Annexation of Siberia. "Siberian Capture". The beginning of the annexation of Siberia to the Russian state. The conquest of Siberia by Ermak.

indicates high level and the scale of financial transactions, the great enterprise of cooperators, which allowed them not only to overcome financial disaster in the country, but also to significantly saturate the Siberian market with goods.

NOTES

1 State Archive of the Novosibirsk Region (GANO). F.d. 51, op. 1, d. 1163, l. 3, 4.

2 State Archive Irkutsk region. F.r. 322, op.1, d.37, l. 168.

3 State Archive Krasnoyarsk Territory. F.r. 127, op. 1, d. 132, l. 3, 4.

4 GANO. F. 31, op. 1, d. 92, l. 37, 38.

5 Ibid. F.d. 51, op. 1, d. 1481, l. 136.

6 Minutes of the All-Siberian Congress of Workers of Non-Trading Departments of the Siberian Cooperative Unions of December 29, 1918, January 6, 1919 Krasnoyarsk, 1919. P. 25.

7 GANO. F.d. 51, op. 1, d. 1184, l. 119, 120.

9 Zakupsbyt: Chronicle and documentary chronicle of the first all-Siberian consumer union (1916-1923) / Ed.-comp. A.A. Nikolaev. Novosibirsk, 1999. P. 231.

10 GANO. F.d. 51, op. 1, d. 1184, l. 293, 294.

11 Ibid. L. 105.

12 Ibid. D. 1329, l. 4, 5.

V.P. SHAKHEROV

candidate historical sciences, associate professor of Irkutsk state university

CITY FAIRS AND FORMATION OF INTERREGIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN SIBERIA in the 18th-19th centuries.

With the annexation of Siberia, the formation of economic ties and the Siberian economy itself began, on the one hand, and the involvement of new territories in the all-Russian economic space, on the other. The expansion of market relations to one degree or another contributed to the openness of the economy. In practice, this meant the establishment of voluntary and mutually beneficial exchange processes both within local territories and between them. The formation of stable inter-district connections contributed to the formation of a regional market. In Soviet literature, they cautiously wrote about the gradual inclusion of Siberia in the emerging all-Russian market already from the 17th century.1 It should be said, however, that in modern historiography The concept of “all-Russian (national) market” is generally very poorly developed. B.N. Mironov, who devoted a special study to the problem of the Russian domestic market, noted that the national market is not a simple set of local markets, but “a system of mutual

and connected local markets united into a whole common function- implementation of commodity exchange between producers and consumers throughout the country - on the basis of commodity production and geographical division of labor"2. It is because of this that individual regions are included in national reproduction and the economic community of the country is formed. According to B.N. Mironov, only by the middle of the 19th century. The Russian market became characterized by internal unity, and the economy acquired the features of a single economic organism operating on the basis of a territorial division of labor3.

The general economic dependence of Siberia on Russia, primarily in industrial terms, along with regional characteristics, slowed down the formation of regional markets. Until the beginning of the 19th century. we can only talk about the development of local markets based on a simple exchange of urban and rural products or on a certain specialization of individual territories. Interregional connections were

less developed. For example, trade turnover between Western and Eastern Siberia was limited to only limited items of agricultural products and peasant crafts. Noting the lack of its own manufacturing industry in the region, official sources back in the second half of the 19th century. pointed out that Eastern Siberia “is supplied not only with all manufactured goods from European Russia and from abroad, but even some essential items and raw products are brought from afar, for example, cow butter, leather, matting, mats, etc. are obtained from Western Siberia"4.

In the XVII-first half of the XVIII century. The role of a transshipment center between Western and Eastern Siberia was assigned to Yeniseisk, which was also one of the main centers of fur trade. But with the construction of the Moscow highway, Yeniseisk, which lies to the north, lost its significance and its functions were transferred to Tomsk. The main road stretched from Irkutsk to Tomsk, and from the Tomsk pier, goods were sent further by water. This route was mainly used to transport Chinese goods from Kyakhta and Siberian furs to the west, which were met by Russian and European goods, mainly industrial products, for exchange to China and sale in the domestic markets of Siberia. Thus, the main part of the exchange of goods between European Russia and Siberia was accounted for by transit trade, which ensured the interests of Russian-Chinese trade. Only a few Siberian entrepreneurs were involved in the exchange of goods between the metropolis and the Siberian outskirts, although, of course, transit trade contributed to the development of communication routes and Siberian transport, stimulated the growth of small business and the simplest types of manufacturing industry5. According to the apt remark of N.S. Shchukin, Kyakhta scattered “millions of rubles on the way to Nizhny”6.

It should also be added that the eastern part of Siberia specialized in fishing, while in the west the basis of exports was agricultural raw materials. Western Siberian products were more focused on the Irbit Fair. Thus, in 1808, out of almost 350 traders who carried out operations at the fair, there were only 27 merchants from the cities of Eastern Siberia, while

Padnosiberian - 93, and with trading Bukharans living in the southern settlements of the region, their number reached 1167. Large entrepreneurs from Irkutsk and Transbaikalia preferred to exchange their products for Russian goods at the Nizhny Novgorod fair. This feature in the direction of trade flows from the main regions of Siberia was noted by G.N. Potanin. “The merchants of the western half of Siberia,” he wrote, “with their heavy and bulky, but cheap goods, went to sell them at the Irbit fair, where they bought products of Moscow manufacture for their half of Siberia; The merchants of the eastern half of Siberia traveled with their easy-to-transport, but expensive furs and teas to the Nizhny Novgorod Fair and bought manufactured goods here.”8

The further to the east, the greater was the economic dependence of the territories on Russian capital. If entrepreneurs of Western Siberia, especially the Tobolsk province, using the traditional economic orientation towards the Ural region, could still export part of the Siberian products to border fairs and to Irbit, which was the main place of exchange of Siberian market products for Russian goods, then the East Siberian merchants, with the exception of fur traders and tea, did not have access not only to European Russia, but also to Western Siberia. In general, Siberia was cut off by the Urals from the markets of European Russia. In the exchange of Siberia with the Russian center, there were two flows of goods: from Siberia - furs and a small part of agricultural raw materials, which created its purchasing power, and from Russia - industrial consumer goods: textiles, clothing, metal products, etc. Agriculture and forestry in Siberia, due to the lack of efficient transport and the high cost of transportation, developed without connection with the Russian market. Thus, the grain market in Siberia was determined only by internal demand and fluctuations in yield. Already at the end of the 18th century. The supply of bread on the local market significantly exceeded demand, which significantly reduced prices and did not at all stimulate the process of intensification of farming and agriculture in general. This price containment continued until construction railway, which allowed Siberia to export its cheap bread to the Russian and world markets.

The weak development of Siberian industry led to the growth of the monopoly of Russian merchants. In the XVII-early XVIII centuries. the share of traders from Russia was at least 70%. And later they dominated the domestic market of Siberia. The interest of the richest Russian merchants in the eastern outskirts was determined by the great demand and high price for industrial and handicraft products imported there, which were exchanged for the only product in constant demand on the Russian and world markets - Siberian furs. It was through the fur market, which had formed by the end of the 17th century, that Siberia had the opportunity to integrate into the all-Russian economic space.

In terms of value, Siberian products were several times inferior to more expensive manufactured goods. The export of free money deprived Siberia of the capital necessary for the industrial development of the region, which further strengthened its dependence on Russia, turning it into an agricultural and raw materials appendage. “Needs,” wrote N.M. Yadrintsev about Siberia - she has developed greatly, but she is not able to recoup them with her products: no matter how much she provides products, she is still in debt to manufacturing tourists”9. Among the reasons for the weakness of Siberian industry were the lack of capital and skilled labor, the dominance of products from Russian factories and factories. The low motivation of Siberians to invest in local industry was also explained by the fairly high incomes generated by trade and business operations, especially in the fur market. According to M. Konstantinov’s calculations, on average 4 times more money was returned to the pocket of a merchant trading in the north of Yakutia than what came out of it10. Therefore, income received from intermediary and trading operations was not an incentive to search for new markets and other forms of entrepreneurial activity. “With such profits,” noted V.M. Zenzinov, “capitalists, of course, have no need to worry about new enterprises, new flights, new routes - the old, tried and true completely satisfied their appetite, and nothing prompts them to look for something new, perhaps incorrect, unreliable”11.

At the time under review, all main forms of trade were represented in Siberia: delivery (traveling), fair and stationary. Until the middle of the 18th century. dominant

la caravan and distribution trade. Trade life in populated areas revived with the arrival of merchant transports. Congresses of trade people took place almost every month, but most large sizes they reached in the fall, when merchant convoys were transiting through Siberian cities to Kyakhta. Responding to the Commission’s questionnaire on commerce, the management of the Irkutsk zemstvo hut noted: “Fairs in Irkutsk all year round from visitors from different cities and on different dates take place from the beginning of October, and begin from arrival both by water and by dry route in summer and winter usually"12. With the advent of fairs, traveling trade became the lot of small merchants and clerks. Traveling trade mainly performed the function of exchanging industrial goods for the products of rural crafts. Its main task was to unite small local markets and establish connections between them and centers of periodic trade.

For the time being, the existing system of internal trading suited the Siberian merchants. However, as its numbers grew and its financial position strengthened, it began to more decisively fight for its monopoly position in the local market. Back in the middle of the 18th century. Irkutsk merchants, for example, refused to open a fair in the city, where traders from Russia could bring their goods and sell them at retail. But still, the Siberians could not resist the pressure from out-of-town competitors, primarily Russian businessmen. The regional administration was also interested in establishing fairs. Until the middle of the 18th century. trade at fairs was irregular, sporadic, poorly controlled by the central and local administrations. During this period, they arose largely spontaneously as centers for the purchase of furs from Siberian foreigners for subsequent formation into large wholesale quantities sent to the Russian and Asian markets. In the second half of the century, fair trade became the predominant form of trade. It performed storage, re-distribution and transit functions in the movement of goods, and also formed local needs and demand.

At the end of the 18th century. Fair trade became widespread throughout Russia. The City Regulations of 1785 prescribed in all cities “to establish annually one

brand or more." But not every city could become a center of interregional exchange, closing all economic transactions on itself. Therefore, there were not many key interregional fairs in Siberia. First of all, the state sought to take control of the main centers of fur fishing and trade, which during this period shifted to the eastern regions of Siberia. In August 1768, a Senate decree was issued on the establishment of trade fairs operating according to certain rules and at strictly established times in the largest trading centers of Eastern Siberia - Irkutsk, Verkhneudinsk and Yakutsk. In Irkutsk, it was prescribed to establish two fairs: autumn and spring; in other cities, one fair was established each for a duration of at least two months. The creation of real fair institutions occurred only in 1775, when the first official fair opened in Irkutsk. Its turnover was very significant. At the end of the 18th century. its turnover reached 3.7 million rubles, which amounted to almost 6% of the all-Russian fair turnover13.

In Western Siberia, the establishment of regular fair trade dates back to a later period. The first such interregional fair, the Ishim Fair, was established in 1797. Unlike the East Siberian fairs, it was predominantly agrarian and raw material fair and coordinated the movement of goods towards the Urals and North Kazakhstan territories. Over time, Ishim became a serious competitor for the Irbit fair. The Vasilievskaya Fair in Tyumen, opened in 1845, was intended for this role to an even greater extent. Its advantage was its location on the main Siberian highway and at the beginning of an extensive river system, while Irbit was 180 miles away from the Moscow highway. But the traditional character established since the 17th century. trade chains oriented to the Urals did not make it possible to move the center of Siberian trade to Tyumen, which did not have deep roots in trade. “The power of capital of the Ural and other Russian merchants,” according to

V.P. Shpaltakov, - turned out to be significantly superior to the power of Western Siberian capital, and therefore the former did not allow the loss of their control over the all-Russian shopping center, which brought them consistently high incomes”14.

Along with the fairs that were important interregional centers trade, in Siberia there were many fairs and rural markets that served the local market. Most of them appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. due to the efforts of the local administration. In 1818 in Eastern Siberia, for example, there were 57 different fairs and bazaars with an annual turnover of almost 5 million rubles. Their duration ranged from one day to two months. The busiest trading took place in winter. This period accounted for up to 70% of all imports of goods. The exception was the Lena fairs. They were numerous and specialized in the fur trade. In addition to the district centers, trade took place in six volosts and four foreign clans. There were no specific fair places here, and trade was carried out along the entire length of the river from merchants' stalls and barges. Its duration was set from May 10 to July 1 and coincided with the beginning of navigation on the Lena.

Almost all the fairs in Western Siberia were located in the Tobolsk province, which was explained by its greater population and more developed agriculture. In 1834, there were 46 fairs in the Tobolsk province, and only 4 in the Tomsk province. It is necessary, however, to note that some fairs existed only on paper. Often, orders for their opening, especially among foreigners, were made hastily, without taking into account local conditions and traditional trade relations. In 1859, for example, there were 133 fairs in Eastern Siberia, but of these, 57 trades were not carried out15.

A characteristic feature of fair trade was the predominance of imports compared to the number of goods sold. As a rule, no more than 50-60% of the goods brought to the fairs were sold. Some of the unsold goods remained in the city for stationary trade, but for the most part they were transferred to other fairs. As a rule, merchants, having received consignments of goods from the Nizhny Novgorod or Irbit fair, sold them in December in Irkutsk, and in January they moved to the Verkhneudinsk fair and then to Kyakhta. By March they were returning to Irkutsk for the second fair with Chinese goods, and in May they went to the Lena and Yakutsk fairs. In September, traders again gathered in the provincial center with large shipments of furs and waited for new convoys from the Russians.

mi and European goods. Thus, a kind of exchange of goods was established in the form of a circulation with the movement of goods in one direction or another. Several fairs formed a chain, replacing each other in a certain sequence throughout the year. As a rule, such chains were built around key interregional fair centers (Irkutsk, Tobolsk, Ishim, Tyumen), in turn connected with the places of all-Russian fairs (Nizhny Novgorod, Irbit) and border trade (Kyakhta, Semipalatinsk).

As rightly noted by T.K. Shcheglov, the development of Siberian trade turnover was carried out “through the mechanism of fair circles and fair chains, which exploded administrative-territorial boundaries and established their boundaries according to the diameter of the influence of the most important fairs (fair circles) or the chain of movement of goods”16. Moreover, if the West Siberian chains were oriented in the southwestern direction (Urals, Kazakh steppes, Central Asia), then the fairs of Eastern Siberia included in their scheme the northeastern ones and border trade with Mongolia and China. With the annexation of the Amur and Primorye regions, their supplies with everything they needed also came from Irkutsk. But as the Far Eastern region develops, the logic economic development forced us to look for more convenient sources of supply, mainly through trade from northern China and the Pacific. Delivery by sea goods from Odessa turned out to be more profitable. It took about 65 days, while their transit through Siberia took up to 10 months. The successes of economic development on the Amur contributed to the fact that since the 1880s. even Transbaikalia began to be supplied to a greater extent with industrial goods through the Amur region. As a result, the Transbaikal market moved to the shopping area with its center in Blagoveshchensk.

By the middle of the 19th century. In Siberia, a unique hierarchy of fairs developed, covering its entire economic space, from a group of wholesale hub fairs to small rural fairs and bazaars. At the same time, interregional fair chains were channels through which connections between Siberia and the Urals and Russia, the Amur region, Central Asia and China were realized. In the second half of the 19th century, despite the growth in the number of fairs, the volume of turnover and their role in local markets fell. And the expansion of the sphere of the yoke-

market trade at this time was observed in areas of agricultural production, which indicated primarily

about the growth of the agricultural market in Siberia, especially after the construction of the railway. The reduction in trade at the largest fairs in Siberia, according to the opinion. T.K. Shcheglova, indicated the beginning of the transition from the level of “market economy” to the level of “capitalism”17. In the largest shopping centers, such as Irkutsk and Verkhneudinsk, the merchants advocated reducing the number of fair days and the fairs themselves. Two fairs were held in Irkutsk, autumn and spring, with a total duration of up to three months. They appeared at a time when the local merchant class was weak and trade was entirely dependent on imported goods from Russia. TO early XIX V. Irkutsk entrepreneurs grew stronger, entered the Siberian and even all-Russian markets and “began to deliver Chinese goods to Russia for thousands of dollars and bring Russian goods from there for exchange”18. The quantity of goods they brought fully satisfied the needs of not only the city, but also the entire county. In 1830, Irkutsk merchants delivered goods worth almost 6 million rubles, which was 8 times higher than the total supply to the Irkutsk fair19. Under these conditions, the existence of two long-term fairs in Irkutsk did not meet the interests of local entrepreneurs. According to their requirements, fair trade here was limited to one month-long fair, which took place in December. Even earlier, in January 1817, in Verkhneudinsk, instead of two fairs, one was established - from January 15 to March 120.

Fair trade was seasonal, had a temporal and spatial framework, and was a form of wholesale trade. It excluded large sections of the urban population from direct trade transactions. The main bargaining took place between large non-resident and local entrepreneurs. Under these conditions, stationary trade became necessary, with longer contacts between seller and buyer. The extent of the spread of such trade was evidenced by a large number of shops and shops in the leading cities of Siberia. So, in Irkutsk in the middle of the 19th century. their number increased to 723, which exceeded the figures for Tobolsk, Tomsk and Tyumen combined21. On average there was one outlet

for 20 citizens. More high degree There was no commercial service in any other Siberian city. In total, in Siberian cities there were a little more than 3 thousand shops and other retail outlets. They were mainly located in the most major cities region.

Stationary trade, like periodic trade, was of a slightly specialized nature. One shop sold a wide variety of goods. Naturally, the main part of the trading infrastructure was concentrated in the city center. “Walk now along the long-stretched Bolshaya Street,” wrote a correspondent of the “Sibirskaya Gazeta” about Irkutsk in the 1880s, “along Pesterevskaya, Arsenalskaya, Preobrazhenskaya and some others - you will be amazed by the mass of shops, shops stretching out into a vast line, almost always visited by the public, and - what shops! on Nevsky...”22 A noticeable expansion of specialized trade through shops, stores, and arcades became possible after the commissioning of the railway, which contributed to the growth of the urban population and the development of the trade infrastructure of Siberian cities.

NOTES

1 History of Siberia from ancient times to the present day. L., 1968. T. 2. P. 93.

2 Mironov B.N. Domestic market Russia in the second half of the 18th - first half of the 19th century. L., 1981. P. 5.

3 Ibid. P. 243.

4 Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA). F. 1290, op. 2, d. 975, l. 20.

5 For more details, see: Shakherov V.P. The role of Russian-Chinese trade in the development of Siberian entrepreneurship (late XVIII-first half of the XIX centuries) // Relations between peoples

Russia, Siberia and Eastern countries: history and modernity. Irkutsk, 1996. pp. 49-64.

6 Shchukin N.S. Life of a peasant in Eastern Siberia // Journal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. 1859. No. 2. P. 42.

7 RGIA. F. 13, op. 1, d. 376, l. eleven.

8 Potanin G.N. Cities of Siberia // Siberia, its current state and her needs. St. Petersburg, 1908. pp. 238-239.

9 Yadrintsev N.M. Siberia as a colony in geographical, ethnographic and historically. St. Petersburg, 1892. P. 362.

10 Startsev A.V. Trade in Siberian fur at fairs in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. // Problems of the genesis and development of capitalist relations in Siberia. Barnaul, 1990. P. 64.

11 Zenzinov V.M. Essays on trade in the north of the Yakut region. M., 1916. P. 95.

12 Koreisha Ya. Materials on the history of the city of Irkutsk in the 18th century. // Proceedings of the Irkutsk Scientific Archival Commission. Irkutsk, 1914. Issue. 2.

13 Shakherov V.P. Cities of Eastern Siberia in the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries: Essays on socio-economic and cultural life. Irkutsk, 2001.S. 50.

14 Shpaltakov V.P. Formation and development of a market economy in Western Siberia in the first half of the 19th century. Omsk, 1997. P. 208.

15 Russian State Military Historical Archive. F. 414, op. 1, d. 418, l. 38 rev.

16 Shcheglova T.K. Fairs of Siberia in the second half of the 18th and early 20th centuries. in the light of new approaches // Questions of archeology and history of Southern Siberia. Barnaul, 1999. pp. 272-273.

17 Ibid. P. 276.

18 State Archive of the Irkutsk Region. F. 70, op. 1, d. 2793, l. 29 rev.

19 RGIA. F. 1281, op. 11, d. 47, l. 421 rev.

20 National Archives of the Republic of Buryatia. F. 20, op. 1, d. 5771, l. 88.

21 Gagemeister Yu.A. Statistical Review of Siberia. M., 1854. Part 2. P. 570.

22 Siberian newspaper. 1888. No. 2. P. 8-10.

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FSBEI HPE "Altai State Technical University them. I.I.Polzunova"

Essay

Bydiscipline:History of Siberia and Altai

On the topic of:Accession CIberia to the Russian state

Completed by a student

3 courses, groups N-M-11,

Averyanova Ekaterina Averyanova

Barnaul 2014

INTRODUCTION

FIRST CONQUEST OF SIBERIA

Ermak as historical figure

ACCESSION OF WESTERN AND EASTERN SIBERIA TO THE RUSSIAN STATE

Annexation of Western Siberia to the Russian state

Annexation of Eastern Siberia to the Russian state

RUSSIA AND SIBERIA. HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT AND SIGNIFICANCE

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Siberia is a part of Asia with an area of approximately 10 million kilometers, stretching from the Urals to the mountain ranges of the Okhotsk coast, from the Arctic Ocean to the Kazakh and Mongolian steppes. However, in the 17th century, even larger territories were considered “Siberian”; they included the Far Eastern and Ural lands.

What does the name “Siberia” even mean? There are many different opinions on this matter. The most substantiated today are two hypotheses. Some researchers believe that the word “Siberia” comes from the Mongolian “Shibir”, which can be literally translated as “forest thicket”; others associate this word with the name of the “Sabirs,” a people who possibly inhabited the forest-steppe Irtysh region. But, nevertheless, the spread of the name “Siberia” to the entire territory of Northern Asia was associated with the Russian advance beyond the Urals from the end of the 16th century.

The Russian people have long had the fate of a pioneer, discovering and settling new lands. It is worth remembering that nine to ten centuries ago the current center of our country was a sparsely populated outskirts Old Russian state that only in the 16th century Russian people began to settle in the territory of the present Central Black Earth region, the Middle and Lower Volga regions.

More than four centuries ago, the development of Siberia began, which opened one of its most interesting and exciting pages in the history of the colonization of Rus'. The annexation and development of Siberia is perhaps the most significant plot in the history of Russian colonization, which took place in two directions: the annexation of Western Siberia to the Russian state and the annexation of Eastern Siberia to the Russian state.

FIRST CONQUEST OF SIBERIA

Ermak as a historical figure

Unfortunately, the sources did not preserve exact data about the place and date of birth of Ermak. After the death of the ataman, various volosts and towns disputed the honor of being called his homeland. In the northern villages, the population diligently kept the legends about the brave conqueror of Siberia. One of the legends says that Ermak came from Potemsky district Vologda province. Another legend testifies that the birthplace of Ermak Timofeevich was the Dvina volosts.

Thus, there is not enough reliable data that would allow us to compile a true biography of Ermak Timofeevich. Therefore, we will not be able to find out exactly how Ermak lived the first half of his life, where he was from - these questions remain a mystery...

And yet, this is the portrait that can appear before our eyes. Few people can compare in popularity among the people with the winner of the Siberian Khanate, Cossack ataman Ermak Timofeevich. Songs and tales have been written about him, historical novels, stories and plays have been written. Descriptions of the Siberian campaign were included in all textbooks.

Ermak Timofeevich, who died in 1585, was a professional warrior and an excellent military leader, confirmation of which can be found on the pages of any chronicles. It is known that for about two decades he served on the southern border of Russia, leading detachments sent to the Wild Field to repel Tatar raids.

This fact is confirmed by the petition of one of Ermak’s comrades, the Cossack Gavrila Ilyin, in which it was written that “he spent 20 years in the field with Ermak.” Another Cossack, Gavrila Ivanov, reported that he was on public service“in Siberia for 42 years, and before that he served in the field for 20 years with Ermak in the village with other atamans.”

During the Levon War, Ermak Timofeevich was one of the most famous Cossack governors. Here is confirmation of this: the Polish commandant of the city of Mogilev reported to King Stefan Batory that in the Russian army there were “Vasily Yanov, the governor of the Don Cossacks, and Ermak Timofeevich, the Cossack ataman.”

Ermak’s character, as reliable sources testify, was truly firm and stern. This is what A.N. writes about Ermak’s character traits. Radishchev in his essay “The Tale of Ermak”: “Ermak, once elected as the supreme leader of his fellow men, knew how to maintain his power over them in all cases that were contrary and hostile to him: for if you always need a confirmed and inherited opinion in order to rule over the multitude, then you need greatness of spirit or elegance of some revered quality in order to be able to command one’s fellow man. Ermak had the first and many of those properties that are needed by a military leader, and even more so by a leader of unenslaved warriors.”

In general, free Cossacks at that time participated in the most significant military events, which greatly contributed to their victory over the Siberian Khanate; they had their own military organization and recognized military leaders.

Many poems have been written and historical novels about the character and exploits of Ataman-Ermak, which give us no reason to doubt the steadfastness and steadfastness of Ermakov’s character, however, these traits are also characteristic of other Cossack atamans.

ACCESSION OF WESTERN AND EASTERN SIBERIA TO THE RUSSIAN STATE

Annexation of Western Siberia to the Russian state

siberia colonization ermak russian

The campaign of Ermak’s squad played a big role in preparing the process of annexing the territory of the Trans-Urals to the Russian state. He opened up the possibility of widespread economic development of Siberia by the Russians.

Thus, the beginning of the annexation and development of Siberia was laid not by government troops, but by people from the people who liberated the Khanty, Mansi, Bashkirs, West Siberian Tatars and other peoples from the yoke of the descendants of the Genghisids. The Russian government used the victory to extend its power to Siberia.

One of the incentives for Russian colonization of Siberia at the initial stage was fur, so the advance went mainly to the taiga and tundra regions of Siberia, the richest in fur-bearing animals.

The most famous road to the Siberian land was the path along the Kama tributary, the Vishera River. Further through mountain passes the path followed rivers eastern slopes Urals - Lozva and Tavda. To develop and strengthen this route, the Lozvinsky town was built. In the tsar's decrees, the governors newly appointed to Siberia were required to go through Lozva, food supplies and ammunition were transferred through Lozva, the conquerors of Siberia waited there for the start of navigation, and in the spring, when the “ice of the Skroets” descended down the Lozva on boats, plows, planks and ships to Tobolsk, then to Berezov and Surgut, from Surgut upstream the Ob to Narym and the Ketsky fort, from Tobolsk up the Irtysh to Tara, up the Tobol to Tyumen.

At the beginning of 1593 An offensive was launched against the Pelym princeling Ablagirim, who was hostile to Russia. For this purpose, the formation of a detachment began in Cherdyn, the governors of which were appointed N.V. Trakhaniotov and P.I. Gorchakov, Ablagirim’s resistance was broken, the territory under his control became part of Russia. In the summer of 1593, members of the detachment began construction of the Pelymsky town on the banks of the Tavda River. Thus, the route between the Lozvinsky town and Tobolsk was secured. The royal order obliged Gorchakov to organize grain production in Siberia in order to reduce the amount of food delivered from the European part of the state to supply service people.

In February 1594, a small group of servicemen with governors F.P. was sent from Moscow. Baryatinsky and V. Anichkov to consolidate the lands of the Ob region above the mouth of the Irtysh into Russia. The Khanty prince Bardak voluntarily accepted Russian citizenship and assisted the Russians in building a fortress in the center of the territory under his control on the right bank of the Ob River at the confluence of the Surgutka River. The new city on the Ob became known as Surgut. All Khanty villages in the Ob region above the mouth of the Irtysh became part of the new Surgut district.

In 1596, the Narymsky fort was built. Following the Narvma fort, on the bank of the right tributary of the Ob, the Keti River, the Ketsky fort was built, with its foundation, representatives of the governors from Surgut and Narym began to collect yasak - (tribute from the local population) from the population of the Keti River basin, moving east to the Yenisei.

At the beginning of the 17th century. Eushta prince Troyan came to Moscow and asked the government to take B. Godunov under protection Russian state settlements of the Tomsk Tatars in the lower Tomsk region and erect a Russian fortress in their land.

In March 1604, a decision was finally made in Moscow to build a city on the banks of the Tom River, a high mountain cape on the right bank of the Tom was chosen as the site for the construction of a fortified point, by the end of September 1604 construction work was completed and peasants appeared in Tomsk along with military men and artisans. At the beginning of the 17th century. Tomsk was the easternmost city of the Russian state. The adjacent region of the lower reaches of the Tom, the middle Ob and the Chulym region became part of the Tomsk district.

By the beginning of the 17th century. almost the entire territory of western Siberia from the Gulf of Ob in the north to Tara and Kuznetsk in the south became integral part Russia. Russian centers grew - cities and forts. Many of them became centers of formed counties.

Annexation of Eastern Siberia to the Russian state

The annexation of Eastern Siberia to the Russian state began from the Yenisei basin, primarily from its northern and northwestern parts.

Entire generations of industrialists were successively associated with fur trade in the Yenisei region. In the first decades of the 17th century, the penetration of Russians into the basin of the middle reaches of the Yenisei from Western Siberia to Eastern Siberia proceeded along the tributary of the Ob, the Keti River, Russian industrialists began to energetically develop areas along the largest eastern tributaries of the Yenisei - the Lower and Podkamennaya Tunguska, as well as move along the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the mouth of the Pyasina River, to the north-eastern shores of Taimyr. After the founding of Surgut, Narym, Tomsk and Ketsk, detachments of people went to the Yenisei, and the Yenisei fort arose on the Yenisei (1619). Somewhat later, the Krasnoyarsk fort was founded on the upper reaches of the Yenisei. After the formation of a permanent garrison in Mangazeya in 1625 (100 servicemen) local authorities created a network of tribute winter huts that covered the entire Mangazeya district and the process of clearing in this area was completed. Thus, the territory in question practically became part of the Russian state at the time when the fur trade of Russian industrialists and their economic ties with the local population were already in their prime. As the main fur-trading areas moved eastward, Mangazeya began to lose its importance as a trade and transshipment point in the 1930s, and its role passed to the Trukhansky winter quarters in the lower reaches of the Yenisei. In the first half of the 17th century. Mangazeya industrialists founded on the Yenisei Dubicheskaya Sloboda (1637), Khantayskaya Sloboda, which grew out of a winter hut (1626), settlements in the upper reaches of the Lower Tunguska and others settlements with a permanent population.

This is how the annexation of local peoples took place - the Pita, Vargagan and Angara Tunguses and Asans, who lived along the tributary of the Angara River and on the Taseyeva River. By this time, the Yenisei fort had become an important transshipment center for Russian industrialists, and the development of Agriculture. Along the Angara or Upper Tunguska the river route led to the upper reaches of the Lena. The Lensky fort (1632 later Yakutsk) was built on it, which became the center of administration of Eastern Siberia. Due to inter-tribal strife among the Yakut peoples and the desire of individual princes to use Russian troops in internecine feuds, some of them went over to the side of the Russians. The struggle of service people to annex the Yakut lands to Russia was not as successful as the advancement of Russian industrialists into their economy. Before the official establishment of voivodeship power in Yakutia, the “houses” of the first-class Russian merchants widely developed their activities on the Lena; the benefits for the local population from contacts with them were the main incentive that accelerated the process of Yakutia’s annexation to Russia. And in 1641, the first governor, steward P.P. Golovin, arrived in Yakutia. The formation of the Yakut voivodeship was completed First stage the process of joining Yakutia to Russia.

After the construction of the Kem and Belgian forts in 1669, the basin of the Kemi and Belaya began to be most intensively populated, attracting settlers with “great and grain-producing” fields, an abundance of mowing and construction “red” forest.

In 1633, Russian servicemen and industrialists, led by I. Rebrasov and M. Perfilyev, first walked along the Lena to the Arctic Ocean. Following further east by sea, they reached the mouth of the Yana, and then the Indigirka and discovered the Yukagir land. At the same time, a land road to the upper reaches of the Yana and Indigirka was opened through the Verkhoyansk Range. In 1648, Semyon Dezhnev discovered “the edge and end of the Siberian land”, sailed from the mouth of the Kolyma to the Pacific Ocean, circled the Chukotka Peninsula, discovering that Asia was separated from America by water.

By the middle of the 17th century, Russian troops penetrated into Dauria (Transbaikalia and the Amur region). Vasily Poyarkov's expedition along the Zeya and Amur rivers reached the sea. Poyarkov sailed by sea to the Ulya River (Okhotsk region), climbed up it and returned to Yakutsk along the rivers of the Lena basin. A new expedition to the Amur was made by the Cossacks under the command of Erofei Khabarov, who built a town on the Amur. Penetration into the Amur basin brought Russia into conflict with China. Military operations ended with the conclusion of the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689). The treaty defined the Russian-Chinese border and contributed to the development of trade between the two states.

RUSSIA AND SIBERIA. HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT AND SIGNIFICANCE

Trans-Urals and Siberia were not unknown lands for the Russian people. Novgorodians began trading with the Ural tribes in the 11th century. The path beyond Kamen (Ural) was impassable with abysses, snow and forest. But the inhabitants of Novgorod the Great were not afraid of abysses or snow. During the XII-XIII centuries they firmly mastered the Pechora route to the Urals.

In turn, it can be noted that the annexation of Western Siberia to the Russian state was not only a political act, but also had enormous economic significance. A significant role in the process of including Siberia into Russia was played by the economic development of the territory by the Russian people, the development of productive forces, the disclosure of the production capabilities of the richest in natural resources the edges. By the end of the 17th century. in Western Siberia the predominant group of Russian residents were no longer service people, and peasants and artisans engaged in production activities.

The development by Russians of the lower and middle parts of the Yenisei basin was an important stage in the process of annexing to Russia the peoples of Eastern Siberia who inhabited the Lena and Baikal basin, as well as Yakutia and Buryatia, which attracted settlers with huge forest expanses, the possibility of mining, an abundance of mowing and timber. In a matter of decades, the Russian people have mastered colossal, albeit sparsely populated, spaces in the Far East, while holding back Western aggression. The inclusion of vast territories into the Muscovite kingdom was carried out not through the extermination of the annexed peoples or violence against the traditions and faith of the local population, but through trade relations between Russians and local peoples or the voluntary transfer of peoples under the hand of the Moscow Tsar.

It should also be noted that the annexation of Siberia not only significantly expanded the borders of Russia, but also changed its political status in the 17th century; Russia became a multinational state.

Undoubtedly, the annexation of Siberia to the Russian state had a very big impact. historical meaning. After the annexation, settlers moved to Siberia. One of the first concerns

The settlers were planning to establish arable land in the new location: the food issue in Siberia was very acute, and the Russian administration paid unrelenting attention to the development of local arable farming. In unusual natural conditions The most important and responsible step was the choice of places for arable land. Thus, Siberia began to develop from an agrarian point of view and learned to provide for itself independently.

Thanks to the annexation of Siberia, Russia was able to learn about the myriad of Siberian minerals, which later began to provide the entire country as a whole. Deposits of table salt, etc., were discovered beyond the Urals. The Moscow government showed even greater interest in finding non-ferrous metal ores and especially silver in Siberia.

We must pay tribute to all Russian explorers who in one way or another participated in the discovery of Siberia, because thanks to them such a huge territory joined Russia, thanks to them the whole world learned about Siberia. For about a century, Western European geographers drew information about Northern Asia practically only from those materials that they could obtain in Russia and transferred geographical names to their maps, taken from Russian drawings.

CONCLUSION

Free Russian colonists were pioneers in the development of new lands. Ahead of the government, they settled in the “wild field” in the Lower Volga region, on the Terek, on Yalik and on the Don. The campaign of Ermak's Cossacks to Siberia was a direct continuation of this popular movement. The fact that the first Russian settlers here were free people had a great influence on the historical fate of Siberia. The predominance of popular colonization led to the fact that feudal-noble land ownership and serfdom never established themselves on Siberian soil.

Ermak's Cossacks took the first step. Following them, peasants, industrialists, trappers, and service people moved to the East. In the fight against harsh nature, they conquered land from the taiga, founded settlements and established centers of agricultural culture.

Tsarism brought oppression to the indigenous population of Siberia. His oppression was experienced equally by both local tribes and Russian settlers. The rapprochement of the Russian working people and Siberian tribes was conducive to the development of productive forces and overcoming the centuries-old disunity of the Siberian peoples, embodying the future of Siberia.

The new 17th century was truly the century of great geographical discoveries of Russians in the East.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alekseev A.I. Development by Russian people Far East and Russian America before late XIX century - M.: Science 1982

Karamzin N.M. The first conquest of Siberia // Karamzin N.M. On the history of the Russian state / Comp. A.I. Utkin; M.: Education, 1990 p. 246 - 257.

Nikitin N.I. Development of Siberia in the 17th century, M.: Nauka, 1990.

Okladnikov A.P. Discovery of Siberia, Novosibirsk, 1982

Skrynnikov R.G. Expedition to Siberia of Ermak's detachment, Leningrad, 1982.

School encyclopedia "Rusika". History of Russia 9th - 17th centuries. - M.: Olma Press Education, 2003. 580 - 585.

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Siberian campaign

The Siberian Khanate, as part of the collapsed Golden Horde, coexisted in peace with the Russian state for a long time. The Tatars paid an annual tribute to the Moscow princes, but when Khan Kuchum came to power, the payments stopped, and Tatar detachments began to attack Russian settlements in the Western Urals.

It is not known for certain who was the initiator of the Siberian campaign. According to one version, Ivan the Terrible instructed the merchants Stroganov to finance the performance of a Cossack detachment into uncharted Siberian territories in order to stop Tatar raids. According to another version of events, the Stroganovs themselves decided to hire Cossacks to protect their property. However, there is another scenario: Ermak and his comrades plundered the Stroganov warehouses and invaded the territory of the Khanate for the purpose of profit.

In 1581, having sailed up the Chusovaya River on plows, the Cossacks dragged their boats to the Zheravlya River in the Ob basin and settled there for the winter. Here the first skirmishes with Tatar detachments took place. As soon as the ice melted, that is, in the spring of 1582, a detachment of Cossacks reached the Tura River, where they again defeated the troops sent to meet them. Finally, Ermak reached the Irtysh River, where a detachment of Cossacks captured main city Khanate - Siberia (now Kashlyk). Remaining in the city, Ermak begins to receive delegations from indigenous peoples - Khanty, Tatars, with promises of peace. The ataman took an oath from all those who arrived, declaring them subjects of Ivan IV the Terrible, and obliged them to pay yasak - tribute - in favor of the Russian state.

The conquest of Siberia continued in the summer of 1583. Having passed along the course of the Irtysh and Ob, Ermak captured settlements - uluses - of the peoples of Siberia, forcing the inhabitants of the towns to take an oath to the Russian Tsar. Until 1585, Ermak and the Cossacks fought with the troops of Khan Kuchum, starting numerous skirmishes along the banks of Siberian rivers.

After the capture of Siberia, Ermak sent an ambassador to Ivan the Terrible with a report on the successful annexation of the lands. In gratitude for the good news, the tsar gave gifts not only to the ambassador, but also to all the Cossacks who participated in the campaign, and to Ermak himself he donated two chain mail of excellent workmanship, one of which, according to the court chronicler, had previously belonged to the famous governor Shuisky.

Death of Ermak

The date August 6, 1585 is noted in the chronicles as the day of the death of Ermak Timofeevich. A small group of Cossacks - about 50 people - led by Ermak stopped for the night on the Irtysh, near the mouth of the Vagai River. Several detachments of the Siberian Khan Kuchum attacked the Cossacks, killing almost all of Ermak’s associates, and the ataman himself, according to the chronicler, drowned in the Irtysh while trying to swim to the plows. According to the chronicler, Ermak drowned because of the royal gift - two chain mails, which with their weight pulled him to the bottom.

The official version of the death of the Cossack chieftain has a continuation, but these facts do not have any historical confirmation, and therefore are considered a legend. Folk tales say that a day later, a Tatar fisherman caught Ermak’s body from the river and reported his discovery to Kuchum. All the Tatar nobility came to personally verify the death of the ataman. Ermak's death caused a great celebration that lasted for several days. The Tatars had fun shooting at the Cossack's body for a week, then, taking the donated chain mail that caused his death, Ermak was buried. On this moment Historians and archaeologists consider several areas as the supposed burial places of the ataman, but there is still no official confirmation of the authenticity of the burial.

Ermak Timofeevich is not just a historical figure, he is one of the key figures in Russian folk art. Many legends and tales have been created about the ataman’s deeds, and in each of them Ermak is described as a man of exceptional courage and courage. At the same time, very little is reliably known about the personality and activities of the conqueror of Siberia, and such an obvious contradiction forces researchers again and again to turn their attention to the national hero of Russia.

ACCESSION OF SIBERIA

By the end Livonian War Economic devastation in the country intensified sharply. In some areas of the Novgorod land, 80–90% of villages and hamlets were deserted. The hardships of increased taxes, pestilence and famine led to the extinction of the population and the flight of peasants to the eastern and southern outskirts. The government of Grozny tried to take care primarily of the well-being of the “military rank,” that is, the military service people. In 1581, a population census began in order to establish order in the imposition of state taxes. In the areas where the census was carried out, peasants were temporarily, during “reserved years,” forbidden to leave their masters. In this way, the abolition of the peasant exit and the final approval of serfdom were prepared. The flight of peasants and slaves continued. On the southern borders of the country that combustible element accumulated, which at the beginning of the 17th century. will lead to a grandiose conflagration of the peasant war.

The introduction of reserved years, these harbingers of the final triumph of serfdom, coincided with the annexation of Siberia. Its vast uninhabited or poorly developed expanses attracted refugees from the feudal center of Russia. The ebb of population weakened the severity of class contradictions in the center, but created their hotbeds on the outskirts.

The Siberian Khanate was the same multinational political entity as the Kazan Khanate. The Ostyak and Vogul population, the Ugra and Samoyeds, apparently, were exploited by the princes, like the Bashkir and Chuvash in the Kazan Khanate. Only part of the feudalizing elite of the Ostyaks and Voguls (Mansi) became part of the “princelings”. Internal contradictions in the Siberian Khanate facilitated the establishment of vassal relations with Russia. This happened in 1555 under the Siberian Khan Ediger. Vassal relations continued for some time under his successor Kuchum. After 1572, Kuchum refused to pay tribute and broke off diplomatic relations with Russia. Russia's attempt to regulate relations on the previous basis encountered resistance. The Russian ambassador was killed. The supply of precious Siberian furs as tribute ceased. In the 70s, Grozny and his circle were thinking about a plan for the final annexation of Siberia. The Solvychegodsk salt industrialists Stroganovs, who owned endless lands along the Kama and Chusovaya, provided enormous assistance in this. Along with salt mining, they organized iron production, cut down forests, and conducted a large fur trade. Having received the first charter in 1558 for the “abundant places of Kama,” by 1579 the Stroganovs became the owners of 39 villages with 203 courtyards, a town and a monastery. The population, mainly from the center and Novgorod, increased with incredible speed. Every ten years it doubled. To protect their possessions, the Stroganovs received the right to “clean up willing people” - the Cossacks. The forces of Stroganov peasants and Cossacks erected “fortresses” on the borders of their possessions. By the end of the 16th century. a line of forts separated the Stroganov lands from the possessions of the rebellious Kuchum.

The Stroganovs never stopped dreaming of expanding their possessions. During the 70s, the Stroganovs’ “slaves and servants” were sent to the Ob to buy furs. In advancing beyond the Urals, the Stroganovs used two routes: the old, “trans-stone” one, along the Pechora and its eastern tributaries, and then through the pass and along the western tributaries of the Ob, and the new one - along the coast of the Arctic Ocean. To sail east, two ships were built on the banks of the Northern Dvina. In 1574 and 1575 The Stroganovs received lands along Tura and Tobol. They were charged with the duty “on the Irtysh and on the Ob and on other rivers, where it would be useful... to build fortresses and keep guards with a stinking outfit.” 1

The campaign of Ermak’s squad, organized by the Stroganovs, took place in 1581. The Cossack detachments were supported by local tribes dissatisfied with the rule of Kuchum. At the very time when the devastating Livonian War ended in the west, here in the east, solid foundations were laid for the expansion of the Russian kingdom. Having passed along Chusovaya, Ermak’s army crossed the Ural ridge and descended along Tagil to Tura - “there and the Siberian country.” Moving along the Tura, Tobol and Irtysh, Ermak approached the capital of Kuchum - Kashlyk. A “slaughter of evil” took place at the Chuvashevy Cape abatis. Kuchum's army could not withstand the pressure of the Russians and fled. Kuchum left the capital and migrated to the steppe. The surrounding population recognized Ermak's power by bringing him tribute. The initial success was not lasting. Ermak’s army thinned out and could not maintain power for long over the outwardly submissive princelings who maintained relations with Kuchum, who roamed the steppes. The situation was complicated by the rebellion of the princes, led by their adviser, the “Karachi” Kuchum. Ermak’s arrival at the end of 1584 did not help either.

detachment of Prince Semyon Volkhovsky and the head of Ivan Glukhov with 500 Cossacks. In August 1585, Ermak was ambushed and died. Ermak's campaign began the development of a huge and fertile region, where not only merchants and military service people, but also fugitive peasants, serfs and artisans rushed.

The free Cossacks did not bring either themselves or the local peoples the freedom they sought. The settlers, like the local tribes, were only obliged to pay tribute. Because of the Ural ridge, the golden wolf furs mined by the Russians, Buryats, Khakassians and other peoples flowed into the royal treasury. In search of “sovereign profit,” tsarist troops followed the peasantry who fled oppression from the center of Russia.

Peaceful peasant settlement was accompanied by the forced subjugation of local Siberian peoples. Military garrisons of new cities became a true support royal power in Siberia. If some peoples (such as the Buryats, Yakuts, Khakass, Altaians) were able to preserve their national identity, others failed to do so. Kotts, Asans, Arins, Smokies and other nationalities merged with the newcomer population. Russian colonization contributed to the economic growth of the region. The agricultural skills brought by the settlers were adopted by the local population. The joint struggle of the peoples of Siberia did not allow tsarism to establish those harsh forms of serfdom that were in the center of the country.

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