Due to the direct or indirect participation of students and teachers in the uprising of 1831, on May 1 (13), by a rescript of Nicholas I, the university was abolished. The medical faculty was transformed into the Medical-Surgical Academy (up to 240 students; in 1842 it was merged into the Kiev Imperial University of St. Vladimir), the theological - into the Catholic Theological Academy (up to 100 people; in 1844 it was transferred to St. Petersburg). University Library, like the Medical-Surgical Academy, entered the department of the Minister of Internal Affairs.

Structure

It consisted of four faculties - physics and mathematics, medicine, moral and political (with theology), philology (department of verbal sciences and fine arts). There were 32 departments, 55 subjects were taught. belonged to the university Botanical Garden, anatomical museum, clinic, physical and chemical laboratory, a library of 60 thousand volumes.

Teaching was conducted primarily in Polish and Latin. After Czartoryski's removal, reading of individual subjects in Russian was gradually introduced.

After Abicht, lectures on philosophy were given for a short time by lawyer and economist, doctor of philosophy Shimon Malevsky and theologian Anel Dovgird. In 1820, with the merger of two departments into one, the position of professor of philosophy was taken by competition to a graduate of the University of Warsaw, who had trained at the universities of Erlangen and Heidelberg, Józef Gołuchowski. His lectures were particularly popular and aroused suspicion Russian authorities. In 1824, Golukhovsky was removed from the university. In 1826, Dovgird returned to the philosophy department, giving lectures on logic, metaphysics and moral philosophy until 1832.

The rector and deans were elected for three years. The rectors were Hieronymus Strojnowski (-), Jan Sniadecki (-), Johann Löbenwein (1815-1817), Szymon Malewski (-), mathematician Józef Twardowski (-). In October 1824, Tvardovsky, who was dismissed in connection with the case of philomaths and philarets, was replaced by professor Vaclav Pelikan (-); Pelican was formally approved as the rector of the university in 1826; in 1832 he participated in the commission for the liquidation of Vilna University.

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Notes

Literature

  • // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

An excerpt characterizing Vilna University

[Prince Kutuzov, I am sending you one of my general adjutants to negotiate with you on many important subjects. I ask Your Lordship to believe everything that he tells you, especially when he begins to express to you the feelings of respect and special reverence that I have had for you for a long time. Therefore, I pray to God to keep you under his sacred roof.
Moscow, October 3, 1812.
Napoleon. ]

“Je serais maudit par la posterite si l"on me regardait comme le premier moteur d"un accommodation quelconque. Tel est l "esprit actuel de ma nation", [I would be damned if they looked at me as the first instigator of any deal; such is the will of our people.] - answered Kutuzov and continued to use all his strength to do so to keep troops from advancing.
In the month of robbery French troops in Moscow and the calm station of the Russian army near Tarutin, a change took place in the strength of both troops (spirit and numbers), as a result of which the advantage of strength was on the side of the Russians. Despite the fact that the position of the French army and its strength were unknown to the Russians, how soon the attitude changed, the need for an offensive was immediately expressed in countless signs. These signs were: the sending of Lauriston, and the abundance of provisions in Tarutino, and information coming from all sides about the inaction and disorder of the French, and the recruitment of our regiments with recruits, and good weather, and the long rest of Russian soldiers, and the rest that usually arises in the troops as a result of rest. impatience to carry out the task for which everyone was gathered, and curiosity about what was being done in French army, so long lost from sight, and the courage with which the Russian outposts were now snooping around the French stationed in Tarutino, and the news of easy victories over the French by peasants and partisans, and the envy aroused by this, and the feeling of revenge that lay in the soul of every person until then while the French were in Moscow, and (most importantly) a vague, but arose in the soul of every soldier consciousness that the relationship of power had now changed and the advantage was on our side. The essential balance of forces changed, and an offensive became necessary. And immediately, just as surely as the chimes begin to strike and play in a clock, when the hand has made a full circle, in the higher spheres, in accordance with a significant change in forces, the increased movement, hissing and play of the chimes was reflected.

The Russian army was controlled by Kutuzov with his headquarters and the sovereign from St. Petersburg. In St. Petersburg, even before receiving news of the abandonment of Moscow, a detailed plan for the entire war was drawn up and sent to Kutuzov for guidance. Despite the fact that this plan was drawn up on the assumption that Moscow was still in our hands, this plan was approved by headquarters and accepted for execution. Kutuzov only wrote that long-range sabotage is always difficult to carry out. And to resolve the difficulties encountered, new instructions and persons were sent who were supposed to monitor his actions and report on them.
In addition, now the entire headquarters in the Russian army has been transformed. The places of the murdered Bagration and the offended, retired Barclay were replaced. They thought very seriously about what would be better: to place A. in B.’s place, and B. in D.’s place, or, on the contrary, D. in A.’s place, etc., as if anything other than the pleasure of A. and B., it could depend on this.
At the army headquarters, on the occasion of Kutuzov’s hostility with his chief of staff, Bennigsen, and the presence of the sovereign’s trusted representatives and these movements, a more than usual complex game of parties was going on: A. undermined B., D. under S., etc. ., in all possible movements and combinations. With all these undermining, the subject of intrigue was mostly the military matter that all these people thought to lead; but this military matter went on independently of them, exactly as it should have gone, that is, never coinciding with what people came up with, but flowing from the essence of the attitude of the masses. All these inventions, crossing and intertwining, represented in the higher spheres only a true reflection of what was about to happen.
“Prince Mikhail Ilarionovich! – the sovereign wrote on October 2 in a letter received after the Battle of Tarutino. – Since September 2, Moscow has been in enemy hands. Your last reports are from the 20th; and during this entire time, not only has nothing been done to act against the enemy and liberate the capital, but even, according to your latest reports, you have retreated back. Serpukhov is already occupied by an enemy detachment, and Tula, with its famous and so necessary for the army factory, is in danger. From reports from General Wintzingerode, I see that the enemy 10,000th Corps is moving along the St. Petersburg road. Another, in several thousand, is also being submitted to Dmitrov. The third moved forward along the Vladimir road. The fourth, quite significant, stands between Ruza and Mozhaisk. Napoleon himself was in Moscow on the 25th. According to all this information, when the enemy fragmented his forces with strong detachments, when Napoleon himself was still in Moscow, with his guards, is it possible that the enemy forces in front of you were significant and did not allow you to act offensively? With probability, on the contrary, it must be assumed that he is pursuing you with detachments, or at least a corps, much weaker than the army entrusted to you. It seemed that, taking advantage of these circumstances, you could profitably attack an enemy weaker than you and destroy him or, at least, forcing him to retreat, retain in our hands a noble part of the provinces now occupied by the enemy, and thereby avert the danger from Tula and our other internal cities. It will remain your responsibility if the enemy is able to send a significant corps to St. Petersburg to threaten this capital, in which there could not be many troops left, for with the army entrusted to you, acting with determination and activity, you have all the means to avert this new misfortune. Remember that you still owe a response to the offended fatherland for the loss of Moscow. You have experienced my willingness to reward you. This readiness will not weaken in me, but I and Russia have the right to expect on your part all the zeal, firmness and success that your mind, your military talents and the courage of the troops led by you foretell to us.”
But while this letter, proving that a significant relationship of forces was already reflected in St. Petersburg, was on the way, Kutuzov could no longer keep the army he commanded from attacking, and the battle had already been given.
On October 2, Cossack Shapovalov, while traveling, killed one hare with a gun and shot another. Chasing a shot hare, Shapovalov wandered far into the forest and came across the left flank of Murat’s army, standing without any precautions. The Cossack, laughing, told his comrades how he almost got caught by the French. The cornet, having heard this story, reported it to the commander.
The Cossack was called and questioned; The Cossack commanders wanted to take advantage of this opportunity to recapture the horses, but one of the commanders, familiar with the highest ranks of the army, reported this fact to the staff general. Recently, the situation at army headquarters has been highest degree tense. Ermolov, a few days before, having come to Bennigsen, begged him to use his influence on the commander-in-chief in order for an offensive to be made.
“If I didn’t know you, I would think that you don’t want what you’re asking for.” “As soon as I advise one thing, His Serene Highness will probably do the opposite,” Bennigsen answered.
The news of the Cossacks, confirmed by the sent patrols, proved the final maturity of the event. The stretched string jumped, and the clock hissed and the chimes began to play. Despite all his imaginary power, his intelligence, experience, knowledge of people, Kutuzov, taking into account the note from Bennigsen, who personally sent reports to the sovereign, the same desire expressed by all the generals, the desire of the sovereign assumed by him and the bringing together of the Cossacks, could no longer restrain inevitable movement and gave orders for what he considered useless and harmful - he blessed the accomplished fact.

The note submitted by Bennigsen about the need for an offensive, and the information from the Cossacks about the uncovered left flank of the French were only latest signs the need to give the order to attack, and the offensive was scheduled for October 5th.
On the morning of October 4, Kutuzov signed the disposition. Tol read it to Yermolov, inviting him to take care of further orders.
“Okay, okay, I don’t have time now,” said Ermolov and left the hut. The disposition compiled by Tol was very good. Just like in the Austerlitz disposition, it was written, although not in German:
“Die erste Colonne marschiert [The first column goes (German)] this way and that, die zweite Colonne marschiert [the second column goes (German)] this way and that way,” etc. And all these columns on paper they came to their place at the appointed time and destroyed the enemy. Everything was, as in all dispositions, perfectly thought out, and, as in all dispositions, not a single column arrived at its time and in its place.
When the disposition was ready in the required number of copies, an officer was called and sent to Ermolov to hand over the papers to him for execution. A young cavalry officer, Kutuzov’s orderly, pleased with the importance of the assignment given to him, went to Ermolov’s apartment.
“We’ve left,” answered Yermolov’s orderly. The cavalry officer went to the general, who often visited Ermolov.
- No, and there is no general.
The cavalry officer, sitting on horseback, rode to another.
- No, they left.
“How could I not be responsible for the delay! What a shame! - thought the officer. He toured the entire camp. Some said that they saw Ermolov go somewhere with other generals, some said that he was probably home again. The officer, without having lunch, searched until six o'clock in the evening. Yermolov was nowhere and no one knew where he was. The officer quickly had a snack with a comrade and went back to the vanguard to see Miloradovich. Miloradovich was also not at home, but then he was told that Miloradovich was at General Kikin’s ball, and that Yermolov must be there too.
- Where is it?
“Over there, in Echkino,” said the Cossack officer, pointing to a distant landowner’s house.
- What’s it like there, behind the chain?
- They sent two of our regiments into a chain, there is such a revelry going on there now, it’s a disaster! Two musics, three choirs of songwriters.
The officer went behind the chain to Echkin. From afar, approaching the house, he heard the friendly, cheerful sounds of a soldier's dancing song.
“In the meadows, ah... in the meadows!..” - he heard him whistling and clanking, occasionally drowned out by the shouting of voices. The officer felt joyful in his soul from these sounds, but at the same time he was afraid that he was to blame for not transmitting the important order entrusted to him for so long. It was already nine o'clock. He got off his horse and entered the porch and entrance hall of a large, intact manor house, located between the Russians and the French. In the pantry and in the hallway footmen were bustling around with wines and dishes. There were songbooks under the windows. The officer was led through the door, and he suddenly saw all the most important generals of the army together, including the large, noticeable figure of Ermolov. All the generals were in unbuttoned frock coats, with red, animated faces and were laughing loudly, standing in a semicircle. In the middle of the hall, a handsome short general with a red face was smartly and deftly making a thrasher.
- Ha, ha, ha! Oh yes Nikolai Ivanovich! ha, ha, ha!..
The officer felt that by entering at this moment with an important order, he was doubly guilty, and he wanted to wait; but one of the generals saw him and, having learned what he was for, told Ermolov. Ermolov, with a frowning face, went out to the officer and, after listening, took the paper from him without telling him anything.
- Do you think he left by accident? - a staff comrade said to a cavalry officer about Ermolov that evening. - These are things, it’s all on purpose. Give Konovnitsyn a ride. Look, what a mess it will be tomorrow!

The next day, early in the morning, the decrepit Kutuzov got up, prayed to God, got dressed, and with the unpleasant consciousness that he had to lead a battle that he did not approve of, got into a carriage and drove out of Letashevka, five miles behind Tarutin, to the place where the advancing columns were to be assembled. Kutuzov rode, falling asleep and waking up and listening to see if there were any shots on the right, if things were starting? But everything was still quiet. The dawn of a damp and cloudy autumn day was just beginning. Approaching Tarutin, Kutuzov noticed cavalrymen leading their horses to water across the road along which the carriage was traveling. Kutuzov took a closer look at them, stopped the carriage and asked which regiment? The cavalrymen were from the column that should have been far ahead in ambush. “It might be a mistake,” thought the old commander-in-chief. But, having driven even further, Kutuzov saw infantry regiments, guns in their trestles, soldiers with porridge and firewood, in their underpants. An officer was called. The officer reported that there was no order to move.
“How could you not...” Kutuzov began, but immediately fell silent and ordered the senior officer to be called to him. Having got out of the carriage, with his head down and breathing heavily, silently waiting, he walked back and forth. When the requested officer appeared General Staff Eichen, Kutuzov turned purple, not because this officer was guilty of a mistake, but because he was a worthy subject for expressing anger. And, shaking, gasping for breath, the old man, having reached that state of rage into which he was able to enter when he was rolling on the ground in anger, he attacked Eichen, threatening with his hands, shouting and swearing in vulgar words. Another person who turned up, Captain Brozin, who was innocent of anything, suffered the same fate.
- What kind of rascal is this? Shoot the scoundrels! – he shouted hoarsely, waving his arms and staggering. He was in physical pain. He, the commander-in-chief, the most illustrious, whom everyone assures that no one has ever had such power in Russia as he does, he is put in this position - ridiculed in front of the entire army. “It was in vain that I bothered so much to pray about this day, in vain I did not sleep at night and thought about everything! - he thought about himself. “When I was an officer as a boy, no one would have dared to make fun of me like that... But now!” He experienced physical suffering, as from corporal punishment, and could not help but express it with angry and painful cries; but soon his strength weakened, and he, looking around, feeling that he had said a lot of bad things, got into the carriage and silently drove back.
The anger that had poured out no longer returned, and Kutuzov, blinking his eyes weakly, listened to excuses and words of defense (Ermolov himself did not appear to him until the next day) and the insistence of Bennigsen, Konovnitsyn and Tol to make the same failed movement the next day. And Kutuzov had to agree again.

The next day, the troops gathered in the appointed places in the evening and set out at night. It was an autumn night with black-purple clouds, but no rain. The ground was wet, but there was no mud, and the troops marched without noise, only the occasional clink of artillery could be faintly heard. They forbade talking loudly, smoking pipes, lighting fires; the horses were kept from neighing. The mystery of the enterprise increased its appeal. People walked cheerfully. Some of the columns stopped, put their guns on the goats and lay down on the cold ground, believing that they had come to the right place; some (most) columns walked all night and, obviously, went to the wrong place.
Count Orlov Denisov with the Cossacks (the most insignificant detachment of all the others) alone ended up in their place and at their time. This detachment stopped at the extreme edge of the forest, on the path from the village of Stromilova to Dmitrovskoye.
Before dawn, Count Orlov, who had dozed off, was awakened. They brought a defector from the French camp. This was a Polish non-commissioned officer of Poniatowski's corps. This non-commissioned officer explained in Polish that he had defected because he had been wronged in his service, that he should have been an officer long ago, that he was braver than everyone else and therefore abandoned them and wanted to punish them. He said that Murat was spending the night a mile away from them and that if they gave him a hundred men as an escort, he would take him alive. Count Orlov Denisov consulted with his comrades. The offer was too flattering to refuse. Everyone volunteered to go, everyone advised me to try. After many disputes and considerations, Major General Grekov with two Cossack regiments decided to go with a non-commissioned officer.

European Humanities University

Faculty cultural heritage and tourism

in the course “Introduction to Belarusian Studies”

Vilna University and Polotsk Academy of the early 19th century: Role in the development of culture in Belarus

Completed by: 2nd year student

Tourism Department

Lazovskaya Alina Alexandrovna

Checked by: Teacher S. Khorevsky

Vilnius 2009

Plan

1. Vilnius University

2. Polotsk Academy

3. Development of culture in Belarus

4. References

1. Vilna University

Vilna University was established by an act signed by Alexander I in 1803 and became the main educational institution and institution managing education in eight provinces Russian Empire(Vilna, Grodno, Minsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Volyn, Podolsk, Kiev). The university consisted of 4 faculties: physical and mathematical sciences, medical or medical knowledge, moral and political sciences and sciences, verbal and free or fine arts. The first rectors and the organizers of the university were Stroynovsky and Snyadetsky. Independent and well-endowed with material resources and rich in scientific forces, the university successfully fought against the Jesuits that were hostile to it and quickly followed the path to prosperity. The main ruler in all scientific affairs in the district was Prince Adam Czartoryski. It was strong man, who served the renewal of Poland all his life. Initially, Vilna University awarded doctoral and master's degrees in a wide range of scientific disciplines- literature, management of state revenues and trade, foreign state relations, jurisprudence, architecture and others. In 1819, the university was deprived of the right to award master's and doctoral degrees; graduates could receive a candidate's degree. In 1821, it was prohibited to issue candidate diplomas.

The rector and deans were elected for three years. The rectors were Hieronymus Strojnowski (1799-1806), Jan Sniadecki (1807-1814), Szymon Malewski (1817-1822), mathematician Józef Twardowski (1823-1824). In 1824/25, surgeon Professor Vaclav Pelikan, who participated in the commission to liquidate the university in 1832, was subsequently appointed rector of many scientific societies and president of the Imperial St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy from 1851 to 1856.

The number of students grew from 290 in 1804 to 1,321 in 1830. By 1823 it had become the largest university in Russia and Europe, surpassing Oxford University in the number of students. Since 1855, the University buildings housed the Museum of Antiquities, later the Public Library, an archive, as well as two men's gymnasiums.

Vilna University became the center of Polish patriots who dreamed of returning their homeland to its former independent position. Under him, various patriotic societies began to emerge (philomat, philarete, “radiant”), most of which were closed with the appointment of Novosiltsev as trustee of the district in place of Czartoryski in 1824. From his environment to large number Polish propagandists came out, and finally, almost all of its members took part in the Polish uprising of 1830-31. The latter circumstance was the main reason for its closure by decree of May 1, 1832, so that the medical and theological departments were transferred to the department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to transform the first into a medical-surgical academy, and the second into a theological school.

By closing Vilna University, the government did not want to deprive the region higher education. A decree of the same year prescribed the establishment of a higher lyceum in the city of Orsha and began work, but in 1834 they were stopped, and the amounts of money assigned for them were transferred to the establishment of Kyiv University.

2. Polotsk Academy

On July 10, 1812, the grand opening of the academy took place in the presence of the Duke of Wirtenberg, the then Governor-General of Belarus. The Polotsk Academy consisted of three faculties: linguistic, which taught languages ​​and literature; Faculty of Liberal Sciences, namely: philosophy, poetry, rhetoric, moral philosophy, logic, metaphysics, physics, chemistry and mathematics, civil and military architecture, natural law, Roman and popular law, general and natural history; Faculty of Theology, which taught moral theology, dogmatic, Holy Bible, canon law and church history. People of all ranks and religions could join the academy. The Academy existed under the leadership of the famous figure of the Jesuit Order - Peter Skarga.

The number of students extended to 600. There were 39 teachers. The Polotsk Collegium received the status of the Academy on March 1, 1812, and already in 1813 there were 84 students at the Polotsk Academy, and in 1820 about 700 students and 30 teachers. Academic year began on September 5 and lasted until July 5. The student fee was 600 rubles per year.

The library of the Polotsk Jesuits was very significant and was famous as one of the best in the region. The museum of attractions and various rooms with scientific aids were also famous, of which the physical one in particular was very rich and excellently compiled. Richest of all was the mechanical cabinet, superbly designed by Gruber. There were many items here that he himself invented. The chemical laboratory was also quite interesting.

The curriculum at the academy did not differ from the programs of other Jesuit educational institutions in Lithuania.

After the division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and under the influence of the Russian administration, changes began in the educational programs.

The Polotsk Jesuit Academy existed for 8 years. The Minister of Spiritual Affairs and Public Education, Prince Golitsyn, was not a benefactor of the Jesuits. According to his report, in which the Jesuits were mainly accused of seducing the Orthodox youth entrusted to their care into the Roman Catholic faith, Emperor Alexander I on March 13, 1820 ordered the expulsion of the Jesuits under police supervision outside the state, as well as the abolition of the Polotsk Jesuit Academy and its subordinate schools.

Many books, especially rare ones, disappeared from the Polotsk Academy. Most were transported to St. Petersburg, Moscow, and a small number entered the Vitebsk gymnasium. Most of the physical and other offices were sent to St. Petersburg. The printing house was moved to Kyiv.

The Jesuits acted and enlightened the nobility in Belarus for 240 years from 1580 to 1820. Such a long, constant, unchangeable by anyone, persistent implementation of preconceived ideas and the educational system, of course, could not but affect the residents, their character and mental direction.

3. Development of culture in Belarus

A distinctive feature of the development of Belarusian culture was the intensification of its polonization in the first third of the 19th century. This was due to the policy of Emperor Alexander I, which was aimed at establishing Polish statehood, and found support among the Polish magnates and the Polonized gentry. Polish was the language of the vast majority of the educated population, the language of education, literature and theater. The Jesuits were especially active in this direction before their expulsion from Russia in 1820. They had a number of educational institutions. Training there was conducted on Polish language. The Polotsk Jesuit College was especially active, and in 1812, by decree of the Tsar, it was awarded a degree from the Academy.

After the uprising of 1830 - 1831. The tsarist government changes its education policy. On May 1, 1832, Vilna University was closed. The Medical-Surgical Academy, created on the basis of Faculty of Medicine. Education in all types of schools is translated into Russian. Teachers who do not speak Russian are excluded from teaching.

Orally folk art This time was reflected in the events of social and political life. A significant role in the development of Belarusian literature was played by Y. Borshchevsky, Y. Chechot, A. Ripinsky and others.

In the culture of Belarus in the first half of the 19th century, theater played a significant role. Both amateur and professional theatrical art developed. An event in the theatrical life of Belarus was the emergence of the first troupe of the Belarusian national theater V. Dunin-Martinkevich.

The development of architecture was determined by urban planning: the construction of city centers with houses for special and government purposes. The architecture was characterized by a change from Baroque to Classicism.

A decisive role in the development of painting was played by students of the Vilna School of Painting - the department of fine arts of the Faculty of Literature and Art of Vilna University. The founder of the school was Professor F. Smuglevich.

Thus, in conditions of Polonization and Russification Belarusian people managed to preserve the ethnic appearance, form and develop a national culture, which manifested itself in the formation of the Belarusian language, new Belarusian literature and art.

4. Bibliography

2. Narys on the history of Belarus. T. 1. - Mn., 1994.

3. Encyclopedic histories of Belarus. Mn., 1994.

4. www.student.km.ru

6. P.G. Chigrinov. Essays on the history of Belarus. Mn., 2002

This was the first higher education educational institution on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Jesuit Order, which created the most advanced education system of its time in Europe, was directly related to its founding.
The first rector of the Vilna Academy, opened under the privilege of Grand Duke Stepan Batura, was Peter Skarga, a famous Catholic preacher, writer and polemicist, who, by the way, was fluent in Belarusian language and wrote a number of works on it.
Initially, the Vilna Academy had theological and philosophical faculties, as well as 1641 year - and legal.
IN 1586 A printing house was opened at the academy.
WITH 1773 year, after the Pope's decree on the abolition of the Jesuit Order, the academy came under the control of the Educational Commission (essentially the first Ministry of Education in Europe) and in 1781 was transformed into the Main School of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. According to the university archives, academic degrees were assigned to 4076 persons here.
IN 1803 year this school became known as the Imperial Vilna University. At that time there were faculties of literature and liberal sciences, moral and political sciences, medical and physical and mathematical. The university was the center of the Vilna educational district.
Throughout its history, a very significant part of the students and teachers of Vilna University were immigrants from Belarusian lands. In this center of science, lectures were given by the preacher and orator Peter Skarga; famous New Latin poet, philosopher and literary theorist XVII century Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski; his contemporary, a brilliant expert on rhetoric, Zhigimont Lauksmin; Belarusian educator and astronomer Marcin Paczobut Odlenicki; Polish historian, author of the popular rebel call 1830 year “For our and your freedom!” Joachim Lelewel and other scientists with a European name. Among the students of the university are Simeon of Polotsk, the outstanding Polish poet Juliusz Słowacki, the Lithuanian historian Simonas Daukantas, one of the first researchers of legislative and chronicle monuments of Belarus Ignat Danilovich... Vilna students were Adam Mickiewicz, Jan Chachot, Tomasz Zan, Ignat Dameika, who were part of crushed by the tsarist police secret societies Philomatov and Philaretov.

In the first third XIX century at Vilnius University operated art departments engravings, sculpture, painting and drawing, where students received serious preparation for entry into art academies. Famous painters and graphic artists Franciszek Smuglewicz, Jan Rustem, and sculptor Kazimir Jelski taught here. Pets of Vilenskaya art school There were Belarusian painters and graphic artists Joseph Oleshkevich, Valenty Vankovich, Ivan Khrutsky, Napoleon Orda, Heinrich and Vikenty Dmakhovsky. After the forced annexation of Belarus to the Russian Empire, the university was a powerful center of spiritual opposition to the colonialists. A number of Vilna teachers and students took an active part in the national liberation uprising of 1830-1831. This played a decisive role in the closure of the university royal authorities V 1832 year.
On the basis of the former university faculties, the Medical-Surgical and Theological Academies were created, but after ten years of existence, the first was transferred to Kyiv, and the second to St. Petersburg.

VILNA IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY


I don’t know if Jews studied at this university, I’m afraid not. It existed for a rather short time, and even during a period when the Haskalah played a rather insignificant role among Russian Jewry.
Nevertheless, to complete the picture, I consider it necessary to talk about it.

Vilna University(Uniwersytet Wileński) was founded in 1579 by Stefan Batory as the Vilna Academy and University (Akademia i Uniwersytet Wileński). In 1773, as a result of reform under the auspices of the Commission national education(Komisja Edukacji Narodowej) university was renamed "The main Lithuanian school"(“Szkoła Główna Litewska”, and the Jagiellonian University similarly became the “Main Crown School” - “Szkoła Główna Koronna”) and received all educational institutions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under its control. as a result of the divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, short time the school lost its status as a higher education institution. However, already in 1803 status was again received along with a new name - Imperial Vilna University.


Faculties

It consisted of four faculties - physics and mathematics, medicine, moral and political (with theology), literature with fine arts. There were 32 departments, 55 subjects were taught. The university owned a botanical garden, an anatomical museum, a clinic, physical and chemical laboratories, and a library of 60 thousand volumes.
Teaching was conducted primarily in Polish and Latin. After Czartoryski's removal, reading of individual subjects in Russian was gradually introduced.

Patriot movement and university closure

Vilna University early became the center of Polish patriots who dreamed of returning their homeland to its former independent position. Under him, various patriotic societies began to arise, most of which were closed with the appointment of Novosiltsev as trustee of the district in place of Czartoryski in 1824. Polish propagandists came out of his midst in large numbers, and finally, almost all of his members took part in the Polish uprising of 1830-31
The last circumstance was the main reason for his closure by decree of May 1, 1832., so that, however, medical and theological departments were transferred to the department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to transform the first into medical-surgical academy(in 1842 merged into the Kiev Imperial University of St. Vladimir, later Kiev National University named after Taras Shevchenko), and the second - to the Catholic Theological Academy(transferred to St. Petersburg in 1844).

By closing the University, the government did not want to deprive the region of higher education. A decree of the same year prescribed the establishment of a higher lyceum in the city of Orsha and work began, but in 1834 they were stopped, and the amounts of money assigned for them were transferred to the establishment of the University of Kyiv (St. Vladimir).

An old saying goes: “When the guns speak, the muses are silent.” However, Stefan Batory during Livonian War took care of creating a haven for muses - Vilna University. It is clear that the need for a higher educational institution was already brewing in society; the competition between the Reformation and Counter-Reformation had a great influence on the decision to establish a university. Lithuanian Catholics - and the Bishop of Vilna himself, Valerian Protasevich (Valerijonas Protasevičius) - tried to get ahead of the Protestants in their intention to found a college. Therefore, the Jesuits, who arrived in Vilna in 1569 at the invitation of the bishop, received funds to open their college and envisaged the possibility of its transformation into a university. The college was officially opened on July 17, 1570. The Jesuits set ambitious goals for themselves - through the University of Vilna, to spread science and Catholicism not only in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and neighboring countries, but also in Scandinavia and even in the far eastern regions (all the way to China! ).


Stefan Batory establishes Vilna University. Hood. V. Smokovsky, 1828

To transform the college into a higher education institution, a lot of funds were required, and qualified teachers were needed. An indispensable condition was also the consent of Pope Gregory XIII, which was received in 1577. However vital role the support of the ruler played a role. On April 1, 1579, King Stefan Batory, approving the plan and efforts of Bishop Valerian Protasevich, issued privileges for the opening of the Vilna Academy, and on October 29, 1579, the Pope Gregory XIII issued a bull confirming the transformation of the Vilna Collegium into a university. New school was called the Vilna Academy and University of the Society of Jesus ( Academia et Universitas Vilnensis Societatis Jesu).

Until its closure in 1832, Vilna University was not only the main Lithuanian educational institution, but also the most important cultural center. The Jesuits, who determined the cultural content of the Baroque era, disseminated their ideas through the University of Vilna. It is believed that the level of education at the ancient university was in no way inferior to the universities of Prague, Krakow, Vienna or Rome. Professors invited to Vilna University from these and other Catholic


The large courtyard of the Vilna University and the Church of St. John. From

“Vilna Album” by J. K. Vilchinsky. Hood. F. Benoit, A. Baillot, 1850

universities of Western and Central Europe, brought with them the principles of education, high demands, a system of intensive training, formed under the influence of the reform of Catholicism, and the influence of Vilna scientists was felt not only throughout Lithuania (primarily the works on Lithuanian studies by K. Sirvydas and Albert Vijukas-Kojalovicius (Albertas Vijukas-Kojalavicius), but also far beyond the borders of ethnic Lithuania and the multinational and multi-confessional Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The activities of the Jesuit Vilnius University provided.


Frontispiece of the work “Artis magnae artilleriae” by the most famous military engineer of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, creator of the theory of multi-stage rockets K. Semenovich, 1650.

impact on the whole of Europe - this concerns his schools of theology, philosophy, logic, rhetoric and poetics. The works of professors at Vilna University even reached Protestant England - for example, on

Martin Smiglecki's "Logic" (1618) was referenced by scholars not only at the Sorbonne, but also at Oxford, and the poetry of Matej Kazimierz Sarbewski was translated from Latin into English language and was read at European universities instead of the usual Horace.

Vilna University is one of the oldest universities in Central Europe - only the universities of Prague, Krakow, Pest, Buda and Königsberg are older than it. It should be noted, however, that in Vilna the university was founded only two hundred years after the baptism of the country, while in the more progressive Czech Republic this event


Drawings of rockets by K. Semenovich. Amsterdam, 1650

occurred 400 years after the baptism. There is a second aspect historical significance ancient Vilnius University. Since the 14th century and for two centuries the easternmost university in all of Europe was the University of Krakow, and from the 16th century. for the next 200 years (until the establishment of Moscow and St. Petersburg universities), this title was rightfully taken over by Vilna University. The founders of the academy, the Jesuits, already understood that such a role of the university was far from formal. One of them then wrote: “We should also not forget that from here the doors to Muscovy open wide for us, and from there, through the Tatars, we can reach China. Besides, don’t forget about Sweden and Livonia.” These plans cease to seem geographical naivety if we remember Andrius Rudamina, a graduate of Vilna University, who brought the ideas of the Society of Jesus all the way to China, where he preached in 1626–1634. and wrote works on asceticism in Chinese. The northernmost Catholic and the easternmost European - this is the most important significance of the ancient Jesuit university.