Name

Winner

First Swedish Crusade

Novgorod Republic

Hike to the capital Sigtuna

Novgorod Republic

Second Swedish Crusade

Novgorod Republic

Third Swedish Crusade

Swedish-Novgorod war

Novgorod Republic

Fourth Swedish Crusade

Minor border armed conflicts

Russo-Swedish War

Grand Duchy of Moscow

Russo-Swedish War

Russo-Swedish War

Russo-Swedish War

Russo-Swedish War

Great North War

Russo-Swedish War

Russo-Swedish War

Finnish war

Start of wars with Sweden

Wars with Novgorod

The beginning of the wars between Sweden and Russia dates back to the middle of the 13th century. At that time, the coast of the Gulf of Finland was disputed, which both Novgorodians and Swedes sought to take possession of.

A flotilla of ships with Novgorod, Izhora and Karelian warriors secretly passed through the Swedish skerries to Sigtuna.

The capital of the Swedes was taken by storm and burned.

These gates of the cathedral are the military trophy of the Novgorodians, who sailed the sea in 1187 to Sigtuna.

Several times were concluded between the warring parties peace treaties, but they did not last long.

In the 20s. 14th century Prince Yuri Danilovich clears the northern borders with a number of campaigns, sets up a city on the Neva on Orekhovy Island and concludes a favorable peace with the Swedish king Magnus.

In troubled times, the Swedes, under the command Delagardie, occupied Ladoga; Novgorodians summoned a Swedish prince to the throne and surrendered Novgorod to the Swedes.

By the time of the accession of Mikhail Feodorovich, Ingermanland and part of the Novgorod lands were in the hands of the Swedes.

The Northern Union also included the Danish-Norwegian kingdom, headed by King Christian V, and Russia, headed by Peter I.

In 1700, after a series of quick Swedish victories, the Northern Alliance collapsed, Denmark withdrew from the war in 1700, and Saxony in 1706.

After that, until 1709, when the Northern Union was restored, the Russian state fought with the Swedes mostly independently.

On the different stages also took part in the war: on the side of Russia - Hanover, Holland, Prussia; on the side of Sweden - England (since 1707 - Great Britain), the Ottoman Empire, Holstein. The Ukrainian Cossacks, including the Zaporizhian Cossacks, were divided and partly supported the Swedes and Turks, but mostly the Russian troops. During the campaign, Russian troops managed in 1702 to seize Noteburg , resulting in the founding of Saint Petersburg in 1703.



In 1704, Russian troops captured Derpt and Narva.

The war put an end to the Swedish great power, and established Russia as new strength in Europe.

Russo-Swedish war under Elizabeth Petrovna

Started during the reign of the princess Anna Leopoldovna(-). The Swedish king, instigated by the French government, decided to return the provinces lost during the northern war to his rule, but, not ready for war, gave Russia time to make peace with the Ottoman Porte.

Russo-Swedish War under Empress Catherine II

The successes of the 2nd Turkish War alarmed the Versailles cabinet; England, dissatisfied with the establishment of armed neutrality, also wanted to stop the successes of Russian weapons. Both powers began to incite sovereigns neighboring Russia against Russia, but only the Swedish king Gustav III succumbed to their incitement. Counting on the fact that most of the Russian forces were diverted to the south, he hoped not to meet serious resistance in Finland. The armament of the Russian squadron, assigned to operations in the Mediterranean, served as a pretext for war. On June 21, 1788, a detachment of Swedish troops crossed the border, broke into the suburbs of Neishlot and began to bombard the fortress.

Simultaneously with the outbreak of hostilities, the king presented the following requirements to the empress:

1. punishment of our ambassador, Count Razumovsky, for his imaginary intrigues, tending to violate the peace between Russia and Sweden;

2. cession to Sweden of all parts of Finland acquired under the Nystadt and Abos treaties;

3. accepting the mediation of Sweden to conclude peace with the Porte;

4. disarmament of our fleet and the return of ships that entered the Baltic Sea.

Russian troops on the Swedish border managed to collect only about 14 thousand (part of the newly recruited); against them stood the 36,000th enemy army, under the personal leadership of the king. In spite of this disparity of forces, the Swedes were nowhere decisively successful; their detachment, besieging Neishlot, was forced to retreat, and in early August 1788 the king himself, with all his troops, withdrew from the Russian borders. On July 6, a clash between the Russian fleet and the Swedish fleet, commanded by the Duke of Südermanland, took place near Gohland; the latter was forced to take refuge in the port of Sveaborg, and lost one ship. Admiral Greig sent his cruisers towards the west, which interrupted all communication of the Swedish fleet with Karlskrona.

There were no big battles on the dry route this year, but the Russian army, reinforced to 20,000, was not limited to defensive actions alone. During the summer, she managed to occupy a fairly significant part of Swedish Finland, and in August, the Prince of Nassau-Siegen made a successful landing near Friedrichsgam.

On May 2, 1790, the Swedish fleet, under the command of the Duke of Südermanland, attacked Chichagov, who was on the Revel roadstead, but, having lost two ships, withdrew behind the islands of Nargen and Wulf. The king himself led 155 rowboats to Friedrichsham, where part of the flotilla of the Prince of Nassau-Siegen wintered. On May 4, a naval battle took place here, and the Russians were pushed back to Vyborg. The squadron of Vice Admiral Kruse, which was going to connect with Chichagov, met on May 23, at the longitude of Seskar Island, with the fleet of the Duke of Südermanland. After a two-day battle, the Swedes were forced to lock themselves in the Vyborg Bay, where the Swedish rowing flotilla was located, and on May 26 they were surrounded by the united squadrons of Chichagov and Kruse. Stayed for about a month Vyborg bay and suffering from a lack of everything, the Swedes decided to break through the Russian fleet. On June 21 and 22, after a bloody battle, they managed to make their way to the open sea, but at the same time they lost 6 ships and 4 frigates.

The pursuit lasted two days, and the prince of Nassau-Siegen, who recklessly broke into the Svenska-sund bay, came under fire from batteries and was defeated, losing 55 ships and up to 600 people captured. This victory did not bring Sweden any benefit, especially since the Swedes did not win any successes against the Russian army led by Count Saltykov on a dry path. A murmur began in Stockholm, and Gustav III finally decided to ask for peace.

On August 3, 1790, the so-called Treaty of Verel was signed, according to which both sides returned all the places occupied by the troops of one or another power in the possessions of the enemy.

Russo-Swedish War under Alexander I

Russo-Swedish war of 1808-1809 to the continental blockade of Great Britain - a system of economic and political sanctions organized by Napoleon. The Danish kingdom also intended to join the blockade. In response to this, in August 1807, Great Britain launched an attack on the capital of the kingdom of Copenhagen and captured the entire Danish navy. Gustav IV rejected these proposals and took a course towards rapprochement with England, which continued to fight Napoleon, who was hostile to him. There was a gap between Russia and Great Britain - the embassies were mutually recalled, and a low-key war began. On November 16, 1807, the Russian government again turned to the Swedish king with a proposal for assistance, but for about two months did not receive any answer. Finally, Gustav IV responded that the execution of the treaties of 1780 and 1800 could not be started while the French were occupying the harbors of the Baltic Sea. At the same time, it became known that the Swedish king was preparing to help England in the war with Denmark, trying to win back Norway from her. All these circumstances gave Emperor Alexander I a reason to conquer Finland, in order to ensure the security of the capital from the close proximity of the hostile Russian power.

Where everyone hoped for a peaceful resolution of misunderstandings: the king himself did not trust the news of the concentration of Russian troops in pursuit of Klingspor, but the general; almost at the same time, the fortified cape was occupied, Gustav IV Adolf was deposed, and royal power passed into the hands of his uncle, the Duke of Südermanland, and the aristocracy surrounding him.

When the Riksdag assembled in Stockholm proclaimed the Duke of Südermanland king Charles XIII, the new government was inclined to the proposal of General Count Wrede to push the Russians out of Esterbotnia; hostilities resumed, but the successes of the Swedes were limited only to the capture of several transports; their attempts to excite against Russia people's war failed.

After a successful case for the Russians, a truce was again concluded at Gernefors, partly due to the need for the Russians to provide themselves with food.

Since the Swedes stubbornly refused to cede the Aland Islands to Russia, Barclay allowed the new head of the northern detachment, Count Kamensky, to act at his own discretion.

The Swedes sent two detachments against the latter: one, Sandels, was supposed to attack from the front, the other, landing, landed near the village of Ratan and attacked Count Kamensky from the rear. Owing to the bold and skillful orders of the count, this enterprise ended in failure; but then, due to the almost complete depletion of military and food supplies, Kamensky retreated to Piteo, where he found a transport with bread and again moved forward to Umea. Already on the first transition, Sandels appeared to him with the authority to conclude a truce, which he could not refuse due to the insecurity of supplying his troops with everything necessary.

September 5, 1809

Thus to All of Finland went to Russia, which marked the end of centuries of wars between the Russian state and Sweden.

COURSE OF EVENTS

The plan for the attack on Russia was to concentrate ground forces in Finland in order to draw the Russian army away from St. Petersburg and liberate the coast; in a general battle on the sea, defeat the Russian fleet, blockade Kronstadt; trip to Saint Petersburg.

Taking advantage of the war with Turkey on June 21, 1788, a detachment of Swedish troops crossed the Russian border. The Swedes, having a milch superiority of forces, put forward demands: to punish the Russian ambassador, Count Razumovsky; cede Finland to Sweden; accept Sweden's mediation to conclude peace with Turkey; disarm the Russian fleet in the Baltic Sea.

The Swedes won the battles near Pardakoski and Kernikoski, near Valkiala (April 18–19, 1790). Russian losses: killed - 6 officers and 195 soldiers; wounded - 16 officers and 285 soldiers. Swedish losses: 41 killed and 173 wounded.

The Russian fleet in the Baltic Sea (49 ships and 25 frigates) outnumbered the Swedish one (23 battleships, 11 frigates, up to 140 rowing vessels) in terms of numbers, not quality. Almost all ships fit for battle were sent to the Russian-Turkish theater of operations. In the Battle of Gogland on July 6 (17), 1788 near the island of Gogland Gulf of Finland The Russians inflicted a defeat on the enemy, after which the remnants of the Swedish fleet were forced to take refuge in Sveaborg. In the Battle of Eland on July 15 (26), 1789 near the island of Eland, 36 Swedish ships were defeated by the squadron of Admiral V. Ya. Chichagov.

In the First Battle of Rochensalm on August 13 (24), 1789, the Swedes were defeated, losing 39 ships (including the admiral's, captured). Russian losses - 2 ships. The strategic result of the naval Battle of Revel on May 2 (13), 1790, in the roadstead of the port of Revel (Baltic Sea), was the collapse of the entire Swedish campaign plan - it was not possible to defeat the Russian forces in parts.

In the Krasnogorsk battle on May 23–24 (June 3–4), 1790, northwest of Krasnaya Gorka, the battle lasted two days without a clear preponderance of the parties, but, having received news of the approach of the Russian Revel squadron, the Swedes retreated and took refuge in the Vyborg Bay. The naval battle of Vyborg on June 22 (July 3), 1790 finally thwarted the Swedish plan to land and capture St. Petersburg.

The second Battle of Rochensalm on June 28 (July 9), 1790, which took place in the same place where the First brought success to the Swedes - 52 Russian ships were killed in this battle.

The Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790 ended. the signing of the Verel peace treaty on August 3 (14), 1790 (Verel, now Värälä in Finland) on the terms of preserving the pre-war borders. In early August 1788, the Swedish troops left the territory of Russia.

THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR

In early July 1788, the 36,000-strong Swedish army, led by the king himself, crossed the Russian border in Finland. The Swedes laid siege to the small Russian fortress of Neishlot. Gustav III sent an ultimatum to the commandant of the fortress, one-armed major Kuzmin, in which he demanded to immediately open the fortress gates and let the Swedes in. To this, the major replied to the king: "I am without a hand and cannot open the gate, let his majesty work himself." We add that the garrison of Neishlot was only 230 people. However, throughout the war, the Swedes failed to open the gates of Nyshlot, they only tried to plunder the surroundings. Catherine wrote to Potemkin in this regard:

“After a two-day shooting at Neishlot, the Swedes went to rob the Neishlot district. I ask you what can be robbed there? ... He ordered his troops in Finland and the Swedes (Gustav) to say that he intends to excel in business and darken Gustav Adolf and finish the enterprise Charles XII. The latter may come true, because this began the ruin of Sweden.

On July 22, 1788, the Swedish army approached the Friedrichsgam fortress and blockaded it. The condition of the fortress was deplorable, there were no stone bastions, the earthen rampart collapsed in a number of places. Artillery weapons consisted of Swedish guns captured during the war of 1741-1743. The garrison of the fortress was 2539 people. However, the Swedes stood for two days at Friedrichsgam, and then retreated.

Shirokorad A.B. Northern wars of Russia. - M., 2001. Section VI. Russo-Swedish War 1788–1790 Chapter 2. Land War in Finland http://militera.lib.ru/h/shirokorad1/6_02.html

BATTLE AT PARDAKOSKI AND KERNIKOSKI

Intelligence reported that the enemy was strongly fortified near Pardakoski and Kernikoski, and his right flank was securely covered from the front by the fast, non-freezing Kearny River. The lakes, despite the month of April, were completely covered with ice. […]

The first column, approaching the village of Pardakoski at dawn, boldly attacked the enemy battery, but the enemy met the Russians with deadly fire, and then energetically went on the offensive to the flank and rear of the Russian column. Despite their stubborn resistance, V.S. Baykov was forced to retreat to Solkis with heavy losses.

At the same time, the troops of General P.K. Sukhtelen, but, approaching the Kearny River, they stopped in front of the dismantled bridge. After the retreat of the brigadier Baikov's column, the Swedes focused all their attention on Sukhtelen, and his attack was also repulsed with heavy damage.

The battle clearly went according to an unsuccessful scenario for the Russians, and soon all our troops began to retreat to Savitaipol. “However, the Russians were not defeated in this battle, as they say, utterly: they retreated in such order that the enemy did not dare to pursue them.”

Russian losses that day were significant: about two hundred killed and more than three hundred wounded, two guns were lost. It is difficult to determine the damage suffered by the enemy, but, according to the conclusion of the Russian commanders, it was approximately equal to ours - although according to Swedish sources, only 41 killed and 173 wounded were indicated.

Nechaev S.Yu. Barclay de Tolly. M., 2011. http://bookmate.com/r#d=euZ9ra0T

The commander of the Russian rowing fleet, Admiral Prince von Nassau-Siegen, divided his forces: most, under the command of himself, were to attack from the east and consisted of 78 ships with 260 heavy guns, including 5 frigates and 22 galleys, 48 ​​semi-galleys and gunboats, etc.; he entrusted the command of another squadron of sailing ships to Admiral Cruz; it consisted mainly of heavy ships, 29 in number with 380 heavy guns: 10 frigates and shebeks, 11 semi-galleys, 6 brigs and 2 bombardment ships. With this squadron, Cruz was to attack the Swedes from the southwest and cut off their retreat; already on August 23, he passed Kirkommasari.

August 24, after 9 o'clock in the morning, Cruz, with a westerly wind, approached the distance of a cannon shot to the Swedish line, but the general fire was opened only an hour later; 380 Russians stood against 250 heavy Swedish guns. The shooting continued until 4 o'clock in the afternoon; by this time, Major General Ballet, who had taken command instead of Cruz, had to retreat under concentrated enemy fire, and lost two ships; the Swedes continued the pursuit until 8 pm.

Meanwhile, Prince von Nassau approached from the east, but only in the afternoon did he begin to clear the fairway from obstacles; on the northern tip of the island of Kutsale he landed 400 men with cannons. Ehrenswerd sent two large ships there for reinforcements, but by 7 pm the Russians managed to get through bottleneck and attack the main forces of the Swedes. By that time, the Swedes had fired almost all their shells and soon had to retreat in front of the overwhelming superiority of the enemy, who from 9 o'clock in the evening began a hot pursuit and continued it until 2 o'clock in the morning, to the very fortress of Svartholm, which lies 20 nautical miles to the west.

The Swedes lost 7 ships; of these, 5 were taken prisoner, 1 drowned, 1 flew into the air; in addition, 16 transports were burned. Losses in people were expressed in figures of 46 officers and 1300 lower ranks; among them were 500 patients who remained on the islands. The loss of sailing ships amounted to 35%, the loss of rowing ships - only 3%.

The Russians lost only 3 ships; losses personnel there were 53 officers and 960 men; according to some reports, Russian losses were more than twice as significant; in any case, their losses in battle were much greater.

Shtenzel A. History of wars at sea. In 2 vols. M., 2002. Volume 2. Chapter XII. Swedish-Russian War 1788–1790 http://militera.lib.ru/h/stenzel/2_12.html

VEREL PEACE TREATY OF 1790

The Verel peace treaty of 1790 between Russia and Sweden, signed on August 3 (14) in Verel (Finland), summed up the results of the Russian-Swedish war of 1788–1790. According to the agreement between the two states, peaceful relations and pre-existing borders were restored. Both sides renounced territorial claims to each other and confirmed the provisions of the Nystadt peace treaty of 1721. The Swedes were allowed to buy bread annually duty-free in the ports of the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea in the amount of 50 thousand rubles. Sweden's attempts to weaken the role and influence of Russia in the Baltic in the context of her waging a serious war with Turkey ended in complete failure. The Treaty of Verel strengthened the international position of Russia, contributed to the disruption of the plan for the formation of an anti-Russian coalition by England and Prussia, confirmed the terms of the Abo peace treaty of 1743. The urgent conclusion of the Treaty of Verel was a complete surprise for England and Prussia, allies of Sweden.

The confrontation between Russia and Sweden began in the 18th century, when Peter the Great decided to get access to the Baltic Sea for his country. This was the reason for the outbreak of the Northern War, which lasted from 1700 to 1721, which Sweden lost. The results of this conflict have changed political map Europe. Firstly, Sweden has turned from a great and powerful maritime power dominating the Baltic Sea into a weak state. To regain positions, Sweden had to fight for decades. Secondly, the Russian Empire appeared in Europe with its capital in the city of St. Petersburg. The new capital was built by Peter the Great on the Neva, next to the Baltic. This facilitated control over the region and the sea. Thirdly, the war between the Russian Empire and Sweden continued for a long time. The peak of the struggle was the war, known in historical literature and documents as the Russian-Swedish war. It began in 1808 and ended in 1809.

The situation in Europe at the end of the XVIII century.

The revolutionary events that began in France in 1789 influenced the situation in Russia, Sweden, Germany, and England. The political and economic situation in many countries changed by leaps and bounds. In particular, the monarchy was overthrown in France, King Louis the Sixteenth was killed, a republic was proclaimed, which was quickly replaced by the rule of the Jacobins. The military took advantage of the political confusion, which brought to power Napoleon Bonaparte, who created in France new empire. Napoleon sought to conquer Europe, to subjugate not only its western regions, but also to extend his power to the Balkans, Russia, and Poland. Against the grandiose plans of the French emperor spoke Russian emperor Alexander the First. He managed to stop Napoleon's army in Russia and undermine the French state. The empire created by Bonaparte began to fall apart.

So, to the main prerequisites for the Russo-Swedish war of the early 19th century. include the following factors:

  • The loss of Sweden in the Northern War.
  • Creation Russian Empire and the transition under her authority of important trade routes that were located in the Baltic Sea.
  • The Great French Revolution, which was inevitable and which influenced the course of European history in the 19th and 20th centuries. Many consequences of the events in France in the late 1780s - 1790s. felt in Europe today.
  • The coming to power of Napoleon, his conquests in Europe and the loss in Russia.
  • The constant wars of the monarchs of Europe with the army of Napoleon, in order to protect the national borders of their states from French influence.

Campaigns of the Napoleonic army in the early 19th century. contributed to the unification of European states in an anti-French coalition. Bonaparte was opposed by Austria, England and Russia. Emperor Alexander the First was the last to think for a long time which side to prefer. This choice was due to two important factors. Firstly, the influence on the Russian emperor of the so-called German party, whose members determined foreign policy ambitious Alexander I. Secondly, the ambitious plans of the new ruler of Russia, who constantly interfered in the internal affairs of the German principalities and lands. The Germans were everywhere in the empire - in important government posts, in the army, at court, the emperor was also married to a German princess. His mother was also from a noble German family and had the title of princess. Alexander wanted to carry out constant campaigns of conquest, to win, to win battles, striving to wash away the stain of shame from the murder of his father with his achievements. Therefore, Alexander the First personally led all campaigns in Germany.

There were several coalitions against Napoleon, Sweden joined the third of them. Her king Gustav the Fourth was as ambitious as the Russian emperor. In addition, the Swedish monarch sought to get back the lands of Pomerania, taken in the 18th century. Only Gustav the Fourth did not calculate the power of his country and the military abilities of the army. The king was sure that Sweden was capable of cutting the map of Europe, changing borders and winning, as before, grandiose battles.

Relations between Russia and Sweden before the war

In January 1805, the two countries signed an agreement to create a new alliance, which is considered the third anti-Napoleonic coalition of European monarchies against revolutionary and recalcitrant France. In the same year, a campaign against Bonaparte was carried out, which ended in a serious defeat for the allied forces.

The battle took place in November 1805 near Austerlitz, the consequences of which were:

  • Escape from the battlefield of the Austrian and Russian emperors.
  • Huge losses among the Russian and Austrian armies.
  • An attempt by Sweden to independently conduct a campaign in Pomerania, but the French quickly expelled them from there.

In such an environment, Prussia and Austria tried to save themselves, bypassing the terms of cooperation with Russia. In particular, Austria signed an agreement with France in Pressburg, which historians call separate. Prussia went to establish allied relations with Napoleon Bonaparte. So, in December 1805, Russia was left alone with France, which did everything so that Alexander the First went to the signing of a peace treaty. But the ruler of the Russian Empire was in no hurry to do this, as he defended the interests of the German dynasties and family ties.

Scientists believe that Alexander the First, in order to maintain dominance in the Baltic, control in Finland and over the Black Sea straits, the Caucasian republics, had to agree to peace with Bonaparte. Instead, he showed stubbornness and began to fight with him.

In 1806, new conditions emerged for the creation of a new coalition against Napoleon. England, Russia, Sweden, Prussia took part in it. The English monarch acted as the main financial sponsor of the coalition, the army and soldiers were provided mainly by Prussia and the Russian Empire. The union needed Sweden for balance in order to control Alexander the First. But the Swedish king was in no particular hurry to send his warriors to the European continent from the Scandinavian Peninsula.

The coalition lost again, and Bonaparte's troops captured Berlin, Warsaw, reached the Russian border, which ran along the Neman River. Alexander the First personally met with Napoleon, and signed the Treaty of Tilsit (1807). Among its conditions it is worth noting:

  • Russia should not interfere in the internal affairs of states Western Europe including Germany and Austria.
  • Complete rupture of diplomatic relations and alliance with Austria.
  • Russia's observance of strict neutrality.

At the same time, Russia got a chance to deal with Sweden, as well as Turkey. Napoleon during 1807-1808 did not allow Alexander the First to Austria, not allowing him to conclude "communicate".

After the Tilsist peace, the diplomatic and military games on the European continent did not end. Russia continued to actively interfere in all the affairs of Germany, Britain continued to attack all the ships, which they regarded as a threat to their state. So the ships of Denmark were accidentally attacked, trying to avoid being drawn into french wars and coalition alliances against Bonaparte.

In the summer of 1807, British troops landed on the territory of Denmark, and Copenhagen was bombed. The British seized the fleet, shipyards, naval arsenal, Prince Frederick refused to capitulate.

In response to England's attack on Denmark, Russia declared war on Britain over obligations and family ties. Thus began the Anglo-Russian war, which was accompanied by a blockade of trade ports, goods, and the withdrawal of diplomatic missions.

England was also blockaded by France, which did not appreciate the capture of the Danish fleet and the destruction of Copenhagen. Bonaparte demanded that Russia put pressure on Sweden and she closed the ports for all British ships. This was followed by an exchange of diplomatic letters between Napoleon and Alexander the First. The French emperor offered the Russian all of Sweden and Stockholm. This was a direct allusion to the need to start military operations against Sweden. In order to prevent the loss of this Scandinavian country, England signed an agreement with it. His goal was to maintain the position of British merchant ships and companies in Scandinavia and cut Russia off from Sweden. Among the terms of the Anglo-Swedish agreement, it is worth noting:

  • Payment to the government of Sweden £1 million every month.
  • War with Russia and its conduct as long as circumstances require.
  • Sending British soldiers to Sweden to guard the western border of the country (important ports were located here).
  • The transfer of the Swedish army to the east to fight with Russia.

In February 1808, there was no longer any possibility for both countries to avoid a military conflict. England wanted to get "dividends" as soon as possible, while Russia and Sweden wanted to resolve their longstanding disputes.

The course of hostilities in 1808-1809.

The war began in February 1808, when Russian troops invaded Sweden in the Finnish region. The surprise effect gave a serious advantage to Russia, which by mid-spring managed to capture half of Finland, Sveaborg, the islands of Gotland and Aland.

The Swedish army carried huge losses both on land and at sea. In the port of Lisbon at the end of the summer of 1808, the Swedish fleet capitulated to the British, who received the ships for storage until the end of the war. Great assistance to Sweden was provided by England, which provided its troops and navy. Because of this, Russia's situation in Finland worsened. Further developments took place in this chronological order:

  • In August - September 1808, Russian troops won a number of victories in Finland. Alexander the First sought to clear the occupied territory from the Swedes and the British.
  • September 1808 - a truce was signed, but the Russian emperor did not accept it, because he wanted the Swedes to leave Finland for good.
  • The winter of 1809 is the winter campaign launched by the Russian Empire to isolate Sweden. The invasion took place through the Gulf of Bothnia (on ice) and along the coast of the bay. From the sea, the British could not help Sweden because of the weather. The Russian army launched an offensive through the Gulf of Bothnia to the Aland Islands, which they managed to capture, knocking out the Swedes from there. As a result, a political crisis began in Sweden.
  • After the winter campaign of 1809, a coup d'etat took place in the kingdom, during which Gustav the Fourth was overthrown. The government that was formed appointed a new regent, and called for a truce. Alexander the First did not want to sign the treaty until he got Finland.
  • March 1809 - the army of General Shuvalov passed along the northern coast of the Gulf of Bothnia, capturing Torneo and Kalix. Near the last locality the Swedes laid down their arms, and Shuvalov's troops again went on the offensive. The soldiers, under the skillful leadership of the general, won a victory, and near the city of Schelefteo, another Swedish army capitulated.
  • Summer 1809 - the battle of Ratan, which is considered the last in the Russian-Swedish war. The Russians were advancing on Stockholm, trying to capture it in a short time. By that time, the ice in the bay had melted, and British ships rushed to the aid of the Swedes. Decisiveness and surprise were the main factors in the victory of Kamensky's troops, who gave last Stand the Swedes at Ratan. They lost, losing one-third of the army.

Peace treaty of 1809 and its aftermath

Negotiations began in August and continued for several weeks with the signing of a peace agreement. The agreement was signed in the city of Friedrichsgam, now Khanin in Finland. On the part of Russia, the document was signed by Count N. Rumyantsev, who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and D. Alopeus, who served as the Russian ambassador to Stockholm, and on the part of Sweden, Colonel A. Scheldebront and Baron K. Stedink, who was an infantry general.

The terms of the treaty were divided into three parts - military, territorial and economic. Among the military and territorial conditions of the Friedrichsham Peace, attention is drawn to such points as:

  • Russia received the Alan Islands and Finland, which received the status of the Grand Duchy. It had the rights of autonomy within the Russian Empire.
  • Sweden was forced to abandon the alliance with the British and take part in the Continental Blockade, aimed at weakening England and its trade in the ports of Sweden.
  • Russia has withdrawn its troops from Sweden.
  • There was a mutual exchange of hostages and prisoners of war.
  • The border between the countries passed along the Munio and Torneo rivers, along the Munioniski-Enonteki-Kilpisjärvi line, which stretched to Norway.
  • In the border waters, the islands were divided along the fairway line. To the east, the island territories belonged to Russia, and to the west - to Sweden.

The economic conditions were beneficial to both countries. Trade between the states continued, according to the previously signed agreement. Trade remained duty-free in Russian ports on the Baltic Sea, between Sweden and Finland. Other conditions in the field of economic cooperation were beneficial to the Russians. They could receive back the selected property, possessions, lands. In addition, they filed lawsuits to get their property back.

So, the situation in the economic and political spheres after the war changed the status of Finland. She became integral part The Russian Empire began to integrate into its economic and economic systems. The Swedes, Finns, Russians made profitable trade operations, returned their property, possessions, strengthened their positions in Finland.

Northern War (1700-1721)

If you say that war is the cause of evils, then peace will be their cure.

Quintilian

The northern war between Russia and Sweden lasted for a long 21 years from 1700 to 1721. Its results were very positive for our country, because as a result of the war, Peter managed to "cut a window to Europe." Russia has achieved its main goal - to gain a foothold in the Baltic Sea. However, the course of the war was very ambiguous and the country had a hard time, but the result was worth all the suffering.

Causes of the Great Northern War

The formal reason for the start of the Northern War was the strengthening of Sweden's positions in the Baltic Sea. By 1699, a situation had developed in which almost all coastline The sea was under the control of Sweden. This could not but cause concern to her neighbors. As a result, in 1699, the Northern Alliance was concluded between countries concerned about the strengthening of Sweden, which was directed against Sweden's rule in the Baltic. The members of the Union were: Russia, Denmark and Saxony (whose king was also the ruler of Poland).

Narva confusion

The Northern War for Russia began on August 19, 1700, but the beginning of it for the allies was simply a nightmare. Considering that Sweden was still ruled by a child, Charles 12, who was barely 18 years old, it was expected that the Swedish army did not pose a threat and would be easily defeated. In fact, it turned out that Charles 12 was a strong enough commander. Realizing the absurdity of the war on 3 fronts, he decides to defeat the opponents one by one. Within a few days, he inflicted a crushing defeat on Denmark, which effectively withdrew from the war. After that it was the turn of Saxony. August 2 at this time besieged Riga, which belonged to Sweden. Charles 2 inflicted a terrible defeat on his opponent, forcing him to retreat.

Russia actually remained in a one-on-one war with the enemy. Peter 1 decided to defeat the enemy on his territory, but in no way took into account that Charles 12 had become not only a talented, but also an experienced commander. Peter sends troops to Narva, a Swedish fortress. The total number of Russian troops is 32 thousand people and 145 artillery pieces. Charles 12 sent an additional 18 thousand soldiers to help his garrison. The battle turned out to be short. The Swedes hit the joints between the Russian units and broke through the defenses. Moreover, many foreigners fled to the side of the enemy, whom Peter so valued in Russian army. This defeat modern historians called "Narva confusion".

As a result of the Narva battle, Russia lost 8 thousand people killed and all the artillery. It was a nightmarish outcome of the confrontation. At this moment, Charles 12 showed nobility, or made a miscalculation. He did not pursue the retreating Russians, believing that without artillery and with such losses, the war for Peter's army was over. But he was wrong. The Russian tsar announced a new recruitment for the army and began to restore the artillery at a hasty pace. Church bells were even melted down for this purpose. Peter also took up the reorganization of the army, because he clearly saw that at the current moment his soldiers could not fight on an equal footing with the opponents of the country.

Poltava battle

In this material, we will not dwell on the course of the Poltava battle. because it historical event detailed in the relevant article. It should only be noted that the Swedes were stuck for a long time in the war with Saxony and Poland. In 1708, the young Swedish king actually won this war, inflicting a defeat on August 2, after which there was no doubt that the war was over for the latter.

These events sent Charles back to Russia, because it was necessary to finish off the last enemy. Here he met worthy resistance, which resulted in the battle of Poltava. There, Charles 12 was literally defeated and fled to Turkey, hoping to persuade her to war with Russia. These events made a turning point in the situation of the countries.

Prut campaign


After Poltava, the Northern Union was again relevant. After all, Peter inflicted a defeat that gave a chance for a common success. As a result, the Northern War continued with the fact that the Russian troops captured the cities of Riga, Revel, Korel, Pernov and Vyborg. Thus, Russia actually conquered the entire eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.

Charles 12, who was in Turkey, even more actively began to persuade the Sultan to oppose Russia, because he understood that a great danger hung over his country. As a result, in 1711, Turkey entered the war, which forced Peter's army to loosen its grip on the North, since now the Northern War forced him to fight on two fronts.

Peter personally decided to conduct Prut campaign to crush the enemy. Not far from the Prut River, Peter's army (28 thousand people) was surrounded by the Turkish army (180 thousand people). The situation was simply catastrophic. The tsar himself was surrounded, as well as all his entourage and the Russian army in full force. Turkey could have ended the northern war, but did not do it ... This should not be considered as a miscalculation of the Sultan. In the troubled waters of political life, everyone fishes for soybeans. To defeat Russia meant to strengthen Sweden, and to strengthen it very strongly, creating from it the strongest power on the continent. For Turkey, it was more profitable for Russia and Sweden to continue to fight, weakening each other.

Let us return to the events brought about by the Prut campaign. Peter was so shocked by what was happening that when sending his ambassador to negotiate peace, he told him to agree to any conditions, except for the loss of Petrograd. A huge ransom was also collected. As a result, the Sultan agreed to peace, under the terms of which Turkey received Azov back, Russia destroys Black Sea Fleet and does not prevent the return of King Charles 12 to Sweden. In response, Turkey completely released the Russian troops, in full gear and with banners.

As a result, the Northern War, the outcome of which seemed a foregone conclusion after the Battle of Poltava, received a new round. This made the war more difficult and required much more time to win.

Naval battles of the Northern War

Simultaneously with land battles, the northern war was also fought at sea. Naval battles were also quite massive and bloody. An important battle of that war took place on July 27, 1714 at Cape Gangut. In this battle, the squadron of Sweden was almost completely destroyed. The entire fleet of this country, which took part in the battle of Gangut, was destroyed. It was a terrible defeat for the Swedes and a magnificent triumph for the Russians. As a result of these events, Stockholm was almost completely evacuated, since everyone feared a Russian invasion already deep into Sweden. In fact, the victory at Gangut was the first major naval victory for Russia!

The next significant battle also took place on July 27, but already in 1720. It happened not far from Grengam Island. This naval battle also ended in an unconditional victory. Russian fleet. It should be noted that English ships were represented in the Swedish flotilla. This was due to the fact that England decided to support the Swedes, since it was clear that the latter could not hold out alone for a long time. Naturally, England's support was not official and she did not enter the war, but she "kindly" presented her ships to Charles 12.

Peace of Nystad

Russia's victories at sea and on land forced the Swedish government to enter into peace negotiations, agreeing to virtually all the requirements of the winner, since Sweden was on the verge of complete defeat. As a result, in 1721, an agreement was concluded between the countries - the Nishtad Peace. The Northern War was over after 21 years of hostilities. As a result, Russia received:

  • the territory of Finland to Vyborg
  • territories of Estonia, Livonia and Ingermanland

In fact, with this victory, Peter 1 secured the right of his country to enter the Baltic Sea. The long years of war paid off in full. Russia won outstanding victory, as a result of which many political tasks of the state that faced Russia since the time of Ivan 3 were solved. Below is detailed map northern war.

The Northern War allowed Peter to "cut a window to Europe", and the Peace of Nishtad officially secured this "window" for Russia. In fact, Russia confirmed its status as a great power, creating the prerequisites for all European countries to actively listen to the opinion of Russia, which by that time had already become an Empire.

After a long struggle for Finnish and Karelian lands, which began in the middle of the 12th century, Veliky Novgorod and Sweden in 1323 concluded the Treaty of Orekhovets, according to which Finland was recognized as a zone of Swedish influence, and Karelia - Novgorodian influence. The border went along the rivers Sestra, Saya, Vuoksa and the lake basin. Saimaa to the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia and the mouth of the river Pyhäjoki. In 1377, the Swedes subjugated Western Karelia (Österbotten), previously dependent on Novgorod. In 1478 the Novgorod Republic became part of the Russian state, which continued its struggle with Sweden for dominance in the Eastern Baltic.

War 1495–1497.

In 1495, the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III (1462-1505) began a war with Sweden over Western Karelia. In September 1495, Russian troops besieged Vyborg, but in December they were forced to lift the siege; in January-March 1496 they made a deep raid into southern Finland to Neishlot (modern Savonlinna) and Tavasthus (modern Hyamenlinna). In June-August 1496, the Russians undertook a campaign in Österbotten, Kayan land (northern Finland) and Lapland (a country between the Gulf of Bothnia and the Barents Sea). The Swedes, at the end of 1495 - in the autumn of 1496, invaded the Izhora land several times (between the Neva and Narova rivers); in August 1496 they captured Ivangorod.

After the election of the Danish king Hans (1481-1513) to the Swedish throne and the restoration of the Kalmar Union of Sweden, Denmark and Norway, in March 1497 the First Novgorod Truce was concluded for six years, confirming the border of 1323 and the principle of free trade between the two countries. In March 1510 it was extended for another sixty years.

War 1554–1557.

By the middle of the 16th century. Russian-Swedish relations deteriorated: cases of border violations on the Karelian Isthmus and conflicts over fishing and seal hunting areas became more frequent. The Swedish king Gustav I Vasa (1523–1560), offended by the refusal of Ivan IV (1533–1584) to have direct diplomatic relations with him (contacts were made through the Novgorod governor), began a war with the Muscovite state in 1554. Open hostilities unfolded only from June 1555 after an unsuccessful attempt by the Swedish fleet to capture Oreshek (Noteburg; modern Petrokrepost). In January 1556, Russian troops launched an offensive on the Karelian Isthmus, in early February they defeated the Swedes at Kivinebba and laid siege to Vyborg, but they could not take it. They then raided Nashlot and destroyed it. In July, Gustav I made a proposal for peace, which was accepted by Ivan IV, who was in a hurry to untie his hands for a war with the Livonian Order. Since the summer of 1556 hostilities have actually ceased. On March 25, 1557, the Second Novgorod Truce was concluded for forty years, which confirmed the territorial status quo and the custom of diplomatic relations through the Novgorod governor.

War 1570–1582.

War 1590–1595.

The reason for a new round of confrontation was the refusal of the Swedes to return to the Muscovite state the fortresses Narva, Ivangorod, Yam (Yamburg; modern Kingisepp), Koporye and Korela (Kexholm; modern Priozersk) captured by them during the Livonian War. In January 1590, Russian troops led by Tsar Fedor I (1584-1598) entered the Izhora land, took Yam and defeated the Swedes near Ivangorod. In February, they besieged Ivangorod and Narva and forced the Narva commandant K. Gorn to sign a truce for one year on the condition that Yam, Ivangorod and Koporye be recognized as the Muscovite state, but the Swedish king Johan III (1568–1592) refused to approve it. In November, the Swedes made an unsuccessful attempt to capture Ivangorod; in December they devastated the Izhora land and the border regions of the Pskov region; in January-February 1591 their attack on Koporye was repulsed. In the winter of 1590–1591, a Swedish detachment raided Kola Peninsula; having overcome the Lapland mountains, he went to the coast of the Barents Sea, captured the Pechenga monastery, but could not capture the Kola prison.

In the summer of 1591, the Swedes launched a new offensive in the south and north. Taking advantage of the raid Crimean Tatars to Moscow in June-July 1591, the army of K. Fleming entered the Pskov and Novgorod land and defeated the regiment of V.T. Dolgoruky near Gdov. Having eliminated the Tatar threat, the Russian command deployed large forces against K. Fleming and forced him to retreat. In Eastern Karelia, the Swedes invaded the Kemskaya volost in August, and the Sumy volost in September, but did not achieve significant success.

In January 1592, Russian troops devastated the border regions of Swedish Karelia, in February - the Korelsky volost; however, they again failed to take Vyborg. At the end of the summer, they repelled an attempt by the Swedes to capture the Sumy prison, and in October-November they launched an offensive in southern Finland, reaching Helsingfors (modern Helsinki) and Abo (modern Turku). Under these conditions, Sweden was forced to sign a two-year Ivangorod truce in January 1593, leaving in the hands of the Russians all the fortresses they had conquered. But in March 1594, violating the truce, the Swedes attacked the Novgorod region, in April - on the Lopsky churchyards (between the river Kem and Syamozero). The threat of Poland entering the war forced Moscow to agree to the signing on May 18 (27) of the Tyavzinsky Peace, which was unfavorable for it: although Korela with the county was returned to the Muscovite state and the transfer of Izhora land with Koporye, Ivangorod and Yam under his authority was confirmed, he had to recognize Sweden the Principality of Estland (northern Estonia) together with Narva and cede to it part of Eastern Karelia from Topozero to Vygozero; Russians pledged not to build ports in the southern Baltic and trade with the West only through Narva. The northern possessions were also demarcated: the territory from Österbotten to Varangerfjord turned out to be in the sphere of Swedish influence, and the land from the Kola Peninsula to the Northern Dvina was in the Russian sphere. Tyavzinsky peace meant the rejection of the territorial provisions of the Orekhovets Treaty, which remained in force for 272 years. The new Russian-Swedish border passed along the line of Kotlin Island, the Sestra, Saya and Vuoksa rivers, the Neishlot district, Puruvesi, Orivesi and Rikavesi lakes, the Pisavuori (Pisenmyaki) hill, Lake. Enare, coast of the Barents Sea between Varanger and Neiden fjords.

Undeclared war 1610–1613.

"Three Years" War 1614-1617.

War 1656–1658.

Taking advantage of the weakening of the Commonwealth, which suffered a series of serious defeats in the war with Russia that began in 1654, the Swedish king Charles X Gustav (1654–1660) attacked it in the summer of 1655 and captured most of the Polish territory. He also tried to win over the Ukrainian hetman Bogdan Khmelnytsky, who was allied with Russia. To stop the Swedish expansion and return the Russian lands captured by the Swedes in Time of Troubles(Izhora land, the Neva valley and the Korelsky district), Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676) in May 1656 declared war on Charles X. Russian troops struck in four directions. On the Karelian Isthmus in June they defeated the Swedes near Korela, but they failed to take the city. In the Neva valley in July they captured Oreshk and Nyenschanets (now the Okhtinsky district of St. Petersburg). In Northern Livonia, Marienburg and Neuhausen (modern Vastselinna) were taken in August, and Dorpat (modern Tartu) in October. The main forces led by the tsar invaded South Livonia: in July-August they captured Dinaburg (modern Daugavpils), Kokenhausen (modern Koknese) and laid siege to Riga, but retreated from it in October with heavy losses.

In January 1657, the Swedes went on the offensive in Karelia, but they could not take Olonets and limited themselves to the devastation of the Ladoga region. The attack of the Swedes on Pskov also ended in failure. At the same time, in Livonia, they managed to push the Moscow regiments to Dinaburg; in August they thwarted a Russian attempt to capture Korela. In September, the army of M. Delagardi besieged Gdov, but was defeated by I.A. Khovansky on the Cherma River.

The expulsion of the Swedes from most of the Polish territory and the sharp weakening of Moscow's position in Ukraine prompted the warring parties to look for ways to reconcile. In the spring of 1658, Alexei Mikhailovich withdrew troops from the Baltic states and on December 20 (30) concluded a three-year Valiesar truce with Sweden, according to which Russia retained the fortresses it captured during the war in Livonia, Izhora land and the Neva valley.

The signing of the Treaty of Oliva between Sweden and Poland in May 1660 worsened the foreign policy position of the Muscovite state. At the royal court, the anti-Polish party triumphed, offering to make concessions to Sweden in order to concentrate all forces to fight for Ukraine. On June 21 (July 1), 1661, the Treaty of Cardis was signed, confirming the border established by the Stolbovsky Treaty of 1617; Russia returned to the Swedes Dinaburg, Kokenhausen. Marienburg, Neuhausen, Derpt, Oreshek and Nienschanz and remained cut off from the Baltic Sea.

Russo-Swedish War 1700–1721.

Russo-Swedish War 1741–1743.

Sweden, seeking to regain the territories lost as a result of the Northern War (Estland, Livonia, Izhora land, the Karelian Isthmus), decided to take advantage of the unstable position of the regent Anna Leopoldovna (1740–1741) and on July 24 (August 4), 1741 declared war on Russia. But already at the end of August, the Russian army crossed the border, captured Wilmanstrand (modern Lappeenranta) and launched an offensive in southern Finland. After the accession to the throne of Elizabeth Petrovna (1741–1761), Russia stopped hostilities and entered into peace negotiations, but the demands of the Swedes to revise the Treaty of Nystadt in 1721 led to their failure. In June 1742, Russian troops resumed their offensive and captured Fredrikshamn (modern Hamina); in August they took Borgo (modern Porvo) and forced the surrender of the Swedish army near Helsingfors, and in September they occupied Abo. By November, the Swedes had lost most of Finland. After the defeat of the Swedish rowing fleet at about. Corpo in May 1743, Sweden agreed to conclude on June 16 (27) a preliminary peace of Abo (finally agreed on August 7 (18), according to which it ceded southeastern Finland to Russia and undertook to elect the childless Swedish king Fredrik I (1720–1751) Adolf as the successor Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp, a relative of Elizabeth Petrovna.

War 1788–1790.

The successes of Russian weapons in the war with Turkey 1787-1791 aroused fears in Great Britain, Holland and Prussia, which prompted the Swedish king Gustav III to enter into an alliance with the Sultan. On June 1 (12), 1788, the king demanded from Catherine II (1762–1796) the return of all the lands lost by Sweden in the first half of the 18th century. Having been refused, Gustav III, without the consent of the Riksdag (parliament), moved the land army to Fredrikshamn and Neishlot, and the fleet to Kronstadt and Petersburg. However, on July 6 (17) S.K. Greig's squadron defeated the Swedish fleet near the island of Gohland in the Gulf of Finland, and then blocked it in the bay of Sveaborg (modern Suomenlinna); in August, the Swedes were completely ousted from Russian territory. The position of Sweden was complicated by the fact that Denmark entered the war with it, and the anti-war Anjal Union of Finnish officers arose in the army, which began secret negotiations with Catherine II about joining Finland to Russia. But in the fall of 1788, Gustav III managed to suppress the opposition movement, and Great Britain and Holland forced Denmark to conclude peace with Sweden on September 28 (October 9).

In 1789 Russian land army captured part of Swedish Finland, and the Swedish fleet, which managed to break through from Sveaborg to Karlskrona (Southern Sweden) in July, was defeated in August at Rochensalm (Kotka Island). In May 1790, the Russian squadron repulsed the attack of the Swedish fleet on Revel and Krasnaya Gorka and locked it in Vyborg, from where it barely managed to escape in June. The unsuccessful course of the war and its unpopularity in the country forced Gustav III to conclude the Treaty of Verel on August 3 (14), 1790, which confirmed the terms of the Nishtadt and Abo treaties; Sweden had to break the alliance with Turkey.

War 1808–1809.

Russia's rapprochement with Napoleonic France (Tilsit Peace of 1807) sharply worsened its relations with Great Britain, which entered into an anti-Russian alliance with Sweden and provided her with a military subsidy of 1 million pounds. Incited by the British government, the Swedish king Gustav IV Adolf (1792-1809) demanded on February 1 (13), 1808 from Alexander I (1801-1825) the return of eastern Finland. In response, the king on February 9 (21) declared war on Sweden. The Russian army (F.F. Buksgevden) invaded southern Finland and in February-April captured all of southern, southwestern and western Finland. March 16 (28), 1808 Alexander I issued a manifesto on the accession of Finland to the Russian Empire.

At the end of April 1808, the Swedes launched a counteroffensive from the Uleaborg region (modern Oule) and defeated the Russian troops at Revolak and Pulkkila. In June, F.F. Buksgevden had to withdraw the army to southern Finland on the line Bjerneborg (modern Pori) - Tammerfors - St. Michel (modern Mikkeli). N.M. Kamensky, who replaced him, went on the offensive in early August and on August 20 (September 2) defeated the Swedes near the lake. Kuortane, and on September 2 (14) at Orovais (modern Oravainen). On October 7 (19), he concluded the Pattiok truce with the Swedish command, under the terms of which the Swedes left Österbotten and went beyond the river. Kemijoki, and the Russians occupied Uleaborg.

March 1 (13), 1809 Gustav IV Adolf was overthrown. Without waiting for the end of the truce, Russian troops launched a new offensive in early March. The corps of P.I.Bagration and M.B.Barclay de Tolly crossed the ice of the Gulf of Bothnia from Finland to Sweden; the first occupied the Åland Islands, went to the Swedish coast and captured Grislehamn, 80 km northeast of Stockholm; the second, having reached the shores of Västerbotten, occupied Umeå. The corps of P.A. Shuvalov crossed Kemijoki, took Tornio, crossed the Swedish-Finnish border and forced the Kalik (northern) enemy grouping to surrender. On March 7 (19), the new commander B.F. Knorring concluded the Åland truce, agreeing to withdraw Russian troops from Swedish territory, but on March 19 (31) it was canceled by Alexander I. In April, the Russians launched an offensive in northern Sweden, in May they occupied Umeå for the second time , and in June they defeated the Swedish troops covering the approaches to Stockholm. This forced the new Swedish king Charles XIII (1809–1818) to enter into negotiations and on September 5 (17) to sign the Peace of Fredriksham, according to which Sweden ceded the Åland Islands, Finland, Lapland to the Torniojoki and Muonioelje rivers to Russia and broke off the alliance with Great Britain.

As a result of the Russian-Swedish wars, Russia established itself in the Eastern Baltic and became one of the leading states Northern Europe. Sweden, having lost more than a third of its territory, lost the status of a great power.

Ivan Krivushin

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