A consolidation lesson on the studied period of history (the Age of Peter the Great) and aimed at developing practical skills.
Description
PeterI: tyrant or reformer.
Lesson objectives:
Educational:
consolidate the knowledge gained in the process of studying the Peter the Great era .
Developmental: developing in students the ability to analyze documents, draw conclusions, set goals, and highlight the main thing from the lesson material.
Educational: formation of students’ sense of patriotism, respect for the past of their country. Inspire pride in your Fatherland.
Tasks:
1. Find out in the process of research who Peter I was - a tyrant or a reformer.
2. To consolidate students’ knowledge of events in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century.
In the class, two groups are identified in advance that are opposite in their attitude to Peter’s personality. They are given the task to formalize their attitude towards Peter the Great in the form of a table.
1team - Accusers (they believe that Emperor Peter I is, first of all, a tyrant).
2team - Defenders (consider Emperor Peter I a great reformer).
Throughout history, since the time of Peter the Great, historians have argued about the personality and deeds of the emperor. There is no unambiguous assessment of his personality, as well as his transformations. They said about him: “The Tsar is a carpenter,” “Peter, who cut a window to Europe,” “Severe, but fair and democratic.” These judgments are joined by others who emphasize that Peter “expressed the interests of the ruling class” and “took three skins from the working peasantry.”
Peter I
O mighty lord of fate!
Aren't you above the very abyss,
At the height of an iron bridle
Raised Russia on its hind legs?
“The Bronze Horseman” A.S. Pushkin
A.S. Pushkin, a century later, will say that some of the tsar’s decrees were written with a whip...
Now an academician, now a hero,
Either a sailor or a carpenter,
He is an all-encompassing soul
The eternal worker was on the throne.(Pushkin A.S. “Stanzas”)
Who was Peter the Great? Tyrant or reformer? What he was right about and what he was wrong about are the main questions of our discussion. Pay attention to the board, which lists the ground rules for discussion.
RULES FOR DISCUSSION (Rules for discussion are posted either on the board or shown using ICT. Students must be familiar with the rules at the beginning of the lesson)
1.You cannot criticize people, only their ideas.
2.Each participant must have the right and opportunity to speak.
3. Listen carefully to your opponent, then state your point of view.
4. All positions without exception are subject to discussion.
5. Don't forget that the best way Convincing an opponent requires clear argumentation and impeccable logic.
6. Speak clearly, accurately, simply, distinctly and in your own words, and not from a piece of paper.
7. Have the courage to admit that your opponent is right if you are wrong.
8. Never use “labels” and do not allow derogatory statements, altercations, or ridicule.
Before you are excerpts from documents, with the help of this material you must answer this question. There are worksheets in front of you; as you read the document, you must highlight evidence that
, or a tyrant
Peter I is a great reformer
.
Policy. As a result of the administrative, state reform carried out by Peter I, Russia received a clearer structure government controlled. The cumbersome system of orders was replaced by collegiums that were subordinate to the Senate. January 24
Economy. Under Peter there was a significant growth of the large manufacturing industry. By 1725 there were 220 manufactories in Russia (and in
Construction of St. Petersburg
Tsar Peter I founded the city on May 16 (27), 1703, and founded a fortress on one of the islands in the Neva delta. In 1712, the capital of Russia was moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. The city officially remained the capital until 1918.
On the issue of religion . Tsar Peter I proclaimed the principle of religious tolerance in the state. It was widely used in Russia by different religions: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Mohammedan, Jewish.
Education and science . Under Peter I, Russia became a powerful European power. He paid great attention to education and science. Peter obliged all noble children to learn to read and write, not only sent many to study abroad, but also opened schools and colleges in Moscow and St. Petersburg: maritime, engineering school, artillery school. By order of Peter, the publication of the first printed newspaper in Russia began. It was called Vedomosti and was published in St. Petersburg since 1702. To make reading and writing easier, in 1708 he reformed the Russian alphabet, significantly simplifying it. In 1719, Peter founded the country's first museum, the Kunstkamera. And, at the end of his life, on January 28, 1724, Peter I issued a decree establishing the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Russia.
Don’t you think that Peter’s manufactories, using the labor of forced people, are not progressive capitalist enterprises? 2. Don’t you think that as a result of the administrative reform, a cumbersome, bureaucratic system of governing the country has emerged? What changes took place in the army, economy, and politics during the reign of Peter the Great?
"Peter I is not a great reformer" .
Policy . The administrative reforms carried out by Peter I led to an increase in various malfeasance, the number of officials and the costs of their maintenance increased. The burden of taxes fell on the shoulders of the people. The Northern War worsened the economic situation of the population, as it required huge material expenses. Numerous taxes were introduced, direct and indirect. All this worsened the situation of the tax-paying population (peasants, townspeople, merchants, etc.).
Social side. The reforms of Peter I led to the strengthening of serfdom. A decree of Peter I in 1721 allowed manufacturers to buy villages with peasants for factories. The decree prohibited the sale of factory peasants separately from the factory. Manufactories using forced labor were unproductive. The people responded to the deterioration of their situation with resistance. (Astrakhan uprising, uprising of K. Bulavin, Uprising in Bashkiria) Peter used mass executions, torture, and exile as a means of punishment. For example, The Streletsky riot of 1698 was a brutal reprisal against the Streltsy, which was carried out by the sovereign. 799 archers were executed. Only those between 14 and 20 years old were spared their lives, and even then they were beaten with whips. Over the next six months, 1,182 archers were executed, 601 people were whipped, branded and exiled. The investigation and executions continued for almost another ten years, the total number of executed people reached 2,000 people.
Construction of St. St. Petersburg. In order to speed up the construction of stone houses, Peter even banned stone construction throughout Russia, except for St. Petersburg. Serfs were used on a large scale to work on the project. It is believed that around 30,000 died during construction.
Church. Peter ordered the bells to be removed from churches, because... There was not enough metal for weapons for the army; up to 30 thousand pounds of bell copper were then brought to Moscow. Reform of the Synod of the Church: When Patriarch Adrian Peter died in 1700, he forbade the election of a successor. IN
Old Believers. Tsar Peter allowed the Old Believers to live openly in cities and villages, but imposed a double tax on them. They took a tax from every man for wearing a beard, they also took a fine from them for the fact that the priests performed spiritual services with them. They did not enjoy any civil rights in the state. For disobedience they were sent to hard labor as enemies of the church and state.
Culture. Peter I's desire to turn Russians into Europeans overnight was carried out using violent methods. Shaving of beards, introduction of European-style clothing. Those who disagreed were threatened with fines, exile, hard labor, and confiscation of property. Petrine “Europeanization” marked the beginning of a deep gap between the way of life of the people and the privileged strata. Many years later, this turned into distrust of the peasantry towards any person from the “educated”, since a nobleman dressed in European style, speaking foreign language, seemed to the peasant a foreigner. Peter openly despised all folk customs. Peter, returning from Europe, ordered people to forcibly shave their beards and wear foreign clothes. At the city outposts there were special spies who cut off the beards of passers-by and cut off the hems of long, nationally cut clothes. Those who resisted had their beards simply torn out by the roots. On January 4, 1700, all residents of Moscow were ordered to dress in foreign dresses. Two days were given to carry out the order. It was forbidden to ride on Russian-style saddles. Merchants for selling Russian clothes were mercifully promised a whip, confiscation of property and hard labor.
Don't you think that cultural change is not just about shaving beards? Do you think the creation of new educational institutions, textbooks, museums, civil fonts are progressive phenomena in culture? Do you think it is possible to become Russia great empire without strong army? Who should support it?
- What actions could Peter have taken to achieve his goal or what actions could he have refrained from? Were alternative actions possible? So, you have become acquainted with the documents and we need two masters who will record your evidence on this issue( evidence is written down by masters on the board, or shown using ICT)
. So, as true historians, what conclusion did you come to when studying the documents? Was Peter I evil and treacherous, immoral and greedy, or was Peter the genius of the Russian land, a great reformer?
| -Yes, well, you painted a picture for us. Let's listen to the defense team now. | Peter was a reformer |
| Peter was a tyrant 1. Clear structure of public administration 2. The “Table of Ranks” was introduced. family nobility in itself, without service, means nothing 3. The growth of a large manufacturing industry and new types of manufactures appeared. 4. Under Peter I, trade (domestic and foreign) made significant progress. 5.New factories were built. 6. Russia began selling metal to Europe. 7.Creation of a new army. 9. 8. Construction of a military and commercial fleet. . became the capital of Russia. 10. Tsar Peter I proclaimed the principle of religious tolerance in the state 11.Peter I paid great attention to education and science. opened schools and colleges in Moscow and St. Petersburg: naval and engineering schools, and an artillery school. 12.By order of Peter, the publication of the first printed newspaper in Russia began 14. . In 1719, Peter founded the country's first museum-Kunstkamera. On January 28, 1724, Peter I issued a decree establishing the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Russia. 15.Peter himself was engaged in any work and personally took part in all endeavors. 16.Under Peter I, Russia became a powerful European power | 1.The administrative reforms carried out by Peter I led to an increase in various malfeasance. 2. All transformations in the country, incl. The Northern War worsened the economic situation of the population, as it required huge material costs 3. Numerous taxes were introduced, direct and indirect 4.The reforms of Peter I led to the strengthening of serfdom. 5. A large number of popular uprisings (Astrakhan uprising, K. Bulavin’s uprising, Uprising in Bashkiria) 6. A huge number of investigations and cruel executions. 7. A huge number of people died. 7. Banned stone construction throughout Russia, except St. Petersburg 8,30,000 people died during the construction of the city. 9. The Tsar encroached on the brightest thing that exists in Rus' - the church. Peter ordered the bells to be removed from churches, because... there was not enough metal for weapons for the army; up to 30 thousand pounds of bell copper were then brought to Moscow 10.B 11. Tsar Peter allowed the Old Believers to live openly in cities and villages, but imposed a double tax on them, both direct and indirect. 12. Violent methods of carrying out reforms. 13. Peter’s “Europeanization” marked the beginning of a deep gap between the way of life of the people and the privileged strata |
Summarize: we got two almost identical columns. What conclusion does this suggest? I ask you to express your opinion (students’ answers are listened to)
What do you think, was there an alternative to the development of Russia, was it necessary to take such radical measures?
Conclusion: History doesn't know subjunctive mood. Peter the Great was and his deeds were great. I think and hope that our descendants will support me, that Tsar Peter I embodied so many different and sometimes contradictory qualities that it is difficult to characterize him unambiguously. The merits of Peter I are so great that they began to call him the Great, and the state turned into an empire. Peter was naturally a reformer, but the methods he chose to carry out reforms were radical. Yes, Peter appears before us as frantic and cruel, but such was the age. The new was making its way. Just as fiercely and mercilessly as the outdated old clung to life.
I would like to end our discussion with a statement from historian M.P. Pogodin, who lived in Pushkin’s times. In the book “Peter the Great” M.P. Pogodin wrote: “We are waking up. What day is it now? January 1, 1841 - Peter the Great ordered to count the months from January. It's time to get dressed - our dress is made according to the style given by Peter the Great... the essence is woven in the factory that he started, the wool is sheared from the sheep that he bred. A book catches my eye - Peter the Great introduced this font into use and cut out these letters himself.
At dinner, from the salted herrings and potatoes that he ordered to sow, to the grape wine he diluted, all the dishes will tell you about Peter the Great. Place in the system of European states, management, legal proceedings... Factories, factories, canals, roads... Military schools, academies are the essence of monuments to his tireless activity and his genius.”
The era of Peter the Great is in many ways instructive for us today, when we have to, as Peter the Great did in his time, create and defend a new Russia on the old outdated basis, reform the army and navy, cultivate hard work, active patriotism, devotion to state interests and love for the military business. Love your Fatherland and be proud of Russia.
Bibliography:
A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulin “History of Russia: late 16th – 18th centuries.” M., "Enlightenment", 2010
Buganov V.I., Zyryanov P.N. History of Russia at the end of the 17th - 19th centuries. Moscow: Mysl, 1995
Pavlenko N.I. Peter the Great and his time, Moscow: Enlightenment, 1989
Pavlenko N.I. Peter the Great. M., Mysl, 1990
Pogodin M.P. Peter the Great. - In the book: Historical and critical excerpts, vol. 1.M., 1846
Pushkin A.S. “The Bronze Horseman” Poems. Moscow., Bustard-Plus., 2010
Pushkin A.S. “Stanzas” Works in three volumes. St. Petersburg: Golden Age, Diamant, 1997.
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Peter I tyrant or reformer..doc
History lesson in 7th grade. Teacher: Lysova O.N. State Educational Institution "Constellation" Volgograd
Peter
I: tyrant or reformer. : Lesson objectives:.
Educational consolidate the knowledge gained in the process of studying the Peter the Great era
Developmental : developing in students the ability to analyze documents, draw conclusions, set goals, and highlight the main thing from the lesson material.
Educational
: formation of students’ sense of patriotism, respect for the past of their country. Inspire pride in your Fatherland.
Tasks:
1. Find out in the process of research who Peter I was - a tyrant or a reformer.
2. To consolidate students’ knowledge of events in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century.
In the class, two groups are identified in advance that are opposite in their attitude to Peter’s personality. They are given the task to formalize their attitude towards Peter the Great in the form of a table.
team - Accusers (they believe that Emperor Peter I is, first of all, a tyrant).
team - Defenders (consider Emperor Peter I a great reformer).
Throughout history, since the time of Peter the Great, historians have argued about the personality and deeds of the emperor. There is no unambiguous assessment of his personality, as well as his transformations. They said about him: “The Tsar is a carpenter,” “Peter, who cut a window to Europe,” “Severe, but fair and democratic.” These judgments are joined by others who emphasize that Peter “expressed the interests of the ruling class” and “took three skins from the working peasantry.”
Peter I
O mighty lord of fate!
Aren't you above the very abyss,
“At the height of an iron bridle
Raised Russia on its hind legs?
Bronze Horseman”A.S. Pushkin A.S. Pushkin, a century later, will say that some of the tsar’s decrees were written with a whip... Now an academician, now a hero, Either a sailor or a carpenter, He is an all-encompassing soul
The eternal worker was on the throne.
(Pushkin A.S. “Stanzas”)
1. You can't criticize people, only their ideas.
2.Each participant must have the right and opportunity to speak.
3. Listen carefully to your opponent, then state your point of view.
4. All positions without exception are subject to discussion.
5. Don't forget that the best way to convince your opponent is clear argumentation and impeccable logic.
6. Speak clearly, accurately, simply, distinctly and in your own words, and not from a piece of paper.
7. Have the courage to admit that your opponent is right if you are wrong.
8. Never use “labels” and do not allow derogatory statements, altercations, or ridicule.
Before you are excerpts from documents, with the help of this material you must answer this question. There are worksheets in front of you; as you read the document, you must highlight evidence that Peter I is a great reformer , or a tyrant
Peter I is a great reformer.
Policy.As a result of the administrative, state reform carried out by Peter I, Russia received a clearer structure of government. The cumbersome system of orders was replaced by collegiums that were subordinate to the Senate. On January 24, 1722, the “Table of Ranks” was introduced, which introduced a new classification of serving people. The nobility of the family in itself, without service, means nothing, does not create any position for a person, thus, the aristocratic hierarchy of the breed, the genealogy book, was put in place.
Economy.Under Peter there was a significant growth of the large manufacturing industry. By 1725 there were 220 manufactories in Russia (and in 1690 only 21). Pig iron smelting increased 5 times, which made it possible to begin exporting abroad. Under Peter I, trade took a noticeable step forward (internal and external. Metalworking factories were built in the Urals, Karelia, near Tula. If before the beginning of the 18th century, Russia imported iron from abroad, then by the end of Peter’s reign I the country began to sell it. Copper ore deposits were discovered. (Ural.) New types of manufacturing appeared: textile, chemical, shipbuilding.
Army. Announced by decree of 1699 on the beginning of recruitment. In the period from 1699 to 1725, an army (318 thousand people, including Cossack units) and a navy were formed. The army had a single principle of recruitment, uniform uniforms and weapons. Simultaneously with the creation of the army, the construction of the fleet continued. By the time of the Battle of Gangut (1714), the Baltic Fleet was created of 22 ships, 5 frigates and many small vessels. Russia had both a navy and a merchant fleet.
Tsar Peter I founded the city on May 16 (27), 1703, and founded a fortress on one of the islands in the Neva delta. In 1712, the capital of Russia was moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. The city officially remained the capital until 1918.
On the issue of religion .
Education and science . Under Peter I, Russia became a powerful European power. He paid great attention to education and science. Peter obliged all noble children to learn to read and write, not only sent many to study abroad, but also opened schools and colleges in Moscow and St. Petersburg: naval, engineering schools, and an artillery school. By order of Peter, the publication of the first printed newspaper in Russia began. It was called Vedomosti and was published in St. Petersburg since 1702. To make reading and writing easier, in 1708 he reformed the Russian alphabet, significantly simplifying it. In 1719, Peter founded the country's first museum, the Kunstkamera. And, at the end of his life, on January 28, 1724, Peter I issued a decree establishing the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Russia.
Don’t you think that Peter’s manufactories, using the labor of forced people, are not progressive capitalist enterprises? 2. Don’t you think that as a result of the administrative reform, a cumbersome, bureaucratic system of governing the country has emerged? What changes took place in the army, economy, and politics during the reign of Peter the Great?
.
Policy . The administrative reforms carried out by Peter I led to an increase in various malfeasance, the number of officials and the costs of their maintenance increased. The burden of taxes fell on the shoulders of the people. The Northern War worsened the economic situation of the population, as it required huge material expenses. Numerous taxes were introduced, direct and indirect. All this worsened the situation of the tax-paying population (peasants, townspeople, merchants, etc.).
Social side. The reforms of Peter I led to the strengthening of serfdom. A decree of Peter I in 1721 allowed manufacturers to buy villages with peasants for factories. The decree prohibited the sale of factory peasants separately from the factory. Manufactories using forced labor were unproductive. The people responded to the deterioration of their situation with resistance. (Astrakhan uprising, uprising of K. Bulavin, Uprising in Bashkiria)Peter used mass executions, torture, and exile as a means of punishment. For example, The Streletsky riot of 1698 was a brutal reprisal against the Streltsy, which was carried out by the sovereign. 799 archers were executed. Only those between 14 and 20 years old were spared their lives, and even then they were beaten with whips.
Construction of St. St. Petersburg. In order to speed up the construction of stone houses, Peter even banned stone construction throughout Russia, except for St. Petersburg.
Church. Peter ordered the bells to be removed from churches, because... There was not enough metal for weapons for the army; up to 30 thousand pounds of bell copper were then brought to Moscow. Reform of the Synod of the Church: When Patriarch Adrian Peter died in 1700, he forbade the election of a successor. In 1721, the patriarchate was abolished, and the “Holy Governing Synod” was created to govern the church, subordinate to the Senate. The state strengthened control over church income from the monastery peasants, systematically withdrawing a significant part of it for the construction of the fleet, maintenance of the army, schools, etc. The creation of new monasteries was prohibited, and the number of monks in existing ones was limited.
Old Believers. Tsar Peter allowed the Old Believers to live openly in cities and villages, but imposed a double tax on them. They took a tax from every man for wearing a beard, they also took a fine from them for the fact that the priests performed spiritual services with them. They did not enjoy any civil rights in the state. For disobedience they were sent to hard labor as enemies of the church and state.
Culture. Peter I's desire to turn Russians into Europeans overnight was carried out using violent methods. Shaving of beards, introduction of European-style clothing. Those who disagreed were threatened with fines, exile, hard labor, and confiscation of property. Petrine “Europeanization” marked the beginning of a deep gap between the way of life of the people and the privileged strata. Many years later, this turned into distrust of the peasantry towards any “educated” person, since a nobleman dressed in European style and speaking a foreign language seemed to the peasant to be a foreigner. Peter openly despised all folk customs. Peter, returning from Europe, ordered to forcibly shave beards and wear foreign clothes. At the city outposts there were special spies who cut off the beards of passers-by and travelers and trimmed the hems of long, nationally cut clothes. Those who resisted had their beards simply torn out by the roots. On January 4, 1700, all residents of Moscow were ordered to wear wine-colored dresses. Two days were given to carry out the order. It was forbidden to ride a Russian-style saddle. Merchants for selling Russian clothes were mercifully promised a whip, confiscation of property and hard labor.
Don't you think that cultural change is not just about shaving beards? Do you think the creation of new educational institutions, textbooks, museums, and civil fonts are progressive phenomena in culture? Do you think it is possible for Russia to become a great empire without a strong army? Who should support it?What actions could Peter have taken to achieve his goal or what actions could he have refrained from? Were alternative actions possible?
- So, you have become acquainted with the documents and we need two masters who will record your evidence on this issue ( evidence is written down by masters on the board, or shown using ICT) . So, as true historians, what conclusion did you come to when studying the documents? Was Peter I evil and treacherous, immoral and greedy, or was Peter the genius of the Russian land, a great reformer?
Yes, well, you painted a picture for us. Let's listen to the defense team now.
|
Peter was a reformer |
Peter was a tyrant |
|
1. Clear structure of public administration 2. The “Table of Ranks” was introduced. family nobility in itself, without service, means nothing 3. The growth of a large manufacturing industry and new types of manufactures appeared. 4. Under Peter I, trade (domestic and foreign) made significant progress. 5.New factories were built. 6. Russia began selling metal to Europe. 7.Creation of a new army. 8. Construction of a military and commercial fleet. 9. Construction of St. Petersburg, which in 1712 became the capital of Russia. 10. Tsar Peter I proclaimed the principle of religious tolerance in the state 11. Peter I paid great attention to education and science. opened schools and colleges in Moscow and St. Petersburg: naval and engineering schools, and an artillery school. 12.By order of Peter, the publication of the first printed newspaper in Russia began On 13.1708 he carried out a reform of the Russian alphabet, significantly simplifying it. 14. . In 1719, Peter founded the country's first museum-Kunstkamera. On January 28, 1724, Peter I issued a decree establishing the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Russia. 15.Peter himself was engaged in any work and personally took part in all endeavors. 16.Under Peter I, Russia became a powerful European power |
1.The administrative reforms carried out by Peter I led to an increase in various malfeasance. 2. All transformations in the country, incl. The Northern War worsened the economic situation of the population, as it required huge material costs 3. Numerous taxes were introduced, direct and indirect 4.The reforms of Peter I led to the strengthening of serfdom. 5. A large number of popular uprisings (Astrakhan uprising, K. Bulavin’s uprising, Uprising in Bashkiria) 6. A huge number of investigations and brutal executions. 7. A huge number of people died. 7. Banned stone construction throughout Russia, except St. Petersburg 8,30,000 people died during the construction of the city. 9. The Tsar encroached on the brightest thing that exists in Rus' - the church. Peter ordered the bells to be removed from churches, because... there was not enough metal for weapons for the army; up to 30 thousand pounds of bell copper were then brought to Moscow 10. In 1721, the patriarchate was liquidated, the creation of new monasteries was prohibited, and the number of monks in existing ones was limited. 11. Tsar Peter allowed the Old Believers to live openly in cities and villages, but imposed a double tax on them, both direct and indirect. 12. Violent methods of carrying out reforms. 13. Petrine “Europeanization” marked the beginning of a deep gap between the way of life of the people and the privileged strata |
Summarize: we got two almost identical columns. What conclusion does this suggest? I ask you to express your opinion (students’ answers are listened to)
What do you think, was there an alternative to the development of Russia, was it necessary to take such radical measures?
Conclusion: History does not know the subjunctive mood. Peter the Great was and his deeds were great. I think and hope that our descendants will support me, that Tsar Peter I embodied so many different and sometimes contradictory qualities that it is difficult to characterize him unambiguously. The merits of Peter I are so great that they began to call him the Great, and the state turned into an empire. Peter was naturally a reformer, but the methods he chose to carry out reforms were radical. Yes, Peter appears before us as frantic and cruel, but such was the age. The new was making its way. Just as fiercely and mercilessly as the outdated old clung to life.
I would like to end our discussion with a statement from historian M.P. Pogodin, who lived in Pushkin’s times. In the book “Peter the Great” M.P. Pogodin wrote: “We are waking up. What day is it now? January 1, 1841 - Peter the Great ordered to count the months from January. It's time to get dressed - our dress is made according to the style given by Peter the Great... the essence is woven in the factory that he started, the wool is sheared from the sheep that he bred. A book catches my eye - Peter the Great introduced this font into use and cut out these letters himself.
At dinner, from the salted herrings and potatoes that he ordered to sow, to the grape wine he diluted, all the dishes will tell you about Peter the Great. Place in the system of European states, management, legal proceedings... Factories, factories, canals, roads... Military schools, academies are the essence of monuments to his tireless activity and his genius.”
The era of Peter the Great is in many ways instructive for us today, when we have to, as Peter the Great did in his time, create and defend a new Russia on the old outdated basis, reform the army and navy, cultivate hard work, active patriotism, devotion to state interests and love for the military business. Love your Fatherland and be proud of Russia.
Bibliography:
A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulin “History of Russia: late 16th – 18th centuries.” M., "Enlightenment", 2010
Buganov V.I., Zyryanov P.N. History of Russia at the end of the 17th - 19th centuries. Moscow: Mysl, 1995
Pavlenko N.I. Peter the Great and his time, Moscow: Enlightenment, 1989
Pavlenko N.I. Peter the Great. M., Mysl, 1990
Pogodin M.P. Peter the Great. - In the book: Historical and critical excerpts, vol. 1.M., 1846
Pushkin A.S. “The Bronze Horseman” Poems. Moscow., Bustard-Plus., 2010
Pushkin A.S. “Stanzas” Works in three volumes. St. Petersburg: Golden Age, Diamant, 1997.
documents on the topic Peter the Tyrant or Reformer.doc
Peter I is a great reformer.
Policy.Student card(s)______________________
Economy.The most remarkable development in the economy of the late 17th and early 18th centuries was the significant growth of large-scale manufacturing industries. By 1725 there were 220 manufactories in Russia (and in 1690 only 21), i.e. in 30 years the country's industry grew 11 times. Pig iron smelting increased 5 times, which made it possible to begin exporting abroad. Under Peter I, trade (domestic and foreign) made significant progress. Peter I based his economic activity on the policy of mercantilism (stimulating exports and limiting imports). In 1726, exports amounted to 4.3 million rubles, and imports - 2.1 million rubles. In 1724, the Customs Tariff was introduced (low duties were introduced on exports and high duties on imports - 75% of the cost). Metalworking factories were built in the Urals, Karelia, near Tula. If before the beginning of the 18th century, Russia imported iron from abroad, then by the end of the reign of Peter I the country began to sell it. Copper ore deposits were discovered. (Ural.) Manufactories related to the production of linen, ropes, and cloth appeared. Moreover, the textile industry was actually created anew. A new branch of industry was shipbuilding (Voronezh, St. Petersburg.)
Army. The formation of a standing army was announced by decree of 1699. In the period from 1699 to 1725, 53 recruitments were carried out, which gave the army and navy 280 thousand people. The recruitment system took shape over five years, and by the end of the reign of Peter I, the total number of the army was 318 thousand people (including Cossack units). It happened that way regular army with a single principle of recruitment, uniform uniforms and weapons. Simultaneously with the creation of the army, the construction of the fleet continued. Until 1702, 28 ships, 23 galleys and many small vessels were built in Voronezh. Since 1702, ships were already being built in the Baltic, on the Syas River. By the time of the Battle of Gangut (1714), the Baltic Fleet had been created consisting of 22 ships, 5 frigates and many small vessels.
Construction of St. Petersburg
Tsar Peter I founded the city on May 16 (27), 1703, establishing a fortress on one of the islands in the Neva delta. The city was named after St. Apostle Peter. In 1712 the capital of Russia was moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. The city officially remained the capital until 1918.
On the issue of religion . Tsar Peter I proclaimed the principle of religious tolerance in the state. It was widely used in Russia by different religions: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Mohammedan, Jewish.
Education and science . Peter I paid great attention to education and science. He not only obliged all noble children to learn to read and write, not only sent many to study abroad, but also opened schools and colleges in Moscow and St. Petersburg: naval, engineering schools, and an artillery school. By order of Peter, the publication of the first printed newspaper in Russia began. It was called Vedomosti and was published in St. Petersburg since 1702. To make reading and writing easier, in 1708 he reformed the Russian alphabet, significantly simplifying it. In 1719, Peter founded the country's first museum, the Kunstkamera. And, at the end of his life, on January 28, 1724, Peter I issued a decree establishing the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Russia.
Personality of Peter. Peter himself always took a direct part in all events. The launching of a new ship was a holiday for the king. Peter the worker, Peter with calloused hands - this is the personification of the entire Russian people in the so-called era of transformation. Memoirs of the Danish envoy Julius Just: “I went to the Admiralty shipyard to be present at the raising of the stems (the main beams in the hull of the ship). The king, as the chief shipmaster, was in charge of everything, chopping with an ax, which he wielded more skillfully than carpenters. Having made the order, the tsar took off his hat in front of the admiral general standing there, asked him: “Should I put it on?”, and upon receiving an affirmative answer, he put it on. The king expresses such respect to all senior officials.” Under Peter I, Russia became a powerful European power.
"Peter I is not a great reformer". Student card(s)______________________
Policy . The administrative reforms carried out by Peter I led to an increase in various malfeasance, in connection with which in 1722 special authorities were created (fiscals, prosecutor's office) and the position of prosecutor general was introduced, which led to another increase in the number of officials and the costs of their maintenance. The burden of taxes fell on the shoulders of the people. All transformations in the country, incl. The Northern War worsened the economic situation of the population, as it required huge material expenses. Numerous taxes were introduced, direct and indirect (changes in the tax system, the state introduced a monopoly on the sale of certain goods). All this worsened the situation of the tax-paying population (peasants, townspeople, merchants, etc.).
Social side. The reforms of Peter I led to the strengthening of serfdom. A decree of Peter I in 1721 allowed manufacturers to buy villages with peasants for factories. The decree prohibited the sale of factory peasants separately from the factory. Manufactories using forced labor were unproductive. The tax reform enslaved “walking” people and slaves. The people responded to the deterioration of their situation with resistance. (Astrakhan uprising, uprising of K. Bulavin, Uprising in Bashkiria)
Streltsy uprising 1698 - Moscow uprisingStreltsy regiments , caused e hardships of service in border towns, grueling campaigns, oppression by colonels. The Streletsky riot of 1698 was a brutal reprisal against the Streltsy, which was carried out by the sovereign. Pyotr Alekseevich said: “And they deserve death for their innocence, for rebelling.” The investigation had not yet been completed, but the execution had already begun. Peter was the first to participate in them himself and even expressed dissatisfaction when the boyars cut off the heads of the rebels without proper skill. Alexander Menshikov boasted: “I personally cut off the heads of 20 archers.” 799 archers were executed. Only those who were between 14 and 20 years old were spared their lives, and then they were beaten with whips.Over the next six months, 1,182 archers were executed, 601 people were whipped, branded and exiled. The investigation and executions continued for almost another ten years, the total number of executed people reached 2,000 people.
Construction of St. St. Petersburg. In order to speed up the construction of stone houses, Peter even banned stone construction throughout Russia, except for St. Petersburg. The masons were forced to go to work in St. Petersburg. In addition, everyone entering the city was subject to a “stone tax”: they had to bring with them a certain amount of stone or pay a special fee. Peasants arrived from all surrounding regions to work on the new lands to work on construction.Serfs were used on a large scale to work on the project. It is believed that around 30,000 died during construction.
Church. All reforms were made for the people and in the name of the people...But what is the price of this? What did people pay for this? The Tsar encroached on the brightest thing that exists in Rus' - the Church of God! The Church has always helped the people, given hope and faith. Peter ordered the bells to be removed from churches, because... There was not enough metal for weapons for the army; up to 30 thousand pounds of bell copper were then brought to Moscow. Every fifth temple was left without a language.
Reform of the Synod of the Church: When Patriarch Adrian Peter died in 1700, he forbade the election of a successor. The management of the church was entrusted to one of the metropolitans, who performed the functions of “locum tenens of the patriarchal throne.” In 1721, the patriarchate was abolished, and the “Holy Governing Synod,” or Spiritual Collegium, which was also subordinate to the Senate, was created to govern the church. In parallel with this, the state strengthened control over church income from the monastery peasants, systematically seized a significant part of it for the construction of the fleet, the maintenance of the army, schools, etc. The creation of new monasteries was prohibited, the number of monks in existing ones was limited
Old Believers. The Old Believers did not have freedom in their native land. During the reign of Peter, they were no longer burned en masse, but individual cases of burning and other executions were not uncommon. Tsar Peter allowed the Old Believers to live openly in cities and villages, but imposed a double tax on them. They took a tax from every man for wearing a beard, they also took a fine from them for the fact that the priests performed spiritual services with them. In a word, the Old Believers were a source of income for both the government and the clergy. However, they did not enjoy any civil rights in the state. The Old Believers were divided into the so-called “recorded” and “non-recorded”. Those who were specially registered and paid double tax were called registered; those who were not registered lived secretly, they were caught and sent to hard labor as enemies of the church and state, despite the fact that they were the most faithful sons of their fatherland.
Culture. Peter I’s desire to turn Russians into Europeans overnight was carried out using violent methods. Shaving of beards, introduction of European-style clothing. Those who disagreed were threatened with fines, exile, hard labor, and confiscation of property. Petrine “Europeanization” marked the beginning of a deep gap between the way of life of the people and the privileged strata. Many years later, this turned into distrust of the peasantry towards any “educated” person, since a nobleman dressed in European style and speaking a foreign language seemed to the peasant to be a foreigner. Peter openly despised all folk customs. He threw off his royal brocade robes and dressed himself in foreign camisoles. He imprisoned the legitimate queen in a monastery... According to the Russians, shaving was a sin. Christ himself wore a beard, the apostles wore beards, and all Orthodox Christians should wear a beard.
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Peter the Great is one of the most prominent rulers in Russian history. And today, historians argue about who Peter the Great was for our country - a reformer who managed to put the Russian Empire on the same level as the most developed European powers, or a tyrant who achieved his lofty goals using rather low methods.
Opinions about the reign of Peter the Great are different, but they can be divided into three main groups: panegyrists, who see only positive aspects in Peter’s activities; accusers, I condemn here the reforms of Peter and his desire to be closer to Europe; and objectivists, who recognize Peter’s merits, but also show the shortcomings of his actions.
Personally, I am more inclined towards objectivists, since I believe that it is difficult to say definitely good or definitely bad about the reign of such an outstanding historical figure as Peter the Great. Peter's reign was marked by the most large-scale reform of life in Russia.
Talking about on the positive side Peter's reign, it is worth mentioning that, firstly, Peter managed to completely get rid of the old government and make the structure of power easier. Secondly, in the time of Peter Russian army took shape as a regular, permanent education. Various types of troops, as well as levels of military service, appeared in the army. Thanks to this, every officer could make a career for himself. It is impossible not to say about Russian fleet, which became one of the most powerful on the world stage of the 17th century precisely thanks to Peter’s reforms. Thirdly, under Peter the Great, an active fight against the abuses of officials began for the first time. This was dealt with by a special body of secret supervision, namely its employees - the fiscals. Fourthly, Peter the Great drew attention to the position of the estates Russian society. At the same time, using the experience of European countries, Peter was not guided financial situation or the origin of people, but their benefit to society.
But if you look at Peter’s reign from a critical point of view, then first of all we remember the strengthening and already a century of serfdom, the use of violence in response to disagreement with reforms, Peter’s willingness to use all resources to win the Northern War, even those that were previously considered inviolable. All these points also characterize the reign of Peter, but in a certain way. That is why it is difficult to say about the personality of Peter the Great whether the end justifies the means or not.
I would prefer to remain of the opinion that the reign of Peter the Great had both pros and cons, and to talk about it, considering only the benefits or only the harm, would be unfair.
Goldobina Elena, 11th grade
I chose this topic of the essay because the personality of Peter I is interesting, ambiguous in the assessments of historians and ordinary people. Peter not only “cut a window to Europe,” but also did everything to turn Russia from a boyar and ignorant country into a European country. N.I. Kostomarov writes in his work “Russian history in the biographies of its main figures.” "Peter, how historical figure, represents a peculiar phenomenon not only in the history of Russia, but in the history of all mankind of all centuries and peoples. In Peter, it was not the genius of the artist who understood the meaning of human nature, but nature itself created the opposite type - a man with an uncontrollable and tireless will, in whom every thought immediately turned into action. “I want this because I think it’s good, and what I want must certainly be,” was the motto of this man’s entire activity.
Transformations of Peter. Fleet construction.
For two and a half centuries, historians, philosophers, and writers have been arguing about the meaning of Peter’s reforms. Indeed, they can be assessed in different ways. But everyone agrees on one thing: Peter’s reforms were the most important stage in the history of Russia. All of it can be divided into pre-Petrine and post-Petrine eras. The famous historian S. M. Solovyov wrote: “The difference in views stemmed from the enormity of the deed accomplished by Peter, the duration of the influence of this deed; The more significant a phenomenon is, the more contradictory views and opinions it gives rise to, and the longer they talk about it, the longer its influence is felt.” The famous Russian historian Kostomarov N.N. in his book “Russian history in the biographies of its main figures” wrote: “. Everything he learned, he sought to apply to Russia in order to transform it into a strong European state.”
B. G. Pashkov gives a positive assessment of the transformations in Russia in his book “Rus. Russia. Russian empire. Chronicle of the reigns of events 862-1917. ”describes the beginning of Peter’s transformations this way: “Peter grew stronger. Fun could no longer satisfy his needs. The White Sea seemed small to him. Peter began to dream of the Baltic, but the Swedes blocked access to the sea. Finally, he settled on a plan for access to the Black Sea. At the beginning of 1695, a campaign against Azov was scheduled. Peter understood that it was this city that provided access to the sea in the south of the country. On June 29, 1695, the army approached Azov. On July 8, the Russian battery began to operate, but the Turks constantly received reinforcements from the sea. Peter realized that Azov is not a game. Two assaults on the city failed. On September 27, we decided to retreat from Azov and prepare for a new campaign.”
M. Aksenova in the encyclopedia for children “History of Russia” in the section “Azov Campaigns”, in my opinion, does not reveal the reasons for the unsuccessful first campaign, like A. A. Danilov, L. G. Kosulina “History of Russia”.
A more complete analysis, I believe, is given by N.I. Kostomarov in “Russian History”. Analyzing the reasons for Peter’s failures, he writes about traitors and “the main reason was that the military leaders, not depending on each other, acted independently, and therefore their orders lacked the necessary unity. The first failure did not cast Peter into despondency. He ordered the construction of a rowing fleet on the Don for convenient transportation of troops, for action against the Turks from the sea, for communication with the Don Cossacks and delivering grain supplies to them. The construction of the ships proceeded with great difficulties.” “Peter invented a means to create a fleet in the shortest possible time. On November 4, 1696, in the village of Preobrazhenskoye, the sovereign convened a Duma, to which foreigners were also invited. This Duma passed the following verdict: all residents of the Moscow state should participate in the construction of ships. The votchinniki, guests and merchants had to build ships, and the small estates had to help by contributing money.”
S. F. Platonov describes the preparation for the second Azov campaign. “The discontent among the people against foreigners, who were credited with failure, was very great. Peter did not lose heart, did not drive out the foreigners and did not leave the enterprise. For the first time here he showed the full power of his energy and in one winter, with the help of foreigners, he built a whole fleet of sea and river vessels on the Don, at the mouth of the Voronezh River. The tsar, who at that time became the sole sovereign, overcame many obstacles and failures. In May, the Russian army moved from Voronezh along the Don to Azov and besieged it a second time. This time the siege was complete, because Peter’s fleet did not allow Turkish ships to reach Azov. Peter himself was present in the army (with the rank of captain) and finally waited for a happy moment: on July 18, Azov surrendered. As bad as the failure was before, so great was the joy in Moscow upon receiving the news of the victory. Peter himself rejoiced: in success he saw a justification for his previous activities, his “fun.” The victory was celebrated with the solemn entry of troops into Moscow, festivities and great awards. The allies were solemnly notified of the Russian victory. In Poland and in the West they did not expect such success for Peter and were amazed by it.”
N.I. Kostomarov writes about Peter’s future plans and his belief that the fleet will be in Rus': “Peter’s passion-loved thought about shipbuilding consistently drew him closer to closer rapprochement with Western Europe. The construction of ships, in the way that was carried out in Voronezh, could not be a sustainable undertaking for the future. It was necessary to prepare knowledgeable Russian masters. For this purpose, Peter sent fifty young stewards abroad and a soldier with each. The purpose of the parcel was special training in naval art and architecture, and therefore they were sent to countries where navigation flourished at that time: Holland, England and Italy, mainly Venice. This measure aroused strong murmurs: in Russia, which had lived for so many centuries in alienation from the West, the fear was constantly prevalent that the Russians, by assimilating knowledge from peoples of other faiths, would not lose the purity of their faith; The clergy interpreted that Russian Orthodox people should not communicate with foreigners.
Those found guilty of such talk were punished with a whip and exiled, but the displeasure did not stop. Peter didn't look at anything; passionately devoted to his work, he decided to encourage and captivate his subjects by his own example. He confessed to the boyars that, having not received the proper education, he was not yet capable of doing things that he considered useful for his state, and did not see any other way than, having laid down the crown for a while for appearances, to go to the enlightened European countries study. There has never been such an example in the history of the Russian tsars. The adherents of immovable antiquity met this intention with indignation. Peter was in the embassy's retinue, under the name of Captain Peter Mikhailov. The embassy set off in March 1697 for the Swedish border.”
About the Great Embassy of S. F. Platonov " Full course lectures on Russian history" writes and shows us Peter as a purposeful person: “For Peter himself, travel was the last act of self-education. Realizing the superiority of the West, he decided to bring his state closer to it through reform. We can safely say that Peter as a reformer matured abroad Peter was attracted by maritime and military affairs, culture and industry, but was relatively uninterested in the social structure and administration of the West. Upon returning to Moscow, Peter immediately began “reforms” and finally broke with old traditions.
Transformations of Peter. New phenomena in people's lifestyles.
Returning from abroad, Peter began new transformations.
Kostomarov N.I. writes that Peter’s transformations in Russian life, which were carried out without leniency, naturally should have caused hostility and opposition. “The beginning of the transformation was a change in external signs that separated Russian life from European life. Peter, the very next day after his arrival in Moscow, on August 26, in the Preobrazhensky Palace, began to cut off beards with his own hands. Shaving the beard and changing clothes aroused horror from the first time and showed that Peter would not show leniency to the customs of ancient Russian life, which had acquired religious significance.”
The authors of the history of Russia A. A. Danilov, L. G. Kosulina give this assessment of the significance cultural heritage Peter's era: “The main features of the development of culture in the era of Peter I were the strengthening of its secular principles and the active penetration and even
planting of Western European samples. On the basis of the grandiose changes of Peter’s time, domestic science arose and developed, the education system took shape, and the artistic culture blossomed not only in the subsequent decades of the 18th century, but also in the 19th century.” The authors write that the cultural achievements introduced by Peter were not accepted and understood by the entire population of Russia. “However, the culture of Peter’s time was still of a transitional nature. It combined the innovations of Peter and the traditions of former Rus'. Moreover, all these innovations and achievements became the property of only the upper strata of the population of a huge country. The main part of him perceived the new features of life that appeared under Peter as nothing more than the eccentricities of the tsar himself and his masters.” “At the end of 1699, Peter changed the method of chronology. Peter ordered January 1 of this year 7208 to be celebrated as New Year and this January should be considered the first month of 1700 from the Nativity of Christ.”
N.I. Kostomarov describes it this way: “The New Year of 1700 was celebrated in Moscow by order of the Tsar for seven whole days. The king ordered that at weddings and all public entertainments women should be together with men, and not separately, as was done before, and that there should also be music and dancing at such gatherings. Those who voluntarily did not want to have fun following a foreign example had to do the will of the king; the stubborn were punished with a penalty. Peter abolished the ancient custom of marrying at the will of the parents, without any participation of their children entering into a marriage union. The tsar had to fight against many features of the savagery of the morals of his time: for example, in February it was forbidden to sell pointed knives, which Russians usually carried with them and often fought with them to death; punishment was suffered by the ignorant who, not knowing medical sciences, undertook to treat the sick and did harm.” A secular school appeared and the clergy's monopoly on education was eliminated. Peter I founded the Pushkar School (1699), the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (1701), and the Medical and Surgical School; The first Russian public theater was opened. In St. Petersburg, the Naval Academy (1715), engineering and artillery schools (1719), schools of translators at the collegiums were established, the first Russian museum - the Kunstkamera (1719) with a public library was opened. Since 1703, the first Russian printed newspaper was published - "Vedomosti"; in 1708-10, instead of semi-charter, a "civil" font close to the modern one was introduced. In 1725, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences was opened with a gymnasium and a university. During the era of Peter I, many buildings were erected for state and cultural institutions, the architectural ensemble of Peterhof (Petrodvorets). Fortresses were built (Kronstadt, Peter and Paul Fortress, etc.). The beginning was made of city planning (St. Petersburg), the construction of residential buildings according to standard designs. Peter I encouraged the activities of scientists, engineers, artists, etc. All reforms in the field of culture were characterized by the development of ties with Western European culture and were closely related to the tasks of strengthening the absolutist state.
With F. Platonov writes about Peter’s difficult internal struggle when introducing something new into people’s lives, showing him as a tyrant:
“There was a murmur in society about cruelty, about Peter’s innovations, about foreigners who led Peter astray. Peter responded to the voice of public displeasure with repression: he did not yield a single step on the new path, without mercy he severed all connections with the past, he lived himself and forced others to live in a new way. Peter felt restless, irritated, and lost his composure.”
N.I. Kostomarov believes that Peter’s innovations brought harm to Russia in subsequent times, because when carrying out reforms, he neglected moral concepts.
“The Russian people saw in their tsar an opponent of piety and good morality; The Russian Tsar was annoyed with his people, but persistently wanted to force them to follow the road he had indicated. One thing gave him hope for success: the ancient obedience to the tsarist power, slavish fear and patience, which amazed all foreigners, the patience with which the Russian people in past centuries endured and Tatar yoke, and the arbitrariness of all despots. Peter understood this and said: “With other European peoples you can achieve goals in humane ways, but with the Russians it is not so: if I had not used severity, I would not have owned the Russian state for a long time and would never have made it what it is now. I’m not dealing with people, but with animals, which I want to transform into people.” He neglected not only religious prejudices, but also more essential moral concepts.”
He further continues: “all the orders of that time, relating to the external side of life, irritated Peter’s contemporaries just as much as they brought harm to Russia in subsequent times. They taught the Russians to rush at external signs education, often with damage and inattention to the internal content. A gap formed between those who had adopted a European appearance and the rest of the people, and yet in the Russian man, covered with a European gloss, all the internal signs of ignorance, rudeness and laziness were retained for a long time. This sad quality has taken root in Russian society and continues to dominate to this day; it was introduced into Russian morals by Peter the Great. The Russian people were not so hostile to acquaintance with knowledge as they were to foreign methods of life that were forced upon them. It would be possible, without worrying at all about appearance, to carry on the work of internal transformation and public education, and the appearance would change by itself.”
N. M. Karamzin in “History of the Russian State” condemns Peter, compares Russia after Peter’s transformations with an unfinished building: “Posterity gave zealous praise to this immortal Sovereign. But we, Russians, will we say that Peter is the Creator of our State greatness? Let us keep silent about personal vices; but this passion for customs new to us overstepped the boundaries of prudence in him. Peter did not want to delve into the truth that the spirit of the people constitutes the moral power of the State, like the physical power, necessary for their strength. This spirit and faith saved Russia during the time of the Impostors. The Sovereign of Russia humiliated the Russians in their own hearts. Russian clothes, food, and beard did not interfere with the establishment of schools. Two States can stand at the same level of civil education, but have different morals. A state can borrow useful information from another without following its customs. Let these customs naturally change, but to attribute Rules to them is violence, lawless even for an autocratic monk. For centuries, the people became accustomed to honoring the Boyars as men marked by greatness: they worshiped them with true humiliation. Peter destroyed the dignity of the boyars: he needed Ministers, Chancellors, Presidents! Russian women stopped blushing at the immodest gaze of men, and European freedom took the place of Asian coercion.” Platonov S.F. comments on N.M. Karamzin’s view of the role of Peter: “To Peter as a figure, Karamzin preferred another historical figure - Ivan III. This last one made his principality strong state and introduced Rus' to Western Europe without any disruption or violent measures. Peter raped Russian nature and abruptly broke the old way of life. Karamzin thought that it would be possible to do without this. With his views, Karamzin became somewhat in touch with critical views of Peter. He did not show the historical necessity of Peter’s reforms, but he already hinted that the need for reform was felt before Peter.” The thoughts of S. F. Platonov are close to me. The personality of Ivan the Terrible and his methods in carrying out reforms were assessed ambiguously by many historians and people. Ivan III is a great ruler who made his state strong. But Peter the Reformer was already needed. I believe that Peter I was a great reformer and his tough measures were necessary for the education and cultural development of Russia. And, if Peter I had more supporters and like-minded people, perhaps it would have been possible to avoid human casualties and violence during reforms.
Transformations of Peter. Military reform.
Peter's military reform is connected with the war for access to the seas: the Black and Baltic.
S. F. Platonov in his work “A Complete Course of Lectures on Russian History,” part 3, writes: “the end of the form, the beginning of the form. From 1700, Peter began the Swedish War.
end of formbeginning of formIt can be said with certainty that at the very beginning of the war with Sweden, Peter had the only goal - to take possession of the coast Gulf of Finland, acquire a sea with a convenient harbor.
end of formbeginning of form Peter began the campaign in the fall, the weather interfered with military operations, impassable roads left the army without bread and fodder. The shortcomings of the military organization made themselves felt: although the troops stationed near Narva were regular, of a new system, Peter himself admitted that they were “not trained.” In addition, the majority of the officers were foreigners who were not loved by the soldiers, who did not know the Russian language well, and there was no one authority over the entire army.” The Narva defeat showed the weak combat effectiveness of the Russian troops and the need to speed up the reform of the Russian army. S. F. Platonov, examining the reasons for the Narva defeat, points out: “end of form beginning of form Peter considered the case at Narva lost and left to prepare the state for defense against the Swedish invasion. end of formbeginningHe left to his share the difficult task of organizing state defense and military forces. end of form beginning of form In the spring of 1703, after a trip to Voronezh, Peter again appeared on the Neva with Sheremetev’s troops, took the Nyenschantz fortification (near the mouth of the Neva) and founded the fortified harbor of Petersburg by the sea (in May 1703). Peter valued the new harbor very much, and all further military operations in the north were aimed at ensuring the possession of St. Petersburg. For this purpose, there was a systematic conquest of the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland. “On June 27, 1709, the famous battle of Poltava took place. This general battle ended with the complete flight of the Swedes to the south.”
N.I. Kostomarov describes the victory of the Russian troops:
“The Battle of Poltava acquired a significance in Russian history that no other had before. Swedish strength was broken; Sweden, which occupied a first-class place among European powers, lost it forever, losing it to Russia.
In the eyes of all Europe, Russia, hitherto despised, showed that she was already able, by her means and military education, to fight the European powers and, therefore, had the right to be treated as an equal by other powers."
N.I. Kostomarov also connects the reforms of the army with the conduct of the war: “Peter, having received the news of the defeat, did not lose heart, but, on the contrary, realized that it could not be otherwise, attributed the misfortune to the lack of training and order in the army and with greater vigorous activity took steps to improve. In anticipation of an enemy attack, in cities close to the border, Peter ordered to quickly build fortifications, sent not only soldiers and male residents to work, but even women, priests and clergy, so that for some time there was no worship in churches, except for cathedrals. It was ordered to recruit new regiments by spring, prepare new guns and select bells from churches and monasteries for recasting for cannons. The usual Russian laziness greatly hindered the speedy completion of work, but Peter severely punished any disobedience and evasion of his will: he ordered to be beaten with a whip for failure to appear for work, and to be hanged. With such measures, within a year after the Battle of Narva, the king already had more than three hundred new weapons prepared. »
S. F. Platonov covers in most detail military reform Peter, who, according to him, first of all takes into account the national interests of Russia and as a result achieves a brilliant result, although: “He undertook the war with Sweden with deep understanding national interests and in victories he sought not personal glory, but better conditions for the cultural and economic prosperity of Rus' - and Peter directed his internal activities towards achieving the people's good. But when swedish war became Peter's main business and required enormous efforts, then Peter involuntarily surrendered to it, and his internal activity itself became dependent on military needs. The war required troops: Peter sought funds for a better organization of military forces, and this led to military reform and to the reform of the noble services. The war required funds: Peter was looking for ways to increase the payment power of the state, and this led to tax reform, to the encouragement of industry and trade, in which Peter always saw a powerful source of people's well-being. Peter modified the organization of troops. He made regular regiments the dominant, even exclusive, type of military organization. He began to replenish his troops differently than before. Only in this respect can he be considered the creator of the new Russian army. Peter tied the soldier exclusively to service, tearing him away from home and business. Military service now fell on all classes of society, except the clergy and citizens. In 1715, the Senate decided, as a norm for recruitment, to take one recruit from 75 households of landowners and serfs. Recruits from the tax classes in the army became in the same position with the noble soldiers, acquired the same military equipment, and the entire mass of serving people made up a homogeneous army, not inferior in its fighting qualities to the best European troops. At the end of Peter’s reign, the Russian regular army consisted of 210,000 people.” The basis of the new army was the “amusing” regiments - Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky. It was equally important to create our own war economy. It began with the transfer of the state-owned Nevyansk plant in the Urals to Tsar Nikita Demidov. In 1701-1704. The Demidov factory workers built the country's first large metallurgical plants. State-owned manufactories were created to produce gunpowder, small arms, and cloth for uniforms. In 1716, Tsar Peter adopted the “Military Charter,” which summarized 15 years of military experience. Russia has become one of the great military and naval powers of Europe."
S. F. Platonov describes the meaning of peace for Russia and the formation of the All-Russian Empire: “At the end of the form, the beginning of the form, he was able to take advantage of the fruits of victory. Naturally, he transferred military operations to the Baltic Sea and in 1710 took Vyborg, Riga and Revel. The Russians had a firm foothold on the Baltic coast, the existence of St. Petersburg was ensured. On August 30, 1721, peace was concluded in Nystad. Russia became the main power in northern Europe, finally entered the circle of European states, bound itself with them by common political interests and received the opportunity to freely communicate with the entire West through the newly acquired borders. During the solemn celebration of peace on October 22, 1721, the Senate presented Peter with the title of Emperor, Father of the Fatherland and Great. Peter took the title of Emperor. Moscow State, thus became the All-Russian Empire, and this change served as an external sign of the turning point that had taken place in historical life Rus'."
Transformations of Peter. Construction of St. Petersburg.
"In 1703 On May 16, on the island, which was called Yanni-Saari and was renamed by Peter Lust-Eiland (i.e., Cheerful Island), on the day of the Holy Trinity, Peter founded the city. In November 1703, the first Dutch merchant ship arrived in the city that Peter had just founded. Peter personally led him to the harbor. At this time, the king spoke to his nobles a wonderful speech, the meaning of which was as follows: “None of you, brothers, even dreamed, about thirty years ago, that we would work here as carpenters, wear German clothes, build a city in the country we conquered, We will live to see brave Russian soldiers and sailors, and many foreign artists, and our sons returning from foreign lands smart, we will live to see you and me will be respected by foreign sovereigns. Let us hope that, perhaps, in our century we will shame others educated countries and we will exalt Russian name on highest degree glory." Peter had such a view of the future fate of Russia, and, according to his assumption, Petersburg was the basis new Russia. Peter’s favorite epithet for his creation was the word “paradise.” All of Russia had to work for the construction and population of this paradise. After the victory over the Swedes, Peter, considering his beloved Petersburg already strong for Russia, set about organizing it in a more energetic manner, and this served as the reason for such a burden on the people that all other measures could hardly compare. In 1708, forty thousand workers were sent to St. Petersburg. In 1709, it was ordered to collect the same number - 40,000 people and bring them to work in St. Petersburg. In June 1714, people of different ranks were ordered to build courtyards in St. Petersburg. They were to be built during the summer and autumn of 1714. For three years, from 1718-1721, the government paid great attention to the improvement and deanery of the new city. One of the signs public life in the new city there was the establishment of assemblies. On November 26, 1718, Peter gave a decree about this. “Assembly,” according to the interpretation of this decree, “is a French word, which in Russian is impossible to express in one word, but to say in detail - free, where a meeting or congress is held not only for fun, but also for business, where you can see each other and talk or hear what is going on." The Emperor continued to take care of the settlement of his beloved St. Petersburg. In March 1722, it was ordered to take 350 carpenters and their families from various northern cities and counties to live in St. Petersburg. All of them were obliged to arrive by the next winter and, under pain of deprivation of everything movable and immovable, begin construction. Each house must be ready by 1726, under penalty of confiscation of half the estate. Peter had the desire to give his Petersburg a local patron and chose the holy prince Alexander Nevsky for this purpose. On June 4, 1723, the sovereign ordered his relics to be transported from Vladimir to the Alexander Nevsky Monastery. The relics were met several miles from St. Petersburg by the Tsar himself and transported by ship to the Alexander Nevsky Monastery.”
N.M. Karamzin in his work “History of the Russian State” calls the construction of St. Petersburg a big mistake of Peter, which led to the death of people: “Shall we hide from ourselves another brilliant mistake of Peter the Great? I mean the foundation of a new capital on the northern edge of the State, among the swamps, in places condemned by nature to barrenness and lack. Not yet having either Riga or Revel, he could establish a merchant city on the banks of the Neva for the import and export of goods; but the idea of establishing the stay of our Sovereigns there was, is and will be harmful. How many people died, how many millions were used to put this intention into action? We can say that St. Petersburg is based on tears and corpses. The transformed Russia then seemed like a majestic unfinished building.”
Transformation of Peter. Social reconstruction of Russia.
S. F. Platonov in his lectures justifies the unsystematic nature of Peter’s activities in social reconstruction Russia: “Only in last years reign, when the war no longer required excessive efforts and resources, Peter took a closer look at the internal structure and sought to bring into the system a number of individual events at different times. Was it possible, under this condition, to indulge in systematic reform, when military needs determined all the internal activities of the government?
His upbringing and life could not develop in him an inclination towards abstract thinking: in his entire make-up he was a practical worker who did not like anything abstract.
The common sense of the reformer kept him from transplanting doctrines completely alien to Russian soil. If Peter brought the collegial structure of administrative bodies to Rus', it was because everywhere in the West he saw this form of government and considered it the only normal and suitable one.”
N.I. Kostomarov in his classic work “History of Russia” emphasizes that only a limitless, absolute monarchy made it possible for Peter to carry out reforms.
“Peter was an autocrat, and at such a moment in history as Russia then entered, only autocracy could be suitable. A free republican system is no good at a time when it is necessary to change the fate of the country and the spirit of its people, to uproot the old and implant the new. Only where autocracy is limitless can a brave ruler dare to demolish and rebuild the entire state and public edifice. The reformer introduced many new institutions and methods of life into Russia; he could not breathe a new soul into her; here his power was powerless. The new man in Russia could only be created by the spiritual education of society, and we certainly do not owe this to Peter.” “Torture of the Preobrazhensky order and the secret chancellery, painful death penalties, prisons, hard labor, whips, tearing of nostrils, espionage, rewards for denunciation. In such ways, Peter could not instill in Russia either civil courage, or a sense of duty, or that love for his neighbors, which is higher than all material and mental forces and more powerful than knowledge itself; in a word, having created many institutions, creating a new political system for Rus', Peter still could not create a living, new Rus'.”
Transformations of Peter. Church reform.
By establishing the Synod, Peter emerged from the difficulty in which he had been for many years. His church-administrative reform retained authoritative power in the Russian Church, but deprived this power of the political influence with which the patriarchs could act. The question of the relationship between church and state was resolved in favor of the latter. S. F. Platonov in his “Lectures” indicates that under Peter I the process of transforming the church into one of the most important government agencies, completely subordinate to the highest secular authority. “For more than twenty years (1700-1721) temporary disorder continued, in which the Russian Church was governed without a patriarch. Finally, on February 14, 1721, the opening of the “Holy Holy Governing Synod". This spiritual college forever replaced the patriarchal power. The Spiritual Regulations openly pointed out the imperfection of the sole management of the patriarch and the political inconveniences resulting from the exaggeration of the authority of the patriarchal power in state affairs. The composition of the Synod was similar to the composition of the secular colleges. Political significance The Synod has never risen as high as the authority of the patriarchs.
At the end of his reign, Peter expressed his views on public importance monasteries in the "Announcement of Monasticism" (1724). Monasteries should have a charitable purpose and should serve to prepare people for higher spiritual positions. With all his activities regarding the monasteries, Peter sought to bring them into line with the indicated goals.
In 1721, the Synod issued an important decree allowing marriages between Orthodox and non-Orthodox. Peter was partly guided by political motives in relation to the Russian schism. In the second half of Peter's reign, repression went hand in hand with religious tolerance: schismatics were persecuted as civil opponents of the ruling church; at the end of the reign, religious tolerance seemed to decrease and a restriction of the civil rights of all schismatics without exception followed. In 1722, the schismatics were even given a certain outfit, the features of which seemed to be a mockery of the schism.” Church reform finally turned the church into the support of Russian absolutism.
Transformations of Peter. Reforms of central and local government.
A. A. Danilov, L. G. Kosulina in “History of Russia” write: “The tendency towards absolutism that emerged in the 17th century required even greater centralization of power in the conditions Northern War. In 1699, the Boyar Duma was replaced by the Tsar with the Near Chancellery, renamed in 1708 the “Concilia of Ministers.”
The next step was the creation in 1711 Governing Senate, which became the highest government agency. The king appointed 9 people to the Senate. In 1722, a prosecutor general was appointed, who was called the sovereign's eye in the Senate. The reform of 1718-1720 abolished cumbersome and clumsy orders and introduced collegiums. Initially there were 11 of them. Each board was headed by a president, vice-president, and several advisers. To guide the activities of the collegiums, the General Parliament and the regulations of each collegium were issued. Cases of state crimes were in charge of the Preobrazhensky Prikaz, and then Secret Chancery. They were under the authority of the emperor himself.
In 1708, in order to strengthen the local apparatus of power and increase its authority and role in governance, the country was divided into eight provinces (later their number increased. They were headed by governors appointed by the tsar and who had administrative, military and judicial power. The provinces were divided into counties, and later - to the provinces."
N.I. Kostomarov emphasizes that Peter, when reforming management, sought to put at the head of everything royal power: “On February 5, 1722, a new law on succession to the throne was issued, which, one might say, destroyed any meaning of family law in this matter. Every reigning sovereign, in accordance with this law, could, at his own discretion, appoint a successor for himself. “To whomever he wants, he will determine the inheritance, and to a certain one, seeing what obscenity, he will again cancel it.”
Since Peter wanted to put public service above the prejudices of the breed, Peter’s other legalizations that followed were of the same nature. S. F. Platonov points out that the old essence remained in Peter’s administrative reforms: “Peter’s institutions nevertheless became very popular in Rus' in the 16th–2nd century. In Peter's administration, "the old Russia was all reflected in the transformative institutions." The foundations of the administrative system remained the same: Peter left the entire administration of Russia in the hands of almost exclusively the nobility, and the nobility carried the entire administration in the 17th century; Peter mixed the collegial principle with the individual principle in the administration, as was the case before; Peter, as before, managed the “system of orders”, ordering the administration to the Senate, with the prosecutor general. Thus, with new forms, the old essence remained.” On February 5, 1722, a new law on succession to the throne was issued, which, one might say, destroyed any meaning of family law in this matter.”
Transformations of Peter. Latest events.
“In August 1723, Peter surveyed the fleet in Kronstadt and admired his work, which he had accomplished with love throughout his life. The entire fleet in 1723 consisted of 24 ships and 5 frigates, it had 1,730 guns and up to 12,500 crew. It seems that it was then that Peter already had the idea to transfer the throne after himself to his wife Catherine. True, Peter did not express this directly anywhere, but such an assumption can be conveniently deduced from his actions at that time. In the spring of 1724, Peter decided to crown her; she already bore the title of empress, but only by her husband. Peter wanted to give this title to her person, regardless of marriage. On May 7, 1724, the coronation of the empress took place in the Moscow Assumption Cathedral with great triumph. Peter personally placed the crown on Catherine.”
“This law of Peter, after his death, more than once subjected the fate of the Russian throne to fluctuations, and Peter himself did not take advantage of it. He did not appoint a successor for himself; indirectly, as they thought, Peter pointed to his wife as the chosen heir,” as S. F. Platonov wrote about this event.
“On January 27, Peter expressed a desire to write a decree on the succession to the throne. The papers were handed to him; the sovereign began to write and managed to write only two words: “give everything up” - and he was unable to write any more, but ordered to call his daughter Anna Petrovna, so that she would write from his words, but when the young crown princess appeared, Peter no longer could not utter a single word. The next day, at four o'clock in the morning, Peter died.
Reflecting on the personality of Peter, on his reforms, I sometimes involuntarily transported myself to those times of Peter the Great, as if trying on what people experienced. And, admiring the personality of Peter, considering him one of the greatest political figures in Russia, I believe that many of Peter’s actions cannot be justified by any historical necessity. Still, the idea of statehood cannot be higher than human life and personal freedom.
While working on my essay, I significantly expanded my knowledge of Russian history. I think that I will continue to work on this topic in the future.
Lesson topic: Peter 1: tyrant or Great Reformer.
Goals:
1. consolidate the knowledge gained in the process of studying the Peter the Great era, understand different points of view on the role of Peter1 in Russian history and the reforms he carried out.
2. Develop skills in working with additional literature, oral public speaking, to form a culture of speech.
3. Stimulate students to acquire new knowledge by participating in intellectual activities; cultivate a respectful attitude towards the country's past.
Lesson type: role-playing (game) project.
Lesson genre: lesson-judgment.
Teaching methods: partial search, research method, method of problem presentation.
Form of study: group.
Applicable educational technologies: technology problem-based learning, technology of learning in collaboration, technology of project activities.
Lesson equipment: art gallery of portraits of Peter 1.
Leading task:
Make a speech (2 – 3 min.) on behalf of a real historical person or conventional characters opposite in their attitude to the personality of Peter1.
Plan
1. introduction teacher.
Throughout history, since the time of Peter the Great, there have been disputes about the personality and deeds of the emperor. Some historians saw in him a strong personality who carried out progressive reforms, others believed that by interrupting traditions and forcibly changing the way of life of the Russian people, he imposed an alien and destructive path of development on Russia. There is no unambiguous assessment of his personality, as well as his transformations.
Moreover, this was the case from the beginning, and Peter’s contemporaries were already arguing among themselves. Peter's associates praised him and considered his deeds great (it was not without reason that during Peter's lifetime the Senate presented him with the official title "Great"). And opponents of the reforms called the king the Antichrist, who came to earth to destroy the Christian world.
The contradictory assessments of the personality of Peter 1 and his actions have remained to this day. The question arises: What was Peter1 like? What was he right about and what was he wrong about? To answer these questions, today we will conduct a lesson-trial of our time on Peter1 and try to answer main question:
Who was Peter 1 - a tyrant or a great reformer?
2. Interactive part of the lesson.
The teacher announces characters:
Judge
Prosecutor
Advocate
Court Clerk
Jurors
Witnesses for the prosecution
Defense witnesses
Progress of the trial.
Judge: The case of Peter I, Russian Tsar from 1682 to 1725, is being heard.
The prosecution is represented by the prosecutor -
The defense is carried out by a lawyer -
Court Clerk -
The case is heard in front of a jury.
Chairman of the court -
The secretary reads out a certificate about the accused.
(options are possible, for example: Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov, born May 30, 1672, date of death - January 28, 1727. Russian Tsar from the Romanov dynasty (since 1682), sole ruler since 1696, Russian Emperor since 1721 etc.
Judge: We begin the court hearing. The floor is given to the prosecutor.
Prosecutor: Before Peter I, Russia developed naturally. We accuse Pyotr Alekseevich of destroying the unique, independent Russian world, which has its own traditions, its own culture, its own spiritual values. He is guilty of using too cruel methods to renew Russia, implanting Western European customs in the country, and changing the face of the Russian people. All his transformations are reactionary and borrowed from the West. He is also guilty of destroying the religious traditions of Russia, which tragically affected all subsequent Russian history.
Judge:(addressing the lawyer) What is your position on the charges brought forward?
Advocate: During the judicial investigation, we are ready to refute the position of the prosecution and prove that our client is not guilty of the charges brought against him.
Judge: We begin questioning witnesses. I ask the secretary to invite a witness for the prosecution.
Secretary invites witnesses one by one.
(various types of witnesses are possible)
First witness on the prosecution side - peasant Vanka Kosoy.
I, Vanka Kosoy, from the Arkhangelsk province was sent to build the Tsar’s new whimsy - the city of Petersburg. A bunch of other men from our village were sent along with me. They ordered to put carpenter's tools in the knapsack and some food for the road and to go on foot to distant lands, where they began to build a city by order of the king. Good people, how did cities usually arise in the old days? Many people immediately liked the place, so that the river and the bank were high and dry; They gather of their own free will and desire and build houses and take up various crafts. And here it’s all swamps, quagmires, and vermin that eat you alive—no one would voluntarily settle in such a place. They put us in barracks like cattle, 200-300 men each, food like slop, and work from dawn to dusk. After all, the king is our father; he must think about his people. And then, at the whim of the king, the people drove out the darkness, and destroyed them beyond count, that city grew on our bones. This is not a king, but an Antichrist, a murderer. It was not for nothing that the men interpreted that the tsar was not real, that they replaced him when he was abroad, and returned to Russia under the name of Peter the Antichrist in order to destroy the Christian world.
Second witness on the prosecution side - boyar Matvey Miloslavsky.
Our family is ancient, dating back to the Rurikovichs. We have always respected the traditions of our ancestors and lived according to the Law of God. What now? Shame and disgrace. The king destroyed centuries-old traditions. I ordered my beards to be shaved, my German dress to be worn: a short caftan, narrow ports, triangular jester hats, my natural hair to be hidden under other people's hair, and to be hidden. And the Tsar also decided to send my underage son abroad to study, and until he learns, he is not allowed to get married. Where has it been seen that a child is sent from his father’s home to a foreign land? What is the use of this study? It’s not fitting for us Miloslavskys to work. And the tsar also ordered that his wife and daughters should appear at the Assembly as adults, and they should dress in shameful dresses like walking girls. He forced them to move from ancient Moscow to their new city, but this place is ruined, cursed, how can they live there? And Peter himself laid the foundation for all the atrocities: he removed the bells from the holy churches and poured them into cannons; He married a relativeless foreigner and smokes tobacco himself. For all this, God's punishment and human curse await him.
Third witness on the part of the prosecution - the widow of the archer Martha.
My husband, archer Vasily Naydenov, served faithfully, took part in many campaigns, was wounded during the capture of Azov, but received no honors, awards, or ranks. Our family is large; seven children have not seen their father for months. The fact that the archers went to revolt is understandable: they were not paid any money and the service was hard. So the king did not investigate, but planned to punish them cruelly. Torture chambers were set up in Preobrazhensky. My Vasily and other archers were subjected to terrible torture. And then, with other women, we learned that our husbands would be driven to Moscow for execution. I rushed to Preobrazhenskoye so that I could at least see my husband, so that I could say goodbye to him like a human being. I saw a terrible thing: when the archers were being led past the windows of the sovereign’s palace, Peter jumped out into the street and ordered their heads to be chopped off right on the road, he personally chopped off several of them, and with difficulty they calmed him down. I followed the column with other women, I wanted to see everything about Vasily. They never said goodbye in a Christian way. He was executed in Moscow at Lobnoye Mesto. I myself saw how the tsar personally chopped off heads, and even from the crowd he offered to work for the executioner. He is a terrible man, I curse him.
Prosecutor
Your Honor! Please join me to the case Additional materials, from which the scale of the execution is visible: more than 1 thousand people were executed, about 600 were sent to Siberia after torture. The Tsar did not even spare his own sister, who, after torture, was sent to the Novodevichy Convent, where she was forcibly tonsured a nun. And he suspected his own son, Tsarevich Alexei, of treason, and ordered him to be imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where he died after painful torture.
After witness testimony On the prosecution side, the secretary calls witnesses from the defense side one by one.
First witness on the defense side - architect Domenico Trezzini.
I, Domenico Trezzini, was born in Switzerland in 1670, studied architecture in Italy. To feed his family he looked for work in different countries. He worked as a mason in Denmark and there the Russian ambassador recruited various specialists to serve the Russian Tsar Peter. I was lucky because specialists in fortifications were needed. I signed an agreement as a master in the construction of stone fortresses with a salary of 1000 rubles a year (a lot of money at that time). I expected to work in Russia for one year, but I lived in St. Petersburg for 31 years and Russia became my home country. I consider Peter 1 a great emperor. I was amazed at his plans and dreams of the city that he began to build on the Neva among swamps and water. I am called the first architect of St. Petersburg, and the real first architect of the city was Peter himself. And Peter was also very simple in dealing with people. Could I imagine that the king would become the godfather of my son? And I also designed the Palace in the Summer Garden for Peter I. So the main condition on the part of the king was simplicity. Unlike the luxurious Menshikov Palace, the Summer Palace of Peter 1 looks like a small, two-story, modest building, because Peter never strived for personal luxury, but thought about the state. He - great emperor and will forever remain in history.
Second witness on the defense side - Prince Menshikov.
I, Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, born in 1672, testify that Peter 1 is a great transformer, who laid down his life for Russia to become a powerful state. Let's remember his deeds: he created a new army, built a military and merchant navy, contributed to the rapid growth of manufactories and factories, Russia began to sell metal to Europe, St. Petersburg was built, which became the capital of the renewed Russia; By order of Peter, the publication of the first printed newspaper in Russia began; The country's first museum, the Kunstkamera, was founded; The Academy of Sciences was established, schools and colleges were opened. Under Peter, Russia became a powerful European country.
Ya. Alexander Danilovich Menshikov – Russian generalissimo, His Serene Highness, and my father was a simple groom, I myself sold pies as a child, and lived in poverty. Peter gave way to many humble people, putting in the first place not “breed”, but ability. They say about people like me “from rags to riches,” and there are many like me. Having adopted the “Table of Ranks”, Peter established the order civil service, when merit and length of service were placed above pedigree, and reaching the seventh grade automatically gave the status of hereditary nobility.
And as for the cruelty of the king, the time was cruel, everything new always finds its way with difficulty. You have to judge by the results.
Third witness on the defense side - the daughter of boyar Morozov.
I, Anastasia, the daughter of a boyar, can speak publicly in court. And all this thanks to Peter1. Until recently, we girls were not allowed to show ourselves unnecessarily in front of strangers; we had to live as recluses, sit in our little room, do handicrafts and wait for the priest to choose a suitable groom. It could have turned out that I would have only seen my chosen one at the wedding, and no one would ask if I liked him or not.
Now, thanks to Tsar Peter, different times have begun. The Tsar ordered the boyars to bring their wives and adult daughters to the Assembly, and so that everyone was dressed in German fashion and could hold conversations with the gentlemen, and be able to dance foreign dances. So, in order not to be embarrassed in front of the Tsar, our father had to hire a dance teacher for my sisters and me and order outfits from Europe.
The king also issued a decree according to which it is now forbidden to force someone into marriage, without the consent of the bride or groom. It is prescribed that the betrothal must first take place so that the bride and groom get to know each other better. The period between engagement and wedding must be at least six weeks, and if she does not fall in love, the bride has the right to terminate the engagement. Now I can marry the person I love, and not the one my father chooses.
Judge announces the transition to the debate of the parties. The prosecutor speaks.
Prosecutor
Peter 1 devoted his life to transforming the state, but he was cruel and did not value human life at all. Under him, per capita taxes increased 3 times, and the cost of reforms, expressed in human lives, was equal to a seventh of the population. I believe that all the charges brought against him trial have been proven and I ask the jury to convict Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov and recognize him as a tyrant, because no goals, even the right ones, can be justified by the sacrifices made by the country and people to achieve them.
Judge
The final word is given to the lawyer.
Advocate
The transformations carried out by Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov accelerated the development of Russia and elevated it to the rank of a European power. In Russia, neither before Peter, nor after Peter, not one statesman did not carry out reforms that would cover all spheres of life of society and the state. His work deserves praise and good memory from his descendants. As for the scale of the victims, I ask the jury to take into account what it was international situation at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century, what was the Russian reality of that time and the limited time frame allotted to Peter for transformation.
Judge
I consider the debate between the parties to be over. I ask the jury to reach a verdict.
Foreman of the Jury
Your Honor! The jurors could not reach a consensus on the case under consideration and therefore the jury cannot reach a verdict on the guilt or innocence of Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov.
Judge
Due to the lack of a jury verdict, the hearing of the case is postponed with an open date for a new hearing.
Teacher's final words
Summing up our lesson, we can conclude that the court’s verdict is symbolic. There is a famous expression by Socrates that “The fairest trial is history: sooner or later it puts everything in its place.” Peter I, both as a person and as a politician, was not unequivocally treated by his contemporaries. Some idolized him, others saw evil in him. But what Peter I did for Russia for his short life, and he lived for 53 years, inspires only respect. Russia turned into a great European power, and the Senate in 1721 awarded Peter the titles of Emperor, Great and Father of the Fatherland for particularly outstanding services. By the way, in the USSR, streets in many cities were named “Peter the Great”. A few years ago, for the publication of the encyclopedia “One Hundred People Who Changed the Course of History,” a survey was conducted in different countries. They named the names of Aristotle, Alexander the Great, Napoleon, Genghis Khan, Confucius, Copernicus, Roosevelt and thousands of other names of politicians, scientists, industrialists, generals, but among all these names they wrote the name of Peter I, Russian Emperor. You and I live in a city that is the living embodiment of the plan of Peter I. Each of you will probably name something related to the name of Peter I. But in the 21st century, it also makes us think: “All plans must be in good order, so as not to cause damage to the Fatherland. Whoever starts to blurt out plans anyhow, I will deprive him of his rank and order him to be beaten with a whip.’’ To whom can these words be addressed? And A.M. was right. Gorky, when he wrote: “The past is not perfect, but it is pointless to reproach it, but it is necessary to study it!”
3. Conclusion.
Grading.
Homework: The portraits of Peter I presented before you were painted by different authors and in different time. Through their works, the artists expressed their vision of the personality of Peter 1. Write a mini-essay on the topic “Peter1 through the eyes of an artist .....” (optional from one of the presented works).
Peter I is one of the most striking and controversial figures in Russian history; she still causes controversy among historians regarding the results and methods of government. Peter's reforms were contradictory: on the one hand, he sought to advance Russia along the path of progress, on the other, he did this using barbaric methods, at the cost of enormous sacrifices and suffering of the people.
Peter the Great, with his reforms, contributed to the development of all aspects of society. He developed industrial production in the economy, building manufactories, and pursued a policy of protectionism, that is, supporting domestic production by introducing high import duties. In addition, a trade charter was drawn up and the port was moved from Arkhangelsk to St. Petersburg. Changes also occurred in the military field. The reorganization of the army, the introduction of recruitment, the creation of military educational institutions and regulations, the construction of the fleet led to the fact that Russia became an empire that undoubtedly could not be ignored in Europe.
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The modernization of the management system (the creation of the Senate, collegiums, the division of the country into provinces) strengthened secular power in Russia and the autocracy of the autocrat.
At the same time, getting acquainted with European achievements during the Great Embassy of 1697-1698. Peter remained indifferent to the ideas of parliamentarism, since he believed that they were unacceptable in Russia. He ruled the country using purely dictatorial methods, causing protest in different sectors of society. Uprisings broke out repeatedly: Arkhangelsk (1705–1706), Bashkir (1704–1711), K. Bulavin’s uprising (1707–1708). Tsarevich Alexei also spoke out against his father, for which he was executed. The most beautiful city in Russia, the “paradise” of Peter - St. Petersburg was actually built on bones, since over one hundred thousand people died during its construction. Traditions and folk foundations that had developed over centuries were mercilessly broken. All these sacrifices were for the sake of achieving main goal- creation of a great Russia.
P.N. Miliukov believed that the reforms were carried out by Peter haphazardly, from case to case, under the pressure of specific circumstances, and that only “at the cost of ruining the country was Russia elevated to the rank of a European power.” Famous historian S.M. Soloviev thought differently. He believed that the appearance of the reformer king was predetermined by history itself: “... the people rose up and got ready for the road; but they were waiting for someone; They were waiting for the leader, and the leader appeared.”
Thus we can conclude that at the beginning of the 18th century. Russia needed reforms, otherwise it would have remained a backward country. Reforms always cause discontent in society, and only a strong, integral personality could cope with resistance.
Updated: 2018-02-20
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