Russian Navy Day is celebrated annually on the last Sunday of July. In 2017, this holiday falls on July 30.
Russia- a great sea power. Our country won the right to be called that thanks to the exploits of our ancestors and brilliant victories in naval battles who have gained unfading glory for the country and its To the Navy.
Today, the Russian Navy is the pride of the country with military traditions and a heroic history. The holiday is celebrated not only by military sailors, but also by everyone who is proud of our fleet and its heroic past and believes in its future. Service in the navy has always been considered prestigious; entire naval dynasties have been formed in Russia over generations.
The Bolshemurtinsky district is not a port of five seas, but it is directly related to this wonderful holiday. Our fellow countrymen faithfully carried military service on the seas and oceans.
Bezukhov Slaviy Dmitrievich
Born on June 9, 1949 in the village. Berezovka, Nazarovsky district. The son of the first secretary of the district party committee of the Bolshemurtinsky district, Dmitry Fedorovich Bezukhov. Since childhood, I have been modeling submarines and ships. In 1966 he graduated from Bolshemurtinskaya with a silver medal high school No. 1. Entered the Pacific Naval Institute named after. Makarov in Vladivostok, which he successfully graduated in 1971. In 1977 - 1982 he served first as a navigator, then as captain of the 2nd rank in the 10th submarine division in Kamchatka, Primorye. In 1982, he graduated from the two-month Higher Special Officer Classes of the Order of Lenin of the Navy with the specialty “Submarine Commander of the 1st Rank.” He continued his service in Primorye military unit 45708 as commander of the K-557 submarine. Tragically died on February 17, 1986 at a combat post.
Zhandarov Sergey Alexandrovich
Born on April 17, 1959 in the village of Bolshaya Murta. After finishing the 8th grade, he entered Leningradskoye Nakhimovskoye naval school. In 1981, to the Higher Naval School of Diving named after. Lenin Komsomol, specialty - ship armament, electrical engineer. In 1989 he graduated from the Higher Special Officer Classes of the Navy, specialty - submarine commander, in 1997 - the Naval Academy, specialty - command and staff operational-tactical Navy, in 2001 - Military Academy General Staff RF Armed Forces, main faculty, specialty - military and public administration, in 2008 - Military Academy of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces, faculty of retraining and advanced training, specialty - higher school teacher. In 2002, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, S. A. Zhandarov was awarded military rank"Rear Admiral"
He began his military service as commander of a missile warhead of a missile submarine cruiser strategic purpose, ended up as deputy commander of the joint group of troops and forces in the northeast of the Russian Federation (Kamchatka). On November 30, 2009, he retired to the reserve upon expiration of the contract, 49 years of service.
Since 2009 - representative of JSC Concern Marine Underwater Weapons Gidropribor in Moscow.
Currently, Director for Defense Issues at JSC Research Institute Atoll.
Pavlov Yuri Semenovich
Born on January 1, 1941 in the village of Dachnaya, Kozulsky district, then the family moved to Bolshaya Murta. After graduating from school, he worked as a machine gunner at the Krasnoyarsk combine plant, in a communist labor brigade. He prepared himself for military service: he went in for sports, had 1 sports category in skiing, competed for the region’s national team in the Trud society, studied in a maritime club, received a category in canoeing and kayaking, was a member of the Komsomol operational detachment to combat banditry . In 1960 he was drafted into the army and joined the Navy. He expressed a desire to serve where it is more difficult. After being tested in a pressure chamber (out of ten, three survived) he was sent to a scuba diving training unit with a specialty as a submarine electrician. After training, service at Far East. He took part in the transfer of Soviet submarines to the friendly republic of Indonesia, spent a year and three months in this hot country, training local specialists. Served in the Navy for more than four years. Now he is retired, but still works at school No. 1, teaching life safety.
Kushnirov Artem Vyacheslavovich
Born February 20, 1990. Passed conscript service on the aircraft-carrying cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov, the model of which he built as a teenager. Participant of a long hike - Syria, about. Crete, o. Cyprus, o. Malta. Now he is an employee of the Bolshemurtinsk police.
The exhibition “Dedicated to the Russian Navy” is running at the Bolshemurtinsky Museum of Local Lore throughout July. It presents photographs and personal belongings of our fellow countrymen who served in the navy, models of ships, postcards, books about the fleet, stamps dedicated to the Russian Navy from the private collection of Kuderko K.I. On the eve of Navy Day, the museum staff congratulates all fellow countrymen - sailors and invites residents and guests of the village on an excursion to the museum.
Director of Bolshemurtinsky
local history museum
Mamatova S. A.
Those who are not banned from Yandex can delve into the work biography of Sergei Aleksandrovich Zhandarov themselves and draw their own conclusions. Sergey Talk mentioned Odintsovo)))): “Russian patriots always amaze me. He moved 36 government workers into our entrance, and there are a bunch of them in the basement. We contacted the police and they were taken away. Zhandarov came to the meeting and said as much as I wanted and I would move in. The local police officer was called, it seemed, and he became deflated and started talking about some kind of gubernatorial program.
Main activity of individual entrepreneur Zhandarov S. A.
IP Zhandarov Sergey Aleksandrovich - complete information from official sources: details, registration in extra-budgetary funds, types of activities and other information. IP Zhandarov Sergey Aleksandrovich was registered on February 16, 2016 by the registrar of the Inspectorate of the Federal Tax Service for Krasnogorsk, Moscow Region. Rusprofile.ru is a global reference system for Russian legal entities and entrepreneurs. The project covers all regions of Russia and brings together information on more than 10,000,000 legal entities and 13,000,000 individual entrepreneurs.
I will petition for the awarding of the title “Hero” to Alexander Sergeevich Russian Federation“Reserve Rear Admiral Sergei Zhandarov said. At the beginning of 2015, the death of the first commander of the SSBN of the Akula project, Rear Admiral Alexander Olkhovikov,” Zhandarov recalled the sad episodes. For this shooting, Rear Admiral V.M., who was the senior on board. Makeev was awarded the title of Hero of Russia, part of the crew received state awards. Are you interested in more than just the Navy? Read military news from all branches of the armed forces on the website of the Military.RF news agency.
Anatoly wrote:
Sergey Zhandarov, July 31, 2013 at 07:45 pm I report to the respected community that I had no idea that some shabby little guy was trying to put shit in his mouth and spit. I have honestly expressed myself more than once, including at the meetings you attended: If there are no torpedoes, let’s order and build them. Sergey Zhandarov, August 02, 2013 at 07:35 No, Maksimka, don’t worry so much, otherwise you’ve switched to “you”. Sergey Zhandarov, August 02, 2013 at 08:01 You don’t even know how a plan is formed, its structure. It’s bad that you served in Kamchatka at a time when I was responsible there for operating, among other things, torpedo weapons, but I was not able to teach and educate you. Maxim Aleksandrovich Klimov, August 2, 2013 at 1:55 pm 1. Unfortunately, I know how a plan is formed. 2. Yes, I would like to be at sea more.
When searching for any information about underwater lighting systems on the Internet, the easiest way is to stumble upon the “Strategy for the Development of Russian Maritime Activities.” Rear Admiral Sergei Zhandarov also spoke about the importance of timely execution of this task. Viktor Kuryshev, the developer of the famous Ritsa hydroacoustic attachment, also wrote about the key problems of the industry a year and a half ago. In fact, the author points out that without a global system for illuminating the underwater situation, even the latest Russian submarines will not be able to distinguish an underwater ally from a potential enemy. It is advisable to launch all this into series. Then you can definitely be proud,” Medvedev noted then.
Captain 1st Rank Alexander Sergeevich Bogachev.
Apakidze, Timur Avtandilovich - graduate of 1971, Hero of the Russian Federation, honored military pilot, sniper pilot, major general. Klimenko, Kirill Viktorovich, - graduate of 1989, major general, head of department ( information systems special communications) of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation. Lobodenko, Vilen Vasilievich - graduate of 1948, rear admiral. Romanenko, Igor Vladimirovich - graduate of 1967, president of the Russia-Japan Friendship Society. Stankevich, Alexey Borisovich - graduate of 1991, captain of the medical service, head of the medical service of the Kursk APRK, awarded the Order of Courage (posthumously). Shikov, Alexander Alksandrovich - captain 1st rank, graduate of 1959, Honored Worker of Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Candidate of Military Sciences, Associate Professor.
Nakhimov Naval School (St. Petersburg).
With a significant clarification - this particular article will be used by Mr. Zhandarova for the purpose of lobbying precisely those systems in which he will be PERSONALLY “interested”. Zhandarov, 21:20, November 7, 2014 F: About the Ostekhbyuro. This institution “Special Technical Bureau for the Creation...” was formed in 1922 from the “renegades” of the imperial military science who simply did not have time (perhaps did not want) to escape.
For many years the school has represented the Navy at military parades in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
In 1982, he graduated from the two-month Higher Special Officer Classes of the Order of Lenin of the Navy with the specialty “Submarine Commander of the 1st Rank.” Born on April 17, 1959 in the village of Bolshaya Murta. After graduating from the 8th grade, he entered the Leningrad Nakhimov Naval School. In 1981, to the Higher Naval School of Diving named after. Lenin Komsomol, specialty - ship armament, electrical engineer. After being tested in a pressure chamber (out of ten, three survived) he was sent to a scuba diving training unit with a specialty as a submarine electrician. After training, service in the Far East. Born February 20, 1990. He served in military service on the aircraft-carrying cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov, the model of which he built as a teenager.
This is the “mildest” violation of governing documents on the part of the fleet command... But the commander and his staff had to assume both the possibility of a direct military attack and the potential danger of explosions on other ships. But no one announced a combat alert and a general gathering for the naval base, according to which all the troops arrive on the ships. The order to tow the battleship only created a dangerous illusion among people that something was being done to save the ship. All traditions, all experience and the Charter of the Navy were violated. And then how, in what way could they force the admirals, it seems, not according to the regulations.
2015/Hydroacoustics2/Biography of Sergei Aleksandrovich Zhandarov Since 2009 - representative of JSC Concern Marine Underwater Weapons Gidropribor in Moscow. The eternal St. Petersburg war for RTSPL budgets. You shouldn't comment on this bullshit. Most of the systems from EGSONPO have been created and are functioning.
2001 – Military Academy General Staff of the RF Armed Forces, main faculty, specialty - military and public administration. 2001 – Senior Commissioner of the Permanent Commission for State Acceptance of Ships. 2001-2004 – Head of Armaments and Weapons Operation – Deputy Commander of the Joint Group of Troops and Forces in the North-East of the Russian Federation (Kamchatka). Management of technical support and increasing the technical readiness of the multi-service group of the RF Armed Forces. 2002 – By decree of the President of the Russian Federation, he was awarded the military rank of “rear admiral”. Today, information about the underwater situation does not reach the center, although a post has been set up there to receive this information.
An unexpected problem in the work was the search for biographies of Heroes of the Soviet Union, whose personal files and service records were sent to Moscow from the Central Naval Archive back in the 60-70s. The system of submitting personal files of officers, other documents from fleets and central institutions of the Navy, and military registration and enlistment offices to the Central Military Aviation Administration has long been disrupted. As before, only the military commissariats of Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Sevastopol work quite clearly in this regard.
Army General Bulgakov assures that by the end of 2015, infrastructure will be created in the Arctic. And as a reserve admiral, in my opinion, in the current political (geopolitical) international conditions, it is not only not beautiful, but also unacceptable to a person with admiral's shoulder straps. 1998 First reviews from SPMBM "Malachite" and CDB MT "Rubin" on the concept of SFTS (Underwater Cargo Transportation System). Can the Defense Command Center look underwater? to the military point of the Russian Federation and we see that since 2009. Mr. Zhandarov was a representative of Gidropribor in Moscow. And the commander of the US nuclear submarine, the admiral, ordered to place a model of the Severodvinsk at the entrance to his office so that its captains would know their enemy well.
Hello to all of you from the Podolsk “Grasshoppers”! Something is quiet here. And today the rear admiral came to visit us (at the forum) (with good goals and bright feelings). MIKHA, who hung around not only here, but also on the Aviators forum, I buried you and the rest of the riffraff? Yes, I buried you up to the balls, just like the State Journal of Life Sciences and Slavyanka. You are funny. The most important thing when choosing a management company is neither how the company presents documents, nor who is behind it, but HOW THIS COMPANY AND ALL ITS MANAGERS SERVICE YOUR PROPERTY. And this is right there (in “granite”)! There are a lot of interesting things on land, right, comrade “admiral”? He is still an admiral, and everyone else is an irresponsible sailor. It’s just that the Ministry of Defense gave the command to “merge” Slavyanka for the sake of RS. Region-Stroy has its own influential lobby in Min. defense
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When the National Defense Management Center was put on combat duty last year with great fanfare, there were no statements about successful monitoring of the country's maritime borders. Maybe the problems of illuminating the underwater environment are so deep that they are trying not to bring them to the surface again?
The underwater component of the Navy has always been a topic of “closed” conversations. When new submarines are demonstrated, their propellers and bows are covered with thick fabric, the exact composition of the weapons is known only to a narrow circle of people, and crew members are forced to sign a huge number of documents on non-disclosure of state secrets. How much more secret? It turns out that there is another topic that is not customary to talk about out loud. These are the stationary “eyes and ears” of the fleet, providing coverage of the underwater situation in Russian waters.
New aspects of military management
The end of 2014 for the Russian military department was marked by important event- placing into combat service the National Defense Control Center (NDCC), designed to become a kind of “brain” of the Ministry of Defense, continuously receiving and analyzing information about the actions of all branches of the military, potential threats and the global military-political situation. Ministry of Defense on the goals and objectives of the NTSUO (click to view) The National Defense Control Center of the Russian Federation is intended to provide centralized combat control of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation; ensuring management of daily activities Air Force and the Navy; collecting, summarizing and analyzing information on the military-political situation in the world, in strategic directions and on the socio-political situation in the Russian Federation in peace and war.Main tasks:
Maintaining the system of centralized combat control of the RF Armed Forces in readiness for combat use and monitoring the state of the Armed Forces, groupings of troops (forces) in strategic directions, as well as the implementation of the main tasks of combat duty;
Providing the leadership of the Ministry of Defense with information on the military-political situation in the world, the socio-political situation in the Russian Federation and the state of the Armed Forces, information support for the work of leading officials the state and the Ministry of Defense when conducting events in the situation center of the Ministry of Defense;
Ensuring management, coordination and control of flights and flights of aviation of the Armed Forces;
Ensuring management, coordination and control of the fulfillment of combat service and combat duty tasks by Navy forces (troops), participation in international operations and special events, international legal support for the actions of Navy forces (troops). The functioning of such a center is not possible without processing operational information from Russian borders. Rotation of armed forces foreign countries near the territory of our country, flights of military aviation, movements of ships and submarines of foreign fleets - all this information should be accumulated by the NTSUO.
Obtaining such information and transferring it to the center is not an easy task, but some principles of conducting such intelligence have already become known to the general public. This includes monitoring the actions of a potential enemy from space, and radio-electronic monitoring methods, and tracking thermal and sound signals emitted by different types of military equipment.
At first glance, solutions to implement the Center’s task in the context of online coverage of the situation in the border areas, as they say, “lie on the surface.” What if the danger comes from deep down? We will take a virtual dive into the abyss of the problems of military hydroacoustics together with the reserve rear admiral, head of the defense department of the Atoll Research Institute, Sergei Zhandarov, who openly declares serious “holes” in the country’s defense capability. Biography of Sergei Alexandrovich Zhandarov (click to view) Born on April 17, 1959 in the village of Bolshaya Murta Krasnoyarsk Territory. In the Armed Forces since 1976.
Education:
1976 - Leningrad Nakhimov Naval School.
- 1981 - Higher Naval School of Diving named after. Lenin Komsomol, specialty - ship armament, electrical engineer.
- 1989 – Higher special officer classes of the Navy, specialty - submarine commander.
- 1997 - Naval Academy, specialty - command and staff operational-tactical Navy.
- 2001 – Military Academy of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces, main faculty, specialty - military and public administration.
- 2005-2008 – Military Academy of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces, faculty of retraining and advanced training, specialty – higher school teacher.
Service activities:
1981-1985 – commander of the control group, commander of the missile warhead of a strategic missile submarine cruiser.
1985-1989 – senior assistant commander of a strategic missile submarine cruiser. Admitted to independently control a submarine (March 1986).
1989-1994 (Pacific Fleet) – commander of the strategic missile submarine cruiser K-430, in the first line since 1990. 1997-1999 (SF) – Chief of Staff of the Division of Heavy Nuclear Strategic Submarines of Project 941. Received clearance to lead forces at sea.
2001 – Senior Commissioner of the Permanent Commission for State Acceptance of Ships. Organization of acceptance and state testing of submarines.
2001-2004 – Head of Armaments and Weapons Operation – Deputy Commander of the Joint Group of Troops and Forces in the North-East of the Russian Federation (Kamchatka). Management of technical support and increasing the technical readiness of the multi-service group of the RF Armed Forces. 2002 – By decree of the President of the Russian Federation, he was awarded the military rank of “rear admiral”.
since 2004 – senior lecturer at the Department of Operational Art of the Navy of the Military Academy of the General Staff.
On November 30, 2009, he retired to the reserve upon expiration of the contract, 49 years of service.
Since 2009 - representative of JSC Concern Marine Underwater Weapons Gidropribor in Moscow.
Currently, Director for Defense Issues at JSC Research Institute Atoll.
Married, two sons are officers of the Russian Defense Ministry. Rear Admiral of the Reserve Sergei Zhandarov knows firsthand the importance of timely receipt of operational information by the command of the army and navy and the coordination of actions of all branches of the military. In his opinion, the creation of a National Defense Management Center is a requirement arising from an analysis of the nature of modern military conflicts, and significantly increases the coefficient of command and control of the Armed Forces. However, as the news agency’s interlocutor explained, this center still lacks “nerve endings.”
The center is necessary for constant collection, assessment of the situation and ensuring acceptance management decisions the country's top leadership in everyday conditions, for a threatened period, to coordinate the deployment of its own forces, and to effectively conduct any operations. It is needed for continuous monitoring of the condition of our troops and the global situation. The center is already equipped with good electronic brains, but for full functioning it needs sensors, sensors, systems that would transmit collected data online, including intelligence data. Today, information about the underwater situation does not reach the center, although a post has been set up there to receive this information. Online, this post was supposed to monitor those threats that would be noticed in the immediate vicinity of Russia’s maritime borders. The creation of such a body is the logical completion of the construction of GLONASS, ESIMO (Unified State System of Information on the Situation in the World Ocean), EGSONPO (Unified State System for Lighting the Surface and Underwater Situation) and other systems declared in program documents 15-18 years ago. But where are these systems? So the center was created, but its “nerve endings” were not.Over the past few years, the rear admiral has written letters about underwater problems to almost all senior officials responsible for Russian defense. Zhandarov focuses on official documents and their actual execution. For example, in 2000, by order of the President of the Russian Federation, the “Fundamentals of the Russian Federation’s policy in the field of naval activities until 2010” were approved. One of priority areas"Fundamentals..." was the name for the creation and deployment of a Unified System for illuminating the situation in the World Ocean. In December 2010, the “Strategy for the Development of Maritime Activities of the Russian Federation until 2030” was introduced with a similar task. 15 years have passed since the initial formulation of the task of creating a unified underwater lighting system. Finally, on January 26, 2015, Rear Admiral Zhandarov addressed Russian President Vladimir Putin in his letter, and on January 30, at a board meeting of the Russian military department, it was stated: “The Ministry of Defense is creating systems for illuminating the situation in the Arctic.”
To understand the full depth of the problem, let’s try to figure out why the military needs to look under water and what threats lurk in the vastness of the world’s oceans.
Deep Sea Interest
The importance of covering the underwater situation is clearly illustrated by the events of August 2000, when the tragedy occurred on the Kursk nuclear submarine. According to official data, the search for the sunken missile carrier was carried out using the standard equipment of the cruiser "Peter the Great", which, together with the submarine, conducted exercises in the Barents Sea. Despite the ship’s powerful hydroacoustic weapons, the sunken boat was discovered only in the morning of the day after the tragedy.
Simply put, without accurate knowledge of where and which submarine of the Russian Navy is located at a certain point in time, carrying out such activities as testing the latest submarines, full-scale exercises, and rescue operations seems to be very problematic.
Another important task of the Navy’s “underwater eyes” is to provide guaranteed problems to submarines of a potential enemy who wish to uncoordinatedly visit combat training grounds and approaches to their bases. Russian ships. As a “minimum program” it is necessary to at least have complete information about their movements.
A word from the editor-in-chief of the National Defense magazine, military expert Igor Korotchenko:
“In the Arctic, under the ice of the Arctic Ocean, the activity of multi-purpose nuclear submarines of the US and British Navy is regularly recorded, which carry out certain missions there on an ongoing basis. What do they do, what tasks do they solve, how many, where and for how long are they there? All this needs to be clarified and track Of course, the task is to be able to reveal in advance the fact of the presence of foreign submarines in combat training areas. Northern Fleet and when approaching our bases."Rear Admiral Sergei Zhandarov shares a similar opinion. In his opinion, the activities of submarine strategic forces are impossible without guarantees of safe exit from their bases. “Russia is building good missile carriers, such as Yuri Dolgoruky, Alexander Nevsky and other representatives of the Borei project. Such submarine cruisers must sail secretly, and for this the commander of the strategist, the governing body, needs to know what is under water. We send submarines into nowhere, into the unknown. The commander dives and does not know what awaits him under the water: “New Hampshire” or “Virginia”, “Los Angeles” or “Seawolf” (editor’s note - the names of the Navy submarines). USA)," says Zhandarov.
An instructive example illustrating the danger of the underwater “unknown” is the collision in 1992 of the American submarine Baton Rouge with the Russian Kostroma. At that time, our submarine was in a combat training area near the Rybachy Peninsula (Northern Fleet). During the next ascent to periscope depth, a blow was heard. The deckhouse of the titanium "Kostroma" crashed into the hull of the "Baton Rouge", whose presence near Russian territories remained unnoticed. And although there were no global changes in relations between the two nuclear powers as a result of this episode, it clearly demonstrates the need for knowledge about the presence of enemy submarines in Russian waters.
How it worked
The main technology that underlies underwater lighting systems is implemented in practice by capturing hydroacoustic waves created by any object located in the water. Such waves are one of the few types of vibrations that can propagate over long distances in the sea, as well as be reflected from obstacles without significant loss of the information “carried” by them.Hydroacoustic devices are usually divided into active and passive. Active sonars themselves send sound pulses in the desired direction, after which they receive signals reflected from underwater objects. Passive means only do half the work: they themselves are silent, only receiving signals in the noise direction finding mode from all objects in the search area. For example, hydroacoustic systems of ships and submarines are capable of operating in both active and passive modes, but stationary underwater lighting systems often only “listen” without revealing their location by sending signals.
You can consider the operating principle of stationary hydroacoustic surveillance systems using the example of the Dniester complex, developed in the 70-80s of the last century. It consisted of two hydroacoustic antennas about one hundred meters long, located on the bottom of the sea and controlling the approaches to the Avacha Bay in the direction finding mode according to the primary hydroacoustic field created by the underwater object when moving. Installed near the slope of the depths, the antennas reliably protected the Pacific Fleet bases in Kamchatka from unwanted visitors.
To imagine the scale of these structures, it is enough to mention only that each of them was held at the bottom by two anchors weighing 60 tons each. However, even such measures could not completely guarantee the immobility of the antennas. According to data previously published in the media, in 2000, one of the structures “voluntarily” left its installation site and drifted to the shores of Japan, where it was initially mistaken for a lost foreign submarine!
In addition to the antennas themselves, the complex included an underwater illumination ship (also referred to as an experimental vessel) "Kamchatka". It was like a repeater of the Dniester, increasing the range of the complex and increasing the accuracy of observation of underwater objects.
Like any object built by human hands, the Dniester complex required regular maintenance. According to open data, the turnaround time for underwater antennas was ten years, after which they were required to be raised to the surface. For this purpose, ballast tanks were placed inside the antennas, filled with air if necessary. The episode related to the docking of one of the elements of the Dniester, which almost ended in tragedy, allowed the general public to learn some details about this complex.
In 2003, one of the antennas was successfully raised to the surface using a deep-sea vehicle equipped with a high-pressure air supply system. After preventative work she was returned to her place and continued to make life difficult for the submarine forces of foreign fleets. Two years later an attempt was made to raise a second antenna. Then to the bottom Pacific Ocean The AS-28 underwater vehicle descended, whose task was to attach two 600-meter hoses to the Dniester ballast tanks. Soon after work began, the submersible found itself trapped in intertwined ropes, cables and fishing nets, generously clinging to the antenna. The divers spent about four days in underwater captivity. The tragedy was avoided thanks to the help of English rescuers who used their unmanned vehicle to free the AS-28.
After this, as Rear Admiral Sergei Zhandarov told the news agency, the Dniester project was abandoned. After some time, the ship "Kamchatka", which was a kind of "light bulb" of this complex, was withdrawn from the fleet.
Of course, the Dniester was not the only project of the Soviet-Russian Navy that monitored the underwater situation. From open sources it is known about the existence of the Volkhov, Amur and Liman systems, as well as the so-called separate underwater observation centers (OTsPN).
There is also evidence that the Northern Fleet had a communications post on the island. New land, tied to the stationary hydroacoustic complex "Sever". Rear Admiral Sergei Zhandarov briefly spoke about its fate in a conversation with a correspondent in military terms: “Today this complex is outdated. On its basis, another serial system with modern communication elements was developed.”
References to the “North” system can also be found in the noteworthy scientific article “Network-centric approach to solving the problem of illuminating the underwater situation in the Arctic.” A group of authors led by Academician Peshekhonov, considering the concept of underwater monitoring of the northern borders of Russia, literally writes the following:
Stationary hydroacoustic systems of the "North" type deployed in the Arctic control only a negligible part of the water area of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Moreover, due to the discreetness of their installation, they are subject to effective counteraction, even to the point of putting them out of action.To be fair, we note that it remains unclear from the article whether the old “North” or its “successor” is meant.
However, Rear Admiral Sergei Zhandarov does not agree with the authors’ opinion about the ineffectiveness of “North”. “Why are they writing this, and moreover, at meetings and conferences are they deliberately distorting the operational capabilities of the Sever-type system?” - the interlocutor asks a question. And he himself answers: “Because, having spent a lot of money on the groundwork for the creation of an Integrated Network-Centric Underwater Surveillance System (ISSUS), without illuminating a single square kilometer under water, they want more money to carry out development work, the result of which is only 50 % success. Moreover, the method of illuminating the situation proposed by these authors is not technologically feasible."
Against the backdrop of numerous announcements about developments the latest systems monitoring, Rear Admiral Sergei Zhandarov reminds that negative forecasts about the functionality of the fleet’s “underwater eyes” do not affect new projects, but the current situation in the sea. Moreover, manufacturers of underwater equipment may face another unexpected obstacle that could significantly delay the commissioning of new hydroacoustic systems.
“Indeed, activities are now underway to improve existing underwater stations, development work is being carried out as part of new developments. In this context, another serious problem has become relevant - the lack of suitable cable vessels and killers for laying any systems. For example, at the Pacific Fleet there remains There is only one such vessel - the old Biryusa,” the interlocutor emphasized.
Now, judging by the published procurement documents, Biryusa is located on the territory of the North-Eastern Repair Center in Vilyuchinsk and is waiting for the main engine to be restored.
Fortunately, the “cable question” still does not remain unanswered. In 2013, Krylovsky science center reported on the development of a conceptual design for a new cable vessel intended for laying communication lines and carrying out underwater work at sea. Let us note that its design was carried out with a very specific “eye” on the Arctic. A year later, the ships began to be embodied in metal. In particular, two such cable layers of Project 15310 were laid down in Tatarstan at the Zelenodolsk plant.
Most likely, the old “North” was replaced by another underwater lighting system, developed by the Atoll Research Institute. Today "Atoll" produces a serial stationary passive hydroacoustic complex "MGK-608E", which, according to some sources, has a second name - "North". Reminds me of something, doesn’t it?
In 2012, the deputy general director of Rosoboronexport, demonstrating this product at the Euronaval exhibition, called it “an underwater surveillance device in the far sea zone.” The complex is a series of installed seabed phased antenna arrays, consisting of receiving elements (hydrophones), which can be placed at a distance of tens to hundreds of kilometers from the coastline.
Developments and problems of the Research Institute "Atoll" (click to view) In the official documents of the Research Institute "Atoll" you can find references to the so-called product "Northerner", according to data related to the underwater lighting system. It is worth mentioning that officially, according to data from Atoll’s annual report, the development of this project was completed in 2011. Problems with its supply to the fleet eventually even resulted in a lawsuit by the Ministry of Defense against the designers. However, in subsequent years, this long-suffering product again began to appear in the purchasing statements of the research institute. For example, in 2013, Atoll announced a tender for the certification of foreign electrical and radio products for use within the framework of the above project. And as a “promising investment project,” Atoll continues to consider the planned re-equipment of production for the production of “stationary and autonomous hydroacoustic means of illuminating the marine environment.”
It is worth understanding that a stationary hydroacoustic complex is an incredibly complex multi-component system, the development of which is a lengthy and labor-intensive undertaking. But development is only half the battle. Hydrophones, communications systems and equipment for observation posts are not enough to simply be shipped to a warehouse. This requires cooperation between design specialists, the equipment manufacturer and the operator, which is the Navy. The complexities of this cooperation are clearly visible in the materials of the trial between the Ministry of Defense and the already mentioned Atoll. The minutes of the meeting cite the words of a representative of the research institute, who claims that the delay in delivery of the product to the Northern Fleet occurred due to the customer’s failure to provide a cable vessel. Also an interesting fact is the statement that when testing the devices, problems arose that required the use of a different type of cable, and also that the decision to make changes to the design of the manufactured product was made at a time when a significant part of the devices had already been manufactured and required reworking ( manufacturing again). The same document contains excerpts from a letter from a representative of the Ministry of Defense, who claims that out of 127 devices, only one was delivered on time, and out of 572 kilometers of cable, only 462 were purchased. In the USSR, secrecy was maintained at the highest level, so extremely fragmentary information about the above systems and their fate. But in the States, obviously state secret not saved. Or maybe they didn’t really try, deliberately intimidating the naval commanders of other countries with their omnipresence. In any case, today information about the sonar systems of the US Navy developed in the last century is quite enough to understand the principles of their operation.
The underwater eyes of capitalism
The most famous global underwater tracking system can certainly be called the American SOSUS complex. This is a specialized network of underwater hydrophones located on high seabeds, designed to track the movements of submarines. Of course, the accuracy of determining the coordinates of a moving submarine is very approximate, but it allows you to transmit current information to the maneuver forces of the US Navy, which are able to carry out a more accurate search for an object in the vast oceans.
It should be noted that the effectiveness of SOSUS, like any other hydroacoustic system, directly depends on the noise level emitted by the underwater object. And if the first generation submarines were heard at a distance of several thousand kilometers (depending on the refraction of the sound beam), then with the development of military scientific and technical thought this distance was significantly reduced. There is an opinion that submarines of the third and fourth generations, even with a nuclear power plant, are practically undetectable by this system, which, coupled with the high cost of maintenance, led to a partial reduction in the SOSUS program. Learn more about SOSUS (click to view) SOSUS (Ound Surveillance System) is a passive underwater detection system deployed during the Cold War by the United States in key areas of the world's oceans.
Included several subsystems. On the continental shelf North America in areas bordering the North Atlantic, the Caesar subsystem (CAESAR) was installed. The subsystem "Colossus" (COLOSSUS) operated in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. Several units of individual hydrophones have been installed in the Indian Ocean and some other areas, the locations of which have not yet been disclosed.
Underwater hydrophones listen to the ocean and send data to a shore station. From there, the information is sent to a processing center, often via satellite. SOSUS has sufficient accuracy in detecting a submarine, determining its location in a circle with a radius of no more than 100 km. This is a significant area, but depending on the quality of contact, the radius can be reduced to 10 km.
The biggest drawback of the system can be considered the lack of ability to control the waters of the World Ocean located outside the 500-kilometer zone from the border of the continental shelf.
The SOSUS system is very expensive. With the end of the Cold War, SOSUS provided its capabilities to conduct research on the World Ocean for peaceful purposes, while at the same time replacing the elemental base with a more modern and efficient one. While many subsystems have been withdrawn from combat duty, additional mobile subsystems have been activated and can be deployed as needed. In any case, the American SOSUS, albeit in a stripped-down version, continues to function. Were they able to preserve the Soviet underwater heritage in Russia?
For the future
The task of implementing full control over the underwater situation in our waters is more relevant today than ever. Political situation in the world, Russia's plans to protect national interests in the Arctic, recorded episodes of foreign submarines entering the border sea zones of the country - all this makes us think about the effectiveness of the underwater monitoring systems in service.
For an understanding of modern realities and problems of the hydroacoustic industry, let us turn to official documents. When searching for any information about underwater lighting systems on the Internet, the easiest way is to stumble upon the “Strategy for the Development of Russian Maritime Activities.”
The drafters of the Strategy call “the creation of a unified state system for illuminating the surface and underwater situation in the World Ocean (USSONPO)” one of the most important tasks. Rear Admiral Sergei Zhandarov also spoke about the importance of timely execution of this task.
“The creation of such a system is a necessity, the task for its creation has been set precisely and correctly. By 2012, the first stage of covering the exclusive economic zone of Russia with the physical fields of domestic information systems should have been completed, implying 30% coverage of these territories. By 2020, this percentage should be increased up to 50. However, it is 2015, and only a small part of Russian waters is actually illuminated. Our task is to cover the zone of greatest danger, the exits from the deployment points. Now it is not too late to restore the underwater warning system. Scientists need to objectively assess the existing reserves, and customers need to. in the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to formulate and justify the tasks. Do not believe in the utopian idea, but be more down-to-earth. The current situation is that instead of purchasing serial products or other simplifications, some new systems are being developed. This is a trend that began in the 2000s. years: “I will do better.” This is exactly what I wrote a letter to the President, the Chairman of the Government, Deputy Chairman of the Government Rogozin, the Minister of Defense, and the Chief of the General Staff.”Viktor Kuryshev, the developer of the famous Ritsa hydroacoustic attachment, also wrote about the key problems of the industry a year and a half ago. In his article “Gloom and Silence in the Underwater Environment,” the main reasons for the crisis in military hydroacoustics are the erroneous development paths of this area in the 70-80s of the last century and the monopoly of suppliers of individual underwater equipment. In the article, the specialist also criticizes the actions of the Navy leadership.
What does it lead to? Russian fleet“underwater blindness” today, as other hydroacoustics specialists have repeatedly reported. Their discussion has been going on in thematic media for quite a long time, periodically raising to the surface the problems of competition among manufacturers of underwater equipment, and putting on public display pressing questions for the designers and command of the Russian Navy. So what do experts write about in their spare time?
Submariner Vladimir Yamkov, in his article “Anti-submarine incapacity,” points out specific problems caused by the lack of stationary underwater lighting systems. In fact, the author points out that without a global system for illuminating the underwater situation, even the latest Russian submarines will not be able to distinguish an underwater ally from a potential enemy. “Our submarines, including the most modern ones, are significantly inferior to US submarines in the main and most important parameter that determines stealth, inaccessibility, invulnerability, and therefore combat stability and combat effectiveness - in detection range, which is confirmed by intelligence data, calculations and practice detections. At the same time, our hydroacoustic systems (GAS) are not able to reliably classify targets at maximum detection ranges,” writes Yamkov.
Specialists from the NPO Soyuz reported this in their published letter to the Minister of Defense and the Director of the FSB of Russia. According to the chief designer and scientific supervisor enterprises, the navy uses hydroacoustic systems without hardware classification of targets. “As during the Second World War, it is carried out by the operator “by ear” in the auto-tracking mode of one selected target. The noise of the latest submarines with water-jet propulsion of the Sea-Wolf and Virginia classes is not distinguished by operators at all from sea noise. As a result, the submarine commander “, not knowing whether the target is one’s own or someone else’s, whether it is underwater or surface, is forced to move away from all detected targets. Detection without classification is useless,” hydroacoustics Valentin and Victor Leksin wrote in 2013.
In such a situation, one of the most pessimistic forecasts is given by Rear Admiral Sergei Zhandarov:
In the 90s, the Navy was relieved of the task of fighting foreign missile submarines in the far sea zone. Now, apparently, we will have to carry out a similar task in our waters against multi-purpose nuclear submarines. But then ships and submarines will have to be prohibited from going to sea; this cannot be done without knowledge of the underwater environment.Military expert Igor Korotchenko is much more optimistic. He believes that the prospects are modern systems underwater observation is very rosy. “At the Innovation Day of the Ministry of Defense, a number of developments from specialized civilian institutes were presented, which offer, among other things, acoustic and non-acoustic methods for detecting submarines of a potential enemy. These developments will be in full demand. In relation to the Arctic, another element of control will be the use of modern nuclear submarines class "Severodvinsk" (project 885 "Yasen" - ed.), which will also be able to keep foreign activity in the region under control," the interlocutor explained.
When considering the modern capabilities of the Russian fleet to counter enemy submarine forces, one cannot fail to mention specialized reconnaissance ships. For example, a series of reconnaissance aircraft according to Project 18280 are currently being built at the Severnaya Verf in St. Petersburg. The urgent need for such equipment is indirectly indicated by the fact that the lead ship of this project, Yuri Ivanov, entered the fleet just a month after the first going to sea.
"Such ships are required to participate in illuminating the underwater situation. But, compared to stationary complexes, they have a limited range due to technical characteristics on-board hydroacoustic system," Zhandarov explained.
In the already mentioned scientific article “Network-centric approach to solving the problem of illuminating the underwater situation in the Arctic,” ships are given the place of one of the stages of creating a full-fledged underwater surveillance system. The authors propose to create an underwater environment illumination ship (IOS) on the basis of Project 20180 developed at the Almaz Central Maritime Design Bureau. The wide modernization capabilities of this project are confirmed by the plans of the Severodvinsk enterprise Zvezdochka to build a series of similar ships for various purposes, for which the shipyard’s production facilities are already being prepared.
Promising autonomous uninhabited underwater reconnaissance vehicles (AUVs) can also be considered maneuverable assets. According to official data, robotic underwater vehicles capable of diving to 300 meters and operating without human intervention for up to three months will be developed by 2017. It is expected that such complexes in the future will replace drifting sonar buoys, and will also allow the Russian Navy to monitor the oceanographic situation in hard-to-reach areas, including under the ice of the Arctic.
However, if you believe the statements of the “probable enemy”, the US Navy already has a fleet of 65 unmanned submarines, and by the end of 2015 they intend to increase their number to 150. Underwater robotics: the opinion of Rear Admiral Zhandarov (click to view) Sergei Zhandarov statements about actually working in foreign Navy underwater reconnaissance does not believe and compares them with the loud statements of the American side about space program"Star Wars".
"There are many problems with robots. First, they need to be taught to swim. Any uninhabited underwater vehicle is very difficult to position. Example: an Archimedean force begins to act on a diving drone. It depends on the density of the water, which depends on the salinity. All this requires very fine tuning, because if the robot floats near the surface, then it will not see anything under water,” the interlocutor reveals the details.
The second thing Zhandarov draws attention to is the need to create an effective and safe system for transmitting signals from the operator to the AUV and receiving the collected data in return. Such a system has yet to be created.
“The third problem of robots is the lack of small-sized detection systems of sufficient power. The same antennas that are used in torpedoes can be installed on the robot. It will see accordingly - within a kilometer. Entire submarines are being built around effective hydroacoustic antennas (editor's note - available in I mean multi-purpose nuclear submarines of the Yasen project). Antenna devices are a whole industry. Somewhere they have already created a small-sized antenna, a sensor for others. physical fields, allowing you to see an object tens of kilometers away? That is why there are no successfully operating underwater reconnaissance robots abroad, although their developments are constantly announced in the Western press, maybe they are deliberately misleading and directing them onto the wrong path,” notes the rear admiral.
Reconnaissance robots, designed to reveal the underwater situation and obtain maps of open sea areas in a short time, were demonstrated to Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev in Krasnoarmeysk near Moscow in September last year. Unfortunately, we were talking only about samples of new marine equipment. “It would be advisable to launch all this into series. Then we can definitely be proud,” Medvedev noted then.
Dmitry Rogozin also spoke about marine robots in his article: “in the field of creating marine robots, we are still at the very beginning of the journey. As part of the project, it is planned to endow autonomous vehicles with recognition and group interaction abilities. It is necessary to develop promising hydrophysical, hydroacoustic and non-acoustic methods and means detection, create new effective means of underwater communication and navigation." An alternative view on hydroacoustics of the 21st century is given by a member of the Scientific Council on the Complex Problem of Hydrophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, retired captain 1st rank, Mikhail Volzhensky (died in 2014). In his opinion, modern low-noise underwater objects create such a small signal that it naturally attenuates in sea water at a distance of several kilometers. “Accordingly, the detection of a low-noise underwater object by the most advanced hydroacoustic complex will physically be a few kilometers away. This circumstance forces us to reconsider the entire tactics and strategy for illuminating the underwater environment... As in any field of knowledge, in hydroacoustics there are many still unresolved problems, but this is not signs of crisis, but signs of growth,” writes Volzhensky in his article “Once again about the “crisis” of military hydroacoustics.”
Rogozin is aware
For now " unresolved problems"remain as such, new maritime surveillance projects are visible only on paper, and the underwater situation in the understanding of the public interested in the fleet is not becoming any brighter. According to the data, in 2014, information was brought to the attention of Deputy Prime Minister for Defense Industry Dmitry Rogozin about the problems of illuminating the underwater situation with hydroacoustic methods. Whether any prompt measures will be taken to correct the current situation remains unknown.
But, despite the existing problems of technical support for the Russian Navy, today few would dare to call the Russian fleet unarmed and unable to respond to possible threats. Fortunately, this is not required yet. The struggle is not under water, but on land, in the design bureaus and defense factories of maritime powers. Will the latest hydroacoustic systems be able to secure Russian seas or will the progress in the development of silent submarines outpace the intelligence industry? Or vice versa, won’t foreign submarines become bright spots on the map of the world’s oceans due to the introduction of new underwater monitoring technologies in Russia? Only the sea will give answers.
As the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy, Viktor Chirkov, said last December, the Arctic will be one of the priority regions for the new maritime doctrine of the Russian Federation until 2030. Therefore, you can be sure that many more words will be said about the underwater lighting system in the Far North. We will have to wait for official statements on this matter, so that it does not turn out that submarines will continue to go “nowhere” in the future, and the “underwater” post at the National Defense Control Center will stand idle.
Sergey Sochevanov
On Sunday, February 15, the former commander of the strategic missile submarine Severstal, captain 1st rank Alexander Bogachev, died after a serious and long illness. The officer's colleagues reported this to the Central Naval Portal.
As reported on the website created by friends of Alexander Bogachev, a civil funeral service for the deceased took place on Wednesday, February 18, 2015, at the Troekurovskoye cemetery in Moscow.
His fellow submariners expressed condolences to the officer's family. “I am proud that I had the opportunity to study in classes and serve in the 18th submarine division with Alexander Sergeevich Bogachev! It’s unfair, he was twice nominated for a Hero, but it never worked out during his lifetime. I know why. I will petition for the awarding of the title “Hero” to Alexander Sergeevich Russian Federation," said Rear Admiral Sergei Zhandarov.
The TsVMP interlocutor also added that last year The mortality rate of officers serving in the 18th submarine submarine of the Northern Fleet increased significantly. “At the age of 64, the division commander, Rear Admiral Vladimir Domnin, died. This was in 2014. Then, a little later, his chief of staff, Rear Admiral Vitaly Fedorin. At the beginning of 2015, the death of the first commander of the Akula project SSBN, Rear Admiral Alexander Olkhovikov,” Zhandarov recalled the sad episodes.
