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plutong> Something from the past (food for thought):
plutong> Millennium Challenge 2002
plutong> Despite the fictitious names of both sides, it was clear that the game scenario was a veiled exercise to invade Iran...
plutong> One of the scenario descriptions
plutong> http://alternathistory.org.ua/...
plutong> Well, from modern comments on this teaching:
plutong> ...in conditions real war with Iran in the Persian Gulf without use nuclear weapons The US would be defeated...
plutong> ...if it comes to a war in the Persian Gulf, or even in the Gulf of Oman, the impressive naval power of the United States will be countered and hampered by both Iran's military potential and geographical factors. Unable to act open waters, as in Indian or Pacific Ocean, the United States will have much less time to respond, and more importantly, it will not be able to fight from a safe (from a military point of view) distance. Thus, the entire arsenal of US defensive naval systems designed to fight in open waters from a safe distance will not be applicable in the Persian Gulf.
plutong> __404__ | sh404SEF custom content

The AUG does not have to swim into the bay; at the beginning, the Iranian Navy and the southeastern part of Iran can bomb from a safe distance (the Arabian Sea) for the AUG. And the western part will be taken over by Israel and US air units stationed in Iraq, plus Turkey and various Arab countries friendly with the US (which Iran threatens to sink tankers in the Gulf of Hormuz).

I took 1000 km, the maximum range of AUG aviation.

And since the United States decided to launch an AUG into the Gulf, it means a decision has been made to resolve the issue diplomatically.

So in any case, the main threat to the AUG comes from our Halibut diesel-electric submarines.

By the way, in the simulator I tried to approach the AUG on a Halibut (of course, under favorable conditions like I ended up on their course, since the AUG has a speed of 17 knots, the Halibut simply couldn’t keep up with them and I had to set the maximum speed at which you unmasked yourself for the buoys scattered by security helicopters). In general, it was possible to approach them at a distance of 3-5 miles, then the destroyer guards discovered me and easily sank me. It is practically impossible to torpedo an AUG. Only in 10% of attacks was it possible to cause minor damage to the AUG or guards; of course, the submarine was then sunk in 100% of cases.
On the same simulator, anti-ship missiles with a speed of 0.7-0.8M perform very poorly. The destroyers OrlikBerke and Ticonderoga, which are guarding the aircraft carrier, easily shoot down these missiles.

The military-political goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran at sea have not been officially announced anywhere. Therefore, any analysis of the concept of development of the Iranian Navy is very conditional. Most experts believe that the aspirations of the Iranian leadership in this area are based on the idea of ​​ensuring absolute independence, both in domestic and foreign policy.

Political background

The basis of the declared independence, according to Iranian leaders, will be provided by nuclear missile weapons. Therefore, the main efforts are concentrated in the direction of possessing nuclear weapons and the means of their delivery - long-range missiles. Experts believe that the development of traditional species military equipment in Iran is of a secondary nature. Also, most experts doubt the reality of efforts to destroy the State of Israel with nuclear missile weapons, although there are many political statements about this from Tehran.

Tehran Center is working on the problem of creating nuclear weapons in Iran nuclear research, Isfahan Nuclear Technology Center, Nuclear Research Center for agriculture and medicine in Karaj, the nuclear research department in the city of Yazd (nearby there is a uranium deposit, the reserves of which are estimated at 3000–4000 tons of uranium oxide equivalent, the U-235 content is 0.08–1.00 percent) and the Moallem Kalaye facility.

It is quite difficult to estimate the possible timing of Iran obtaining nuclear weapons, but most experts believe that this will happen in the coming years. The former head of the Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy, Yevgeny Adamov, once noted that Iran could create nuclear weapons. " They have quite qualified people. Nuclear specialists were trained in the West back in the times of the Shah", he emphasized.

Navy development concept

According to available data, the main efforts in the development of the Iranian fleet are aimed at deploying a combat-ready naval group in the Indian Ocean. In the Caspian Sea, the Iranian Navy is represented only by patrol boats (PBO), operating in the interests of the border guard and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. At the same time, the development of the Navy itself is of a secondary nature in comparison with the ground forces and the Air Force, and this branch of the country's armed forces is still assigned very limited tasks.

These tasks include conducting military operations against enemy naval groups and aircraft in order to gain dominance in the waters of the Persian and Oman Gulfs, protecting the territorial waters and sea coast of Iran, including important administrative and political centers in the south of the country, economic regions, oil fields, military - naval bases, ports and islands, ensuring the protection of coastal sea communications and disrupting enemy sea communications in the Persian and Oman Gulfs, control of the Strait of Hormuz, providing direct support to ground forces and air forces during operations in maritime sectors, conducting naval landing operations, fight with amphibious assaults enemy, conducting continuous reconnaissance at sea.

Taking into account the experience of the war with Iraq and periodic military clashes with the NATO Navy, the Iranian naval command so far gives preference to the development of non-nuclear submarines (NSPL), midget submarines (SMPL) and small-displacement combat boats (BKA). That is, those combat forces that can maintain combat effectiveness in an environment of total air supremacy of a potential enemy, which is primarily considered to be the United States.

It should be noted that Iran also has difficult relations with its neighbors, except Russia. For some time Iran had claims against Azerbaijan, but recent years they no longer speak out: apparently, Tehran takes into account the close multilateral ties between Moscow and Baku.

Combat composition

The estimate of the size of the Iranian Navy by 2015–2020, given in the table, is quite cautious and shows the continuation of the trend for the development of only small and ultra-small combat vehicles (SMPL and BKA).

Submarine forces

NAPL. Currently, the Navy has three Russian-built Project 877EKM nuclear submarines in service. They are designed to solve combat missions mainly in the Indian Ocean, although in peacetime they actively demonstrate their combat capabilities in the Persian Gulf. According to some reports, these boats may soon be upgraded to use cruise missiles (CR). In the early 2000s, the activity of Project 877EKM non-submarine submarines was reduced due to problems with batteries (requiring replacement) and the need to repair equipment. By 2011, these problems were overcome and the boats began to make long trips, including to the Red Sea.

However, today the basis of Iran’s submarine forces are SMPLs, intended mainly for operations in the Persian and Oman Gulfs. At the end of 2011, according to Rear Admiral Golam Reza Khadem-Bigham, there were 15 SMPLs of two projects in service: 14 Ghadir type (work has been underway since 2004, another three or four such SMPLs are at various stages of construction) and one Nahang type. The Ghadir-type SMPLs were created with technical assistance from the DPRK (development of Yugo-type boats). General program the construction of Iranian SMPLs can reach 30 units.

The leadership of the Iranian Navy especially emphasizes that the country was able to master the construction of SMPL from national components. However, most experts are skeptical about this, believing that if this was achieved, then the technical level of the components corresponds to world analogues of the 70-80s of the last century.

All Iranian submarines will likely be equipped with a Shkval-type jet torpedo (the Iranian Navy successfully tested it on April 4, 2009). According to a representative of the Iranian command, this is the fastest torpedo in the world. Some experts claim that several samples were purchased by China in the CIS through Kyrgyzstan and then delivered to Iran.

Amphibious forces

The Navy has 9 tanks landing ships(7 medium ones - STDC and 2 small ones - MTDC), 12 landing boats, six of them hovercraft. There are long-term plans for the construction of three more STDKs.

Multi-role forces

KRV. The Navy has three Alvand (Vosper Mk 5) type anti-aircraft missiles in service. They were ordered in the UK back in 1966 and underwent two modernizations - in 1977 and 1988. In 1997, the ships' Sea Killer anti-ship missile launchers were replaced with Chinese-made C-802 anti-ship missile launchers.

Iran independently built one KRV of this type, Jamaran, according to the existing technical documentation, to which some changes were made. In particular, a diesel unit (DU) was used instead of a diesel gas turbine unit (DGTU), and a runway for a helicopter was located in the stern. Construction is also underway on the second RV of this type with a completion date of 2013.

In addition, the Navy includes two American-built corvettes, transferred by the United States to the Shah's regime under an assistance program in 1964. Despite their long service life, all RVs are actively used and are in good technical condition.

Patrol forces

RKA. As of the beginning of 2012, the Navy has 23 relatively large RSCs with a displacement of 200–275 tons. Ten boats of the Houdong type with S-802 anti-ship missiles were built in China, ten of the Combattante II type, mainly with S-802 anti-ship missiles, were built in France, and three more boats of this type were built in Iran. In addition, there are 35 small-displacement missiles of 10–14 tons with short-range anti-ship missiles or missile launchers, built with the help of China, the DPRK or independently.

PKA. At the beginning of 2012, there were a large number of UAVs (more than 150), mainly for patrol purposes, with a displacement from 1.5 to 170 tons. At the same time, three boats of the Kajami type are so-called semi-submersible, that is, they can move at shallow depths using an RDP type device (underwater engine operation). Similar projects were developed in the Soviet Union in the 60s, but were not implemented.

Iran to a certain extent follows the path of development Soviet Navy the beginning of the 60s, when the USSR tried to create a “huge and invincible mosquito fleet.” To be fair, it should be noted that during the Gulf War, even the powerful carrier-based aircraft of the US Navy could not effectively fight the ultra-small UAVs of the Iranian Navy. Firing anti-ship missiles at them turned out to be impossible, and the use of cannons, conventional bombs and rocket launchers was also difficult due to the small size and high maneuverability of the boats.

Mine sweeping forces

Currently, the Iranian Navy does not have minesweepers (MS), but there are six minesweeper helicopters (HM) of the RH-53D type. The absence of ships of this class and even plans for their construction indicates that the command of the Iranian Navy during the war plans to use mainly boats and small submarines, for which mines pose less of a threat than for large ships.

Shipbuilding programs

Iran is now targeting the construction of the SMPL, the completion of one CRV and the construction of boats (RKA, PKA and DKA). Iranian Defense Minister Mostafa Mohammad Najjar, at the laying ceremony of a new midget submarine in 2008, said: “The Islamic Republic is becoming self-sufficient in the production of all types of military vessels.” He also especially noted the fact that this SMPL is equipped with a new underwater missile. According to him, the development of new weapons such as surface and underwater missiles will increase the defense capability of the fleet in Iran's territorial waters and prevent an attack on the country.

Most experts note that the Iranian military shipbuilding program basically copies a similar military shipbuilding program North Korea. However, in the technological aspect, Iran lags behind the DPRK by 10–20 years, since its national shipbuilding industry is in its infancy.

Assessment of the military industrial base

The creation of missile and even nuclear weapons will not be able to provide Iran with a technological breakthrough in the field of military shipbuilding. And there are several reasons. For example, despite the complexity of creating missiles and nuclear weapons, their production, according to most experts, can currently only be based on a limited number of specialized enterprises.

That is, with a small series production it is possible to create them in pilot production. The creation of ships, naval weapons and aircraft equipment takes place at large quantities production, and this requires a high technological level of development of the entire country.

A fundamentally new moment in the reform of the military-industrial complex of Iran was the focus on the priority development of licensed production of technologically complex weapons.

Currently, the shipbuilding industry is represented by enterprises of the Shahid Dgalai industrial group. It contains three shipyard(GCC), located in the cities of Bandar Abbas, Bushehr and Anzali, which have experience in construction, including assembly under foreign licenses and with the help of other countries, landing ships, patrol and landing boats (displacing up to 90 tons), as well as auxiliary vessels appointments.

In Bushehr, with the help of Chinese specialists, in the late 90s, work began on the licensed construction of two Hudong-class missile boats, or rather, their assembly from blocks supplied from China. At the shipyard in Bandar Abbas, with the help of specialists from the DPRK, the construction of the SMPL has begun.

However, with all these successes there remains the main difficulty is the general technological backwardness of Iran. Although oil has been produced in the country for more than a hundred years, Iranians are still unable to carry out drilling operations without the help of foreign firms. Without foreign assistance, Iran cannot build oil refineries, which is why it is forced to import a third of the gasoline the country consumes. And this is in an oil exporting country that aspires to regional leadership.

That is why most experts believe that Iran does not yet have the scientific and technological base to independently create modern military equipment and it needs to start by training its own scientific and technical personnel. In this regard, it is likely that there will be a significant influx of specialists and teachers to Iran in the coming years. Experts also fear that a significant portion of those arriving will be brought into the country illegally.

In the event of hostilities, it is possible that irreparable damage could be caused to the Iranian shipbuilding industry by the United States and Israel, the consequences of which are unlikely to be compensated in the near future.

/Vladislav Nikolsky – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Nikolay Novichkov – Candidate of Technical Sciences, vpk-news.ru/

Today, a solemn ceremony took place to accept the largest Iranian ship in the Caspian Sea, the light frigate Damavand of the Mowj project, into the Iranian Navy. The frigate was launched, and on July 17, 2014, its factory sea trials began. This is the second frigate of this Iranian project, the first frigate, Jamaran, was launched in 2007 on the shores of the Persian Gulf in the port of Bandar Abbas and now the third ship of this project is being built in Bandar Abbas.
The Mowj project is actually a consequence of Iranian reverse engineering of frigates British construction of the Vosper Mk 5 project and modification of the project to suit the capabilities of the Iranian military industry. On at the moment These are the largest warships that Iran has independently built in its history, their total displacement is about 1,500 tons.Judging by the photographs and videos, the main armament of the frigate "Demavend" consists of 4 Noor\Ghader anti-ship missile launchers (an Iranian copy of the C-802 and its modernized version with an increased range), 2 Mehrab anti-aircraft missile launchers (a copy of SM-1), 2x3 324 mm torpedo tubes, 76-mm AU Fajr 27 (copy of the Italian Oto Melara 76/62 Compact) , 40mm Fath AU (copy of Bofors L/70) and, in my opinion, 2 light single-barrel 20mm mounts. As I already , the composition and placement of weapons on the frigate Damavand is somewhat different from the frigate Jamaran.

The frigate Damavand is named after the Damavand volcano in the Caspian province of Mazandaran, which is the most high point Iran - 5610 meters above sea level. Thus, he continues the post-revolutionary Iranian tradition of naming large ships after mountains, interrupted by the frigate Jamaran, for example, three Iranian frigates of the Vosper Mk 5 project are named after mountains - Alvand (Alvand), Alborz (Elborz) and Sabalan (Sebelan).















Creating powerful naval forces, equipped modern ships and weapons, is one of the priorities of military development in Iran, “an integral part of the regional strategy” of Iran. At the same time, the Iranians are in every possible way developing both asymmetric methods of conducting naval war in the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz, they are trying to create naval forces capable of actively operating outside the coastal maritime zone. The presence of a large, versatile and combat-ready navy is seen by Tehran as “leverage” in the Gulf area, which, in particular, allows Iran to “threaten the US presence without the need to use force.” The build-up of the naval force in the Caspian Sea cannot be ruled out.

Iran's naval forces consist of two components - the Army Navy (18 thousand people) and the Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC, 20 thousand people). Moreover, the IRGC Navy is focusing on preparing to wage an asymmetrical naval war, while the Army Navy is focusing on a possible confrontation with the fleets of the Arabian monarchies and actions outside the Persian Gulf zone.

The predominant orientation of the Iranian Navy towards asymmetric methods of naval warfare is due to both the quantitative and qualitative superiority of the United States and financial considerations, namely the relatively low cost of such forms of warfare. The development of asymmetric methods of warfare at sea is considered in Tehran as an “ideal means of deterrence.” Realizing that winning a confrontation with the US Navy is unrealistic, the Iranians are betting that the price of possible American military success will become unacceptable to Washington, which would deter it from conducting a naval operation.

Iranian views on the combat use of the Navy involve the large-scale use of mine weapons, numerous and varied attacks by small combat boats equipped with relatively simple but effective anti-ship missiles (ASM), as well as small-caliber artillery, machine guns, MANPADS, anti-aircraft guns, RPGs, ATGMs, 106 mm recoilless rifles, 107 mm MLRS. It is believed that potentially small boats are capable of successfully attacking large ships of the US Navy due to their speed, maneuverability and numbers. It is also taken into account that small watercraft are difficult to detect by radar, and to carry out quick strikes from ambushes, the Iranians intend to place them near numerous islands and oil platforms in the Persian Gulf. Much attention is paid to the actions of naval commandos, including combat swimmers, and development of tactics for the use of small submarines (12 units). At the same time, the waters of the Gulf, due to their natural features, are for the most part unsuitable for the use of submarines. Increased attention is paid to the issues of covert mine laying. They are also armed with guided “kamikaze boats” filled with explosives. It should be noted that in recent years, Iranian combat boats have repeatedly provocatively approached dangerously close distances to ships of the US Navy and other Western countries operating in the Persian Gulf.

Another feature of the combat use of the IRGC Navy was the decentralization of command and control of fleet forces for the period of hostilities, giving local commanders greater independence and the right to make decisions on the use of the forces and means at their disposal.

One of the main tasks of the IRGC Navy is the protection of its own shipping and oil platforms in the Persian Gulf. At the same time, Iran has repeatedly stated its intention to block the Strait of Hormuz, which is vital for the world economy in the event of a military threat to Iran.

In recent years, the area of ​​operations of the Army Navy has been expanding. Iranian ships regularly make voyages to the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea and take part in the fight against piracy in the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Aden. Increasingly, Iranian Navy ships make visits and business calls to the ports of other countries, including those not bordering Iran. Thus, in 2011, Iranian ships made their first voyage through the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean Sea, calling at Syria. The Army Navy has been given a long-term task by 2025 to ensure a “strategic presence” in international waters in the far sea zone, to become a force capable of effectively operating in the “strategic triangle”: the Strait of Hormuz - the Strait of Bab el-Mandeb - the Strait of Malacca.

Iran independently, although using foreign technologies and weapons, or their copies, builds small submarines, frigates, hovercraft, and a wide range of combat boats. It is planned to begin construction of submarines with a displacement of up to 1000 tons. The production of various types of naval weapons, including anti-ship missiles, has been launched. However, in general, Iran’s capabilities to update the fleet’s naval personnel and equip the Navy with modern high-tech weapons and equipment are limited. The number of large ships entering the fleet is small, and its basis is still made up of ships purchased abroad during the Shah’s regime, which are morally obsolete and physically worn out, do not have modern weapons, weapon guidance systems, control systems and electronic warfare equipment. As for the new models of naval missile weapons demonstrated by the Iranians during exercises, they are, in all likelihood, predominantly experimental products, the declared performance characteristics of which are greatly inflated for propaganda purposes.

It is estimated that Iran has from 3 to 5 thousand sea mines, most of which are old contact mines. There are only about 300 modern mines. The most effective of them are Chinese missile mines. Can be used to lay mines warships, including submarines, boats, airplanes and helicopters, as well as civilian vessels. Experts believe that first of all, the Iranians will install minefields in the Strait of Hormuz.

The Navy is armed with anti-ship missiles, mainly Chinese and national production with a firing range from 25 to 120 km. They can be launched from ships, boats, airplanes and helicopters. There are up to 30 missile batteries in the coastal defense. The Iranian command is counting on massive use various types RCC.

Surface and underwater forces, aviation, including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are involved in reconnaissance. In addition, they are armed with UAVs filled with explosives, which are designed to strike enemy ships.

Intensive combat training has been established in the IRGC Navy and the Army. Exercises are regularly held, including large ones, with the participation of the Air Force and Ground Forces. During combat training activities, issues of combating large enemy ships, actions to protect the country's coast and blockade of shipping in the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz are worked out, new types of weapons are tested and practical shooting is carried out.

The fleet's coastal infrastructure is being improved and its air defense is being strengthened. Much attention is paid to the construction of shelters for weapons and control posts, and their camouflage. Currently, the Iranian Navy has an extensive system of naval bases and deployment points, which provides the ability to both disperse forces and maneuver them to conduct a particular operation.

American naval experts believe that to successfully counter the Iranian maritime strategy the US and its Arabian allies are required to " creative thinking" The U.S. Navy's Fifth Operational Fleet in the Persian Gulf will soon be bolstered by four minesweepers and four CH-53 helicopters capable of detecting mines, as well as underwater mine-clearing robots. In addition, high-speed patrol boats of the Mark 38 type will be sent to the Persian Gulf, which, according to American sailors, can effectively repel attacks from small enemy speedboats. To counter Iranian boats, large-caliber machine guns may also be installed on large ships, in particular on aircraft carriers.

In general, according to American military experts, an analysis of Iranian asymmetric capabilities at sea shows that the Iranian Navy “can play important role in intimidating other states and threatening oil exports in the Gulf." At the same time, the Iranian fleet is vulnerable to “strikes and counterstrikes” by the US Navy and its Arabian allies.” However, it is recognized that “destroying Iranian capabilities in a large-scale maritime conflict” would be very costly.