The great British physicist Stephen Hawking warns humanity of imminent and almost inevitable death. In the new documentary film“Stephen Hawking: New Earth Expedition” he lists all the main threats that could destroy humanity: overpopulation, asteroids, epidemics, and so on. The scientist highlights the danger in a separate line nuclear war, artificial intelligence and genetically modified viruses. He believes that in a hundred years the number of threats to our civilization will increase so much that the death of humanity will no longer seem fantastic to anyone.
Somewhat earlier, Hawking stated that humanity has about a thousand years to avoid destruction by finding a habitable world and colonizing it. Now these periods have decreased tenfold, so it does not seem possible to find and colonize another world (consider it).
The good news came from Ray Kurzweil, an American inventor and futurist, and part-time technical director of Google. He put together all the main forecasts he had given over the past two decades and specified the time frame for their implementation down to a year. There are about 30 of these forecasts, and you can get acquainted with them, for example,.
Mr. Kurzweil prophesies a paradise for humanity, and an almost immediate one. True, in this barrel of heaven lies an almost invisible spoon of hell. We don’t really understand what the futurist meant by “the spread of technological singularity throughout the entire Universe” (what about the speed of light, which, according to Einstein?), but this technological singularity itself, translated into a generally understandable language, means the state technical progress, in which it will become so fast and complex that it will be inaccessible to our understanding. And this is more bad than good.
Commenting on the forecasts for TD, Vladimir Lipunov, a professor at the Faculty of Physics at Moscow State University, responded favorably to Kurzweil’s predictions, but noted that even if they all come true within the specified time frame, this will not save our civilization. Her death, according to Lipunov, will inevitably dawn in exactly a hundred, or at most a few hundred, years. The astrophysicist comes to this conclusion through simple calculations based on the fact that almost half a century of searching for traces that could leave alien civilizations, did not give any result.
“Scientists have been thinking about this for a long time,” says Vladimir Lipunov. ― Back in 1950, Enrico Fermi asked the question of what was later called the Great Silence of the Universe: “If there are many extraterrestrial civilizations in our galaxy, then why do we still not see such traces of them as spaceships or probes? In the late 80s, I calculated the average lifespan of any technological civilization during the period when its technology begins to develop exponentially. If our planet is not unique, it should be assumed that intelligent, and most importantly, technologically developed civilizations there must be a lot. They can come into contact with each other if the time of their existence and the distance between them allow such contact. Over billions of years, you can, if not master, then at least study the entire galaxy, leaving your traces everywhere, and, of course, coming into contact with other civilizations. And if there is no contact, then it means that the life of such a civilization is short and, according to my calculations, averages about a hundred or several hundred years. Subsequently, colleagues from Russia and the USA independently came to the same results, and this coincides very well with the predictions of Stephen Hawking.
The person writing these lines, due to his nature, treats both forecasts with equal skepticism. In his opinion, Kurzweil's promises are for the most part quite feasible, but the timing of their implementation is highly questionable - especially considering the resistance that some of these innovations will face.
You can also find objections to the imminent death of humanity - if only because you really don’t want to meet it, and it’s more pleasant to believe the opposite according to the principle “maybe it will blow by.” However, some restrictions will still have to be imposed on this “maybe”.
Take, for example, artificial intelligence: one of the leading experts on it, British professor Kevin Warwick, has no doubt that soon the artificial brain will surpass the human one. But he immediately makes a reservation: the main thing, in his opinion, is not to lose control over the new mind, otherwise your faithful assistant will turn into the brainchild of Frankenstein, and its literary analogue will seem like Cheburashka. However, the professor regrets, it will be difficult to do this while there are wars in the world and the warring parties want to use advanced weapons. In such an environment, Warwick says, a rapid race of intellects is inevitable, and there will be no time for control. If we consider Kurzweil’s predictions about cyborg people, chips embedded in the brain, nanorobots, and so on, then a similar danger lurks in terrorists - they may well use these “miracles” for their own purposes.
Therefore, before achieving the goals outlined by the futurologist, humanity will have to completely get rid of both wars and terrorism. You can try to do this on Earth, or you can choose an easier path and start looking for a planet suitable for life, where there are no wars or terrorists. True, from a certain point of view, this is not a guarantee: as one book says, “when [people] say: “peace and security,” then destruction will suddenly befall them.”
1.Collector Bakhrushin
Tell us what you collect or would like to collect. Give your reasons. Who were or would be the first viewers of your collection?
The desire to collect, to one degree or another, is quite natural for any person. It was founded in ancient times, when people were collecting food and items that could help them improve their homes. Now, from a psychological point of view, collecting helps a person to reduce personal anxiety and the feeling of imperfection of our world, and also gives a feeling of calm and confidence. Collecting is especially characteristic of children; many of today's adults collected something in childhood. We can say that when creating a collection, some people cherish this “child” in their soul.
Personally, I cannot classify myself as the type of person who likes to collect; my attitude towards things is purely practical. If I wanted to collect a large number of certain items, it would be only for the purpose of using them all at once. Therefore, collecting the same coins is a strange process for me.
But if I were to become a collector, then (as an unconditional supporter of information innovations) I would carefully keep the most successful electronic messages from my friends and relatives, because this is a powerful means of psychological support and protection from modern stress.
2. Aivazovsky in Feodosia
Write a detailed summary. Describe your favorite work of art, including a few facts about the artist's biography.
I was greatly impressed by Aivazovsky’s painting “The Ninth Wave,” painted in 1850. Its name is taken from the popular belief that in the general rhythm of rolling waves, one, the ninth, stands out noticeably in its power and size among the others.
The painting depicts the early morning after a night storm. The first rays of the sun illuminate the stormy ocean. A huge “ninth wave” is ready to fall on a group of people seeking salvation on the wreckage of the masts. I imagine what a terrible thunderstorm passed at night, what disaster the ship’s crew suffered, how the sailors died. I think about how they passed the test with flying colors, constantly supporting each other.
The confrontation between people and the elements is the theme of the picture. There is meaning in struggle, in a person’s will to salvation, in his faith. And people survive when, by all laws, they were destined to die!
The extraordinary realism of the picture is striking. No one at that time could achieve this in depicting the elements of the sea. The painting combines much of what the artist himself saw and experienced. He especially remembered the storm he experienced in the Bay of Biscay in 1844. The storm was so devastating that the ship was considered sunk. There was even a report in the newspapers about the death of a young Russian painter, whose name was already well known at that time.
This painting found a wide response at the time of its appearance and remains to this day one of the most popular in Russian painting.
3. Lily of the valley
Express your opinion on existing environmental problems, including in the discussion a commentary on the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson: “Nature is an ever-changing cloud; never remaining the same, she always remains herself.”
Nature is infinite, there is nothing random or superfluous in it - everything is reasonable and interconnected. That's why she's perfect.
But part of nature itself, the crown of its evolution - man - has become a serious threat to its perfection.
The development of global technological progress, population growth and irrational use natural resources Earth has led to the emergence of serious global problems in ecology. The man of the 21st century has become a threat to himself.
Today there are a huge number of environmental problems. But one of those to which we, residents of Donbass, cannot remain indifferent is the shallowing and pollution of the Azov Sea. The main reason for this problem is the increase in water withdrawal from the Kuban and Don rivers, which flow into the sea. As a result, the water in the sea has become more salty, which harms fish, especially sturgeon, and aquatic vegetation. If nothing is done in the next decade, our beloved Azov will simply turn into a swamp, and people will lose a unique natural phenomenon that is so beneficial for improving health.
4. The feat of Miklouho-Maclay
Write a detailed summary.
Tell us about the great scientist who, like Miklouho-Maclay, thought about the future of the people.
The magnitude of a scientific discovery (and the popularity of its author) is, of course, determined by its practical significance for people. The great Greek mathematician and mechanic Archimedes is the author of numerous discoveries and inventions, covered in legends and still useful today. It was while taking a bath that the scientist figured out how to determine the volume of an object irregular shape. With a cry of “Eureka!” he discovered the basic law of hydrostatics: the volume of a body is equal to the volume of the fluid displaced by it. He built a system of blocks, with the help of which he was able to launch a heavy multi-deck ship into the water with one movement of his hand. This invention allowed Archimedes to declare: “Give me a fulcrum, and I will change the world!”
But the scientist’s contemporaries, the inhabitants of Syracuse, remember his name well, because he helped them defeat the Roman invaders. He built powerful throwing machines, cranes, capturing enemy ships (the so-called “claws of Archimedes”), collected more than seventy smoothly polished shields and, focusing the sun's rays on them, set fire to the enemy fleet.
Such was the miraculous power of one person, one talent, that the scientist’s contemporary, the historian Polybius, believed that the Romans could quickly take possession of the city if someone had removed one old man from among the Syracusans.
5. F.M. Dostoevsky
F.M. Dostoevsky “loved to peer into people’s faces, figures, gait, and gestures.” Try to describe yourself: face, figure, gait, gestures, facial expressions, characteristic features etc. Present your observations in the form of a portrait sketch.
Each person is surrounded by more or less people. We know well and can describe our family members, our friends and acquaintances, and many celebrities. But do we know ourselves, do we look closely at our own face, figure, gait, gestures?
I look carefully in the mirror... A slender, short girl with fluffy dark brown hair down to her shoulders is looking intently at me. For her friends, her gaze is open and welcoming; she often looks at unpleasant people with a frown, from under her brows. Although small, but attentive... the eyes - the mirror of my soul - are hidden from strangers with long eyelashes.
I, like every modern girl, try to take care of myself, lead healthy image life, that's why my skin is smooth, light, fresh air a blush appears on the cheeks.
In clothing, I prefer youth style: jeans, blouses and T-shirts in light colors, comfortable sports shoes - this is a modest frame for my portrait. I don’t like brightness or flashiness either in movements, or in actions, or in cosmetics. In my opinion, the main condition for beauty is naturalness.
6. Learn to speak and write
Write a detailed summary.
Do you agree with D. Likhachev’s opinion that “a person’s language is his worldview and his behavior”? Justify your answer by including a story about the most vivid impression of this school year.
It was with great pleasure that I became acquainted with the article by the outstanding Russian philologist D.S. Likhacheva, I really liked her. I certainly agree with Academician Likhachev that it is a person’s language and speech that are the most vivid reflection of his worldview and behavior.
As a person speaks, so, therefore, he thinks. Therefore, the surest way to get to know a person is to listen to what and how he says. Then it will be possible to say a lot about his views, character, and possible behavior in various situations.
Therefore, you must constantly monitor your speech - oral or written. No wonder there is a saying: “My tongue is my enemy.” And he should be a friend of man! Therefore, before you speak, you need to think carefully and weigh every word.
Language cannot be good or bad... After all, language is only a mirror, an indicator of the personal qualities of the speaker. Recently I was once again able to verify this. Albeit in connection with sad events, but with great pleasure I watched an interview with one of the most talented poets of our time - Yevgeny Yevtushenko. How beautifully and interestingly this man spoke about the events of his life and the life of an entire generation, about interesting people with whom fate brought him together. And in his stories, the poet’s extraordinary personality emerged for me. Socrates was right when he said: “Speak so that I can see you”! In the mass, all people seem similar, fairly standard, but as soon as a person speaks, his personal, individual merits are deeply revealed.
7. The feat of Ivan Fedorov
Write a detailed summary.
Give a reasoned answer to the question: how do you understand the expression “book print culture” and why “time is the best judge”?
Book printed culture (that is, modern book printing) today, in the era of information technology, is undergoing significant changes, transforming the thinking of both the human creator and the human reader. Most of all, these processes are associated with the concept of clip thinking. Some researchers argue that modern young people do not like and do not want to read, preferring to experience the world not through text, but through videos and video games; it is easier for them to work with hypertext from short fragments than with long linear text. Such scientists predict that the book of the future will be a dictionary with short, referencing entries. Will it be so? Time will judge - the best means of testing the strength of any innovation.
But today we can safely say that people continue to read books - thin and thick, for children and adults. Moreover, despite the competitive existence of electronic books, printed books and the printed press are not losing their positions. Many readers still prefer the printed word, the very process of communicating with a book. And the writers themselves believe that text posted on the Internet is perceived as a manuscript and cannot compete with a published printed edition, which provides them with real recognition and popularity.
8. From the history of the book
Write a detailed summary.
Think about the problem posed by the author in the text: what will the book of the future be like? What book would you enjoy reading?
The book has existed for a very long time, being the oldest carrier of information. Primitive people transmitted such information through rock paintings. A little later we switched to birch bark. There were clay tablets and papyrus scrolls. Then the Chinese invented paper. Even later, they came up with letters and began to rewrite books by hand until the printing press was invented. As a result we have modern book- a non-periodical publication consisting of paper sheets on which text and graphic information is printed by typography or handwriting.
But the world does not stand still. We are all witnessing a huge breakthrough in the field of information technology. This also applies to books. For example, there were e-books. This allows you to solve the problem of storing large volumes of information and abandon expensive paper. I think that soon the book, as such, will be completely transferred to electronic media. I would like it to increase its information content and visibility. It would be very interesting to read a book about adventures with “live” animated illustrations.
The person will need new information Always. And it doesn’t matter what the book of the future will be. The main thing is to read it!
9. Choosing a life goal
Write a detailed summary.
How do you understand the phrase “vital goal”? Formulate your main life goal. Give reasons for your choice.
We all strive for something in our lives. We want to become someone, have something, go somewhere. A goal in life is a beacon, without which it is easy to get lost on the path of life.
A person must consciously choose his life goal. His self-esteem will depend on what goal he chooses. After all, everyone evaluates himself by the goals that he sets for himself. Only a worthy goal allows a person to live his life with dignity and get real joy. It is important that our goals do not harm us: do not spoil our relationships with loved ones, do not harm others.
For me, a “vital goal” is at the moment is to obtain a cherished profession. I believe that this is a very important and responsible step. After all, a favorite job makes a person’s life truly interesting, and an unsuitable one turns it into a heavy burden.
10. Swan Temple
Write a detailed summary.
Tell a legend or story associated with a famous temple, including in your retelling a detailed description of the architectural structure.
Each Orthodox church, seemingly created according to certain general architectural canons, is unique and beautiful in its own way.
On Red Square in Moscow, in the middle of the 16th century, by order of Ivan the Terrible, St. Basil's Cathedral was erected. It was erected by Russian architects Barma and Postnik to commemorate the conquest of the Kazan Khanate. According to legend, so that the architects could not create anything better, Tsar Ivan IV ordered them to be blinded upon completion of construction.
St. Basil's Cathedral consists of nine churches on one foundation. The cathedral is built of brick. Central part crowned with a tall, magnificent tent with “fiery” decoration almost to the middle of its height. The tent is surrounded on all sides by domes, none of which are like the other. Not only does the pattern of the large onion-domes vary; If you look closely, you will easily notice that the finish of each drum is unique.
The main thing in the appearance of the temple is that it lacks a clearly defined façade. Whichever side you approach the cathedral from, it seems that this is the main side.
More than once this unique monument of Russian architecture could have been irretrievably lost. It was mined, but the French were unable to blow it up in 1812. In the 1930s, Kaganovich, while clearing Red Square for parades, removed this temple from its layout, but Stalin commanded: “Lazarus, put it in its place!”
And today we see in pristine beauty this monument to the Faith and Talent of a person, hopefully forever.
11. Tsar Bell and Tsar Cannon
Write a detailed summary.
Describe the impression that the sound of a bell or organ, piano or violin made on you, including in the description brief retelling a work of fiction that mentions one of these musical instruments.
Everyone has a different attitude towards music, but everyone sees its important role in the life and destiny of man and humanity. So, for example, K. Balmont wrote about it this way: “The whole life of the world is surrounded by music. When the earth, at its creation, was already ready for life, there was still no life. Then suddenly the wind rushed over the field and over the forest. there was a splash in the waves, and a hum in the forest peaks. Through this, music arose in the world, and the world became alive.”
And it's true. There is nothing in the world more alive than music. And the violin seems to me the most alive of all instruments, especially in the hands of a master. In his book “The Condemnation of Paganini,” Anatoly Vinogradov repeatedly described the impression that the genius’s play made on the audience. As a boy, he extracted sounds from a huge instrument for his height that covered both the choir and the orchestra. It seemed that not one, but ten violins began to sing. Even the priest, always turned to God, felt the trembling excitement in his blood and all the charm of a sinful life.
12. Amazing woman
Write a detailed summary.
Which people do you think can be considered kind people? Have you met such people in your life? Complete your presentation a short story about them.
“Kindness is something that the deaf can hear and the blind can see,” said Mark Twain. What is kindness and who are kind people?
They say that a bright person is best seen in the dark. And in our difficult times, we are seeing examples of real kindness. People with big hearts share their last piece of bread and shelter with those left homeless, donate blood to help the wounded, and organize volunteer centers to help displaced people.
And if we “get personal,” then I would like to mention the person who did not leave me indifferent. I think that an example of a truly kind person for my contemporaries can be a resuscitator, founder of the Fair Aid Foundation, Elizaveta Glinka. It was she who, for many years, provided palliative care, fed and clothed the homeless, and gave them shelter; It was she who, under bullets, took sick and wounded children from Donbass to the best hospitals in Moscow and St. Petersburg; It was she who organized a shelter for children with amputated limbs, where they undergo rehabilitation after the hospital.
I wish it were true good people there was more. After all, kindness is the basis of relationships between people. The world stands on it. It has stood and will stand.
13. What brings people together
Write a detailed summary.
In my opinion, nothing is impossible in the world. All people are subject to any obstacles. If each person starts with himself, this will be his contribution to the process of changing all of humanity. You just need to engage in self-education and self-improvement urgently, and do not put this matter on the back burner. And you can start by introducing goodness.
Goodness has many faces: someone fed the birds in winter, collected toys and books for children in an orphanage. Smile at a passerby, say a kind word - and this is also kindness. Warm sympathy can replace a gift on a holiday, help a patient recover faster, and cheer up in a sad moment.
I am especially pleased to surround my grandmother with care, who gave me so much warmth and kindness in life! She taught them to share it, sparing no reserves of soul for people.
14. From papyrus to modern books
Write a detailed summary.
Tell us about a book that you would enjoy reading. What and who should it be about?
There are a large number of books that have been relevant for many centuries. Your ancestors read them, your children and great-grandchildren will read them.
What is the phenomenon of “ageless books”, their “eternal youth”? In my humble opinion, the reason is the philosophical issues they raise.
The heroes of almost all of Shakespeare's tragedies struggle to resolve issues that still concern everyone. Whether to fight global evil or come to terms with it - “to be or not to be” is a dilemma that tormented not only Prince Hamlet, but also many subsequent generations. What actions you can take for the sake of your love, which does not suit others, is a problem not only for Romeo and Juliet, but also for thousands of other young lovers.
I. S. Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" raises the issue of the relationship between two generations, their eternal conflict. How can a book like this become outdated?!
Old man Santiago, the hero of the famous story by Ernest Hemingway, shares an important life principle not only with his contemporaries, but also with all generations of readers: “Man is not born to suffer defeat.”
This is how true literary masterpieces are not subject to time and defeat!
15. Types of memory
Write a detailed summary.
Conduct a self-analysis and tell us what types of memory predominate in you. Why did you come to this conclusion? Give your reasons.
Many people underestimate the importance of memory for self-development and reason like this: “Why train your memory if the main thing is not the quantity of memorized material, but its quality.” This is true, but research shows that by developing memory, we also develop our abilities, especially creative ones.
It seems to me that it is especially important to develop different types of memory over time.
Almost everyone has developed instant memory. It is rather an image that we receive from encountering an event. The duration of instant memory is from 0.1 to 0.5 seconds.
It’s good when a person has developed RAM. Its duration is up to 20 seconds. It has such an important property as volume. I need to work on increasing the amount of RAM. For most people, it ranges from 5 to 9 pieces of information. Sherlock Holmes probably has the volume short term memory was more than ten.
I also, like any person, constantly need to develop long-term memory,
allowing you to store information for an unlimited period. The more you repeat important information, the more strongly it is imprinted. For this you need developed thinking and efforts of will, but it is this memory that provides us with knowledge.
16. Functions of the Russian language
Write a detailed summary.
Remember the two functions of language that M. Panov considered basic (language is a means of communication and a means of thought) and write a poetic or prosaic ode to the Russian language or word.
For me, the Russian language is not a set of specific lexical structures, thanks to which people can transmit information to each other, but a palette for bright, vivid feelings and sensations. When I speak Russian, using the full breadth of its vocabulary, I reveal my soul and show my character to the fullest.
Pushkin, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Tyutchev, Lermontov wrote in this language, who are recognized and admired not only in their homeland, but also far beyond its borders. After all, it is Russian literature that is considered one of the greatest cultural treasures of the world, because it is capable of warming the heart and piercing it with a sharp spear of protest, capturing it with passion and making it freeze with horror. And most importantly, she was able to reflect the mysterious Russian soul, which no one could understand, because people of another nation would never be able to believe that a Russian person, neglecting the laws of self-preservation, would prefer spiritual benefits to material ones.
Only a great people could be given such a great language. That is why we are a Russian-speaking great and strong state. Every word conveys the strongest spirit of our people, and the richer the language, the stronger the spirit of the nation, the stronger its cultural and historical heritage.
17. The many faces of Kuprin
Write a detailed summary.
Think about the questions: Which books do not get old? Who and what are they about? Tell us about one of these books.
Each person has their own preferences, especially in works of art. I think there are no people who don’t read books—everyone reads. And everyone chooses what is closest to their liking: historical novels, philosophical essays, detective stories. But there are books that are universal, not subject to time and personal inclinations, that do not leave anyone indifferent - eternal books. Such books make you think about a person in general and about yourself, about the meaning human life, about happiness and ways to achieve it. Shakespeare and Pushkin, Dostoevsky and Balzac, Sholokhov and Remarque wrote about this.
The book that delighted me was Ernest Hemingway’s story “The Old Man and the Sea.” As I understand it, it’s not just me, since it brought its author a Nobel Prize. At the center of the story is a forced duel between man and the natural world, of which he himself is a part. And the person comes out of this test with honor, because, according to the author, a person can even be destroyed, but he cannot be defeated! This book teaches us to be wise and, understanding that nothing comes easy in the world, to never give up.
18. “Boyarina Morozova”
Write a detailed summary.
If you were an artist planning a historical painting, what and who would it be about? Give reasons for your choice.
The history of any state and of all humanity consists of massive epochal events and the destinies of individual people. And it seems to me that it is easier for the viewer to understand a major historical event by seeing it through the eyes of an ordinary participant. Therefore, in the center of my picture were the fates and images of ordinary people.
If I had created, like Ilya Glazunov, the cycle “On the Kulikovo Field,” I would have made the central characters not the Russian princes, or even their warriors, but simple peasant warriors who abandoned unplowed fields to protect their native land from enemies.
If I wrote Battle of Borodino, then I made that “uncle” from M.Yu.’s poem the central character. Lermontov, who, under the command of the brave colonel, vowed to “die near Moscow” for the sake of defending the fatherland.
Heroes of paintings about the Great Patriotic War I would make an ordinary soldier, a nurse, a partisan, a penal battalion soldier, because death for the homeland makes everyone equal and equally worthy!
And I could also paint a picture about today’s everyday life of my Republic, whose people stand at the defense of its borders, work, study, defending their independence and personal human dignity.
19. Tchaikovsky and nature
Write a detailed summary.
Why do you think servant P.I. Did Tchaikovsky call the process of composing music a “sacred task”? Tell us about how music influences you.
A holy cause... They speak so highly of an extremely noble and important cause. About what is revered and highly valued by people. Writing music is one of those things. Why? Because, probably, music has a huge influence on a person. It can mobilize people for completely overwhelming work, raise morale, invigorate and cheer, and gives self-confidence. On the other hand, it helps you relax, calms you down, and even makes you sad.
Music can be very diverse and a person chooses which one to listen to based on his personal preferences. I'm not a fan, but a person trying to get involved in classical music. And it's not that simple.
This kind of music is always needed. She brings us a dream, calls us to a country where no problems or trifles can cool love, where no one will take away our happiness.
I'm not a fan, but a person trying to get involved in classical music. And it's not that simple. No one would listen to classical music while catching up on the latest news during recess or pushing their way to the counter at the buffet. We don’t put on an evening dress when we go to throw out the trash, we don’t prepare a cake with whipped cream for breakfast every morning. Serious music is a “delicacy” from the holiday menu, it is “diamonds” from family jewelry. And the time of serious music, I think, comes to every person, as well as the time of big decisions, great love. Such music is always needed, and even more so in our (overly rationalistic) times. She brings us a dream, calls us to a country where no problems or trifles can cool love, where no one will take away our happiness.
Aristotle (384–322 BC)
Aristotle is an ancient Greek scientist, encyclopedist, philosopher and logician, founder of classical (formal) logic. Considered one of the greatest geniuses in history and the most influential philosopher of antiquity. Made a huge contribution to the development of logic and natural sciences, especially astronomy, physics and biology. Although many of him scientific theories were refuted, they significantly contributed to the search for new hypotheses to explain them.
Archimedes (287–212 BC)
Archimedes was an ancient Greek mathematician, inventor, astronomer, physicist and engineer. Generally considered the greatest mathematician of all time and one of the leading scientists of the classical period of antiquity. His contributions to the field of physics include the fundamental principles of hydrostatics, statics, and the explanation of the principle of lever action. He is credited with inventing innovative machinery, including siege engines and the screw pump named after him. Archimedes also invented the spiral that bears his name, formulas for calculating the volumes of surfaces of revolution, and an original system for expressing very large numbers.
Galileo (1564–1642)
In eighth place in the ranking of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is Galileo, an Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher. Has been called "the father of observational astronomy" and "the father modern physics" Galileo was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies. Thanks to this, he made a number of outstanding astronomical discoveries, such as the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, sunspots, the rotation of the Sun, and also established that Venus changes phases. He also invented the first thermometer (without a scale) and proportional compass.
Michael Faraday (1791–1867)
Michael Faraday - English physicist and chemist, primarily known for the discovery electromagnetic induction. Faraday also discovered chemical action current, diamagnetism, action magnetic field to light, the laws of electrolysis. He also invented the first, albeit primitive, electric motor and the first transformer. He introduced the terms cathode, anode, ion, electrolyte, diamagnetism, dielectric, paramagnetism, etc. In 1824 he discovered the chemical elements benzene and isobutylene. Some historians consider Michael Faraday to be the best experimentalist in the history of science.
Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931)
Thomas Alva Edison is an American inventor and businessman, founder of the prestigious scientific magazine Science. Considered one of the most prolific inventors of his time, with a record number of patents issued to his name - 1,093 in the United States and 1,239 in other countries. Among his inventions are the creation in 1879 of an electric incandescent lamp, a system for distributing electricity to consumers, a phonograph, improvements in the telegraph, telephone, film equipment, etc.
Marie Curie (1867–1934)
Marie Skłodowska-Curie - French physicist and chemist, teacher, public figure, pioneer in the field of radiology. The only woman laureate Nobel Prize in two different fields of science - physics and chemistry. The first woman professor to teach at the Sorbonne University. Her achievements include the development of the theory of radioactivity, separation methods radioactive isotopes and the opening of two new chemical elements- radium and polonium. Marie Curie is one of the inventors who died from their inventions.
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)
Louis Pasteur - French chemist and biologist, one of the founders of microbiology and immunology. He discovered the microbiological essence of fermentation and many human diseases. Initiated a new department of chemistry - stereochemistry. Pasteur's most important achievement is considered to be his work in bacteriology and virology, which resulted in the creation of the first vaccines against rabies and anthrax. His name is widely known thanks to the pasteurization technology he created and later named after him. All of Pasteur's works became a striking example of the combination of fundamental and applied research in the fields of chemistry, anatomy and physics.
Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727)
Isaac Newton was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, historian, biblical scholar and alchemist. He is the discoverer of the laws of motion. Sir Isaac Newton discovered the law universal gravity, laid the foundations of classical mechanics, formulated the principle of conservation of momentum, laid the foundations of modern physical optics, built the first reflecting telescope and developed the theory of color, formulated the empirical law of heat transfer, built the theory of the speed of sound, proclaimed the theory of the origin of stars and many other mathematical and physical theories. Newton was also the first to describe the phenomenon of tides mathematically.
Albert Einstein (1879–1955)
Albert Einstein, a German physicist, ranks second on the list of the greatest scientists in the history of the world. Jewish origin, one of the greatest theoretical physicists of the twentieth century, creator of the general and special theories of relativity, discovered the law of the relationship between mass and energy, as well as many other significant physical theories. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. Author of more than 300 scientific works in physics and 150 books and articles in the field of history, philosophy, journalism, etc.
Nikola Tesla (1856–1943)
150 scientists' fears about the future of humanity
The online magazine Edge asked 150 scientists from around the world a simple question. The question is simple: “What should humanity fear in the future?”
Today I invite you to familiarize yourself with this list
1. Increase in China's population.
2. The events of the Black Swan theory, as well as the fact that we continue to act according to patterns that have confirmed their failure.
3. We will be unable to defeat viruses, which will lead us to the threshold of disaster. (Researcher molecular biology)
4. The era of pseudoscience will come. (Philosopher)
5. The era of accelerating technology growth will give us reason to be excited. (Sociologist)
6. The real end of the world. An increasing number of events were considered unlikely that could lead to the extinction of the human population. (Former President of the Royal Society)
7. Insufficient coverage of scientific issues in the press. (Editor)
8. Supernova explosions, possible destruction of the Sun, problems with human identification that do not allow us to solve many issues. (Founder of evolutionary psychology)
9. The Internet will completely destroy writing. (Computer Science)
10. Smart people(eg wireless developers) will not participate in politics. (Musician)
11. Another new one will happen financial disaster. (Professor)
12. What search engines will become masters of truth. (Physicist)
13. Lack of friends is something worth worrying about because... this is usually due to reasons such as human infidelity and cruelty. (Professor of Psychology)
14. I'm afraid that modern technologies will put an end to the agreement against fascism developed by common efforts. (Writer, futurist)
15. That we will continue to support bans on offensive words. (Professor-cognitive scientist)
16. Deprivation of the right to dispose of information. (Editor)
17. Digital technology will affect our patience and change our perception of time. (Writer)
18. A bomb that can cause the death of a population. (Editor)
19. Funding for global experiments will cease, and they will cease to be carried out. (Physicist)
20. I'm afraid that if our technologies increase the power to solve problems of different levels, we will no longer recognize the difference between important, insignificant and even non-existent problems. (Editor)
21. I'm not afraid of anything. I even ride a motorcycle without a helmet. (Geneticist)
22. Catharsis is an exceptional pleasure that…. Could you repeat the question? (Editor)
23. I have already stopped asking myself questions. And I submitted to the flow of circumstances that life sent me... and the flow of incredible stupidity.
24. We must think about the Anthropocene epoch, not only as a geological phenomenon, but also as a cultural phenomenon. (Professor of Natural Sciences)
25. The decline of culture and the fact that the work of a little-known Caribbean writer is not in sufficient demand. (Gallery Keeper)
26. The danger of unintentionally praising the zygomatic arch. (Neuroscientist)
27. That we will stop dying. (Professor of Neurosurgery)
28. That there is an infinite number of universes, but only we are able to study the one within which we live. (Physicist)
29. Spread of anti-intellectualism and stop progress. We have finally managed to create a unified global civilization, and if we let it perish, we will perish ourselves. (Director and founder of famous media)
30. We should be concerned because some so-called. advanced states are mired in crime. States where laws and bills are drawn up by criminals, and, even worse, implemented by the apparatus of democracy. (Philosopher)
31. It is worth thinking about the fact that most of our technologies and scientific disciplines still rely on only five probability models - although there are even more such models than real numbers. (Computer Science)
32. Perhaps we are just rare moving points of knowledge in the cosmic desert, the only witnesses to this miracle. Or maybe we live in a sea of sensations, surrounded by delight and competition, which we have the most direct influence on. Being so sensitive, we worry about everything. (Publisher)
33. People. (Anthropologist)
34. Distortion of meaning in the media scientific research. (Professor at Harvard)
35. Absolute human arrogance. (Professor of Psychology)
36. That technology can endanger democracy. (Physicist)
37. Don't worry - nothing remarkable will happen. (Writer)
38. Mutual destruction. (Computer Science)
39. That all intellectual resources from the sphere of development will be transferred to the sphere of consumption, the growth of fundamentalism can lead to the onset of a dark era. (Physicist)
40. We need to create institutions and cultural norms that will make us better than we are. It seems to me that creating them is the greatest test for humanity. (Neuroscientist)
41. I'm afraid we don't really understand quantum phenomena. (Physicist)
42. That the American way of thinking will spread throughout the world. (Professor of Psychiatry)
43. Future scientific literature. (Neuroscientist)
44. That the new realm of digital information will not be sufficiently accessible. (Professor of Journalism)
45. I still believe that we should not be afraid of any specific problem, but of all possible problems. (Writer and director)
46. Stress. (Aggregation Researcher)
47. You need to think about why no scientific developments have brought us no closer to creating a cure for cancer. (Publicist)
48. That we have literally lost touch with the world around us. (Archaeologist)
49. We should be concerned that a huge psychological chasm separates humanity and nature. (Paleontologist)
50. We become too attached. (Professor of Physics and Astronomy)
51. That we will worry too much. (Neuroscientist)
52. What really worries me is that we are entangled in ignorant systems, i.e. systems that demonstrate their pathological behavior, but cannot improve themselves. (Editor)
53. Too much vulgarity. (Professor of mathematics)
54. That the Internet will end up being profitable strong of the world this, and not society as a whole. (Computer Science)
55. That the most pressing problems of this year were chosen incorrectly. (Software Specialist)
56. That we will witness the collapse of fundamental science. (Astrophysicist)
57. The paradox of material progress. (Journalist)
58. That we will be like rats stuck in a blue marble trap. (Professor of Astronomy)
59. That we will stop making careful observations. (Computer Science)
60. I am concerned about the bleaching of the world population, widespread but so heterogeneous. (Journalist)
61. The growing influence of pop culture and how it can directly or indirectly affect us. (Professor)
62. The upcoming battle between scientists and priests. (Technology Forecasting Specialist)
63. If someone gives our solar system destruction and plunge the universe into a state of entropy, I think the only fears should be that it will happen in an inappropriate way.
64. Disadvantage water resources on the planet. (Physicist)
65. That we are inexplicably lost in Modernity. It seems that many of us feel the approaching end of something important, perhaps the uselessness and meaninglessness of this very Modernity. (Professor of Biology, Physics and Astronomy)
66. I worry that many opportunities have been missed, such as the lack of education for today's youth around the world.
67. Overwhelming reality. (Journalist)
68. Huge flows of data and media will mean the devaluation of information. (Professor of Statistics)
69. That we will spend too much time on social media. (Neuroscientist)
70. That a time is coming when every person will be closed in on himself. (Psychology professor)
71. That the difference between events and their understanding will grow. (NASA meteorologist)
72. There needs to be a conversation about what seems to be the new normal, such as having a TV in playrooms and daycares. (Psychologist)
73. That we will become too intolerant of science. (Professor)
74. That we will hope for interstellar travel, but this will never happen. (Writer)
75. That globalization will cease to be beneficial, and we will not be able to understand why.
76. That we worry too much. (Psychiatrist)
77. I worry more and more about what will happen to the generation of children who did not have this gift - a long, protected, stable childhood.
78. What are the processes biological synthesis will get out of control. (Biology teacher)
79. The death of mathematical sciences. (Mathematician)
80. That we have taught technology to do too much for us. (Psychologist)
81. Many Internet resources make us stupid and unfriendly. (Founder of Wikipedia)
82. That we worry too much. (Scientist)
83. That the human race will lose the instinct of self-preservation. (Software Specialist)
84. Excess testosterone caused by the discrepancy between the male and female population in China. (Psychologist)
85. That plans for the development of science and culture do not include the protection of personal human rights. (Futurist)
86. The end of the world. (Archaeologist)
87. We have nothing to fear, even if the Large Hadron Collider did not contribute to new discoveries. (Editor)
88. What worries me most is that we are increasingly destroying the direct and indirect connections between various intellectual, mental and humanistic approaches to interpreting the world around us. (Physicist)
89. That we worry too much. (Scientist)
90. The growing differences between the scientific elite and the scientifically ignorant majority of people. (Ophthalmologist, neurobiologist)
91. That there is a prospect of collective forgetting of history. (Historian)
92. That we worry too much. (Professor of Psychology)
93. What we don't understand is how our global culture is evolving. (Professor of Biology)
94. You need to worry that the desire to prolong the family line is weakening more and more. (Writer)
95. That we worry too much and invent problems for ourselves. (Professor)
96. We need to think about the consequences of the ever-increasing amount of knowledge about pathogens, it deprives us of freedom. (Computer Science)
97. I am afraid of natural death. (Physicist)
98. What worries me most is that talk of gender differences still seems to separate nature and education, and some scientists and humanists claim that biology doesn't matter at all, apparently unaware that there is overwhelming evidence to the contrary. (Psychologist)
99. The death of science. (Linguist)
100. The inevitable interference of socio-political forces in science. (Physicist)
101. I worry about who will become players in the scientific field and who will not. (Physicist)
102. Many people choose a life that affects the opportunities of others, significantly narrowing them. This behavior is very dangerous, because... is a type of tribal organization of society, and the accompanying beliefs absolve them from responsibility for creating such a threat. (Political scientist)
103, 104. That we will not be able to realize effective cooperation. (Psychologists, cooperators)
105. I'm not worried about super-machines destroying our world. (Philosopher)
106. What will happen to the world if robots do any work. (Researcher)
107. That an alien invasion threatens human civilization. (Astronomer)
108. That the role of microorganisms in oncology will be ignored by modern medical researchers.
109. That the social and moral intuition of all humanity will not allow the development of new technologies. (Psychologist)
110. That the illusion of knowledge and understanding will result from the fact that information is too accessible and does not require effort to find it. (Professor of Psychology)
111. That vaccinations will become painless. (Psychologist)
112. That the amount of illegal drugs will increase. (Philosopher)
113. Superstitions. (Science critic)
114. That historical institutions will hinder progress. (Editor)
115. That in a couple of generations children will turn into people who will not even be able to distinguish reality from imagination. (Psychologist)
116. That we fear too much. (Correspondent)
117. We should think about how to approach cloning people, creating artificial intelligence and robots that can take care of our elderly parents, and teaching children via the Internet. (Journalist)
118. That genomics will greatly harm us if it ends up in a disordered state. (Neuroscientist)
119. What really keeps me up at night is the thought of a crisis in fundamental science. I see only one way out - to conduct a thorough revision of the fundamental laws of physics. (Physicist)
120. What's in modern world no one suspects anything of the people leading the so-called. normal lifestyle. (Writer, producer)
121. Many people worry that democracy in the world is not developed enough, but I think that we have never lived in accordance with the principles of democracy. ( General manager)
122. It is not population growth, but increased prosperity that is the main concern of consumer countries, such as America and other Western countries. (Professor of Geography)
123. That we will begin to perceive new technologies as some kind of magic. (Physicist)
124. Increasing instability in matters of genetics. (Professor of Genetics)
125. That various associations and companies will soon be able to read people's thoughts. (Neuroscientist)
126. Cessation of economic growth. (Financial expert)
127. I am afraid that we overestimate the free imagination, and this is risky. (Physicist)
128. That we worry too much. (Scientist)
129. We are afraid of too much. (Neuroscientist)
130. That we don't have enough robots to do all the work needed in the coming decades. (Robotechnician)
131. We have no backup plan in case the Internet disappears, which is inevitable. (Historian of Science)
132. Stability. That we are very complacent and proud of our lives, but they are constantly changing. And you need to think about it if you haven't already. (Physicist)
133. There is the studied familiar to us and the studied unfamiliar, but it is the unexplored unknown that is truly feared. (Scientist)
134. Our brain is not able to decide the most serious problems. (Psychologist)
135. It is worth worrying that scientists have stopped thinking about what is good and what is bad. And what values will lead to the flourishing of humanity, for example, Internet search engines? (Publicist)
136. Loss of collective consciousness. (Media Analyst)
137. Decrease in the number of outstanding scientists. (Director)
138. That we are unable to understand what it means to live well. (Historian)
139. Excessive attachment to Facebook and other resources.
140. Excessive government intervention, like the fox watching the hen house, the government controls oil and gas production. (Professor of Journalism)
141. Society's dangerous inability to cope with uncertainty. (Gerontologist)
142. That knowledge appears too quickly. (Professor, School of Economics)
143. A nightmare scenario for fundamental science. (Physicist)
144. Homogenization of the experience of all humanity. (Anthropologist)
145. That we will not be able to understand anything. (Mathematician)
146. That we worry too much and present our fears to others in the most terrible light. (Retired professor)
147. That due to climate change, lack of resources and manpower, or other unpredictable reasons, war may break out. (Psychologist)
148. Stupidity. (Psychologist)
149. I stopped worrying about the problem of free will because... it still won't be solved. (Professor of Pedagogy)
150. There is a danger that science will become the enemy of humanity. (Biologist)
151. That we cannot live without the Internet. (Philosopher)
Christening of Sikidina
Scientists are still arguing about how long ago Homo sapiens appeared on Earth ( Homo sapiens). The following is known for sure: about 40 thousand years ago, our distant ancestors already lived on all continents. Despite the huge cultural difference, in a physiological and anatomical sense they were very similar to modern people. Scientists believe that Homo sapiens continues to evolve today. At the same time, his body is influenced not only by natural factors (especially those that cause genetic mutations), but also by sociocultural parameters.
Let's talk about what changes in humans in the coming millennia researchers consider the most likely.
Source: depositphotos.com
Increase in height
According to anthropologists, growth primitive man did not exceed 160 cm. Now such people are considered short. The average height of a Russian these days is 175-178 cm, and even among the fair sex, heights above 170 cm are quite common. However, this parameter strongly depends on both ethnic characteristics and individual heredity. In addition, scientists noticed that in developed countries ah, where high-calorie food is available to everyone, the average height of representatives of each successive generation increases, while in regions where there is still a shortage of food, this does not happen. Considering that the international community is making serious efforts to combat hunger, it can be assumed that people will gradually grow up in the future.
Darkening of hair and eyes
Scientific and technological progress has made people mobile. Now people move freely around the world, change their places of residence and assimilate. This is how the transfer and infusion of new genetic material occurs into ethnic groups that until recently lived separately and retained a specific appearance. In cases where the specificity is due to recessive genes, it disappears. Already today there is a decrease in the number of people with blond hair and eyes. Scientists believe that this process will continue, and in the future blue-eyed blondes will become a real rarity.
Increasing number of obese people
The reason for the increase in the number of overweight people is not so much the availability of high-calorie foods, but a shift in the eating habits of many residents of developed countries towards fast food. This food is convenient and doesn't require cooking. In addition, manufacturers introduce additives into its composition that cause addiction and refusal of regular homemade food. The sad results of the fast food craze have been noticeable for a long time. According to statistics, over the past 20 years the number of Europeans suffering from obesity has doubled. Unfortunately, without a conscious transition to a healthy diet, this process will continue.
Changes in teeth and jawbones
The main factor behind changes in appearance is a change in a person’s diet. The share of foods consumed in unprocessed form is steadily decreasing. Food manufacturers, trying to make it as attractive as possible, often take the route of eliminating solid components. Consumption of food that practically does not require grinding leads to the fact that the human chewing apparatus does not experience the loads programmed by nature and gradually becomes unnecessary. In practice, this leads to weakening of the jaw bones, chewing muscles and dental tissues. Many people today are born without wisdom teeth. According to scientists, there is a possibility that a person’s teeth will become smaller over time, and the weakening of the jaw apparatus will lead to changes in the skull, which will greatly affect the appearance of our distant descendants.
Reduction in muscle volume
The daily activities of a modern person, as a rule, do not require significant muscular effort, and not everyone wants to play sports. Thus, the strength of muscles and skeletal bones becomes a redundant trait from an evolutionary point of view. There are hypotheses that present the person of the future as a physically weak creature with a huge brain, but not even able to move independently. Most likely, this is an exaggeration, but the fact that we are physically much weaker than our primitive ancestors can be considered an established fact.
Weakened immune system
The progress of medicine has helped humanity get rid of many deadly diseases and contributed to an increase in life expectancy. Unfortunately, many scientific discoveries also had negative consequences. In particular, the widespread use of antibiotics has caused a weakening of natural human immunity. Our immune system I am already accustomed to the fact that its functions are taken over by medicines, household chemicals and perfumes and cosmetics. A number of scientists believe that in the future, human defenses will weaken, making him more and more dependent on the achievements of civilization.
Blurring gender differences
Some researchers talk about the development of a post-gender society in the future. This is what they call a community of people whose gender differences have been largely erased. Some elements of such changes can already be observed today. Many residents of developed countries exhibit traits and habits that are unusual for their gender (overly feminine men and overly masculine women appear). The number of same-sex families is growing, as is the number of people seeking to use reproductive technologies that do not require the participation of a permanent partner of the opposite sex. It is hardly worth counting on the fact that over time natural reproduction will completely disappear, but the tendency to erase gender differences should not be completely discounted.
Rising number of people suffering from depression
According to statistics, about a third of Americans today suffer from depression. Modern man Almost every day he finds himself in stressful situations that lead to a deterioration in his physical and mental health. Scientists believe that the situation will worsen over time, and consider the tendency to depression to be one of the factors that can lead humanity to the brink of extinction.
Researchers' forecasts look disappointing. It turns out that our descendants are doomed to be weak, sick, depressed and overly dependent on the achievements of civilization. In some ways this is true, but each of us can still make a difference. It is necessary to change one’s own existence: to give preference healthy eating, go in for sports, give up unnecessary use of medications, develop a positive outlook on the world. Only in this way will we set a good example for our children that will help them live correctly, interestingly and effectively. Ultimately, this can have a positive impact on the health and appearance of future generations.
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