Study of the poetry of Osip Mandelstam. Lesson II Poet and century. Control materials. Presentation on the topic "Expressive means of modern Russian speech. Paths" And the pine tree reaches the star which path

Paths: Comparison is a figurative expression in which one phenomenon, object, face is likened to another. Comparisons are expressed in different ways: instrumental (“goes away in smoke”); various unions (as if, exactly, as if, etc.) lexically (using words like, similar)

A periphery is a descriptive turn. An expression that descriptively conveys the meaning of another expression or word. City on the Neva (instead of Petersburg) Oxymoron is a path that consists in the combination of words that call mutually exclusive concepts. Dead Souls (N.V. Gogol); look, she has fun to be sad (A.A. Akhmatova)

Epithet An artistic definition that paints a picture or conveys an attitude towards what is being described is called an epithet (from the Greek epiton - annex): mirror surface. Adjectives are most often used as epithets, but nouns are also often used as epithets ("sorceress-winter"); adverbs ("stands alone"). In the folk poetry there are constant epithets: the sun is red, the wind is violent.

In the 2016/17 academic year in the "Alkora Creative Workshop" we will study the means of artistic expression that are used in poetry, and we will even conduct a new educational competition series on this topic under the general title TROPES.

TROP is a word or expression used figuratively to create an artistic image and achieve greater expressiveness.

Paths include such artistic devices as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and lithotes and a number of other expressive means. No piece of fiction is complete without tropes. Poetic word - ambiguous; the poet creates images, playing with the meanings and combinations of words, using the environment of the word in the text and its sound - all this constitutes the artistic possibilities of the word, which is the only instrument of the poet or writer.

When creating a TRAIL, the word is ALWAYS USED PERFORMANCE.

Let's get acquainted with the most famous types of trails.

1. EPITHET

The epithete is one of the tropes, which is an artistic, IMAGINARY DEFINITION.
The epithet can be:

Adjectives:
meek face (S. Yesenin);
these poor villages, this meager nature ... (F. Tyutchev);
transparent maiden (A. Blok);

Communions:
an abandoned land (S. Yesenin);
frenzied dragon (A. Blok);
radiant takeoff (M. Tsvetaeva);

Nouns, sometimes in conjunction with their surrounding context:
Here he is, a leader without squads (M. Tsvetaeva);
My youth! My little dove is dark! (M. Tsvetaeva).

Any epithet reflects the uniqueness of the author's perception of the world, therefore it necessarily expresses some kind of assessment and has a subjective meaning: a wooden shelf is not an epithet, since there is no artistic definition, a wooden face is an epithet that expresses the impression of the person speaking about the interlocutor's face, that is, creating an image ...

IN fiction an epithet can perform various functions:
- figuratively characterize the subject: shining eyes, diamond eyes;
- create an atmosphere, mood: gloomy morning;
- convey the attitude of the author (narrator, lyrical hero) to the characterized subject: "Where will our prankster jump?" (A. Pushkin);
- combine all the previous functions (as is the case in most cases of using the epithet).

2. COMPARISON

Comparison is an artistic technique (trope) in which an image is created by comparing one object with another.

Comparison differs from other artistic comparisons, for example, assimilations, in that it always has a strict formal feature: a comparative construction or turnover with comparative unions AS, WILL BE, LIKE, EXACTLY, AS WILL, and the like. Expressions like HE WAS LIKE ... cannot be considered a comparison as a trope.

"And slender reapers, short hemlines, AS FLAGS ON HOLIDAY, fly in the wind" (A. Akhmatova)

"So the images of changeable fantasies, running, LIKE CLOUDS IN THE SKY, petrified, then live for centuries in a refined and complete phrase." (V. Bryusov)

3. PERSONALIZATION

Impersonation is an artistic technique (trope), in which HUMAN PROPERTIES are given to an inanimate object, phenomenon or concept.

Impersonation can be used narrowly, in one line, in a small fragment, but it can be a technique on which the entire work is built ("You are my abandoned land" by S. Yesenin, "Mom and the evening killed by the Germans", "Violin and a little nervously" V. Mayakovsky and others). Impersonation is considered a type of metaphor (see below).

The task of personification is to correlate the depicted object with a person, to make it closer to the reader, to figuratively comprehend the inner essence of the object, hidden from everyday life. Impersonation is one of the oldest figurative means of art.

4. HYPERBALL

HyperErbola (exaggeration) is a technique in which an image is created through artistic exaggeration. Hyperbola is not always included in the set of tropes, but the nature of the use of the word in a figurative sense to create an image of hyperbole is very close to tropes.

"My love, like an apostle at the time of it, I will blow the roads for a THOUSAND THOUSANDS .." (V. Mayakovsky)

"And the pine tree reaches the STARS." (O. Mandelstam)

A technique that is opposite to hyperbole in content is LITOTA (simplicity) - an artistic understatement. Litota is also the definition of a concept or object by negating the opposite: "he is not stupid", instead of "he is smart", "it is well written" instead of "it is well written"

"Your Pomeranian is a lovely Pomeranian, NOT MORE THANKS! I stroked all of him; like a silk fur!" (A. Griboyedov)

"And marching importantly, in a decorous calmness, the horse is led by the bridle by a little man in big boots, in a sheepskin coat, in big mittens ... AND YOURSELF WITH YOUR FEET!" (A. Nekrasov)

Hyperbole and litota allow the author to show the reader in an exaggerated form the most characteristic features of the depicted object. Often, hyperbole and litota are used by the author in an ironic manner, revealing not just characteristic, but negative, from the author's point of view, aspects of the subject.

5. METAPHOR

Metaphor (transfer) is a type of so-called complex path, a speech turnover, in which the properties of one phenomenon (object, concept) are transferred to another. The metaphor contains a hidden comparison, a figurative assimilation of phenomena using the figurative meaning of words, what the subject is compared with is only implied by the author. It was not for nothing that Aristotle said that "to compose good metaphors means to notice similarities."

"I'm not sorry for the years, wasted in vain, I'm not sorry for the LILAC FLOWER SOUL. RED RED ROWAN BOSTER IS BURNING in the garden, but it can't warm anyone." (S. Yesenin)

"(...) The sleepy firmament disappeared, again CLOTHING THE WHOLE FROZY WORLD WITH BLUE SILK SKY, HOLED WITH A BLACK AND DEATH THREAT OF THE TOOL." (M. Bulgakov)

6. METONYMY

Metonimia (rename) - type of path: figurative designation of an object according to one of its signs, for example: drink two cups of coffee; joyful whisper; the bucket spilled.

"Here, the BALANCE is wild, without feeling, without law, HAS ABOUT itself with a violent vine
And labor, and property, and time of the FARMER ... "(A. Pushkin)

"You will MEET BACKENBARDS here, the only ones missed with extraordinary and amazing art under a tie (...) Here YOU WILL MEET wonderful mustaches, not depicted by any pen or brush (...) Here you will MEET LADIES 'SLEEVES on Nevsky Prospect! (. ..) Here you will MEET a single SMILE, a smile that is the height of art, sometimes such that you can melt with pleasure (...) "(N. Gogol)

"I read with pleasure APULEY (instead of: the book of Apuleius" The Golden Donkey "), but I did not read Cicero." (A. Pushkin)

"Girey sat, looking down, AMBER was smoking in his mouth (instead of" amber pipe ") (A. Pushkin)

7. SYNEKDOHA

SynEkdokha (ratio, literally - "comprehension") is a trope, a kind of metonymy, a stylistic device, which means that the name of the general is transferred to the particular. Less often - on the contrary, from the particular to the general.

"The whole school spilled out into the street"; "Russia lost to Wales: 0-3",

The use of synecdoche builds the expressiveness of speech in an excerpt from the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin": "To the East, through everyday life and soot // From one deaf prison // Europe is going home // Feather down over it is a blizzard // at the Russian soldier // Brother-French, British-brother // Brother-Pole and everything in a row // With friendship it seems guilty // But they look with their hearts ... "- here the generalized name Europe is used instead of the name of the peoples inhabiting European countries ; the singular number of the nouns "soldier", "brother-French" and others replaces their plural. Synecdoche enhances the expression of speech and gives it a deep generalizing meaning.

“And it was heard before dawn how the Frenchman was jubilant” (M. Lermontov) - the word “French” is used as the name of the whole - “French” (the singular noun is used instead of the noun in plural)

"All flags will visit us (instead of" ships "(A. Pushkin).

The definitions of some tropes cause controversy among literary scholars, since the boundaries between them are blurred. So the metaphor, in essence, is almost indistinguishable from hyperbole (exaggeration), from synecdoche, from simple comparison or personification and assimilation. In all cases, there is a transfer of meaning from one word to another.

There is no generally accepted classification of tropes. An approximate collection of the most famous tropes includes such techniques for creating expressive means as:

Epithet
Comparison
Impersonation
Metaphor
Metonymy
Synecdoche
Hyperbola
Litotes
Allegory
Irony
Pun
Pathos
Sarcasm
Periphrase
Dysphemism
Euphemism

We will talk about some of them in more detail in the process of participating in individual contests of the educational series "Trails", but for now, just remember the new term:

TROP (turnover) is a rhetorical figure, word or expression used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the imagery of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech. Paths, in addition to poetry, are widely used in literary prose, in oratory and in everyday speech.

ROADS (based on the lexical meaning of the word)

Allegory - a trope based on replacing an abstract concept or phenomenon with a concrete image of an object or phenomenon of reality: medicine - a snake wrapping around a bowl, cunning - a fox, etc.
Hyperbola - a trope based on an excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object or phenomenon:

And the pine tree reaches the stars. (O. Mandelstam)

Metaphor - trope, in which words and expressions are used in a figurative meaning based on analogy, similarity, comparison:
My tired soul is embraced by darkness and cold (M. Yu. Lermontov).
Comparison - a trope in which one phenomenon or concept is explained by comparing it with another. Usually, comparative alliances are used: Anchar, as a formidable sentry, stands alone - in the entire universe (A.S. Pushkin).
Metonymy - trope, based on the replacement of one word by another, adjacent in meaning. In metonymy, a phenomenon or an object is designated with the help of other words or concepts, while their connections and signs are preserved: The hiss of foamy glasses and punch is a blue flame (A.S. Pushkin).
Synecdoche - one of the types of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one subject to another on the basis of the quantitative ratio between them: And it was heard before dawn how the Frenchman was jubilant (meaning the whole french army) (M. Yu. Lermontov).

Litotes - a trope opposite to hyperbole, an artistic understatement: your spitz, adorable spitz, is no more than a thimble (A. Griboyedov).
Impersonation - a trope, based on the transfer of the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones: silent sadness will be comforted, and joy will ponder with playfulness (A.S. Pushkin).
Epithet - a word that defines an object or phenomenon and emphasizes any of its properties, qualities, signs. Usually an epithet is called a colorful definition: Your brooding nights are transparent gloom (A.S. Pushkin).
Periphrase - a trope in which the direct name of an object, person, phenomenon is replaced by a descriptive expression, which indicates the signs of an object, person, phenomenon not named directly: the king of animals is a lion.
Irony - a method of ridicule, containing an assessment of what is being ridiculed. In irony there is always a double meaning, where the true is not directly expressed, but implied: Count Khvostov, a poet beloved by heaven, was already singing immortal verses of the misfortunes of the Neva banks (A.S. Pushkin).

Stylistic figures
(based on a special syntactic structure of speech)
Rhetorical appeal - giving the author's intonation solemnity, pathos, irony, etc.: Oh you, arrogant descendants ... (M. Yu. Lermontov)
A rhetorical question - such a structure of speech, in which the statement is expressed in the form of a question. The rhetorical question does not require an answer, but only enhances the emotionality of the statement: And over the fatherland of the enlightened freedom will a beautiful dawn finally rise? (A.S. Pushkin)
Anaphora - repetition of parts of relatively independent segments, otherwise anaphora is called unity of command: As if you curse days without a gap, as if gloomy nights scare you
(A. Apukhtin).

Epiphora - repetition at the end of a phrase, sentence, line, stanza.

Antithesis - a stylistic figure, which is based on the opposition: Both day and hour, both in writing and orally, for the truth, yes and no ... (M. Tsvetaeva).
Oxymoron - connection of logically incompatible concepts:
living Dead, dead Souls etc.
Gradation - grouping of homogeneous members of the sentence in a certain order: according to the principle of increasing or weakening emotional and semantic significance: I do not regret, I do not call, I do not cry (S. Yesenin).
Default - deliberate interruption of speech, counting on the reader's guess, who must mentally finish the phrase: But listen: if I owe you ... I own a dagger, I was born near the Caucasus (A. Pushkin).
Nominative themes ( nominative representation) - a word in the nominative case or a phrase with the main word in the nominative case, which stands at the beginning of a paragraph or text and in which the topic of further discussion is declared (the name of the subject is given, which serves as the topic of further discussion): Letters. Who likes to write them?
Parcelling - intentionally breaking one simple or complex sentence on several separate sentences in order to draw the reader's attention to the selected segment, to give it (segment) an additional meaning: One and the same experience has to be repeated many times. And with great care.
Syntactic parallelism - the same construction of two or more sentences, lines, stanzas, parts of the text:
The stars shine in the blue sky
In the blue sea, waves are splashing.
(sentences are built according to the scheme: circumstance of place with a definition, subject, predicate)
A cloud walks across the sky, A barrel floats on the sea. (A.S. Pushkin) (sentences are built according to the scheme: subject, circumstance of place, predicate)
Inversion - violation of the generally accepted grammatical sequence of speech: The sail is white alone in the fog of the blue sea.
(M. Yu. Lermontov) (according to the rules of the Russian language: A lonely sail turns white in the blue fog of the sea.)

N.V. Gogol

Slide 2

Trails:

Comparison is a figurative expression in which one phenomenon, object, face is likened to another.

Comparisons are expressed in different ways:

• instrumental case ("goes away in smoke");
• various unions (as if, exactly, as if, etc.)
• lexically (using words like, similar)

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1922 - 1938.

Poems "I returned to my city, familiar to tears ..." 1930,

"For the explosive valor of the coming centuries ..." 1931, 1935.

OptionI.

Read the poem "I returned to my city, familiar to tears ... "and complete tasks B8 - B12; C3 - C4.

AT 8. The ominous atmosphere of St. Petersburg in the poem is created using a special kind of phrases ("plucked with meat", "all night long"). What are their names?

AT 9. What is the name of a reference to an inanimate object ("Petersburg, I still have addresses")?

AT 10 O'CLOCK. What stylistic figures are used in the poem to enhance emotional expressiveness in the following lines: "... so swallow quickly // ... Get to know sooner ..."?

AT 11. What means of artistic expression does the poet use in the line: "And all night long I wait for dear guests"?

AT 12. How large is the poem written?

C3. What images of the poem embody the lyrical hero's idea of \u200b\u200bSt. Petersburg in the 1930s?

C4. What poetic works of Russian poets are addressed to St. Petersburg, and what motives bring them closer to OE Mandelstam's poem "I returned to my city, familiar to tears"?

C4. What poems by Russian poets touch on the theme of individual freedom, and what motives bring them closer to OE Mandelstam's poem "I returned to my city, familiar to tears"?

OptionI.

Read the poem "For the explosive valor of the coming centuries ... " and complete tasks B8 - B12; C3 - C4.

AT 8. What artistic means, based on the transfer of the properties of one phenomenon to another according to their similarity, is used by the author in the line of the poem: "A wolfhound century rushes over my shoulders ..."?

AT 9. Name the technique of artistic expression, which is used by the author in the poem to create a vivid picture: "And the pine tree reaches the star ...".

AT 10 O'CLOCK. What is the name of the pictorial and expressive means used in the poem: "stuff me better, like a hat in a sleeve"?

AT 11. The solemn tone of the first verse in the poem is created with the help of sound writing: "For the explosive valor of the coming centuries ...". What is the name of this type of sound writing?

AT 12. What kind of rhyme is used in the poem?

C3. In what images of the poem is the idea of \u200b\u200bthe lyrical hero about his time embodied?

C4. In what poems of Russian poets the theme of the appointment of the poet and poetry sounds, and how are they close to OE Mandelstam's poem "For the explosive valor of the coming centuries ..."?

Answers to control materials.

OptionI.

B8 phraseological units

B9 rhetorical

B10 parallelism, repeat

B11 irony

B12 anapest

C4 A.S. Pushkin "The Bronze Horseman"; A.A. Akhmatova "Requiem"

C4 A.S. Pushkin "Anchar", "To Chaadaev"; M.Yu.Lermontov "Mtsyri"

OptionII.

B8 metaphor

B9 hyperbole

Q10 comparison

B11 alliteration

B12 cross

C4 A. Pushkin "The Prophet", "I have erected a monument to myself not made by hands ..."; M.Yu. Lermontov "The Death of a Poet"; A.A. Blok "Stranger" and others.