, ovoid.

Hair dark, straight, medium thickness and length, M-shaped hairline, hair combed from left to right, without parting.

Face narrow, oval in shape, with medium features, medium fullness, convex profile. Forehead medium height and width, straight, tilted back.

Brows arched, long, tapering towards the temples, obliquely internal, closely spaced, high, of medium density.

Eyes almond-shaped, of medium length and opening, obliquely internal, gray-blue in color, with a moderately pronounced lower eyelid.

Nose average height (length), width, protrusion and depth of the nose, with a sinuous contour of the back of the nose, the base is horizontal.

Mouth medium length, the corners of the mouth are located horizontally, the lips protrude into the profile, the contour of the closure of the lips is straight, the height of the upper lip is average.

Chin oval profile, low height, medium width, speaker.

Ears medium size, sloping back, general protrusion. rectangular in shape, with a separate attachment of the earlobe to the cheek.

Hairline absent on the face.

Neck average height and thickness, straight, Adam's apple of average expression. Special signs: a scar on the right side of the neck, 4 cm long. Dressed in a gray shirt, the collar is unbuttoned. Personal observation describes the functional elements of appearance.

3. Draw up a resolution on the appointment of an examination. View
determine it yourself.

RESOLUTION

(place of compilation)

class rank or title, surname, initials)

INSTALLED:

forensic examination)

(which one)

name of the expert institution)

(which ones exactly)

(signature)

Rights and obligations provided for in Art. 57 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, “___” was explained to me on _______ 20___

At the same time, I was warned about criminal liability in accordance with Art. 307 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for giving a knowingly false conclusion.

Expert