Kazakhstan: history of the state. Reference. Kazakh Geographical Society Summer children's camp of the Kazakh Geographical Society "Young Traveler"

Residents of Kazakhstan will celebrate the main national holiday - Independence Day - on December 16 and 17.

The Republic of Kazakhstan is a state in Central Asia, 19.65% of the territory is in Europe. It borders on Russia in the north and west, China in the east, and Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan in the south.

The steppe territories of the modern state of Kazakhstan have long been inhabited by nomadic tribes: Massagets, Saks, Dakhs (Dai), Huns, Oguzes, Kipchaks, Kanglys, Usuns and others. In the III-I centuries BC. on the territory of modern Kazakhstan arose public education Kangyuy.

From the 6th century to the beginning of the 13th century, on the territory of Kazakhstan there existed, successively replacing each other until the Mongol invasion, the Western Turkic, Turgesh, Karluk Kaganates, the states of the Oguz, Karakhanids, Kimeks, and Kipchaks.

In the 13th century, the territory of Kazakhstan became part of the Golden Horde, after the collapse of which in the 15th century, the Nogai Horde in the west and the Uzbek Khanate in the east were formed on this territory.

The Uzbek Khanate in Kazakhstan reached its greatest power under Abulkhair Khan (1428-1468). After the death of Abulkhair, the Uzbek Khanate fell apart into fiefs, then united again under the leadership of Muhammad Sheybani Khan, and in 1498-1500 the tribes he led moved to the territory of modern Uzbekistan. The liberated areas in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya were occupied by the Kazakhs.

In 1511, the Kazakh tribes were united by Khan Kasym (1511-1523), who is considered the creator of the first real Kazakh state.

In the 16th century, the main external threat to the Kazakhs was the invasion of Mongol tribes from the east. Originating at the end of the 16th century - beginning XVII centuries the Western Mongol state - the Dzungar Khanate - intensified its pressure on the Kazakh lands.

In 1718, the Kazakh Khanate, under the attacks of the Dzungars, was divided into three Zhuz (Hordes), which began to be ruled by their khans: the Senior Zhuz (southern), the Middle Zhuz (northeastern) and the Younger Zhuz (western).

In 1710, 1728 and 1729, militias of Kazakh tribes defeated the Dzungar armies, but raids from the east continued, turning into a "great disaster". Under these conditions, the rulers began to seek support from Russia. IN early XIX century, the Russian administration began to introduce a system of direct control in Kazakhstan.

After the death of the khans of the Middle Zhuz Bukey (1815) and Valiya (1819), the tsarist government abolished the khan's power. In 1822, the “Charter on the Siberian Kirghiz” (as the Kazakhs were called in Russia), developed by Speransky, was introduced, which provided for the creation of eight “external districts”, divided into volosts, and those, in turn, consisted of auls. In 1824, there followed the liquidation of the khan's power in the Junior Zhuz, divided into three parts led by sultan-rulers. Thus, the rights of the feudal nobility and family elders were limited.

Since the 1860s, the territory of modern Kazakhstan was divided between several administrative units of the Russian Empire. The northwestern regions were part of the Turgai and Ural regions(formed in 1868), the southwestern ones - as part of the Transcaspian region (1882), the northeastern ones - as part of the Steppe General Government, which consisted of the Semipalatinsk (1854) and Akmola (1868) regions.

In February 1917, power in Kazakhstan passed to the regional and district committees of the Provisional Government, executive committees and commissariats in cities and volosts.

On August 20, 1920, in the territories inhabited by the Kazakhs of the Middle and Junior Zhuzes, an autonomy was formed, called the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. For the convenience of administering the autonomy, part of the Orenburg province was temporarily annexed to it, and the city of Orenburg became the capital of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

July 6, 1925 Orenburg province was returned to the subordination of the RSFSR, and the capital of Kazakhstan was moved to the city of Kyzyl-Orda. In 1927, the capital was moved to the city of Alma-Ata.

In November 1929, collectivization of agriculture began in Kazakhstan. Land and livestock were confiscated, and peasants were united into collective farms (kolkhozes) under the leadership of party activists. Between 1929 and 1933, more than a million Kazakhs died of starvation in Kazakhstan, and many fled to China.

On December 5, 1936, the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was transformed into a union republic within the USSR - the Kazakh SSR.

At the end of the 1930s Soviet authorities Poles from Western Ukraine and Belarus (1936) and Koreans from Primorye and Sakhalin (1937) were forcibly resettled to Kazakhstan. During the war, Germans from the Volga region were deported (1941), Greeks from Krasnodar region(1941), Kabardians and Balkars (1943), Chechens and Ingush (1944) from the North Caucasus, Crimean Tatars from Crimea (1944). The development of virgin lands in the 1950s led to the resettlement of another million new residents from Russia to Kazakhstan.

During the Great Patriotic War Over 400 plants and factories from the center of Russia were evacuated to Kazakhstan, on the basis of which local industry grew. New cities and villages, roads and bridges were built.

In the 1960-1980s, the republic underwent powerful industrialization, as a result of which large enterprises were built in Almaty, Pavlodar, Karaganda, Ekibastuz and other cities. During these years, construction teams from all universities of the Soviet Union were sent to Kazakhstan.

Since the beginning of the 1990s, the leadership of Kazakhstan began large-scale transformations of the entire socio-political system.

On April 24, 1990, the post of President of the Kazakh SSR was approved by law, and Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected the first President.

On October 25, 1990, the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty, which for the first time established the indivisibility and inviolability of the territory, the country was defined as a subject international law, the institution of citizenship was introduced, as well as equality of forms of ownership.

After the collapse of the USSR, on December 16, 1991, Kazakhstan was the last of all the union republics to declare its independence. In December 1991, Nursultan Nazarbayev won the first national presidential elections in Kazakhstan, receiving 98.7% of the votes.

In January 1993, a new Constitution of Kazakhstan was adopted, and on its basis, the first parliamentary elections were held in March 1994. That same year, parliament was dissolved, and a new Constitution was adopted in 1995.

On February 26, 1993, the Law “On the State Border of the Republic of Kazakhstan” came into force, which confirmed the principles of integrity, indivisibility and inviolability of the territory of the republic.

Legislative power in Kazakhstan is exercised by the parliament, which consists of two Chambers - the Senate and the Mazhilis, operating on a permanent basis. Executive power is exercised by the government.

On October 20, 1997, by presidential decree, the city of Astana (until May 6, 1998 - Akmola) was declared the capital of Kazakhstan.

On July 5, 1998, in Astana, President Nursultan Nazarbayev and the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin signed the Treaty of Eternal Friendship and Cooperation between Kazakhstan and Russia.

In February 2007, the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, proposed a constitutional reform that included reducing the presidential term from seven to five years from 2012, increasing the number of parliamentary deputies to 154, and holding elections to the Majilis only on party lists.

On May 18, 2007, the Kazakh parliament adopted amendments to the constitution limiting the powers of the country's president to two terms. At the same time, the parliament adopted the amendments proposed by a group of deputies that removed restrictions on the number of presidential terms for Nursultan Nazarbayev.

Based on materials from the website “History of Kazakhstan”, the online encyclopedia “Krugosvet” and the Internet project “HeritageNet - Central Asia”

 17.10.2014 00:42

Kazakhstan – until 1936 there was Kazakhstan, i.e. Cossack camp In February 1936, the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Kazak SSR “On the Russian pronunciation and written designation of the word “Cossack” stated that the last letter “k” was replaced by the letter “x”. In accordance with this, it was necessary to write in “Kazak” and not “Kazakhstan”, but “Kazakh” and “Kazakhstan”. And that present-day Kazakhstan included the lands of the Siberian, Orenburg and Ural Cossacks.

Before 1936, not only did the state of “Kazakhstan” not exist in the world, but there were no Kazakhs as a nation at all. Was general concept- Kyrgyz. This was the name given to the hordes of nomads from the Caspian Sea to Altai. Among these hordes there was one clan called “Kazakhs,” who wandered between lakes Zaisan and Alakol near the very borders of China. And suddenly this one doesn’t belong to anyone famous family turns into a national republic with a territory tens of times larger than the territory of the “titular” Kyrgyz nation and second only to Russia. On the borders of the Wild Field ( geographical name, rooted beyond the Cossack steppe in the 16th century), the Ural Cossack army stood from the west, the Orenburg and Siberian army from the north, and the Semirechensk army from the east. Cossack troops vigilantly guarded their lands from uninvited guests. Hundreds of Cossacks went out on patrol into the steppe for weeks, and as soon as the tramps with their herds appeared within the Russian borders, they were driven with whips all the way to the Aral and Balkhash.

Before Gorbachev's perestroika, the problems of nations and nationalities in the Soviet Union were of little concern to anyone. There was a community of people" Soviet people”, everyone lived “in a single family of fraternal peoples.” They lived until Yeltsin blurted out: “take as much sovereignty as you can swallow.” And they took it and swallowed it without choking. Now the Ural, Semirechensk, partially Siberian and Orenburg Cossacks became subjects of “Khan” Nazarbay and an oppressed nation. Residents of the Urals write to the President of the Russian Federation and parliamentarians of Russia that as a result of the inhumane national policy of the Kazakh authorities, the “non-indigenous” Russian-speaking population is being expelled not only from Kazakhstan, but also from all spheres of life and activity. 3.5 million people have already left Kazakhstan, which is 25% of the republic’s total population. In 2000, another 600 thousand people left the republic. The socio-economic situation of Russians has sharply worsened, unemployment is growing, Russian schools and cultural institutions are closing, and the history of Russia is being falsified in Kazakh schools. And yet, despite the oppressive situation, the Ural Cossacks do not want to leave the graves of their ancestors, their land, watered with the sweat and blood of their fathers and grandfathers.

By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of August 26, 1920, the Ural Cossack region was renamed a province and included in the Autonomous Kyrgyz Republic; On April 5, 1925, by decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, the Kirrepublic was renamed the Cossack Soviet Socialist Republic. From now on, the Kyrgyz will be called “Cossack-Kyrgyz.” In 1925, Shaya Goloshchekin, one of the main murderers, became the ruler of the Republic of Kazakhstan. royal family In Ekaterinburg. During the 7 years of Shai's reign, a third of the Cossack-Kyrgyz people died out of hunger in the first years of collectivization in Kazakhstan. In February 1936, a resolution was issued by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Kazakh SSR “On the Russian pronunciation and written designation of the word “Cossack”. The resolution states that the last letter “k” is replaced by the letter “x”. In accordance with this, it is now necessary to write not “Cossack” and “Kazakhstan”, but “Kazakh” and “Kazakhstan”.
The North Kazakhstan region was formed as part of the Kazakh SSR on July 29, 1936. Previously, it was the Petropavlovsk district of the Omsk province of the RSFSR (existed in 1919-1925), which was transferred on August 26, 1920 by decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR to the formed Akmola province of the Autonomous Kyrgyz Republic 1920-1925, subsequently the Cossack Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from 1925-1936.

Comments: 66 comments

As always, the self-aggrandizement of Russians is amazing. To listen to you, God was Russian and the first people on earth were Russian. The lower Russians would never give up even a piece of their land. The great ancestors of the warlike Kazakhs guarded their lands well. By the way, Tyumen comes from the word Tomen (lowland), Omsk - Omby (Lots of snow), Ural - Oral (return), Altai - and there is no need to translate. Try calling Russian villages with Kazakh names. To put it mildly, you would not agree. So, we still need to figure out who owes it to whom. In general, no one in Kazakhstan oppresses Russians. We live peacefully. It is only when a neighbor or former co-worker moving to Russia says that he was oppressed (in order to receive cash benefits as refugees) that we become very disappointed.

• Alena, we have our own versions of the origin of city names and names, but what can you argue with the above? As for harassment, read your openly Russophobic press, not to mention anything else. We are only responding to Russophobic attacks.

  The time has passed when Russians were hospitable and loyal. There was no gratitude - only a “knife in the back.”

  I'm afraid the Russians have their eyes on Kazakhstan)))

  in Ukraine, too, Russians were never offended

  • No need to invent. It feels like you just want to incite ethnic hatred in Kazakhstan. Calm down, nothing will work out for you anyway. We have no Russophobia! Glory to the Almighty, we have a conscious people! And the article is provocative and illiterate!

Alyona! So everything is simple for you! No one is oppressing Russians in Kazakhstan????? I can give many FACTS about how the oppression of Russians is going on! DAI, this is the true name of the DAI, where open genocide is taking place. Drawing up documents in your executive committees is a problem for the Russians! First of all, they will hire a national hero, a hero, regardless of the fact that this hero is dumber than a simple wooden block, and there are many other things!

• What kind of oppression are we talking about? How much did we have to formalize (though we no longer have “executive committees”), the only problem is the reluctance of employees of such institutions to work normally (and not always and not everywhere) - Kazakhs also face this, it turns out that they are also oppressed?
  get a job - if in the civil service or in the state. enterprise, then knowledge of government is required. language. The main problem is usually in the mentality of some people hiring - they first “need” to arrange for their relatives, and the fact that they are dunces is not a reason for them to refuse “their own”.
  the only thing that is really unpleasant is the new generation of young people who think little with their brains and believe that Kazakhstan is for Kazakhs, and only Kazakh-speaking ones. such people are not ashamed to reprimand an elderly Kazakh if ​​he speaks Russian in front of them. This is already “upbringing” and other flaws of the “new time”.
  and so far no one is openly oppressing us here. and all the “Russophobia” is lumped together in a few cheap newspapers and magazines of dubious quality. It is clear that a fool will read and believe, moreover, he will also take it as his opinion. but so far the devil is not as terrible as he is painted.
  and although the article cites facts, it operates with them in a strange way. without taking into account either the language, or its history, or etymology, etc., although there is such a thing as transliteration. That’s why it was “Cossack” and not “Kazakh”, because in Kazakh “Kazakh” sounds like “Kazak” (specific “k” in 1 and 2 cases)

  • I believe that we are obliged to speak Kazakh. After all, Kazakhs know Russian, although this is their land.

“Let them scold us from Western capitals -

We don’t care about them, we can’t be taken for a show off:

Russia has no borders!

Russia has only a horizon!..” (I. Rasteryaev)

I completely agree with you and support you!

Alyona! Until June 15, 1925, present-day Kazakhstan was called the Kirghiz Autonomous SSR under the RSFSR, which included all Kyrgyz villages up to the Syr Darya and Kara Kalpakiya. If you are in MOSCOW, go to the V. LENIN Museum on Red Square. In the museum lobby there is large map about 10 meters long, compiled in 1905. It shows the territory of the Kyrgyz Kaganate from the Volga to Vladivostok! All the names of the area remained from the Kyrgyz, and not from the Kazakhs, who were formed in 1936. This story!

• brrr..what are you smoking? we must protect ourselves from illusions)) “Kyrgyz” historian))

you're either completely blonde..or you're just a dumb ass

This is logical. Where would the Kazakhs get such territory? How and with whom could they protect these lands?
And moreover... long before the revolution, they turned to the Russian Tsar for help in protecting their small existing territories. The city of Alma-Ata is the former Verninskaya fortress. Then the city of Verny became. This fortress was kept from raids (guess 3 times) by the Russians, of course.

I wouldn't want to offend anyone... But this historical documents. The truth needs to be known. You cannot be led by enemies who are erasing the history of our Motherland.

Russian barbarians burst into villages, auls, camps, leaving behind cities, libraries, universities and theaters... as well as factories, factories, power plants... Baikonur...

Russians = incest.

1. “SNOOCHESTVO” - a practice in the Russian village, in which the man - the head of a large peasant family (living in one hut) has sexual relations with the younger women of the family, usually with the wife of his son

Why argue! Kazakhs were nomads; their tribes existed even before Genghis Khan. then they became part of the Golden Horde; their children and grandchildren ruled in the steppe. and that’s why they say it’s not true, it’s true! Then the horde broke up and from here another story began

The Kazakhs own only the territory of present-day Kazakhstan - from which the Kazakhs, in three zhuzlas in three different years, became part of the Russian Empire - everything else is a transfer of control within a single country and for the time being the state of both Republics (RSFSR and Kazakh SSR) within one country...
All three agreements with maps and listed settlements are available (in three copies) and stored
in Moscow, A-Ata and Orenburg...
According to these documents, and within the territories specified in them, here you go... if you want to be independent...
The remaining territories are either part of Russia or in the form of autonomy with dual governance (Kazakhstan and Russia)….
how the people decide and the countries agree….

the alternative is very bad
- 1 - - this is an example of Donbass - which is 1 to 1 - seven territories that were included in 1923 by Lenin in the KazSSR in addition to those territories - from which the Cossacks became part of the Republic of Ingushetia ...
- 2 - and the territory of the Virgin Lands given to the management of the Kazakh SSR during the leadership of the USSR - by Khrushchev, and the Kazakh SSR - by Brezhnev - this is 1: 1 - the situation with the Crimea (only not 1954 and a little later).

AND
until this situation returns to the legal field - the probability of a repetition of something like in the Donbass of 2014-15 is with a probability of 146%%%% - do you need this??????

• Kazakhstan plans to toughen penalties for separatist activities. Tengrinews reports this with reference to Arman Ayaganova, a representative of the General Prosecutor's Office of the Republic.

  A more severe punishment, as noted, is provided for by the draft of the new Criminal Code of Kazakhstan. In particular, for calls for “an illegal, unconstitutional change in the territorial integrity of the Republic of Kazakhstan,” the perpetrator will face imprisonment for up to seven years. If this kind of illegal propaganda is carried out using one's official position, the punishment can be up to 10 years in prison.

  In the current version of the Criminal Code, Article 170 (“Calls for the violent overthrow or change of the constitutional order or forcible violation of the unity of the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan”) provides for punishment in the form of a fine or imprisonment for up to five years. For separatist calls in the media, perpetrators can be punished with a fine or imprisonment for a term of three to seven years.

  The draft of the new Criminal Code of Kazakhstan was developed on the initiative of President Nursultan Nazarbayev. It is currently being considered by Parliament.

  The Ukrainian authorities also intend to tighten responsibility for separatism in the near future. Relevant bill The Verkhovna Rada is scheduled to be reviewed on Tuesday, April 8. This was preceded by the loss of Crimea by Ukraine, which became part of the Russian Federation, as well as a series of pro-Russian protests in eastern Ukraine, during which demands were put forward for self-determination of the region.

  • Raikhan, you hear a ringing, but you don’t know where it is. Now we are talking primarily about this (I attach the video below). And once again I advise you to familiarize yourself with the definition of the word “separatism”.
    

In 1954, the Central Committee of the CPSU decided to expand the sown areas in the country through the development of virgin lands in the northern regions of Kazakhstan. The development of virgin lands proceeded at an accelerated pace: if 13 million hectares were supposed to be plowed in two years, then in reality 33 million hectares were plowed. For 1954-1960 41.8 million hectares of virgin soil were raised. For comparison, the area of ​​the united Federal Republic of Germany is 35.7 million hectares, Poland - 31.2 million hectares. In the virgin lands, 425 grain state farms were created in the first two years alone. To provide new lands with labor, volunteers were mobilized from the western regions of the USSR. After the end of the campaign, about six million Russians and Ukrainians remained in the Kazakh SSR. The scale of the work carried out has no analogues in world practice.

Guys, I see that the site here is more or less honest (more or less because, although comments apparently are not deleted, the information itself is false), and therefore I will post the following information here.

Quote from this article:

“By the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of August 26, 1920, the Ural Cossack region was renamed a province and included in the Autonomous Kyrgyz Republic”

We look at Wiki:

“The Ural region is a region in the Russian Empire that existed in 1868-1920. The current West Kazakhstan region within the Republic of Kazakhstan"
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_region_(Russian_empire)

That is, we immediately find a forgery, because the “Ural COSSACK region” never existed in nature, but there was simply a “Ural region”.

Another quote from this article:

“Before 1936, not only did the state of Kazakhstan not exist in the world, but there were no Kazakhs as a nation at all”

Now let's see how it really happened:

"Why in pre-revolutionary Russia were the Kazakhs called “Kirghiz”?

The self-name (the name by which the people call themselves) of the indigenous people of Kazakhstan, the Kazakhs, is COSSACK.

The Cossacks (Kazakhs) received this name in 1459, when two Chingizid sultans Zhanibek and Kerey, dissatisfied with the power of Khan Abu-l-Khair (a state that arose in the steppes of western and northern Kazakhstan as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde, in 1428-1469) , with the clans and tribes under their control, left it and migrated to the Chu and Kozy-Bashi districts in southeast Kazakhstan.

Who could have foreseen then that the migration outside the country of a group of clans and tribes dissatisfied with the supreme power, led by these sultans, would turn out to be fateful. Meanwhile, history developed in such a way that this event became the beginning of present-day Kazakhstan. And the emergence of the ethnonym Cossack and the toponym Kazakstan is one of the results of that migration.

The fact is that in that era, the Turkic word “Cossack,” known since the first half of the 13th century, was used to designate the temporary state of free people who, for various reasons, had been cut off from their social environment or the state and were forced by circumstances to lead the life of adventurers.

Since Kerey, Zhanibek and their followers were people who left their lands and wandered around the outskirts of the state, they were nicknamed Cossacks. This name stuck with them.

Let’s also look at why the Cossacks (Kazakhs) began to be called “Kyrgyz”.

“Since the 18th century, in Russian sources, and then in European literature, the Cossacks (Kazakhs) began to be mistakenly called “Kyrgyz-Cossacks” and “Kyrgyz-Kaysaks” (“Kaysak” is a distorted “Cossack”).

These names were shortened to “Kirghiz” in 1867.

So why did the Russians begin to call the Cossacks “Kyrgyz Cossacks”?

“I will end my digression about the Kyrgyz with one remark; They do not call themselves Kyrgyz, but call themselves Cossacks, which means “horseman” - according to some, “warrior” - according to others.

They claim that the Bashkirs call them Kyrgyz, but they do not know where this word came from.”

Continuation of the previous post.

The situation is outlined in more detail in an article from the “Collection of Legislation on the Kyrgyz of the Steppe Regions,” written by senior adviser to the Turgai regional administration I. I. Kraft in 1898:

“Under the name of the Kyrgyz, the nomads inhabiting the steppe regions are known: Akmola, Semipalatinsk, Ural and Turgai, the Internal (Bukeevskaya) Horde of the Astrakhan province, part of the Syr-Darya region and the Amu-Darya department.

Before the introduction of temporary regulations in these areas in 1867 and 1868, in official acts the Kirghiz were often called Kirghiz-Kaysaks or Kirghiz-Cossacks.

The Kyrgyz themselves still call themselves Cossacks.

They are also known by the same name among neighboring Asian peoples.

There is an assumption that the renaming of the Cossacks into Kyrgyz Cossacks was done by the Russians (Siberians) in contrast to the Cossacks, the descendants of the conquerors of Siberia."

Here is information directly from a historical source.
Perhaps a publication in the 19th century media can be considered such.

“The Kyrgyz call themselves Cossacks.

Kyrgyz (Kyrgyz) call themselves nomads of a completely different tribe, living in the vicinity of Lake Issykul (i.e. Issty-kul - hot ash) and to the south of it beyond Tian-shan, near Kashgar and on the Pamir mountain area.

The Russians called the first Kyrgyz-Cossacks, which later became Kyrgyz-Kaysaks, and then, dropping the word Kaysak, simply Kyrgyz.
Actually, the Kyrgyz are called Kara-Kirghiz, because their monaps (rulers) are of simple origin, and not of white bone, like the sultans of the Kyrgyz-Kaysaks;

then the wild-stone Kyrgyz are called the Kyrgyz who wander in the granite mountains, they are also called in Chinese: Burut"

Excerpt from the article “Kirghiz”, magazine “Niva”, 1873, No. 5

Here, by the way, is information from the same article about when and how the Russian Cossacks themselves appeared in the Kazakh Steppe.

That is, according to these data, the settlement of the Cossacks began only in 1849 as a measure against Kazakh raids on Russian fortifications in the Steppe.

That is, there can be no talk of any Kazakhstan as a kind of “Cossack camp”))

The Cossacks were resettled purely as a military force, and this resettlement began, as I indicated above, only in 1849, and before that Kazakhs lived there for thousands of years:

“Kyrgyz (i.e. Kazakhs) are one of the ancient ethnic groups of Central Asia. The first mention of the Kirghiz in ancient Persian and Chinese sources occurs in 201 BC.”

“In 1837, Sultan Kaip, in alliance with two warriors - Nestay and Dzhulaman, greatly agitated the steppe.
In 1838, two more warriors appeared: Sultan Kasym and his son Kenisar.

When driving Orenburg region Obruchev undertook the construction of a number of fortifications along the Orenburg steppe, and in 1849 the settlement of the steppe by Cossacks began.”

"KYRGYZ"
"Niva", 1873, No. 5

yes... it was funny about the Cossacks
they were sent to Kazakhstan to suppress the uprisings of the Kazakhs.....

• • Separatism means breaking into pieces. Real separatism began when the USSR was destroyed, and this is still our biggest problem. You are fighting separatism correctly, but you are looking for it in the wrong place. I have not heard from a single Russian that he wants to annex part of Kazakhstan to Russia. On the contrary, many do not want to leave, but some have to. If anyone wants a piece of your land, it will most likely be China.

Well, guys, before writing, you should read historical documents

Don’t you Russians like it when your history is being rewritten in Europe?
They have already forgotten that the victorious people who suffered in World War II are the majority - Russians
The West, in their proposed concept of a new reading of the history of the Second World War: the savior of humanity from the plague of the twentieth century - totalitarianism (in the form of Nazism and “Stalinism”), and Russian Federation– heir to the aggressive totalitarian Soviet empire.

MYTH 2. “Battle of Kulikovo”

This is a myth about the “liberation” of Russians from the Mongol-Tatar yoke. However, the Moscow principality will stop paying tribute and will gain real independence only after the collapse of the Horde and the break with the khanates. And this will happen only in the 16th century, i.e. in a few hundred years.
MYTH 3. “Kyiv is the mother of Russian cities”

Like many other historical cliches, it is a myth that is of central importance in the mythical history of Russia being created. Even if we assume that Oleg said these words, then there is nothing to do with Muscovy, and even less so with modern Russia they do not have. In those days there was neither the first nor the second. There was Rus'. The main territories of Rus' in those days were the lands of modern Belarus and Ukraine. Even Novgorod and Suzdal were included in the understanding of Rus' only in a very broad sense of this concept.

- these are the texts of your Ukrainian brothers

Thus, the American historian H. Baldwin believes that the outcome of World War II was decided by 11 battles (“great campaigns”). In particular - Operation Market Garden in Holland, the landing of Anglo-American troops in Normandy, the Battle of Midway Atoll on Pacific theater military actions. Of the battles won by the Soviet army, he mentions only Battle of Stalingrad. The concepts of West German historians G. Jacobsen and G. Dollinger, who number 7 “turning points of the war,” are of a similar nature. There are other variations of “decisive battles” and “turning points.” And in all these concepts of Western historians, preference is given to the Pacific and North African theaters of military operations, and the Soviet-German front is given a secondary place

One thing is clear: the Russians themselves have always admitted that calling the Cossacks “Kyrgyz” is a mistake.

Here, for example, is an excerpt from the book of the Russian ethnographer and geographer E. K. Meyendorff “Journey from Orenburg to Bukhara,” written in late XIX century:

→ Isn’t it funny yourself? Prove Meyendorff's Jewish nonsense!

Yes, you are weak in the head. This is due to hybrid genes.

My ancestors lived there before and Astana was simply called a village or. This happened all over Rus'. Previously, for example, in Bashkiria there was not one settlement with a Bashkir name. Yes, you look at the genes, they are all Chinese, once defeated by St. George and who appropriated their nationalities, by the way, under the Romanov Jew. Which confirms that the Romanovs are proteges of the West! just like the communist trash English agents V. And Dahl also wrote about the Jews that they are artificial agents England for introduction into the government. Thanks to the authors, it’s a good thing to fight English lies.

Look at the Caucasus - the Cossack cavalry! And at the genes of the Caucasians? Who are they and captured Turks! They still communicate with the Turks in the same language! The Slavs are simply fooling you!

Bashkirs by genes are Japanese in general

So, Internet users, all of you, without exception, have your own sofa truth - this is bad, because the information is one-sided and poorly analyzed and it is not possible to see the whole picture, and the worst thing is that there is no time machine and therefore none of you can answer for the market (for this you're all shit, the Russians take the shit in their hand and throw it at the Kazakh, and the Kazakhs also basically pick up Russian shit, mix in their own shit, throw it at the Russian and it's not a matter of who has more of it, but the fact that everyone is shit, in general nothing special here, but still, when is the light at the end of the sewer tunnel?

I agree with the speakers Astana and KAZAK!
Slavs, they are fooling us!
And they do this because we allow ourselves to be fooled. And this happens because of our pathological undereducation.
You need to understand that all Mongoloids are former Chinese. Now let’s figure out where the Great Wall of China, built to protect against the Mongoloids, is and where they – the Mongoloids – are now.
Who else is not clear that there is a systematic seizure of Slavic lands through assimilation and genocide?
Who else wants to marry an oriental beauty?
Who else thinks that a mixed-race child is great?

I left Kazakhstan in 2002 and at that time no one personally oppressed me, there was not even a hint of any nationalist issues, but there were episodes among my friends... the army, for example, at that time, attempts to squeeze out property, there were nuances , but everywhere this fact cannot be ignored, no matter where the concept of KAZAKHSTAN came from, what is important is that in the former Russian lands, and another 100 years have not even passed since K was replaced by X, the Cossack Stan by Kazakhstan, and the Russian language is almost disappearing, every people has the right to self-determination, no matter what country they live in, even if these people are not from where, the revolutionary authorities have formed a whole nation, so there is no need to complicate life for everyone, and put the Kazakh language, formed under the USSR with the direct help of Russians, above all other interests, like peace, a clear azure sky above your head and the flag of the country merging with the sky, the peace and well-being of the country is what is important, and ambitions ..
, how will this all end?

• Until we all unite together again, or again, not a single RACE will survive in this situation... look at what CREATURES are the mighty of the world this...The planet is already shaking from all this.

Thank you to all the authors of these comments!) and to the author of the article too. It's nice to see, hear and read people who are capable of thinking intelligently and analyzing the mysteries of an intricate and made-up story! Without quarrels and anger, we can better know our past, and therefore have a future!!! 🙂 Hello everyone... Sovereign Rus'!

Very informative comments...super!
Especially KAZAKH representatives. There is, were, will be and will be the concept of the WHITE RACE. And who before you (Kazakhs) lived on the territory of what is now Kaza(k)Khstan. Look with your own eyes more broadly (wider or wider) who is coming to you and how. China has been with you for a long time. Ask yourself a question - why are the loopholes on the Chinese Wall directed towards China? Why is your oil now going to China? Why is the concrete road built across the city. Taraz and what kind of cargo flows come from you?

And the degree of reasonableness is visible when they refer to various kinds of “RUSSIAN entnograffof” Mayerovshvonders about the creation of nationalities in a given territory. WRITE SUCH nonsense.
FIND NAU ERA ON THE INTERNET... AND ALL THE VIDEOS WITH V.V. BARANOVSKY ….READ NOSOVSKY AND FOMENKO…OR BE PATIENT AND MUCH WILL COME FROM WHAT HAS NOT YET COME OUT OF THE DARKNESS OF AGES INTO THE LIGHT.

Dear Raikhan, be so kind when writing about separatism, take out what is sticking out of your eye. The author showed only what was done by the “Mayeramishvonders” from the revolution. And would you have been born at all if not for many components and in particular these decrees. Be grateful to the Gods that they were printed for you (just like you, Asian women) in the first place, and brought you to the same level as men.

“The beginning and end of the Cossacks. An 800-year-long epic":
“The Russian principalities, like other neighboring states, pay tamga (tribute) to the “Mongols” - in livestock, grain, fodder and “living” tithes, i.e. 1/10 of the total population annually. As a result, the image of Baba Yaga arises, mothers scare their children: “Don’t cry, Babai-aga (“old uncle”) will come and take you.”
The number of "Mongols" is small. It is necessary to involve the conquered tribes (Russian, Finno-Ugric tribes) in the protection of borders and routes of communication. The “Mongols” bring dozens of guys together, teach them horse riding and how to use light weapons. Being in the saddle for days, they turn into daring riders. The “Mongols” call them “Cossacks” - after the nomads who were conquered (correction - not conquered, but united) by Genghis Khan. The earrings and fluffed forelocks of the nomadic Cossacks quickly take root among other “Cossacks” - Russian, Finno-Ugric, etc....
The Cossacks call Temnikov (ten-thousanders) “atamans” from the Mongolian “ata tumen” - “father of tumen” (father-commander).
In battle, the Cossacks attack in the “Mongolian” way - with lava. Having broken up into small groups, the first echelon with the Mongolian roar of “Uragh!” (“Forward!”) (there is a mistake, not “Forward!”, but “Aruah”, the name of the holy spirits) covers the enemy from the flanks and rear, the second echelon takes the yasir. They divide it on the “duvan” mound according to the rule “they don’t duvan without the ataman,” otherwise bloody strife is inevitable (“duvan” - “advice”, “duman” (Kaz.) - “fun, feast, holiday”).”

Warriors of Genghis Khan, so-called. “Mongols” were called COSSACKS in those days, because they were all from Cossack (Kazakh) tribes (Naiman, Konrat, Zhalaiyr, Kerey, etc.). Military ranks ataman, zhasaul, battle cry ARUAH (the name of the holy spirits).
Here is the version of Russian historians on the origin of the Cossacks: “The word “Cossack” is of Turkic origin and means “free man”, “daring man”. Undoubtedly, the first Cossacks were people from the steppe hordes, united in detachments subordinate to their own leaders, who advanced due to their military talents and courage. During the great campaigns of the Horde khans, the Cossacks joined their armies, earning a living in robbery and cattle rustling in peacetime. Over time, Russian daredevils, the so-called “zapolyans”, who went to the steppe (“zapolnye”) rivers “in their youth,” begin to join the ranks of the Cossacks. They adopted the lifestyle of the “Horde” Cossacks, their economic activities, and most importantly - methods of waging a steppe war...”
This is how Ibn Ruzbikhan characterizes the ethnopolitical situation on the territory of Eastern Dasht-i-Kipchak at that time: “Three tribes are classified as Uzbeks, who are the most glorious in the domains of Genghis Khan. Now one of them is the Shibanites. The second tribe is the Cossacks, who are famous throughout the world for their strength and fearlessness, and the third tribe is the Mangyts, and of them the rulers of Astrakhan.

The longest war is officially considered " hundred years war" In fact, the bloodiest, fiercest and longest war in the entire world in the entire history of mankind is the Kazakh-Dzungar war (more than 200 years). Compared to this war, the “Hundred Years’ War” is like a fight between boys. As a result of this war, one side of the confrontation disappeared from the face of the earth, the other side lost half of its population. Russia helped the Dzungars. At this time, the Kazakhs waged war on other fronts against the Kalmyks, Bashkirs, Kokand, etc., and also systematically carried out raids on Russia.

Look at old map Crimea, and compare the names of localities with the names of Kazakh tribes.

Pointless shaking of the Internet. The Ural Cossacks are descendants of the Kuban and Don Cossacks and settled in the Urals in times long before Catherine. These are Cossacks running away from the law, who loved freemen, robbers who, like the Cossacks, fled from the law. During the time of Catherine, the issue with the Ural Cossacks began to worry Russia most acutely, since Catherine was afraid of the formation of a state of the Ural Cossacks within the state.
Then the question was “amicably.” The Cossacks bought the lands and the Urals on the inhabited territory from Catherine for 5,000 rubles in gold (at that time this was HUGE money), but on the condition that the Cossacks would provide their troops at the request of Russia. So, in FACT, during Yeltsin’s division of Russia, neither Russia nor Kazakhstan had the right to these lands! Historically, the legal owners of these lands were and remain the UHF (Ural Cossack Army)

Vladimir completely agrees with you! I will say more that justice in relation to the Ural Cossack Army will triumph sooner or later!

Well done “ADMIN”, a correct and truthful chronicle. Every “pimple” tries to present himself as a “great people”, and after the RUSOV leave, he climbs onto our land asking for mercy, and on the TYPE of his land TAKEN and LEFT by us, they abandon everything and do not want to work. LOOK HOW MUCH IN “INDEPENDENCE” they have created, not a single new factory (large), not a single new city, and they themselves are returning again to “THEIR SOURCES OF THEFT AND ROBBERY.”

Let's remember the deliberately forgotten Great Tartaria. Or Scythia. In it, the people spoke both Russian and Turkic languages. Written language is both Russian and Arabic. If you read the “Genealogy of the Tatars,” it directly states that the Tatars and Cossacks are brothers. The Horde was an army, a guard. Commanders were called khans and bats (Batu). Genghis is the supreme khan, the ruler over all. When Tartaria was destroyed, the lands were practically empty. So the Dzungar tribes settled from the east. And the troops were clearing out from the west Russian Empire. Those who survived swore allegiance to Russia and joined the Cossack troops. Look at the map in the World Encyclopedia Britannica of the 18th century and in other sources. Libraries have posted digitized map material and books. On the territory of what is now modern Kazakhstan, until the 18th century inclusive, Free, or independent Tartaria existed. Look now, you can see and find out everything. Well, so that there is no dispute about what is happening with the ethnic composition of the population. You can take an interest in the 1989 census. And compare with what it is now. And Kulikovo Field has long been recognized at the highest state level, based on research, that there was Civil War between Russians for power. In the end, everything secret becomes clear

Alena, in fact, Rus' or Russians are Bularus, that is, White Rus'. Then, the outskirts separated from them, this is today's Ukraine. They created Kievan Rus. And, Russia was created by Peter the Great only 300 years ago. Peter 1 and many kings were vassals of Europe and therefore to this day there is no peace in Russia. Because Europeans believe that they created Russia from the Moscow principality. And they are right, because Peter 1 was always trying to open a window to Europe. Catherine is the daughter of some king of Austria. The Germans, Karl Marx and Engels destroyed the creators of the USSR, communism and a country without a market economy in 1917. In the collapse of the USSR 91, the Americans believe that this is their merit. In general, as long as there are racists like the authors of this article, Russia will always fall apart. In principle, the same as the Roman, Mongolian, Russian, British, Iranian, Macedonian, Hun, Chinese empires. Then, the author is not a Cossack, but Ka Sak. In Russian we were Kyrgyz, Kaysak Autonomous Okrug.

The fact remains that the name Kazakhstan (like the entire Kazakh people) was only the desire of the Russians not to confuse the Kazakhs with the COSSACKS, which is why they decided to rename the people, even if they protested, but this people swallowed everything, as it should now to the Kazakhs. I lived for a long time in Central Asia and China. I can say with complete confidence that I have never seen a more pathetic, cowardly and servile people than the Kazakhs (I’m sure if the Russians wanted to call them just slaves, they would not have arisen). I was constantly fawned over and bowed to by Kazakhs, which over time got so boring that I simply asked if it was a Kazakh by chance, to which I undoubtedly received a positive answer. I hated being around them, but working in this region was exhausting. After all, every time I met a friendly person, I always found signs of service to me, which, like a trigger, foreshadowed future deception on the part of the lackey in the Kazakh person. I met an older and intelligent woman who told me about the history of the Kazakhs, in connection with the type of her activity. She said that this people appeared recently and many mistakenly believe that Kyrgyz and Kazakhs have kinship, but this is complete nonsense.

Since the Kyrgyz came from the Yenisei and they constituted the aristocratic nobility in Central Asia, as well as on the Yenisei. And these are Kazakhs symbol hereditary slaves without history. They were separated from other peoples so that they would reproduce only with their fellow tribesmen. Kazakhs spent most of their lives serving other peoples, but at the end of their work they were sent to the so-called pen, where they lived with their fellow tribesmen and went out only when their masters needed them. The peoples using their services from time to time brought in new neighbors whom they captured. At this point, she needed to go to the hospital, after which we saw each other only once and there was no time to continue. I felt sorry for these people, but their compatriots falsify the history of their people in every possible way, which is why I think that pity for them makes no sense, because now they have already been given freedom and deprived of the history of their ancestors, because of which there is a stain in their history won't come up again, at least not on a large scale. In the near future, I headed to Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan. Amazing peoples. The most noble and militant people live on the banks of Issyk Kul. In Samarkand, people are able to tell everything about Islam, while completely living according to Sharia, which nowadays can hardly be seen anywhere. The wisest and most honest people are in Balkanabat. In Khujand, people will help everyone, even if they themselves have enormous problems.

In general, my business trip did not start in the best way, but this stage was passed and now this is the most unforgettable journey of my life.
On the advice of my Issyk-Kola friends, I went to the Yenisei and there I found the true concept of beauty.
In the future I am going to travel again to Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan, but not Kazakhstan, there will be no repeat mistake.

• I have never encountered more blatant slander and lies against an entire people, the author must have offended you in some way, the Kazakhs? I don’t see any other reasons other than medical ones like schizophrenia.

Force Sarzhomart
31 minutes ago
@Sky******* yeah, 10,000 Kalmyks sat and taught 18,000,000 Kazakhs, I’m laughing under the table
It was a Kazakh who wrote to me that there were 18 million of them in the 19th century)))))))))))) Kazakh storytellers

K:Wikipedia:Pages on KU (type: not specified)

Kazakh Geographical Society- a public non-profit organization in Kazakhstan, formed on April 30, 2010, engaged in the development of geographical and related sciences, propaganda of scientific achievements, organization and conduct of expeditions of various types, including international ones.

History of creation

The public association “Kazakh Geographical Society” was created on April 30, 2010 by a group of like-minded people interested in geography and travel. The main initiator of the creation of the “Kazakh Geographical Society"is Abduov Nurlan Kanatovich. He is also the first and current Chairman of the Presidium. From 2015 to the present, the Chairman of the Presidium is Tastanbekov Tulegen. Abduov Nurlan took the position of Chairman of the Board of Trustees.

Basic goals:

• Promoting the development of geographical and related sciences about nature and society.
• Propaganda of scientific achievements.
• Promoting the dissemination and implementation of scientific results into practice.
• Promoting the development of scientific creativity in the field of geography and related fields of knowledge.
• Promoting the development of travel as a way of understanding the world.

Tasks:

• Organization, conduct and assistance in organizing expeditions of various types, including international ones
• Conducting research activities
• Carrying out publishing activities, including the publication of books, topographical and cartographic products
• Conducting exhibitions and competitions of expeditions and travel, as well as photo and video competitions

Active members of the society

• Tolegen Tastanbekov - Chairman of the Presidium of KazGeo.
• Nurlan Abduov - Chairman of the Board of Trustees of KazGeo.
• Mazbaev Ordenbek Blisbekovich. Doctor of Geographical Sciences. Participant of the First Kazakhstan Scientific Expedition to the South Pole. Professor, Dean of the Faculty of Geography of KazNPU.
• Baimagambetov Berik Omarovich. Participant of the First Kazakhstan Scientific Expedition to the South Pole, Director of the Department of Hydrology of Kazhydromet.
• Yesekin Bulat Kamalbekovich. Candidate technical sciences. International consultant, Special Representative of the Republic of Kazakhstan in international programs
• Konstantin Orlov - Project Manager of Research Programs.
• Sergey Bodrov - Project Manager of Research Programs.
• Boris Sergeevich Stepanov - Doctor of Geographical Sciences, Professor. One of the leading experts in Kazakhstan on mudflow protection issues and a member of the Mudflow Association of Russia.

Activity

Geography

The Kazakh Geographical Society contributes to the development of geographical science in the country, as well as the promotion of Kazakhstan through projects of international importance. The first projects were:

First Kazakhstan Automobile Expedition to the South Pole

First Kazakhstan Ski Expedition to the North Pole

Ecology

Kazakhstan has a developed mining and processing industry, and in the last five years the growth rates of these industries have been increasing. Large industrial facilities are being built and put into operation, which leads to increased air pollution and deterioration of the ecology of the country as a whole. The state of the biosphere affects not only the residents of Kazakhstan, but also the unique animal world. The goal of the Kazakh Geographical Society in this area is to preserve and transmit the flora and fauna of Kazakhstan, as well as to attract public attention to these areas in order to improve environment.

History, archeology and culture

One of the significant tasks of history is the education of Kazakhstani patriotism. In turn, patriotism is impossible without the formation of historical consciousness that connects the present society with its past. That is why the objective study of history, culture and traditions, and their popularization are so important today.

Popularization of works related to the formation of Kazakh statehood, the period of the Golden Horde. Support any scientific projects in revealing the “blank spots” of the history and ethnography of Kazakhstan, as well as culture and traditions, based on purely scientific and objective approaches, is one of priority areas Society.

Projects

We're going South

"KazGeo - 2011: Let's go south!"

- the first major project of the Kazakh Geographical Society, Antarctic automobile expedition to the South Pole. A group of Kazakh scientists in three specially prepared cars headed to the South Pole to hoist the national flag on it on December 16, Independence Day of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Kazakhstan Film Festival

Film festival “Kazakhstan: Kaleidoscope of Films” (Los Angeles, USA). The purpose of the festival is to bring countries and cultures closer together through cinema, music and other forms of art.

Technical mountaineering team expedition Expedition of a technical mountaineering team in the Central Tien Shan “Challenge on the edge of the possible.” Kazakh and Russian climbers will hold training camps and make a series of ascents to peaks of increased difficulty category. During the route, the climbing team will carry out scientific activity

, aimed at studying the ecological state of the glacial zone of the Central Tien Shan.

From October to December 2011, the Kazakh Geographical Society and the Union of Journalists of Kazakhstan held a creative competition among journalists and photojournalists for the best material about Kazakhstan. The competition accepted works devoted to the development of geographical and related sciences about nature and society, ecology, history and culture of Kazakhstan, extraordinary individuals, ordinary citizens of Kazakhstan, whose activities contribute to the development of Kazakhstani science, culture and environmental protection.

Summer children's camp of the Kazakh Geographical Society "Young Traveler"

The Kazakh Geographical Society, together with the Kazakh climber Maksut Zhumaev, created a summer camp aimed at developing children's tourism and raising healthy, strong and active youth - the KazGeo Young Travelers Camp. The idea of ​​the camp is to organize communication and interaction between children and nature native land, outside urban conditions. While in the camp, young travelers will acquire useful communication and life skills outside the usual conditions of civilization, and learn to interact with nature without disturbing its natural balance.

Expedition “Legends of Kazakhstan”

The Kazakh Geographical Society and the Mercur Auto company with the Volkswagen trademark acted as organizers of the “Legends of Kazakhstan” auto expedition. The expedition route included corners of the nature of Kazakhstan. Total length the journey was 14,000 kilometers. The project was supported by: the Tourism Committee of the Ministry of Industry and New Technologies of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kazakhstan Tourist Association and the Faculty of Geography of the Kazakh State Pedagogical University named after Abai.

First international scientific conference “Potential of the Earth and People”

The Kazakh Geographical Society initiated and held the First International Scientific Conference “Potential of the Earth and People” in Astana. Within the framework of five main sections of the conference, various issues of geographical and related sciences, ecology, tourism, and environmental protection were discussed.

"Kazakhstan - Terra Incognita"

“Kazakhstan – Terra Incognita” is a comprehensive project aimed at popularizing the history and culture of Kazakhstan and designed to reveal the tourism potential of the country’s regions. The project plans to conduct a number of studies in the field of history, archeology, cultural studies, ethnography, ecology and sociology. Specially organized expeditions will visit every region of Kazakhstan with the task of finding and showing unique natural monuments, historical and cultural sites, as well as modern attractions of the region. This large-scale project involves scientists, historians, archaeologists, local historians, cultural experts, ethnographers, as well as a professional film crew, photographers and photojournalists from leading online publications.

Magzhan Sagimbayev's round-the-world bicycle trip - "Bike The Earth!"

On May 1, 2014, the Kazakh Geographical Society launched a single project trip around the world on a bicycle covering 40,000 km. The project is designed to promote an active lifestyle, adventure and science, to draw people's attention to the possibility of cycling tourism, cultural exploration different countries. The travel route ran through three continents (Eurasia, North America, Australia), 18 countries in Europe, Asia, America and Australia. The daily mileage ranged from 50 to 170 km.

The "Bike The Earth" project was successfully completed on May 16, 2015. Magzhan Sagimbayev visited 21 countries and left more than 345 notes about his journey.

First Kazakhstan Ski Expedition to the North Pole: Barneo Station - North Pole

The moment of conquering the North Pole and hoisting the flag of Kazakhstan

The expedition began on March 30 and ended on April 14 with the hoisting of the flag of Kazakhstan, the flag of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, the flag of Kazakhstan’s application for representation at the UN in 2017-2018, at the 90-degree mark.

The scientific part of the project: the study of the ethnogenesis of the Norwegians - the indigenous inhabitants of Norway and the inhabitants of the island of Spitsbergen. DNA testing of samples will be carried out based on historical data. Based on the results obtained, it will be possible to identify the origin of the Norwegians and their genetic connections with each other and with other ethnic groups in general, and with the Kazakhs in particular.

Expedition “ULY DALA ELI”

The expedition “ULY DALA ELI”, dedicated to the 550th anniversary of the Kazakh Khanate, started on September 11 in three different cities of Kazakhstan in the north, east and west of the country. On October 7, the paths of the three directions of the expedition converged in the city of Taraz. The final day of the expedition was also marked by the opening of a memorial complex dedicated to the 550th anniversary of the Kazakh Khanate. The purpose of the Expedition was to strengthen Kazakhstani identity based on knowledge and promotion of the historical, cultural and spiritual heritage of the people of Kazakhstan.

Snow leopard rescue

Help and support of the Science Committee of the RSE at the Institute of Zoology in the research project: Snow leopard in conditions of intensive anthropogenic development of mountain ecosystems of the Almaty region, the state of populations, assessment of the main threats and ways of conservation.

The goal of the project is to evaluate current state populations of the snow leopard and its habitat in conditions of intensive anthropogenic development of mountain ecosystems of the Almaty region to develop recommendations for its conservation.

The full activities of KazGeo, as well as details of this and other projects, can be found on the company’s website: kazgeo.kz/

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An excerpt characterizing the Kazakh Geographical Society

Rostov, without taking his eyes off, despite the trampling of the horses of the French gendarmes besieging the crowd, followed every move of Emperor Alexander and Bonaparte. He was struck as a surprise by the fact that Alexander behaved as an equal with Bonaparte, and that Bonaparte was completely free, as if this closeness with the sovereign was natural and familiar to him, as an equal, he treated the Russian Tsar.
Alexander and Napoleon with a long tail of their retinue approached the right flank of the Preobrazhensky battalion, directly towards the crowd that stood there. The crowd suddenly found itself so close to the emperors that Rostov, who was standing in the front rows, became afraid that they would recognize him.
“Sire, je vous demande la permission de donner la legion d" honneur au plus brave de vos soldats, [Sire, I ask your permission to give the Order of the Legion of Honor to the bravest of your soldiers,] said a sharp, precise voice, finishing each letter It was the short Bonaparte who spoke, looking directly into Alexander’s eyes, Alexander listened attentively to what was being said, and bowed his head, smiling pleasantly.
“A celui qui s"est le plus vaillament conduit dans cette derieniere guerre, [To the one who showed himself bravest during the war],” Napoleon added, emphasizing each syllable, with a calm and confidence outrageous for Rostov, looking around the ranks of Russians stretched out in front of there are soldiers, all on guard and motionless looking into the face of their emperor.
“Votre majeste me permettra t elle de demander l"avis du colonel? [Your Majesty will allow me to ask the colonel’s opinion?] - said Alexander and took several hasty steps towards Prince Kozlovsky, the battalion commander. Meanwhile, Bonaparte began to take off his white glove, small hand and tearing it apart, the Adjutant threw it, hastily rushing forward from behind, and picked it up.
- Who should I give it to? – Emperor Alexander asked Kozlovsky not loudly, in Russian.
- Whom do you order, Your Majesty? “The Emperor winced with displeasure and, looking around, said:
- But you have to answer him.
Kozlovsky looked back at the ranks with a decisive look and in this glance captured Rostov as well.
“Isn’t it me?” thought Rostov.
- Lazarev! – the colonel commanded with a frown; and the first-ranked soldier, Lazarev, smartly stepped forward.
-Where are you going? Stop here! - voices whispered to Lazarev, who did not know where to go. Lazarev stopped, looked sideways at the colonel in fear, and his face trembled, as happens with soldiers called to the front.
Napoleon slightly turned his head back and pulled back his small chubby hand, as if wanting to take something. The faces of his retinue, having guessed at that very second what was going on, began to fuss and whisper, passing something on to one another, and the page, the same one whom Rostov saw yesterday at Boris’s, ran forward and respectfully bent over his outstretched hand and did not make her wait either. one second, he put an order on a red ribbon into it. Napoleon, without looking, clenched two fingers. The Order found itself between them. Napoleon approached Lazarev, who, rolling his eyes, stubbornly continued to look only at his sovereign, and looked back at Emperor Alexander, thereby showing that what he was doing now, he was doing for his ally. A small white hand with an order touched the button of soldier Lazarev. It was as if Napoleon knew that in order for this soldier to be happy, rewarded and distinguished from everyone else in the world forever, it was only necessary for him, Napoleon’s hand, to be deigned to touch the soldier’s chest. Napoleon just put the cross to Lazarev's chest and, letting go of his hand, turned to Alexander, as if he knew that the cross should stick to Lazarev's chest. The cross really stuck.
Helpful Russian and French hands instantly picked up the cross and attached it to the uniform. Lazarev looked gloomily at the little man with white hands, who had done something above him, and, continuing to keep him motionless on guard, again began to look directly into Alexander’s eyes, as if he was asking Alexander: whether he should still stand, or whether they would order him should I go for a walk now, or maybe do something else? But he was not ordered to do anything, and he remained in this motionless state for quite a long time.
The sovereigns mounted and rode away. The Preobrazhentsy, breaking up the ranks, mixed with the French guards and sat down at the tables prepared for them.
Lazarev sat in a place of honor; Russian and French officers hugged him, congratulated him and shook his hands. Crowds of officers and people came up just to look at Lazarev. The roar of Russian French conversation and laughter stood in the square around the tables. Two officers with flushed faces, cheerful and happy, walked past Rostov.
- What is the treat, brother? “Everything is on silver,” said one. – Have you seen Lazarev?
- Saw.
“Tomorrow, they say, the Preobrazhensky people will treat them.”
- No, Lazarev is so lucky! 10 francs life pension.
- That's the hat, guys! - shouted the Transfiguration man, putting on the shaggy Frenchman’s hat.
- It’s a miracle, how good, lovely!
-Have you heard the review? - the guards officer said to the other. The third day was Napoleon, France, bravoure; [Napoleon, France, courage;] yesterday Alexandre, Russie, grandeur; [Alexander, Russia, greatness;] one day our sovereign gives feedback, and the next day Napoleon. Tomorrow the Emperor will send George to the bravest of the French guards. It's impossible! I must answer in kind.
Boris and his friend Zhilinsky also came to watch the Transfiguration banquet. Returning back, Boris noticed Rostov, who was standing at the corner of the house.
- Rostov! Hello; “We never saw each other,” he told him, and could not resist asking him what had happened to him: Rostov’s face was so strangely gloomy and upset.
“Nothing, nothing,” answered Rostov.
-Will you come in?
- Yes, I’ll come in.
Rostov stood at the corner for a long time, looking at the feasters from afar. A painful work was going on in his mind, which he could not complete. Terrible doubts arose in my soul. Then he remembered Denisov with his changed expression, with his humility, and the whole hospital with these torn off arms and legs, with this dirt and disease. It seemed to him so vividly that he could now smell this hospital smell of a dead body that he looked around to understand where this smell could come from. Then he remembered this smug Bonaparte with his white hand, who was now the emperor, whom Emperor Alexander loves and respects. What are the torn off arms, legs, and killed people for? Then he remembered the awarded Lazarev and Denisov, punished and unforgiven. He caught himself having such strange thoughts that he was frightened by them.
The smell of the food from the Preobrazhensky people and hunger brought him out of this state: he had to eat something before leaving. He went to the hotel he had seen in the morning. At the hotel he found so many people, officers, just like him, who had arrived in civilian dress, that he had to force himself to have dinner. Two officers from the same division joined him. The conversation naturally turned to peace. The officers and comrades of Rostov, like most of the army, were dissatisfied with the peace concluded after Friedland. They said that if they had held out any longer, Napoleon would have disappeared, that he had no crackers or ammunition in his troops. Nikolai ate in silence and mostly drank. He drank one or two bottles of wine. The internal work that arose in him, not being resolved, still tormented him. He was afraid to indulge in his thoughts and could not leave them. Suddenly, at the words of one of the officers that it was offensive to look at the French, Rostov began to shout with vehemence, which was not justified in any way, and therefore greatly surprised the officers.
– And how can you judge what would be better! - he shouted with his face suddenly flushed with blood. - How can you judge the actions of the sovereign, what right do we have to reason?! We cannot understand either the goals or the actions of the sovereign!
“Yes, I didn’t say a word about the sovereign,” the officer justified himself, unable to explain his temper otherwise than by the fact that Rostov was drunk.
But Rostov did not listen.
“We are not diplomatic officials, but we are soldiers and nothing more,” he continued. “They tell us to die—that’s how we die.” And if they punish, it means he is guilty; It's not for us to judge. It pleases the sovereign emperor to recognize Bonaparte as emperor and enter into an alliance with him—that means it must be done. Otherwise, if we began to judge and reason about everything, there would be nothing sacred left. This way we will say that there is no God, there is nothing,” Nikolai shouted, hitting the table, very inappropriately, according to the concepts of his interlocutors, but very consistently in the course of his thoughts.
“Our job is to do our duty, to hack and not think, that’s all,” he concluded.
“And drink,” said one of the officers, who did not want to quarrel.
“Yes, and drink,” Nikolai picked up. - Hey, you! Another bottle! - he shouted.

In 1808, Emperor Alexander traveled to Erfurt for a new meeting with Emperor Napoleon, and in high society in St. Petersburg there was a lot of talk about the greatness of this solemn meeting.
In 1809, the closeness of the two rulers of the world, as Napoleon and Alexander were called, reached the point that when Napoleon declared war on Austria that year, the Russian corps went abroad to assist their former enemy Bonaparte against their former ally, the Austrian emperor; to the point that in high society they talked about the possibility of a marriage between Napoleon and one of the sisters of Emperor Alexander. But, in addition to external political considerations, at this time the attention of Russian society was especially keenly drawn to the internal transformations that were being carried out at that time in all parts of public administration.
Life meanwhile real life people with their own essential interests of health, illness, work, leisure, with their interests of thought, science, poetry, music, love, friendship, hatred, passions, proceeded as always independently and outside of political affinity or enmity with Napoleon Bonaparte, and outside of all possible transformations.
Prince Andrei lived in the village for two years without a break. All those enterprises on estates that Pierre started and did not bring to any result, constantly moving from one thing to another, all these enterprises, without showing them to anyone and without noticeable labor, were carried out by Prince Andrei.
He had in highest degree that practical tenacity that Pierre lacked, which, without scope or effort on his part, gave movement to the matter.
One of his estates of three hundred peasant souls was transferred to free cultivators (this was one of the first examples in Russia); in others, corvee was replaced by quitrent. In Bogucharovo, a learned grandmother was written out to his account to help mothers in labor, and for a salary the priest taught children of peasants and courtyard servants to read and write.
Prince Andrei spent half of his time in Bald Mountains with his father and son, who was still with the nannies; the other half of the time in the Bogucharov monastery, as his father called his village. Despite the indifference he showed Pierre to all the external events of the world, he diligently followed them, received many books, and to his surprise he noticed when fresh people came to him or his father from St. Petersburg, from the very whirlpool of life, that these people, in knowledge of everything that happens in the external and domestic policy, far behind him, who was sitting in the village without a break.
In addition to classes on names, in addition to general reading of a wide variety of books, Prince Andrei was at this time engaged in a critical analysis of our last two unfortunate campaigns and drawing up a project to change our military regulations and regulations.
In the spring of 1809, Prince Andrei went to the Ryazan estates of his son, whom he was guardian.
Warmed by the spring sun, he sat in the stroller, looking at the first grass, the first birch leaves and the first clouds of white spring clouds scattering across the bright blue sky. He didn’t think about anything, but looked around cheerfully and meaninglessly.

History of creation

Ecology

Kazakhstan has a developed mining and processing industry, and in the last five years the growth rates of these industries have been increasing. Large industrial facilities are being built and put into operation, which leads to increased air pollution and a deterioration in the environment of Kazakhstan as a whole. Over many years, the republic has accumulated more than twenty billion tons of waste, about a third of which is toxic. The bulk of this waste is the result of the activities of the mining and mining processing industries, ferrous metallurgy, petrochemical enterprises, and production of building materials. Despite the fact that large companies and the government are developing programs to combat air pollution, ecology in Kazakhstan still requires the joint efforts of the state and society. A big problem is the utilization of associated and natural gases during hydrocarbon production. When associated gas is burned in flares, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and soot are released into the atmosphere. In the cities of Kazakhstan, the main contribution to air pollution is made by road transport. The low quality of the fuel used and the lack of filters for cleaning exhaust gases, the poor condition of the rolling stock of motor vehicles, the increase in the number of cars in cities, leads to the fact that huge amounts of carbon monoxide, lead, etc. are released into the atmosphere. The main pollutants are dust, sulfur dioxide , nitrogen dioxide, hydrocarbons, phenol, lead, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, ammonia, etc. Each of these substances has its own negative effect on health. If there are several types of pollutants in the air, which usually happens, the negative effect is further enhanced. This affects the immune system, which often leads to cancer. The state of our biosphere affects not only us, the residents of Kazakhstan, but also the unique animal world of our country, which is of concern to the Kazakh Geographical Society, which is ready to provide all possible support to truly effective projects to study and improve the state of the Kazakh ecology. Everything that can preserve and pass on to our descendants the natural splendor of Kazakhstan, everything that will improve our environment deserves the close attention of the Kazakh Geographical Society.

History and archeology

Projects

We're going South

"KazGeo - 2011: Let's go south!" - the first major project of the Kazakh Geographical Society, an Antarctic automobile expedition to the South Pole. A group of Kazakh scientists in three specially prepared cars (2 Toyota Hilux and one Toyota Prado) headed to the South Pole in order to hoist on it on December 16, the Independence Day of the Republic of Kazakhstan state flag of Kazakhstan. The expedition started on December 3, 2011 from the airfield of the Russian polar Antarctic station Novolazarevskaya. On December 14, the expedition reached the South Pole and hoisted the National Flag of Kazakhstan on it, and also took part in the celebrations marking the 100th anniversary of the conquest of the South Pole by the expedition of Roald Amundsen. On December 21, the expedition returned to the starting point of the route to the airfield of the Novolazarevskaya station. While moving along the route, the participants completed a voluminous scientific program: meteorological and environmental research, geodetic work, collection of photo and video materials, and much more. An important point of the expedition program was the collection of materials for the preparation of a proposal for the opening of a Kazakhstan polar scientific station in Antarctica.

Scientific program of the expedition of the Kazakh Geographical Society to the South Pole

Expedition objectives:

• Carrying out meteorological observations along the route to the South Pole. Carrying out a series of measurements (six base points): air temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind direction and speed, etc.
• Study of the ecological state of the snow-ice cover and air basin with sampling of materials (ice, snow, air) for further research in laboratory conditions.
• Carrying out geodetic work to determine the longitudinal profile of the ice and snow cover along the route “Novolazarevskaya Station - South Pole” (for the first time).
• Determination of the thickness of continental ice.
• Performing background radiation measurements.
• Familiarity with the life support conditions of existing polar stations.
• Execution on polar station Novolazarevskaya joint work with Russian research scientists. Studying the ecological state of the Antarctic shelf zone, collecting photo and video materials.
• Collection of materials for comparative analysis climate change for the period from 1911-2011
• Reconnaissance survey and preparation of proposals for the organization of a Kazakhstan scientific station in Antarctica.
• Study and preparation of necessary materials to consider the possibility of the Republic of Kazakhstan joining the current international Antarctic Treaty.

Main results:

• Collection of research materials on meteorological, climatic, environmental and other data of Antarctica.
• Collection of photo and video materials.
• Submission of a proposal to the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the opening of a Kazakhstan scientific hydrometeorological station in Antarctica.
• Publication of an illustrated photo album about Kazakhstanis who worked at Antarctic stations in different years.
• Establishing a sports result for conquering the South Pole in cars (for the first time)

- the first major project of the Kazakh Geographical Society, Antarctic automobile expedition to the South Pole. A group of Kazakh scientists in three specially prepared cars headed to the South Pole to hoist the national flag on it on December 16, Independence Day of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Film festival “Kazakhstan: Kaleidoscope of Films” (Los Angeles, USA) is a unique opportunity to demonstrate the cinematic art of Kazakhstan to the leaders of the world film industry. The purpose of the festival is to bring countries and cultures closer together through cinema, music and other forms of art.

We help open the doors to the world of big cinema for Kazakh filmmakers, and give the American audience the opportunity to get acquainted with modern culture Kazakhstan.

Film festival “Kazakhstan: Kaleidoscope of Films” (Los Angeles, USA). The purpose of the festival is to bring countries and cultures closer together through cinema, music and other forms of art.

Technical mountaineering expedition

A new project in which the Kazakh Geographical Society takes an active part is the expedition of the technical mountaineering team in the Central Tien Shan “Challenge on the edge of the possible”.

Kazakh and Russian climbers will hold training camps and make a series of ascents to peaks of increased difficulty category. During the route, a team of climbers will carry out scientific activities aimed at studying the ecological state of the glacial zone of the Central Tien Shan.

, aimed at studying the ecological state of the glacial zone of the Central Tien Shan.

From October to December 2011, the Kazakh Geographical Society and the Union of Journalists of Kazakhstan held a creative competition