Great commanders and naval commanders of Russia in the 18th century. Peter I He showed high organizational skills and the talent of a commander during the Azov campaigns (1695 - 1696), in the Northern War (1700 - 1721), the Prut campaign of 1711, during the Persian campaign (1722 - 1723). He personally commanded the troops during the capture of Noteburg in 1702, in the battle of the village of Lesnoy in 1708. Under the direct leadership of Peter I, in the famous Battle of Poltava on June 27 (July 8), 1709, the troops of the Swedish king were defeated and captured Charles XII. Pyotr Aleksandrovich Rumyantsev Zadunaisky. (1725 1796) Field Marshal, outstanding Russian commander and statesman. His biggest victories were won during the first Russian-Turkish war(1768 -1774), especially in the battles of Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Kagul and many other battles. The Turkish army was defeated. Rumyantsev became the first holder of the Order of St. George, 1st degree, and received the title of Transdanubian. As a commander, theorist and practitioner of military art, Rumyantsev was brave and wise, knew how to concentrate the main forces in decisive directions, and carefully developed a plan of military operations. He became one of the initiators of the transition from linear tactics to the tactics of columns and loose formation. In battle formations, he preferred to use divisional, regimental and battalion squares in combination with a loose formation of riflemen, and gave preference to light cavalry over heavy cavalry. He was convinced of the superiority of offensive tactics over defensive ones, and attached great importance to the training of troops and their morale. Rumyantsev outlined his views on military affairs in the “General Rules” and “Rite of Service.” Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky (1739 - 1791) Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, an outstanding commander, statesman, general field marshal. Under the direct leadership of this talented commander, the Turkish fortress of Ochakov was taken. For military and political achievements, Field Marshal G.A. Potemkin received the title of “His Serene Highness Prince of Tauride.” In addition, he was the favorite and closest assistant of Empress Catherine II Alekseevna. He supervised the development of the Northern Black Sea region and the construction of the Black Sea Fleet. Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730-1800) Over 55 years of military activity, he went through all levels of army service - from private to generalissimo. In two wars against Ottoman Empire Suvorov was finally recognized as the “first sword of Russia.” It was he who, on December 24, 1790, stormed the impregnable fortress of Izmail, defeated the Turks at Rymnik and Focsani in 1789, and at Kinburn in 1787. The Italian and Swiss campaigns of 1799, victories over the French on the Adda and Trebbia rivers and at Novi, the immortal crossing of the Alps were the crown of his military leadership. Suvorov entered the history of Russia as an innovative commander who made a huge contribution to the development of military art, developed and implemented an original system of views on the methods and forms of warfare and combat, education and training of troops. Suvorov's strategy was offensive in nature. Suvorov's strategy and tactics were outlined by him in his work “The Science of Victory.” The essence of his tactics is the three martial arts: eye, speed, pressure. During his life, the legendary commander fought 63 battles, and all of them were victorious. His name became synonymous with victory, military excellence, heroism and patriotism. Suvorov's legacy is still used in the training and education of troops. Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov (1745 1817) Admiral. He laid the foundations of new naval tactics, founded the Black Sea Navy, talentedly led it, winning a number of remarkable victories in the Black and Mediterranean Seas: in the Kerch naval battle of 1790, in the battles of Tendra Island on August 28 (September 8), 1790, and Cape Kaliakria in 1791. Ushakov’s significant victory was the capture of the island of Corfu in February 1799, where combined actions of ships and land landings were successfully used. Ushakov paid great attention to improving naval art and was the founder of maneuverable tactics of the sailing fleet, which was based on a skillful combination of fire and maneuver. His tactics differed from the linear tactics accepted at that time by the decisiveness of combat operations, the use of uniform marching and combat formations, approaching the enemy at a short distance without rebuilding the marching formation into a combat one, concentrating fire on the decisive object and disabling primarily the enemy’s flagship ships. , creating a reserve in battle to develop success in the main directions, conducting combat at the distance of a grape shot in order to achieve the greatest effectiveness of strikes, a combination of aimed artillery fire and maneuver, pursuing the enemy to complete his complete defeat or capture. Ushakov attached great importance to naval and fire training personnel, was a supporter of Suvorov’s principles of educating subordinates, an opponent of drill and senseless hobbies for parades, and followed the principle: teach what is needed in war. He considered sailing in conditions close to combat reality to be the best school for sailors. He instilled in the personnel patriotism, a sense of camaraderie and mutual assistance in battle. He was fair, caring and demanding of his subordinates, for which he enjoyed universal respect. Samuel Karlovich Greig (1735-1788) A native of the Scottish city of Inverkeithing, he served in the British fleet. In 1764 he entered service in Russian fleet, receiving the rank of captain 1st rank. Participant in the Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774, commanding the battleship "Three Hierarchs", as part of the squadron G.A. Spiridov made a trip to the Mediterranean Sea. Commanding a corps de battalion, he distinguished himself during the naval battle in the Strait of Chios on June 24, 1770. During the destruction Turkish fleet in Chesme Bay on June 26, 1770, he directly supervised the actions of the Russian ships that took part in this operation. It was S.K. In 1775, Greig delivered to Kronstadt the self-proclaimed princess E. Tarakanova, captured by A.G. Orlov-Chesmensky. In gratitude for this, he was appointed chief commander of the Kronstadt port. In 1782 Greig was elevated to the rank of admiral. During the Russian-Swedish War of 1788-1790. commanded the Baltic Fleet, defeated the Swedish squadron of Duke K. Südermanland in the Battle of Hogland (July 6, 1788), blocking enemy ships in the Sveaborg sea area. Soon he became seriously ill and was evacuated to Revel, where he died. Vasily Yakovlevich Chichagov (1726-1809) Promoted to the first officer rank of midshipman in 1745. In 1764, appointed head of an expedition of three ships to find sea route along the coast of the Arctic Ocean from Arkhangelsk to the Bering Strait and further to Kamchatka. Twice, in 1765 and 1766, he tried to complete the task assigned to him, but both of Chichagov’s expeditions to attempt to navigate the Northern Sea Route ended in vain. However, he managed to reach high polar latitudes. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774. Rear Admiral Chichagov commanded a detachment of ships of the Don Flotilla defending the Kerch Strait. In 1775 he was promoted to the rank of vice admiral and appointed a member of the Admiralty Board, in 1782 he was promoted to the rank of admiral. During Russian-Swedish war 1788-1790 commanded the Baltic Fleet, led the actions of Russian squadrons in the Eland and Revel naval battles. After the breakthrough of the Swedish fleet from Vyborg on the night of June 22, 1790, he led the pursuit of enemy ships. For this victory awarded the order St. George 1st Art. Since 1797 - retired. Grigory Andreevich Spiridov (1713-04/08/1790) Naval commander, admiral. Born into the family of an officer. Enlisted in the naval service in 1723, in 1733 he was promoted to midshipman, and from 1741 - commander of a battleship. Participated in the Russian-Turkish War (173539), the Seven Years' War (1756-63), and the Russian-Turkish War (1768-74). During the siege of Kolberg, Spiridov commanded two thousand amphibious assault. From 1762 Spiridov was a rear admiral, in 1764 he was the chief commander of the Revel port, and in 1766 of the Kronstadt port. In 1769, Spiridov was an admiral, commander of one of the five squadrons that first made the transition from the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean.
Russia has always been rich in outstanding commanders and naval commanders.
1. Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (ca. 1220 - 1263). - commander, at the age of 20 he defeated the Swedish conquerors on the Neva River (1240), and at 22 he defeated the German “dog knights” during the Battle of the Ice (1242)
2. Dmitry Donskoy (1350 - 1389). - commander, prince. Under his leadership, the greatest victory was won on the Kulikovo field over the hordes of Khan Mamai, which was an important stage in the liberation of Rus' and other peoples of Eastern Europe from the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
3. Peter I - Russian Tsar, an outstanding commander. He is the founder of the Russian regular army and the navy. He showed high organizational skills and talent as a commander during the Azov campaigns (1695 - 1696) and in the Northern War (1700 - 1721). During the Persian campaign (1722 - 1723) under the direct leadership of Peter in the famous Battle of Poltava (1709), the troops of the Swedish king Charles XII were defeated and captured.
4. Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin (1650 - 1706) - count, general - field marshal, admiral. Companion of Peter I, greatest organizer, one of the founders of the Baltic Fleet
5 Boris Petrovich Sheremetyev (1652 - 1719) - count, general - field marshal. Member of the Crimean, Azov. Commanded an army in a campaign against Crimean Tatars. In the battle of Eresphere, in Livonia, a detachment under his command defeated the Swedes and defeated Schlippenbach's army at Hummelshof (5 thousand killed, 3 thousand captured). The Russian flotilla forced the Swedish ships to leave the Neva for the Gulf of Finland. In 1703 he took Noteburg, and then Nyenschanz, Koporye, Yamburg. In Estland Sheremetev B.P. Wesenberg occupied. Sheremetev B.P. besieged Dorpat, which surrendered in 13 IL 1704. During the Astrakhan uprising, Sheremetev B.P. was sent by Peter I to suppress it. In 1705 Sheremetev B.P. took Astrakhan.
6 Alexander Danilovich Menshikov (1673-1729) - His Serene Highness Prince, associate of Peter I. Generalissimo of the naval and land forces. Participant in the Northern War with the Swedes, the battle of Poltava.
7. Pyotr Aleksandrovich Rumyantsev (1725 - 1796) - count, general - field marshal. Participant in the Russian-Swedish war, Seven Years' War. His biggest victories were won during the first Russian-Turkish war (1768 - 1774), especially in the battles of Ryabaya Mogila, Larga and Kagul and many other battles. The Turkish army was defeated. Rumyantsev became the first holder of the Order of St. George, 1st degree, and received the title of Transdanubian.
8. Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1729-1800) - His Serene Highness Prince of Italy, Count of Rymnik, Count of the Holy Roman Empire, Generalissimo of the Russian land and naval forces, Field Marshal of the Austrian and Sardinian troops, Grandee of the Kingdom of Sardinia and Prince of the Royal Blood (with the title “cousin” King"), holder of all Russian and many foreign military orders awarded at that time.
He was never defeated in any of the battles he fought. Moreover, in almost all these cases he convincingly won despite the numerical superiority of the enemy.
he took the impregnable fortress of Izmail by storm, defeated the Turks at Rymnik, Focsani, Kinburn, etc. The Italian campaign of 1799 and victories over the French, the immortal crossing of the Alps was the crown of his military leadership.
9. Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov (1745-1817) - an outstanding Russian naval commander, admiral. The Russian Orthodox Church canonized Theodore Ushakov as a righteous warrior. He laid the foundations of new naval tactics, founded the Black Sea Navy, talentedly led it, winning a number of remarkable victories in the Black and Mediterranean Seas: in the Kerch naval battle, in the battles of Tendra, Kaliakria, etc. Ushakov’s significant victory was the capture of the island of Corfu in February 1799 city, where the combined actions of ships and land landings were successfully used.
Admiral Ushakov fought 40 naval battles. And they all ended in brilliant victories. People called him “Navy Suvorov”.
10. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov (1745 - 1813) - famous Russian commander, Field Marshal General, His Serene Highness Prince. Hero Patriotic War 1812 complete gentleman Order of St. George. He fought against the Turks, Tatars, Poles, and French in various positions, including Commander-in-Chief of armies and troops. Formed light cavalry and infantry that did not exist in the Russian army
11. Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly (1761-1818) - prince, outstanding Russian commander, field marshal general, minister of war, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, full holder of the Order of St. George. Commanded the entire Russian army at initial stage Patriotic War of 1812, after which he was replaced by M.I. Kutuzov. IN foreign trip Russian army of 1813-1814 commanded the united Russian-Prussian army as part of the Bohemian army of the Austrian field marshal Schwarzenberg.
12. Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration (1769-1812) - prince, Russian general from infantry, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. Descendant of the Georgian royal house of Bagration. The branch of the Kartalin princes Bagrations (ancestors of Peter Ivanovich) was included in the number of Russian-princely families on October 4, 1803, when Emperor Alexander I approved the seventh part of the “General Armorial
13. Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky (1771-1829) - Russian commander, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, cavalry general. During thirty years of impeccable service, he participated in many of the largest battles of the era. After his feat at Saltanovka, he became one of the most popular generals in the Russian army. The fight for the Raevsky battery was one of the key episodes of the Battle of Borodino. When the Persian army invaded Georgia in 1795, and, fulfilling its obligations under the Treaty of Georgievsk, the Russian government declared war on Persia. In March 1796, the Nizhny Novgorod regiment, as part of the corps of V. A. Zubov, set off on a 16-month campaign to Derbent. In May, after ten days of siege, Derbent was taken. Together with the main forces, he reached the Kura River. In difficult mountain conditions, Raevsky showed his best qualities: “The 23-year-old commander managed to maintain complete battle order and strict military discipline during the grueling campaign.”
14. Alexey Petrovich Ermolov (1777-1861) - Russian military leader and statesman, participant in many major wars that the Russian Empire waged from the 1790s to the 1820s. General of Infantry. General of Artillery. Hero Caucasian War. In the campaign of 1818 he supervised the construction of the Grozny fortress. Under his command were the troops sent to pacify the Avar Khan Shamil. In 1819, Ermolov began construction of a new fortress - Sudden. In 1823 he commanded military operations in Dagestan, and in 1825 he fought with the Chechens.
15. Matvey Ivanovich Platov (1753-1818) - count, cavalry general, Cossack. Participated in all wars of the late XVIII - early XIX century. Since 1801 - Ataman of Donskoy Cossack army. He took part in the battle of Preussisch-Eylau, then in the Turkish war. During the Patriotic War, he first commanded all the Cossack regiments on the border, and then, covering the retreat of the army, had successful dealings with the enemy near the towns of Mir and Romanovo. During the retreat French army Platov, relentlessly pursuing her, inflicted defeats on her at Gorodnya, Kolotsky Monastery, Gzhatsk, Tsarevo-Zaimishch, near Dukhovshchina and when crossing the Vop River. For his merits he was elevated to the rank of count. In November, Platov captured Smolensk from battle and defeated the troops of Marshal Ney near Dubrovna. At the beginning of January 1813, he entered Prussia and besieged Danzig; in September he received command of a special corps, with which he participated in the battle of Leipzig and, pursuing the enemy, captured about 15 thousand people. In 1814, he fought at the head of his regiments during the capture of Nemur, Arcy-sur-Aube, Cezanne, Villeneuve.
16. Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1788-1851) - Russian naval commander and navigator, admiral, holder of the Order of St. George IV class and discoverer of Antarctica. Here in 1827, commanding the warship Azov, M.P. Lazarev took part in the Battle of Navarino. Fighting with five Turkish ships, he destroyed them: he sank two large frigates and one corvette, burned the flagship under the flag of Tagir Pasha, forced an 80-gun battleship to run aground, after which he lit and blew it up. In addition, the Azov, under the command of Lazarev, destroyed the flagship of Muharrem Bey. For his participation in the Battle of Navarino, Lazarev was promoted to rear admiral and awarded three orders at once (Greek - "Commander's Cross of the Savior", English - Baths and French - St. Louis, and his ship "Azov" received the St. George flag.
17. Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov (1802-1855) - Russian admiral. Under the command of Lazarev, M.P. committed in 1821-1825. circumnavigation on the frigate "Cruiser". During the voyage he was promoted to lieutenant. In the Battle of Navarino, he commanded a battery on the battleship "Azov" under the command of Lazarev M.P. as part of the squadron of Admiral L.P. Heyden; for distinction in the battle he was awarded the Order of St. on December 21, 1827. George IV class for No. 4141 and promoted to lieutenant commander. In 1828 took command of the corvette Navarin, a captured Turkish ship that previously bore the name Nassabih Sabah. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1828–29, commanding a corvette, he blockaded the Dardanelles as part of the Russian squadron. During the Sevastopol defense of 1854-55. took a strategic approach to the defense of the city. In Sevastopol, although Nakhimov was listed as the commander of the fleet and port, from February 1855, after the sinking of the fleet, he defended, by appointment of the commander-in-chief, the southern part of the city, leading the defense with amazing energy and enjoying the greatest moral influence on soldiers and sailors, who called him “father.” -a benefactor."
18. Vladimir Alekseevich Kornilov (1806-1855) - vice admiral (1852). Participant in the Battle of Navarino in 1827 and the Russian-Turkish War of 1828-29. From 1849 - chief of staff, from 1851 - actual commander Black Sea Fleet. He advocated the re-equipment of ships and the replacement of the sailing fleet with steam. IN Crimean War- one of the leaders of the Sevastopol defense.
19. Stepan Osipovich Makarov (1849 - 1904) - He was the founder of the theory of unsinkability of a ship, one of the organizers of the creation of destroyers and torpedo boats. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1877 - 1878. carried out successful attacks on enemy ships with pole mines. He committed two round the world travel and a number of Arctic flights. Skillfully commanded the Pacific squadron during the defense of Port Arthur in Russian-Japanese war 1904 - 1905
20. Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (1896-1974) - The most famous Soviet commander is generally recognized as Marshal Soviet Union. Developing plans for everyone largest operations united fronts, large groups Soviet troops and their implementation took place under his leadership. These operations always ended victoriously. They were decisive for the outcome of the war.
21. Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky (1896-1968) - an outstanding Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union, Marshal of Poland. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union
22. Ivan Stepanovich Konev (1897-1973) - Soviet commander, Marshal of the Soviet Union, twice Hero of the Soviet Union.
23. Leonid Aleksandrovich Govorov (1897-1955) - Soviet commander, Marshal of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Soviet Union
24. Kirill Afanasyevich Meretskov (1997-1968) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Soviet Union
25. Semyon Konstantinovich Timoshenko (1895-1970) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union, twice Hero of the Soviet Union. In May 1940 - July 1941 People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR.
26. Fyodor Ivanovich Tolbukhin (1894 - 1949) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Soviet Union
27. Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov (1900-1982) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union, during the Great Patriotic War - commander of the 62nd Army, which especially distinguished itself in the Battle of Stalingrad. 2nd Hero of the USSR.
28. Andrei Ivanovich Eremenko (1892-1970) - Marshal of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Soviet Union. One of the most prominent commanders of the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War in general.
29. Radion Yakovlevich Malinovsky (1897-1967) - Soviet military leader and statesman. Commander of the Great Patriotic War, Marshal of the Soviet Union, from 1957 to 1967 - Minister of Defense of the USSR.
30. Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov (1904-1974) - Soviet naval leader, Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union, headed Soviet Navy(How People's Commissar Navy(1939-1946), Minister of the Navy (1951-1953) and Commander-in-Chief)
31. Nikolai Fedorovich Vatutin (1901-1944) - army general, Hero of the Soviet Union, belongs to the galaxy of the main commanders of the Great Patriotic War.
32. Ivan Danilovich Chernyakhovsky (1906-1945) - an outstanding Soviet military leader, army general, twice Hero of the Soviet Union.
33. Pavel Alekseevich Rotmistrov (1901-1982) - Soviet military leader, Hero of the Soviet Union, Chief Marshal Armored Forces, Doctor of Military Sciences, Professor.
And this is only a part of the commanders who are worthy of mention.
Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov - the great Russian commander
Born on November 24, 1730 in a military family, General-in-Chief Vasily Ivanovich Suvorov (godson of Peter I the Great), in Moscow.
He spent his childhood on his father's estate in the village. Suvorov grew up as a weak boy and was often sick. His father prepared it for civil service. However, from childhood, Suvorov showed a passion for military affairs, using his father’s rich library, he studied artillery, fortification, military history. Having decided to become a military man, Suvorov began to harden himself and study exercise. General Hannibal, a friend of the Suvorov family, had a great influence on the fate of Suvorov, who, noticing the boy’s desire for military affairs and education, influenced his father to choose a military career for his son.
In 1742, Suvorov was enlisted as a musketeer in the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment (to begin the length of service required by law for the officer rank), in which he began active duty in 1748. military service, gradually rising in rank. Suvorov served in the Semenovsky regiment for six and a half years. At this time, he continued his studies, both independently and by attending classes at the Land Noble Cadet Corps.
In 1754, Suvorov received the first rank of lieutenant and was assigned to the Ingermanland infantry regiment. From 1756 to 1758 served in the Military Collegium.
The beginning of Suvorov's military activity dates back to the Seven Years' War of 1756 - 1763. In the first years of the war, he was in the rear service with the rank of chief provisions officer, then major and prime major, where he became acquainted with the principles of organizing rear units and supplying the army in the field.
In 1758 he was transferred to the active army and appointed commandant of Memel, from 1759 - officer of the main headquarters of the Russian active army. Suvorov took part in his first military skirmish on July 25, 1759, when he and his squadron of dragoons attacked and put German dragoons to flight. Soon Suvorov was appointed duty officer under the division commander V.V. Fermor. In this position, he participated in the battle of Kunersdorf (August 13, 1759). In 1760, Suvorov was appointed duty officer under the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, General-Chief Fermor, and in this capacity participated in the capture of Berlin by Russian troops.
In 1761 he commanded separate detachments(dragoons, hussars, Cossacks), whose goal was to first cover the retreat of Russian troops to Breslau and continuously attack the Prussian troops. Inflicted a number of defeats on the Prussian army in Poland. During numerous skirmishes, he proved himself to be a talented and brave partisan and cavalryman.
At the beginning of the Russian-Polish war of 1768 - 1772. A.V. Suvorov, already with the rank of brigadier, defeated the confederates in a series of battles near Orekhov, Lanckrona (in the south of Poland), Stalovichi, Krakow. His swift marches and strikes played a decisive role in the outcome of the war. After its completion, he was sent to the Danube Theater against the Turks, which he had long asked for - the glory of Rumyantsev’s victories haunted him.
In the spring of 1773, Suvorov, already a major general, fought on the Danube and won his first and brilliant victories: in May and June 1773 at Turtukai and in June 1774 at Kozludzha.
Moreover, in all the battles he was not embarrassed by either the three or fivefold superiority of the enemy in strength, or his own illness (fever), his tactics - precise calculation, speed, determination, the main trump card - to beat the enemy "with the courage of the fury of Russian soldiers."
After the Turkish War, Suvorov is sent to war against Pugachev. But he arrives in the Volga region when the main leader of the uprising was captured by the Cossacks after the final defeat. Lieutenant General Suvorov escorts a captured impostor with a detachment, then pacifies the last pockets of movement, trying to do this “without bloodshed, but especially with imperial mercy.”
At the end of the reign of Catherine II, A.V. Suvorov distinguished himself in another Russian-Polish war- during the suppression of the uprising by T. Kosciuszko, he defeated rebel detachments near Kobrin and Brest, then stormed Prague, a suburb of Warsaw, which soon capitulated. The humane attitude of the Russian general towards the vanquished led to the rapid pacification of Poland. The winner received a new title.
On the Adda River, Suvorov defeated the French, after which Milan was taken. This was followed by a brilliant victory over superior enemy forces on the Trebbia River. Having increased its troops and appointed the young talented General Joubert as commander-in-chief, the French government tried to take revenge. Joubert stationed his forces on the mountainside near the city of Novya. On August 15, 1799, the bloody battle continued for 15 hours. Despite the advantageous position, the enemy was unable to hold back the Russian onslaught. The French lost 13 thousand people in the battle, including Joubert. Only the opposition of the Austrian generals did not allow Suvorov to completely destroy the enemy.
The phenomenal successes of Suvorov's "miracle heroes" aroused strong fears among Russia's allies. The Austrian emperor ordered Suvorov to follow to Switzerland, where Russian troops, together with the Austrians, also fought the French. Suvorov's Swiss campaign began. Overcoming enemy resistance, the commander crossed the Saint Gotthard Pass. At the famous Devil's Bridge, the Russians thwarted the enemy's attempt to stop their advance.
For the Italian and Swiss campaigns, the great Russian commander received the title of Prince of Italy and the rank of generalissimo. However, in St. Petersburg he was greeted by the emperor rather coolly and soon died (May 6, 1800).
Pyotr Aleksandrovich Rumyantsev - an outstanding commander of the Russian army of the 18th century
A representative of an old noble family, Pyotr Aleksandrovich Rumyantsev was born on January 4, 1725. His father was close to the first emperor. He was a participant in the main battles of the Northern War, the wars of the 30-40s, and died in 1749. The son far surpassed his father as a military leader not only in rank, but also, most importantly, in talent. He distinguished himself already in the Seven Years' War - his fiery nature showed itself in the battles of Gross-Jägersdorf, Kunersdof, the capture of Kolberg, army actions in East Prussia and Polarania. At the beginning of the reign of Catherine II, he was the head of the Little Russian Collegium and governed Left Bank Ukraine.
With the outbreak of the war with Turkey in 1768, Count Pyotr Alexandrovich led the second army, which, operating from Elizavetgrad, was supposed to help the first army of A. M. Golitsyn.
Rumyantsev defeats the Crimean detachments in Ukraine, then leads the regiments to the west, to the Bug, the Dniester, to the aid of A. M. Golitsyn. His actions helped the first army take Khotyn. He launched rapid offensive actions: his troops liberated Moldova from the Turks, and Wallachia also acted along the Danube. In 1770, the commander achieved his most brilliant victories over the enemy. His main trump card is an offensive, a decisive battle.
For the victory at Kaluga he received the rank of Field Marshal, adding “Zadunaisky” to his surname. He contributed greatly to the victorious outcome of the war. huge contribution. The decisive role was played by his transition from maneuvering the army, ousting the enemy from cities and fortresses to the offensive strategy of a general battle, from linear tactics and tactics of columns and scattered formations. His fame resounded throughout Europe.
In the second half of the 70s and the first half of the 80s. P. A. Rumyantsev deals with the affairs of Little Russia and Crimea. In the second Russian-Turkish war, Potemkin took the place of commander-in-chief, having entered into force at court: Rumyantsev was pushed into the background, and then removed from participation in the war altogether. He was seriously ill for a long time and died on December 8, 1796. He was buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.
P. A. Rumyantsev contributed to the development of military art. He was the first to use the tactics of forming divisional pairs in combination with a loose formation of riflemen. It was this tactical technique that marked the beginning of the emergence of new tactics in the Russian army.
Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov - naval "Suvorov"Next to the great commanders who were born by the era of the Seven Years and Turkish Wars, stand the figures of the glorious naval commanders of Russia - Spiridov, Senyavin, Klokachev and many others; undoubtedly, the most outstanding of them is Ushakov.
Coming from a small noble family, Fedor Fedorovich was born in 1745 in the village of Alekseevka, Temnikovsky district. His parents had estates in Romanovsky and Rybinsk districts on the banks of the Volga. From his childhood, under the influence of his father, the Preobrazhensky, and his beloved uncle, who left the guard to become a monk, he dreams of serving the Fatherland, and not just anywhere, but at sea, on ships - the proximity of the Russian river had its effect.
In 1761 he entered the naval cadet corps, five years later he finishes it. The building was then taught by highly professional specialists, experts in their field. Many came out of it famous people, who glorified Russia with geographical and other discoveries, victories at sea, and achievements in science.
Upon completion of his studies, F. F. Ushakov sailed on sailboats around Scandinavia, along the Don, Azov and Black Seas, and in the Mediterranean. He masters the intricacies of navigation and shipbuilding, protects the Crimea from the Turks, and Russian merchant ships from Mediterranean pirates. Commands ships of different classes.
F. F. Ushakov also served in St. Petersburg as commander of the yacht of Catherine II herself. But this service did not satisfy him. He asks for time off to go to sea, on a ship - there is his home, his whole world. Since 1783, Ushakov was in the Black Sea Fleet. He supervises construction in Kherson, and then receives command of the large battleship "St. Paul", which became part of the Sevastopol squadron. Soon Ushakov won his first victories during the Russian-Turkish war.
In March 1790, G. A. Potemkin, commander-in-chief of the Black Sea Fleet, appointed Ushakov as its military commander. Brilliant victories of Rear Admiral Ushakov followed near Kerch, Tendra Island, and Cape Kaliakria (July 31, 1791), where he destroys almost the entire Turkish fleet. His actions as a naval commander marked courage, swiftness, and a break with conventional linear tactics.
Having liberated the Ionian Islands, Ushakov proved himself to be an outstanding diplomat and statesman. Under his leadership, a meeting of representatives of the local population was created, which proclaimed the first and new times Greek state and drafted its constitution. At the insistence of Ushakov, the constitution took into account the interests of not only the upper, but also the middle strata of Greek society.
In the spring of 1799, Ushakov's squadron appeared off the coast of Italy. Russian landings quickly cleared the coast of Southern and Central Italy from French garrisons. Their exploits were legendary. One day, a Russian detachment of 120 people met a column of French Republicans of more than a thousand people. Without waiting for reinforcements, the Russians decisively attacked the enemy. More than three hundred enemy soldiers were killed on the battlefield, many were captured. Soon the Russians liberated Naples, then entered Rome. Contemporaries noted that only landings were able to prevent massacres of Republicans and French soldiers in Italy by detachments consisting of Italian peasants led by the clergy, who took revenge for the violence of the Republicans and occupiers.
Ushakov had to face difficulties and obstacles in Italy. During the siege of Genun, Austrian troops shamefully fled from the battlefield, abandoning a small Russian detachment to the mercy of fate. However, the sailors, despite the numerous numerical superiority of the enemy, paved their way to the shore with bayonets and were transported to the ships by boats.
Russia's foreign policy is once again undergoing a sharp turn. Paul begins rapprochement with France and preparations for war with England. The Emperor decided to strike at the “main pearl of the English crown” - India, from which Great Britain received a lot at that time. The trek to India begins from Orenburg. However, it was interrupted by the news of the death of Emperor Paul I on March 11, 1801.
Ushakov clearly did not come to court under Paul’s successor, Alexander I. He was transferred to the Baltic Fleet and appointed there to a secondary position. Then the prevailing opinion was that Russia was generally striving to possess large naval forces. Surrounded by envious land admirals, Ushakov could not withstand a long struggle with numerous enemies. In 1807 he was forced to resign. F. F. Ushakov died in 1817. on his estate in the Tambov province.
F. F. Ushakov - admiral, commanded the Black Sea Fleet from 1790 to 1802. He took part in forty military campaigns and did not know defeat. He was called the sea "Suvorov".
In the Russian-Turkish war he used the tactics of free maneuvering and won a number of brilliant victories.
Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin – His Serene Highness Prince of Tauride
A younger contemporary of P. A. Rumyantsev, Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin was born on September 13, 1739 in the family of a small nobleman. An ambitious and well-read man, he studied at Moscow University under Empress Elizabeth. At first he was among the best students, but then - among the laggards. And he, along with the later famous journalist and book publisher N.I. Novikov, was expelled from the university “for laziness and not going to class.” But he continued to read and think a lot.
Soon the young Smolyansky nobleman went to St. Petersburg, which captivated him with a luxurious and hectic life. He served in the palace coup on June 28, 1762, and was noticed by the Empress. G. A. Potemkin receives ranks, is promoted, distinguishes himself in the Russian-Turkish war - first in the army of A. M. Golitsyn, then in P. A. Rumyantsev, in the battles of Khotin near the Danube fortresses, at Ryaba Mogila, Larga , Kaluga and other places. The young general is praised by both commanders.
Towards the end of the war, his favor with the empress begins. He becomes adjutant general, a member of the State Council and, according to contemporaries, “the most influential person in Russia.” A man of a broad soul, sweeping, but disorderly and sloppy in business, he was distinguished by the deep mind of a statesman, energy, firmness and devotion to his mistress. And she valued him highly, despite the fact that he was firmly discouraged by failures. Moreover, the intelligent and prudent empress, who brought many talented people closer to her, emphasized that she ruled Russia with G. A. Potemkin. Moreover, he owned her heart for quite a long time; according to some reports, they even got married secretly. She makes him a count, and the Viennese court, at her request, makes him his Serene Highness.
Prince Gregory devotes a lot of energy and time to the most important matters in St. Petersburg and Novorossiya. His merit is the settlement of the Black Sea region with labor and military people, the construction of cities and harbors, and the creation of the Black Sea Fleet. In a note addressed to Catherine, he proves the need to annex Crimea and his plan is accepted for execution; No wonder they began to call him Potemkin-Tavrichesky. He becomes a field marshal general, president of the military college, i.e. Minister of War.
In the army he resolutely rejects Russian drill, clothes that are uncomfortable for soldiers, braids, and powder. G. A. Potemkin forbade punishing soldiers unless absolutely necessary, but demanded strict discipline from them, and from commanders to take care of their food, clothing, and health.
G. A. Potemkin carried out reforms in the army: he increased the composition of the cavalry, formed a number of regiments (grenadier, chasseurs, musketeers), shortened the terms of service, etc. His military activity puts him on a par with Peter I, P. A. Rumyantsev, A. V. Suvorov, although he did not compare with them as a commander. In the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. in addition to leading the siege and assault of Ochakov, this “southern Kronstadt,” he made a significant contribution to the development and implementation of the strategic plan of military operations. Distinguished, like Kutuzov later, by some slowness, prudence and prudence, he preferred to act for sure, taking care of the soldiers. However, he really appreciated P.A. Rumyantsev and A.V. Suvorov with their courage and pressure, and envied their talent. Military historians of the 19th century centuries are distinguished by his originality, even genius, as a military leader.
G. A. Potemkin died when the end of the war with Turkey was approaching, on October 5, 1791 in the steppe, on the road from Iasi to Nikolaev, which he founded. Thus, Potemkin G. A. is not only a commander, field marshal general, but also a statesman.
G. A. Potemkin was in the position of an all-powerful nobleman for 17 years; Catherine II considered him her best adviser and listened to his opinion. After the death of G. A. Potemkin, the Empress said with bitterness: “Now I have no one to rely on.”
Veide Adam Adamovich(1667-1720) - Russian commander, infantry general. From the family of a foreign colonel who served the Russian tsars.
He began his service in the "amusing" troops of Peter l. Participant of the Azov campaigns of 1695-1696. Military training by order of Peter took place in Austria, England and France. In 1698 he compiled the “Military Regulations”, which provided for and strictly described the duties of military officials. He participated in the drafting of the “Military Charter” of 1716. During the Northern War, he commanded a division at Narva (1700), where he was captured and remained there until 1710. He also commanded a division during the Prut campaign. Participated in expeditions of the Russian army to Finland, Pomerania, and Mecklenburg.
He particularly distinguished himself in the Gangut naval battle. Since 1717 - President of the Military Collegium.
Greig Samuil Karlovich(1741-1820) - military leader, field marshal general (1807), count (1797). He began serving as an ensign in 1759. Then he became the aide-de-camp of P.I. Shuvalov, adjutant-general of Uncle Peter III - Prince George of Holstein. With the coming to power of Catherine II, he was arrested, but soon released / Since 1763 - commander of the Astrakhan infantry regiment. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. distinguished himself in the battles of Khotin (1769), Larga (1770), Kagul (1770). In November 1770, the troops led by him occupied Bucharest. From 1774 he commanded a division in Ukraine. Then he was Ryazan and Tambov governor-general, inspector general (1787-1796). In November 1790, he was appointed commander of the Kuban Corps and head of the Caucasian line. At the head of a 7,000-strong detachment he occupied Anapa (June 22, 1791). He achieved the annexation of the territory of Dagestan to Russia. In 1796 retired. After the accession to the throne of Paul I, he was returned and appointed commander of the troops in Persia. From 1798 - Kiev, then Podolsk governor-general. In 1799 - Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Rhine Army. In 1800, he was dismissed for criticizing the military reform of Paul I. In 1806 he was again returned to service and appointed commander-in-chief of the troops in Georgia and Dagestan. Since 1809 - Commander-in-Chief in Moscow, member of the Permanent (since 1810 - State) Council, senator. Since 1812 - retired.
Panin Petr Ivanovich(1721-1789) - military leader, general-in-chief, brother of N. I. Panin. During the Seven Years' War, he commanded large formations of the Russian army, proving himself to be a capable military leader. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. commanded the 2nd Army, took the Vendora fortress by storm. In 1770 he resigned, becoming one of the leaders of the palace opposition. In July 1774, despite the negative attitude of Catherine II, he was appointed commander of the troops aimed at suppressing the Pugachev uprising.
Repnin Anikita Ivanovich(1668-1726) - military leader, field marshal general (1725). One of Peter's companions! Since 1685 - lieutenant of the "amusing" troops. Since 1699 - Major General. Participant of the Azov campaigns. He took part in the creation of the regular Russian army in 1699-1700. In 1708 he was defeated, for which he was demoted, but in the same year he was restored to the rank of general. During the Battle of Poltava, he commanded the central section of the Russian army. In 1709-1710 led the siege and capture of Riga. From 1710 - Governor-General of Livonia, from January 1724 - President of the Military Collegium.
Repnin Nikolay Vasilievich(1734-1801) - military leader and diplomat, Field Marshal General (1796). He served as an officer since 1749. He took part in the Seven Years' War. In 1762-1763 ambassador to Prussia, then to Poland (1763-1768). During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. commanded a separate corps. In 1770 he stormed the fortresses of Izmail and Kiliya, and participated in the development of the terms of the Kyuchuk-Kainardzhi peace. In 1775-1776 Ambassador to Turkey. In 1791, during the absence of G. A. Potemkin, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the war with Turkey. Governor-General of Smolensk (1777-1778), Pskov (1781), Riga and Revel (1792), Lithuanian (1794-1796). In 1798 he was dismissed.
Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky Petr Alexandrovich(1725-1796) - an outstanding Russian commander, field marshal general (1770), count (1744). Enlisted in the guard at the age of six, and from the age of 15 he served in the army with the rank of second lieutenant. In 1743, he was sent by his father to St. Petersburg with the text of the Abo Peace Treaty, for which he was immediately promoted to colonel and appointed commander of an infantry regiment. At the same time, together with his father, he was awarded the title of count. During the Seven Years' War, commanding a brigade and a division, he distinguished himself at Groß-Jägersdorf (1757) and Kunersdorf (1759). Since 1761 - general-in-chief. After the overthrow of Peter III, he fell into disgrace. Since 1764 under the patronage of the Orlovs, he was appointed president of the Little Russian Collegium and governor-general of Little Russia (he remained in this position until his death). In the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. commanded the 2nd Army and then the 1st Army. In the summer of 1770, within one month, he won three outstanding victories over the Turks: at Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Kagul. From 1771 to 1774 he acted at the head of the army in Bulgaria, forcing the Turks to make peace with Russia. In 1775 it was given the honorary name Transdanubian. Under Potemkin, Rumyantsev's position at court and in the army weakened somewhat. In 1787-1791 commanded the 2nd Army. In 1794 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the army in Poland. Outstanding military theorist - “Instructions” (1761), “Rite of Service” (1770), “Thoughts” (1777).
Saltykov Nikolay Ivanovich(1736-1816) - military and statesman, field marshal general (1796), prince (1814). He began his military service in 1748. He was a participant in the Seven Years' War. Since 1762 - Major General. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. (in the capture of Khotin in 1769, etc.). Since 1773 - general-in-chief, vice-president of the Military Collegium and trustee of the heir Pavel Petrovich. Since 1783, he was the chief educator of the Grand Dukes Constantine and Alexander. Since 1788 - and. O. President of the Military Collegium. Since 1790 - Count. In 1796-1802 - President of the Military Collegium. In 1807 - leader of the militia. In 1812-1816. - Chairman of the State Council and the Cabinet of Ministers.
Saltykov Petr Semenovich(1696-1772) - military leader, field marshal general (1759), count (1733). He began his military training under Peter I, who sent him to France, where he remained until the 30s. Since 1734 - Major General. Participated in military operations in Poland (1734) and against Sweden (1741-1743). Since 1754 - general-in-chief. At the beginning of the Seven Years' War, he commanded land militia regiments in Ukraine. In 1759, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army and proved himself to be an outstanding commander, winning victories over Prussian troops at Kunersdorf and Palzig. In 1760 he was removed from command. In 1764 he was appointed Governor-General of Moscow. After the "plague riot" he was dismissed.
Spiridov Grigory Andreevich(1713-1790) - military leader, admiral (1769). From an officer's family. In the fleet since 1723, he sailed in the Caspian, Azov, White and Baltic seas. From 1741 - commander of the battleship. Participant in the Russian-Turkish War of 1735-1739, the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763. and the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. Since 1762 - rear admiral. From 1764 - chief commander of the Revel port, and from 1766 - of the Kronstadt port. Since 1769 - commander of the squadron that made the transition to the Mediterranean Sea. Successfully led the fleet in the battle in the Chios Strait (1770) and in the Battle of Chesme (1770). In 1771-1773 commanded the Russian fleet in the Mediterranean Sea. He made a great contribution to the development of Russian naval art.
Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich(1729-1800) - an outstanding Russian commander. Generalissimo (1799). Count of Rymniksky (1789), Prince of Italy (1799). In 1742 he was enrolled in the Semenovsky Guards Regiment. He began serving there as a corporal in 1748. In 1760-1761. with the rank of lieutenant colonel, he was an officer on the staff of Commander-in-Chief V.V. Fermor. In 1761 participated in hostilities against the Prussian corps near Kolberg. In 1770 he was promoted to major general. From 1773 on the Russian-Turkish front, where he won his first victory at Turtukai, and then at Girsovo. In June 1774, he put to flight a 40,000-strong Turkish army at Kozludzha, having only 18,000 people. In the same year he was sent to the Urals to suppress the Pugachev uprising. In 1778-1784. commanded the Kuban and Crimean corps, and then prepared an expedition against Persia. During the war with the Turks of 1787-1791. with the rank of general-in-chief, he was appointed corps commander. In 1787, he defeated the Turkish landing on the Kinburn Spit, and then defeated the Turks at Focsani and Rymnik. In 1790, he took the impregnable fortress of Izmail by storm. From 1791 - commander of troops in Finland, in 1792-1794. - in Ukraine. He took part in the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1794, and then (1795-1796) commanded troops in Poland and Ukraine. There he composed his main military book“The Science of Victory,” in which he formulated the essence of the tactics he used in the well-known triad: eye, speed, onslaught. In February 1797 he was dismissed and exiled to the Konchanskoye estate. However, soon, at the request of Russia’s allies in the 2nd anti-French coalition, he was appointed commander allied forces in Italy, where, through his efforts, the entire territory of the country was liberated from the French in just six months. After the Italian campaign. in the same 1799, he undertook a very difficult campaign in Switzerland, for which he was awarded the rank of generalissimo. Soon he was dismissed again. Died in exile.
Rules of war by D. V. Suvorov
1. Act nothing other than offensively. 2. In a campaign - speed, in an attack - swiftness; steel arms. 3. There is no need for methodism, but the correct military view. 4. Full power to the commander in chief.(1744-1817) - an outstanding Russian naval commander, admiral (1799).. Graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps in 1766. Served in the Baltic Fleet. In 1769 he was assigned to the Don Flotilla.
Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. commanded the battleship St. Paul. In 1788 The vanguard of the Black Sea squadron led by him played a decisive role in the victory over the Turkish fleet near the island.
Fidonisi. Since 1789 - rear admiral. Since 1790 - commander of the Black Sea Fleet.
He won major victories over the Turks in the Kerch naval battle (1790), near the island. Tendra (1790), near Cape Kaliakria (1791). Since 1793 - vice admiral. He led the campaign of a military squadron in 1798-1800. to the Mediterranean Sea. In 1799 he stormed the fortress on the island. Corfu. During the Italian campaign, Suvorov (1799) contributed to the expulsion of the French from Southern Italy, blocking their bases in Ancona and Genoa, commanding landing forces that distinguished themselves in Naples and Rome. The squadron was recalled at the request of the allies in 1800. Since 1807 - retired. Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian FederationFederal State Budgetary Educational Institution
higher professional education
"Vladimir State University
named after Alexander Grigorievich and Nikolai Grigorievich Stoletov"
Department of Museology and Cultural History
Essay
on the topic: Russian commanders of the 18th century
Student: V.E. Zuev
1. Head: N.V. Myagtina Vladimir 2016
Introduction
Major events 18th century
2. 1.1 The era of the reign of Peter the Great
1.2 Era
palace coups
North War
3. Russian commanders of the 18th century
Conclusion
Bibliography
In the 18th century, reforms in the army began. They were produced based on the needs of the army. For the war, guns were needed, as a result, the bells of Russian churches are cast on them, then metallurgical enterprises are built. By the middle of the century, there were 75 metallurgical enterprises operating in the country, which fully met the country's needs for cast iron, almost half of the production was exported. It was necessary to arm the army, so weapons factories were built. In addition, Peter I orders the construction of linen factories. Shipbuilding, rope, leather and glass industries are developing.
On shipyards galleys are being built, which played a decisive role in the defeat of the Swedes at Gangut.
Peter introduces military service- recruiting - from 20 households, 1 person went to serve for 25 years; He also introduces compulsory service to the nobility for 25 years. These measures made it possible to quickly create a new army - 20 thousand sailors and 35 thousand ground troops.
The war with Sweden, which lasted 21 years and was called the “Northern”, began in 1700 with a sad defeat for Russia near Narva. The commander of the Swedish army, a talented commander, the Swedish king Charles XII, had by that time managed to disable one of Russia's allies - the Danes. The turn was for another ally - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Soon this happened. Sweden's protégé was elevated to the throne in Poland.
The Northern War (1700 -1721) was divided into two stages: the first - from 1700 to 1709 (before Battle of Poltava), the second - from 1709 to 1721 (from the Poltava victory to the conclusion of the Peace of Nystadt).
The main military operations are transferred to the south, to the territory of Ukraine. And already in 1709 the famous Battle of Poltava took place, which became a turning point in the course of the Northern War. The hope of Charles XII to receive support from the Hetman of Left Bank Ukraine Mazepa, who betrayed Russia, did not materialize. Near Poltava, the army of Charles XII was defeated, the king himself fled, but he managed to raise Turkey against Russia.
Held Prut campaign Russian army. The campaign was unsuccessful, but Russian diplomacy managed to make peace with Turkey. The theater of military operations is transferred to the Baltic. In 1713, Peter defeated the Swedes at the Battle of Tammerfors and captured almost all of Finland. July 27, 1714 The Russian fleet won a brilliant victory over the Swedes at Cape Gangut. The Åland Islands were occupied. In 1720, under Grenham, the Swedish fleet was again defeated. In 1721, peace was concluded in the city of Nystadt on the territory of Finland. Under the terms of this peace, part of Finland (Vyborg and Kexholm), Ingria, Estland and Livonia with Riga were annexed to Russia. The country finally gained access to the Baltic Sea, solving the main foreign policy task that the Russian tsars had been trying to accomplish for two centuries. Permanent diplomatic relations were established with major European countries.
After the end of the Northern War, the eastern direction of Russian policy intensified. The goal was to seize the transit routes of trade between India and China. In 1722 -1723. The Western and Southern Caspian region, which previously belonged to Persia, passed to Russia. According to the Treaty of Istanbul (Constantinople) of June 12, 1724, Turkey recognized all Russian acquisitions in the western part of the Caspian Sea and renounced further claims to Persia. The junction of the borders between Russia, Turkey and Persia was established at the confluence of the Araks and Kura rivers. Troubles continued in Persia, and Türkiye challenged the provisions of the Treaty of Istanbul before the border was clearly established.
The performance of the Ottoman Empire against Russia in 1710-1711, pushed by France, which was afraid of the increase in Russian power, led to a clash between Russian and Turkish troops on the banks of the Prut River. Although the Russian army was not defeated, due to the lack of food and fodder, the combat effectiveness of the regiments was undermined and the tsar instructed the sub-chancellor to begin negotiations on a truce. Only in June 1713 was a new Russian-Turkish peace concluded on unfavorable terms for Russia. Azov returned to Turkey, the fortifications of Taganrog and other Azov fortresses were torn down, the Russian fleet in Azov was destroyed.
In the 20s of the 18th century, prolonging the war was no longer beneficial for Sweden. The congress of Russian and Swedish diplomats, which began in April 1721 in Nystadt, came to an agreement on peace at the end of August. The Treaty of Nystadt on August 30, 1721 assigned Russia the Baltic coast from Vyborg to Riga. Finland was returned to the Swedes; in the interests of Baltic trade, they were allowed to purchase and export duty-free goods worth 50 thousand rubles from the Russian Baltic ports (Riga and Revel). annually. Russia paid Sweden 1.5 million rubles. for the territories transferred to her in Livonia and Estland. These points of the peace treaty contributed to the transition to good neighborly and even allied relations between Russia and Sweden. In 1724, a Russian-Swedish defensive treaty (for 12 years) was signed in Stockholm. The victorious conclusion of the Northern War confirmed Russia (proclaimed an empire in October 1721) as a great power.
Russia's foreign policy during this period pursued the goals of maintaining its western borders unchanged, maintaining influence in Poland and thereby overcoming the “eastern barrier” created by France, which fenced off Russia from Europe by Sweden, Poland and Turkey, intensifying politics in the south and opposing anti-Russian alliances led by England and France. At the same time, the forces necessary for this were wasted in palace coups, the army and navy were not given due attention, discipline was imposed on them, almost no ships were built in the Baltic, and the remaining ones rotted in the harbors, the combat effectiveness of the armed forces under the closest successors of Peter the Great - Peter II and Anna Ivanovna - turned out to be undermined. The lack of forces and means led to the return of the southern and western coasts of the Caspian Sea to Persia.
Events in the European direction developed more successfully. Russian diplomacy, led by the experienced politician A.I. Osterman, could not remain aloof from the confrontation that was unfolding in Europe between two blocs - the Vienna (Austria, Spain) and Hanoverian (England, France, Netherlands) Leagues, which concluded an alliance treaty with Austria in 1726 - enemy of France and Turkey. The allies agreed to act jointly in Poland with the aim of weakening French influence in it.
In 1735 - 1739 Russia fought a war in alliance with Austria against Turkey. Military operations were carried out in Crimea in the Don and Dnieper directions. The actions of the Russian troops were successful, but Russia's ally Austria concluded a separate peace with Turkey. In 1739, Russia and Turkey concluded the Peace of Belgrade, according to which Russia received Azov, but without the right to strengthen it. It was not possible to achieve access to the Black Sea.
At the beginning of Elizabeth's reign, Russia waged a war with Sweden (1741-1743), which ended in a peace favorable to Russia in the city of Abo. According to this peace, Sweden confirmed the results of the Northern War and ceded part of Finland to Russia.
The main foreign policy event during Elizabeth's reign was Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War (1756 - 1763). The war involved two coalitions of European powers: Prussia, England and Portugal against France, Spain, Austria, Sweden, Saxony and Russia. The new king of Prussia, Frederick II, created one of the largest well-trained armies in Europe. Prussia began to threaten Russian interests in Poland and the Baltic states.
In 1757 Russia enters the war. Russian troops invaded East Prussia and defeated Prussian troops. August 14, 1758 A major battle took place near the village of Zornsdorf. In 1758 Konigsberg was taken. July 23, 1759 Near the village of Knersdorf, Frederick’s army was defeated. On September 29, 1760, the detachment of General Z. G. Chernyshev occupied Berlin, and in 1761 the Kolsberg Fortress was captured. However, a change in Russia's foreign policy course in connection with the accession of Peter III in December 1761 negated the successes of the Russian troops. Peter III, a great admirer of Frederick II, makes a separate peace with Prussia (April 24, 1762), returning to it all the conquered territories.
In 1768, Türkiye declared war on Russia. Military operations took place on the territory of Moldova and Wallachia, the Azov coast. In 1770, the Russian army defeated the superior forces of the Turkish army on the tributaries of the Prut River - Larga and Kagul. In the same year, the Russians destroyed the Turkish squadron in Chesme Bay (June 25-26, 1770). In 1771, Russian troops captured Crimea. Troops under the command of A.I. Suvorov took the Turkish fortress of Turtukay (1773) and defeated the Turks at Kozludzha (1774). In 1774, Türkiye was forced to sign the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace Treaty. Russia received the lands between the Dnieper and the Southern Bug, Kerch, Kabarda, the right to have a fleet on the Black Sea, the right to sail through the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits. Independence was recognized Crimean Khanate from Turkey. Türkiye paid indemnity to Russia. In 1783, Crimea was annexed to Russia.
In 1788, the Russian-Swedish war broke out. The Swedes began the siege of the Neyshlot fortress. However, the Swedes' attempts to regain the land lost in the Northern War were unsuccessful. The Swedes' attacks were repulsed, Russian troops and navy won victories. In 1790, the Treaty of Versailles was signed with Sweden, which retained its borders.
Georgia voluntarily came under Russian protectorate (1783). This led to a new Russian-Turkish war (1787 - 1791). A.V. Suvorov repelled the Turkish landing on the Kinburg Spit. In 1788, the Russian army captured Ochakov after a long siege. On December 11, 1790, Suvorov’s troops stormed the Izmail fortress, which was considered impregnable. The actions of the young Black Sea Fleet under the command of F. F. Ushakov were also successful. He won victories over the Turkish fleet in the Kerch Strait, at Fort Gajbey (1790) and Cape Kamakril (1791).
In 1791, the Peace of Jassy was signed with Turkey. Türkiye recognized Crimea as possession of Russia. The border between Russia and Turkey was established along the Dniester. Russia included a huge territory of the Azov-Black Sea coast between the Bug and Dniester rivers (“Novorossiya”). Russia firmly established itself on the shores of the Black Sea and gained access to the Mediterranean. In 1780, the Russian government adopted the “Declaration of Armed Neutrality,” which thwarted England’s attempt to organize a naval blockade of the rebellious American colonies.
In 1789, a bourgeois revolution took place in France. After the execution of Louis XVI, Russia breaks off diplomatic and trade relations with France and actively supports the anti-French coalition led by England.
In 1794, a national liberation uprising of Polish patriots led by T. Kosciuszko broke out in Poland. The uprising was suppressed by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov. In 1795, the third partition of Poland was carried out, eliminating the Polish state. Lithuania, Courland, Volyn and Western Belarus went to Russia. Prussia captured central Poland with Warsaw, Austria - southern Poland.
Thus, at the end of the 18th century, Russia actively participated in military events in Europe.
1. The most important events of the XVIIIcentury
1.1 The era of Peter the Great's reign
At the end of the 17th century, in 1676, Alexei Mikhailovich died, and his son Fyodor Alekseevich ascended the throne. Peter Alekseevich, who later became Emperor Peter I, will become king in 1682.
In 1689, Peter, at the encouragement of his mother, Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina, married Evdokia Lopukhina, which means he reached adulthood, as was believed at that time.
Sophia, who wanted to remain on the throne, raised the archers against Peter, but the rebellion was suppressed, after which Sophia was imprisoned in a monastery, and the throne passed to Peter, although until 1696 Peter’s formal co-ruler was his brother Ivan Alekseevich.
Peter begins to establish foreign trade, but the problem lay in one of Russia's two famous ills - roads; Russia needed access to the sea through Sweden and Turkey. Peter I undertakes two campaigns against Azov, the second of which was successful and ended with the founding of the Taganrog fortress (on Cape Tagany Rog).
Russia needed loans, allies and weapons. For this purpose, the Grand Embassy was sent to Europe, in which Peter I was listed as a simple person - constable Pyotr Alekseevich. He was the first Russian Tsar to visit Europe.
Returning from the trip and plunging back into life in Russia, Peter hated it, decided to completely remake it and, as you know, he succeeds.
The main reforms of Peter I, with which he began his transformations:
· Disbanded the Streltsy army, created a mercenary army, which he dresses in almost European uniforms and puts at the head of foreign officers.
· Transferred the country to a new chronology, from the Nativity of Christ, the old one was carried out from the creation of the world. On January 1, 1700, Russia began to celebrate the New Year.
· Obliged to build 1 ship every 10 thousand households, as a result Russia received a large fleet.
· Conducted urban reform - self-government was introduced in cities, and mayors were placed at the head of cities. Although this was the end of the “Europeanization” of cities.
In 1700, Peter I decided to start a war with Sweden, which ended in 1721. The Northern War began unsuccessfully, Peter was defeated near Narva, fled from the battlefield even before the battle began, but repented of this and decided to rebuild his army. Transformations were made based on the needs of the troops. For the war, guns were needed, as a result, the bells of Russian churches are cast on them, then metallurgical enterprises are built.
By the middle of the century, there were 75 metallurgical enterprises operating in the country, which fully met the country's needs for cast iron, almost half of the production was exported. It was necessary to arm the army, so weapons factories were built. In addition, Peter I orders the construction of linen factories. Shipbuilding, rope, leather and glass industries are developing. Galleys are built at shipyards, which played a decisive role in the defeat of the Swedes at Gangut.
Peter introduces military service - conscription - from 20 households, 1 person went to serve for 25 years; He also introduces compulsory service to the nobility for 25 years. These measures made it possible to quickly create a new army - 20 thousand sailors and 35 thousand ground troops.
Peter I understands that Russia needs knowledge and money. To do this, he forced hundreds of young nobles and boyars to go abroad to study, and fiscal officials were assigned to monitor them; created a series technical universities(Higher Artillery School), where the teachers were Western professors.
In order to encourage not only nobles, but also ordinary people to study, Peter issues a decree according to which everyone who graduates from high school will know foreign languages, will receive nobility.
To boost the economy, the king in 1718-1724. introduces a capitation tax (a male soul). The tax was heavy and exceeded the solvency of the people Russian Empire. This provoked an increase in arrears.
To stop thefts, because... Everyone was actively stealing, and the first thief was Menshikov; the Tsar orders not only the suspect, but also his entire family to be hanged on the rack. A number of additional fees were introduced - a beard fee, a fee for wearing Russian dress, and those who did not drink coffee were fined.
In order not to spend money on hired labor, Peter I introduced serf labor. Villages were assigned to factories, and artisans to cities. By decree of 1736, factory workers were assigned to manufactories forever and received the name “eternally given.”
In addition, Peter I strives to develop trade. They impose customs duties on imported goods that are much higher than on exported ones. As a result, by the end of the Northern War, Russia had a developed economy, but it was a serf economy.
The reign of Peter was a time of transformation in Russia, a time of reform. In addition to all of the above, Peter carried out administrative and social reforms, and he also changed the judicial system.
1.2 The era of palace coups
military Russian commander palace
In 1725, with the death of Peter I, the era of palace coups began. During the reigns of Catherine I, from 1725 to 1727, and Peter II, from 1727 to 1730, Menshikov performed the functions of emperor. During the reign of Anna Ioanovna, from 1730 to 1740, and Ioan Antonovich, from 1740 to 1741, various kinds of German adventurers were in power.
Under Elizaveta Petrovna, who ascended the throne in November 1741, the Shuvalovs and Razumovskys, the empress's favorites, played a prominent role. Elizabeth's heir was Peter III Fedorovich. He pursued a policy that the Russian nobility did not accept. As a result, in 1762, after another coup, the wife of Peter III, Catherine II, ascended the throne at 33 years old. It was announced that her husband Peter was killed "by accident."
The 34 years of Catherine II's reign went down in history as the "golden age of the nobility", because... she pursued a pro-noble policy. Following her husband, Peter III, she allowed the nobles not to serve, held General survey in 1765, i.e. divided the land among the nobles. The opportunity arose to buy and sell collateral, which did not give the treasury a penny, but all the nobility was on Catherine’s side.
In addition, she gave the nobles 600 thousand serfs for their service, for example, Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov received several thousand people. In the interests of the nobility, it deprives the peasants of their last rights - under pain of hard labor, it was forbidden to complain about the landowner, it was allowed to sell serfs “at retail”, i.e. Families were mercilessly split up.
Thus, if for the nobility the end of the 18th century was the golden period of history, then for the peasants it was the most terrible period of slavery. During her reign, Catherine II relied on the personal devotion of her favorites, raised a galaxy of Russian politicians, suppressed revolutions by all means, was inspired by the ideas of the philosopher Voltaire, read the books of Rousseau and Montesquieu, but perceived the Enlightenment in her own, original way.
She believed that education should affect only the upper strata of society; she did not give freedom to the peasants, because this would lead to a riot. Catherine II was especially frightened by the Pugachev rebellion (1773-1775), in which serfs, Cossacks, working people, Bashkirs, and Kalmyks took part. Peasants' War was defeated, but Catherine extracted from her main lesson- freedom cannot be given to peasants, and serfdom was not abolished.
After the death of Catherine II, her son Paul I (1796-1801) became emperor. With him domestic politics was also pro-noble and pro-serfdom. Serfdom is becoming increasingly widespread. However, relations between the emperor and the nobility become extremely tense after the next innovations of Paul I.
Paul forbade noble meetings in the provinces, at his whim he could exile some nobles and elevate others. In addition, the severance of relations with England hit the income of landowners, because Agricultural products were exported there. The result of this policy was a conspiracy; Paul was killed in 1801 and his son Alexander ascended the throne. This is how the 18th century ended in Russia.
2. North War
At the end of the 17th century. Russia faced three main foreign policy tasks: access to the Baltic and Black Seas, as well as the reunification of ancient Russian lands. International activity Peter I began with the struggle for access to the Black Sea. However, after a visit abroad as part of the Grand Embassy, the tsar had to change his foreign policy guidelines. Disillusioned with the plan for access to the southern seas, which turned out to be impossible under those conditions, Peter adopted the task of returning those captured by Sweden at the beginning of the 17th century. Russian lands.
At the beginning of the 18th century. Sweden was the most powerful power in the Baltic region. Throughout the 17th century, its power grew due to the seizure of the Baltic states, Karelia, and lands in northern Germany. The Swedish armed forces numbered up to 150 thousand people. They had excellent weapons, rich military experience and high fighting qualities. Sweden was a country of advanced military art. Its commanders (primarily King Gustav Adolf) laid the foundations for the military tactics of that time. The Swedish army was recruited on a national basis, unlike the mercenary troops of many European countries, and was considered the best in Western Europe.
The Northern War began in August 1700. It lasted for 21 years, becoming the second longest in Russian history. Military operations covered a vast territory from the northern forests of Finland to the southern steppes of the Black Sea region, from cities in northern Germany to the villages of Left Bank Ukraine. Therefore, the Northern War should be divided not only into stages, but also into theaters of military operations.
Northwestern Theater of Operations (1700-1708)
The first stage of the Northern War was characterized mainly by the struggle of Russian troops for access to the Baltic Sea. In September 1700, a 35,000-strong Russian army under the command of Tsar Peter I besieged Narva, a strong Swedish fortress on the coast. Gulf of Finland. Capturing this stronghold made it possible for the Russians to dissect Swedish possessions in the Gulf of Finland region and act against the Swedes both in the Baltic states and the Neva basin. The fortress was defended by a garrison under the command of General Horn (about 2 thousand people). In November, the Swedish army led by King Charles XII (12 thousand people, according to other sources - 32 thousand people) came to the aid of the besieged. By that time, she had already managed to defeat Peter's allies - the Danes, and then landed in the Baltic states, in the Pernov (Pärnu) region. Russian intelligence sent to meet her underestimated the number of the enemy. Then, leaving the Duke of Croix at the head of the army, Peter left for Novgorod to speed up the delivery of reinforcements.
Western Theater of Operations (1701-1707)
We are talking about military operations on the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Germany. Here events took an unfavorable turn for Peter's ally, Augustus II. Military operations began with the invasion of Saxon troops into Livonia in the winter of 1700 and the Danish attack on the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp, allied to Sweden. In July 1701, Charles XII defeated the Polish-Saxon army near Riga. Then the Swedish king invaded Poland with his army, defeated a larger Polish-Saxon army at Kliszow (1702) and captured Warsaw. During 1702-1704, a small but well-organized Swedish army methodically recaptured province after province from Augustus. In the end, Charles XII achieved the election of his protege, Stanislav Leszczynski, to the Polish throne. In the summer of 1706, the Swedish king ousted the Russian army under the command of Field Marshal Ogilvi from Lithuania and Courland. Not accepting the battle, the Russians retreated to Belarus, to Pinsk. After this, Charles XII deals the final blow to the forces of Augustus II in Saxony. The Swedish invasion of Saxony ends with the capture of Leipzig and the surrender of Augustus II. August concludes the Peace of Altranstadt with the Swedes (1706) and renounces the Polish throne in favor of Stanislav Leszczynski. As a result, Peter I loses his last ally and is left alone with the successful and formidable Swedish king. In 1707, Charles XII withdraws his troops from Saxony to Poland and begins to prepare for a campaign against Russia. Among the battles of this period in which the Russians took an active part, we can highlight the battles of Fraunstadt and Kalisz.
Northwestern and Western theater of operations (1710-1713)
The liquidation of the Swedish army near Poltava dramatically changed the course of the Northern War. Former allies are returning to the camp of the Russian Tsar. They also included Prussia, Mecklenburg and Hanover, who wanted to gain Swedish possessions in northern Germany. Now Peter I, whose army had occupied a dominant position in the eastern part of Europe, could confidently hope not only for a successful outcome of the war for him, but also for more favorable peace conditions. From now on, the Russian Tsar was no longer limited to the desire to take back from Sweden the lands lost by Russia in the past , and like Ivan the Terrible, he decided to achieve possession of the Baltic states. Moreover, another contender for these lands - the Polish king Augustus II, after the failures he experienced, was not able to seriously interfere with the plans of Peter, who not only did not punish his unfaithful ally, but also generously returned the Polish crown to him. New section Baltic relations between Peter and Augustus were recorded in the Treaty of Torun (1709) signed by them. It provided for the assignment of Estland to Russia, and Livonia to Augustus. This time Peter did not put the matter off for a long time. Having dealt with Charles XII, Russian troops, even before the cold weather, march from Ukraine to the Baltic states. Their main goal is Riga.
Military actions in Finland (1713-1714)
Despite the defeats, Sweden did not give up. Its army controlled Finland, and the Swedish fleet continued to dominate the Baltic Sea. Not wanting to get stuck with his army in the North German lands, where the interests of many European states collided, Peter decides to strike at the Swedes in Finland. The Russian occupation of Finland deprived the Swedish fleet of convenient basing in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea and finally eliminated any threat to Russia's northwestern borders. On the other hand, the possession of Finland became a powerful argument in future bargaining with Sweden, which was then already inclined towards peaceful negotiations. “Not for capture and ruin,” but so that “the Swedish neck would bend more softly,” this is how Peter I defined the goals of the Finnish campaign for his army.
Final period of the war (1715-1721)
The goals that Peter pursued in the Northern War had in fact already been achieved. Therefore, its final stage was characterized by more diplomatic rather than military intensity. At the end of 1714, Charles XII returned from Turkey to his troops in northern Germany. Unable to successfully continue the war, he begins negotiations. But his death (November 1718 - in Norway) interrupts this process. The “Hessian” party that came to power in Sweden (supporters of Charles XII’s sister Ulrika Eleonora and her husband Friedrich of Hesse) pushed aside the “Holstein” party (supporters of the king’s nephew, Duke Karl Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp) and began to negotiate peace with Russia’s Western allies. In November 1719 A peace treaty was concluded with Hanover, to which the Swedes sold their strongholds on the North Sea - Bremen and Ferden - in exchange for an alliance with England. According to the peace treaty with Prussia (January 1720), the Swedes ceded part of Pomerania with Stettin and the mouth of the Oder, receiving monetary compensation for this. In June 1720, Sweden concluded the Peace of Fredriksborg with Denmark, making significant concessions in Schleswig-Holstein.
Sweden's only rival remains Russia, which does not want to give up the Baltic states. Having secured the support of England, Sweden focuses all its efforts on the fight against the Russians. But the collapse of the anti-Swedish coalition and the threat of an attack by the British fleet did not prevent Peter I from ending the war victoriously. This was helped by the creation of its own strong fleet, which made Sweden vulnerable from the sea. In 1719-1720 Russian troops begin to land near Stockholm, devastating the Swedish coast. Having begun on land, the Northern War ended at sea. The most significant events of this period of the war include the Battle of Ezel and the Battle of Grengam.
3. Russian commandersXVIIIcentury
Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov (1730-1800)
Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov - famous Russian commander, Count of Rymniksky (1789), Prince of Italy (1799), Generalissimo (1799).
Born into the family of Chief General V.I. Suvorov. In 1742, he was enlisted as a musketeer in the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment, but began to perform his duties only in 1748, with the rank of corporal. In 1754 he was promoted to lieutenant and transferred to the Ingria Infantry Regiment. During the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763. participated in the battles of Kunersdorf, near Frankfurt-on-Oder, in the capture of Berlin and the siege of Kolberg.
In August 1762, Suvorov received the rank of colonel and was appointed commander of the Astrakhan infantry regiment, and from 1763 - commander of the Suzdal infantry regiment. In 1764-1765, when the Suzdal regiment was in permanent quarters in Novaya Ladoga, he wrote “The Regimental Establishment” - a manual for the training and education of troops. In 1768-1772 participated in military operations in Poland against the troops of the Bar Confederation; for military distinction in 1770, Suvorov was promoted to the rank of major general.
During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. The detachment under the command of Suvorov inflicted several defeats on the superior forces of the Turks. Here he successfully used a formation that was new for that time - an attack in columns covered by a loose formation of rangers. His victory over 40 thousand made him even more famous. by the Turkish corps at Kozludzha, won at the very end of the war on June 8, 1774.
In August 1774, Suvorov was sent against the detachments of E.I. operating in the Volga region. Pugachev, but the rebels were defeated even before his arrival at the site of the fighting. In 1776-1787 Suvorov commanded troops in the Crimea, Kuban, then the Vladimir, St. Petersburg and Kremenchug divisions. In 1786 he was promoted to the rank of general-in-chief.
With the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Suvorov was appointed to the post of chief of defense of the Kherson-Kinburn region. On October 1, 1787, troops under the command of Suvorov destroyed the Turkish landing force that landed on the Kinburn Spit. In 1788, Suvorov, as part of the Ekaterinoslav Army, Field Marshal General G.A. Potemkin, participated in the siege of Ochakov, during which he was seriously wounded and was out of action for a long time. Having recovered, Suvorov received a separate corps under his command. In 1789, the Russian commander defeated Turkish troops in the battles of Focsani and Rymnik. On December 11, 1790, Russian troops under the command of Suvorov stormed the fortified fortress of Izmail.
After the end of hostilities, Suvorov commanded Russian troops in Finland and supervised the construction of fortifications on the border with Sweden. In 1794 he took part in military operations against the Polish Confederates. He led a successful assault on the right bank suburb of the Polish capital Prague, after which Warsaw capitulated. The keys to the surrendered city were handed over to A.V. Suvorov. For this brilliant operation Suvorov was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal.
In 1795-1796 Suvorov was with the troops in Little Russia, in the city of Tulchin, where he wrote the book “The Science of Victory” - a treatise that outlined the principles of his victorious tactics and gave instructions on the training and education of troops.
At the beginning of the reign of Paul I, he fell into temporary disgrace for criticizing the changes carried out by the emperor in the army, its reorganization according to the Prussian model. In February 1797, Suvorov was dismissed and exiled to one of the estates in the village. Konchanskoe. But in 1798, at the insistence of Russia’s allies, he was returned to service and appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian and Austrian troops in Northern Italy. During the Italian campaign of 1799 he defeated French troops in battles on the river Adde, on the river Trebbia and Novi, displacing the enemy from the Apennine Peninsula. After these victories, he planned to launch an invasion of France, but received orders to set out on the Swiss campaign. For victorious actions in Italy and Switzerland A.V. Suvorov was elevated to the rank of generalissimo.
A.V. Suvorov died in St. Petersburg shortly after returning from the Swiss campaign. He was buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, where the inscription was carved on the tombstone: “Here lies Suvorov.”
Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky (1739-1791)
The future His Serene Highness Prince of Tauride and Field Marshal General was born in the village. Chizhovo, Dukhovishchensky district, Smolensk province, in the family of a retired officer. In 1755 he entered military service. With the rank of sergeant, he participated in the palace coup of 1762 and after the accession of Empress Catherine II, he was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant and awarded the court rank of chamber cadet. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774. participated in the battles of Focsani, Brailov, Ryaboya Mogila, Larga and Kagul. In 1774 he was promoted to the rank of general-in-chief and appointed vice-president of the Military Collegium. The rapid rise of G.A. Potemkin was facilitated by his close acquaintance with Empress Catherine II, who appreciated his talent as an organizer and zeal in his service. In 1766, he was appointed governor-general of Novorossiysk, Azov, and Astrakhan. While in this post, he contributed to Russia's development of the Northern Black Sea region and contributed to the creation and strengthening of the Black Sea Fleet. In 1775, on the initiative of Potemkin, the Zaporozhye Sich was liquidated. In 1783, he implemented his project of annexing Crimea to Russia, after which he received the title of His Serene Highness Prince of Tauride, and in 1784 he was appointed president of the Military Collegium. In this post, he carried out a number of measures aimed at a more rational organization of service, and significantly changed the equipment of military personnel. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791. G.A. Potemkin was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian Yekaterinoslav army. The Black Sea Fleet was transferred to his subordination. In 1788, he led the siege and assault of the strategically important fortress of Achi-Kale (Ochakov), which fell on December 6, 1788. Subsequently, having chosen Iasi for his headquarters, the commander-in-chief directed the actions of the army and navy from there. Among G.A.’s subordinates Potemkin were outstanding Russian military leaders and naval commanders A.V. Suvorov, N.V. Repnin, F.F. Ushakov.
Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov (1744-1817)
The great Russian naval commander was born in the village. Burnakovo, Romanovsky district, Yaroslavl province, in a poor noble family. In 1766 he graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps, then served in the Baltic Fleet. In 1769, Ushakov was assigned to the Don (Azov) flotilla and participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. From 1775, Ushakov commanded a frigate, in 1780 he was appointed commander of the imperial yacht, but soon abandoned his court career. In 1780-1782, commanding the ship "Victor", Ushakov made several trips from the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean, where he protected Russian merchant ships from the piracy of the English fleet.
In 1783, Ushakov was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet. Here he supervised the construction of fleet ships in Kherson, participated in the construction of Sevastopol - the city and main base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. At the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Ushakov commanded the battleship "St. Paul".
In 1789, Ushakov was promoted to rear admiral, and in 1790 he was appointed commander of the entire Black Sea Fleet. Raising his flag on the ship "St. Alexander", Ushakov moved the squadron to the shores of Asia Minor, where he bombarded the Turkish sea fortress of Sinop and destroyed more than 26 enemy ships. In 1790, a squadron under the command of Ushakov repelled an attack by the Turkish fleet, which had a large numerical superiority, on Kerch and defeated it near Tendra Island. In the decisive battle at Cape Kaliakria near Varna (July 31, 1791), the fleet under the command of Ushakov destroyed the Turkish fleet, which led to a quick end to the war.
F.F. Ushakov is the creator of new naval tactics. Ushakov’s main tactical techniques were: approaching the enemy squadron so that each cannonball hits the target; a swift and sudden attack in marching order; delivering the main attack on enemy flagships; allocation of a reserve (“Kaiser Flag Squadron”), intended for a decisive attack on the enemy; a combination of targeted artillery fire from a short distance with speed of maneuver; decisive and relentless pursuit of the enemy. Ushakov cared about the high combat training of officers and lower ranks, about their education and life.
In 1793, Ushakov received the rank of vice admiral. In 1798, at the request of the Western powers, he led the expedition of the Russian Black Sea squadron to the Mediterranean Sea to participate in the war against France. At the beginning of 1799, Russian landing forces liberated the Greek Ionian Islands from the French; an impregnable fortress on the island was taken by storm. Corfu. Ushakov founded the Greek Orthodox Republic of the Seven Islands on the Ionian Islands. In the spring of 1799, Ushakov's squadron began expelling the French from southern Italy. Russian landing forces took part in the capture of Naples, Rome and other cities of Italy. Austria and England have repeatedly violated their allied obligations to Russia. Therefore, Ushakov’s squadron was recalled by Emperor Paul I from the Mediterranean Sea and returned to Sevastopol in the fall of 1800.
Alexander I, who ascended the throne in 1801, did not recognize or appreciate the great merits of the Russian admiral. In 1802, Ushakov was appointed to the third-rate positions of chief commander of the Baltic Rowing Fleet, which had long since become obsolete, and head of naval teams in St. Petersburg, in charge of the capital's modest maritime economy. In 1807, Ushakov was dismissed due to illness. Ushakov lived on his small Tambov estate. During the Patriotic War of 1812, the Tambov nobility elected him leader of the Tambov province militia, but, being seriously ill, Ushakov did not accept this position. He died on his estate. He was buried in the Sanaksar Monastery near the city of Temnikov. In 2001 he was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church with the rank of a righteous warrior, invincible Admiral of the Russian Fleet. Days of church remembrance are July 23 (August 5) and October 2 (15).
Samuil Karlovich Greig (1735-1788)
A native of Inverkeithing, Scotland, he served in the British Navy. In 1764 he joined the Russian fleet, receiving the rank of captain 1st rank. Participant in the Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774, commanding the battleship "Three Hierarchs", as part of the squadron G.A. Spiridov made a trip to the Mediterranean Sea. Commanding a corps de battalion, he distinguished himself during the naval battle in the Chios Strait on June 24, 1770. During the destruction of the Turkish fleet in Chesme Bay on June 26, 1770, he directly supervised the actions of the Russian ships that took part in this operation. It was S.K. In 1775, Greig delivered to Kronstadt the self-proclaimed princess E. Tarakanova, captured by A.G. Orlov-Chesmensky. In gratitude for this, he was appointed chief commander of the Kronstadt port. In 1782 Greig was elevated to the rank of admiral. During the Russian-Swedish war of 1788-1790. commanded the Baltic Fleet, defeated the Swedish squadron of Duke K. Südermanland in the Battle of Hogland (July 6, 1788), blocking enemy ships in the Sveaborg sea area. Soon he became seriously ill and was evacuated to Revel, where he died.
Vasily Yakovlevich Chichagov (1726-1809)
He studied at the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences, after which he continued his education in England. He was enlisted in the naval service in the Russian fleet as a midshipman in 1742. He was promoted to the first officer rank of midshipman in 1745. In 1764 he was appointed head of an expedition of three ships to find a sea route along the coast of the Arctic Ocean from Arkhangelsk to the Bering Strait and beyond. to Kamchatka. Twice, in 1765 and 1766, he tried to complete the task assigned to him, but both of Chichagov’s expeditions to attempt to navigate the Northern Sea Route ended in vain. However, he managed to reach high polar latitudes (in the first case, 80?26?N latitude, in the second - 80?30?N latitude). During the Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774. Rear Admiral Chichagov commanded a detachment of ships of the Don Flotilla defending the Kerch Strait. In 1775 he was promoted to the rank of vice admiral and appointed a member of the Admiralty Board, in 1782 he was promoted to the rank of admiral. During the Russian-Swedish war of 1788-1790. commanded the Baltic Fleet, led the actions of Russian squadrons in Eland and Revel naval battles. After the breakthrough of the Swedish fleet from Vyborg on the night of June 22, 1790, he led the pursuit of enemy ships, during which Russian sailors destroyed and captured 7 battleships, 3 frigates, 6 boats, 5 galleys, 21 gunboats, 3 fire ships, 16 transport ships and 3 boats. For this victory he was awarded the Order of St. George, 1st class. Since 1797 - retired.
Conclusion
Indeed, if we compare the Russia of that time and the present one, we can safely say that, first of all, Russia in the 18th century was strong in its army, military leaders and ruler, but today’s Russia is also strong in its army, commanders and the one who commands it, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief.
The army plays a huge role in deterring a potential enemy and maintaining peace with allies. It is impossible to imagine such a huge and great country without a strong army.
Commanders play a big role in modernizing the army. The 18th century was rich in outstanding commanders of the time. Russian commanders have always been distinguished by their vision of combat. It’s not for nothing that Suvorov had his own rules of war:
1. Act nothing other than offensively.
2. In a campaign - speed, in an attack - swiftness; steel arms.
3. There is no need for methodism, but the correct military view.
4. Full power to the commander in chief.
5. Beat and attack the enemy in the field.
6. Don’t waste time in sieges; perhaps some Mainz as a storage point. - Sometimes an observation corps, a blockade, or best of all an open assault. - There is less loss here.
7. Never split up your strength to occupy points. If the enemy has bypassed him, so much the better: he himself goes to defeat...
Thanks to the army and commanders, Russia was, is and will be an impregnable fortress for an external enemy.
Bibliography
1. Russian history /V.O. Klyuchevsky. - Moscow: Publishing house. "E", 2016 - 912 p.
2. Heroes of Russian history/Yu.N. Lubchenkov, - Moscow,: Publishing house. " White City", 2005 - 430 p.
3. http://www.ote4estvo.ru/kratkaya-istoria-rossii/615-istoriya-rossii-18-veka.html
4. https://moiarussia.ru/istoriya-rossii-v-18-v/
5. https://www.rusempire.ru/rossijskaya-imperiya/vojny-rossijskoj-imperii/474-severnaya-vojna-1700-1721.html
6. http://reshal.ru/Russian-commanders-xviii-century/
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