And thereby to bring about a particular political objective. Terrorism has been practiced by political organizations with both rightist and leftist objectives, by nationalistic and religious groups, by revolutionaries, and even by state institutions such as armies, intelligence services, and police.
Rescue workers evacuating the bodies of victims of a terrorist train bombing near Atocha Station, Madrid, March 11, 2004. Paul White-AP/REX/Shutterstock.comDefinitions of terrorism
Definitions of terrorism are usually complex and controversial, and, because of the ferocity and violence of terrorism, the term in its popular usage has developed an intense stigma. It was first coined in the 1790s to refer to the terror used during the by the revolutionaries against their opponents. The Jacobin party of carried out a involving mass executions by the . Although terrorism in this usage implies an act of violence by a state against its domestic enemies, since the 20th century the term has been applied most frequently to violence aimed, either directly or indirectly, at governments in an effort to influence policy or topple an existing regime.
Terrorism is not legally defined in all jurisdictions; the statutes that do exist, however, generally share some common elements. Terrorism involves the use or threat of violence and seeks to create fear, not just within the direct victims but among a wide audience. The degree to which it relies on fear distinguishes terrorism from both conventional and warfare. Although conventional military forces invariably engage in against the enemy, their principal means of victory is strength of arms. Similarly, guerrilla forces, which often rely on acts of terror and other forms of propaganda , aim at military victory and occasionally succeed (e.g., the in Vietnam and the in Cambodia). Terrorism proper is thus the systematic use of violence to generate fear, and thereby to achieve political goals, when direct military victory is not possible. This has led some social scientists to refer to as the “weapon of the weak” and terrorism as the “weapon of the weakest.”
In order to attract and maintain the publicity necessary to generate widespread fear, terrorists must engage in increasingly dramatic, violent, and high-profile attacks. These have included , takings, kidnappings, car bombings, and, frequently, suicide bombings. Although apparently random, the victims and locations of terrorist attacks often are carefully selected for their shock value. Schools, shopping centres, bus and train stations, and restaurants and nightclubs have been targeted both because they attract large crowds and because they are places with which members of the civilian population are familiar and in which they feel at ease. The goal of terrorism generally is to destroy the public’s sense of security in the places most familiar to them. Major targets sometimes also include buildings or other locations that are important economic or political symbols, such as embassies or military installations. The hope of the terrorist is that the sense of terror these acts engender will induce the population to pressure political leaders toward a specific political end.
Some definitions treat all acts of terrorism, regardless of their political motivations, as simple criminal activity. For example, in the the standard definition used by the (FBI) describes terrorism as “the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.” The element of criminality, however, is problematic, because it does not distinguish among different political and legal systems and thus cannot account for cases in which violent attacks against a government may be legitimate . A frequently mentioned example is the (ANC) of , which committed violent actions against that country’s apartheid government but commanded broad sympathy throughout the world. Another example is the movement against the Nazi occupation of France during .
Терроризм - это то слово, которое вызывает ужас, страх и одновременно сочувствие. Вспоминая кадры террористических актов, передаваемых по телевидению смесь чувств переполняет. К совершившему это преступления, а, точнее, ужасный поступок возникает два противоречивых отношения. Это: жалость и ненависть. Первое чувство возникает вследствие осознания того, что этот человек всего лишь пешка и за террористическими актами стоит множество людей. Второе - потому, что он все-таки это совершил и не с намеченной для него траектории. Но как говорят, со стороны хорошо судить, а вот если бы вся горесть коснулась, то мнение было совершенно другое.
Проблемы терроризма - как фактора, оказывающего давление на общество
Терроризм - это прежде всего проблема не одной страны, а всего мирового сообщества. Так как террористические акты гремят по всему миру. Вследствие них гибнет множество людей, страдают многие семьи, а также инфраструктура городов. Но искоренение терроризма это очень сложная задача и пока что в мире есть преступность - она становится практически не решаемой. Так как основное доход террористов - это на подпольном рынке оружия и наркотических средств.
Еще одной значимой проблемой терроризма является привлечения к этой деятельности детей. Их с самого рождения готовят к их миссии. Ни для кого не секрет, что под меньшее подозрение попадает ребенок, поэтому ему легче проникнуть, ведь досмотр на вокзалах в основном ведется за взрослыми.
Борьба с глобальной проблемой - терроризмом
В современном мире ведется ожесточенная борьба с террористическими организациями, чтобы добиться успехов в которой, применяется множество методов. Борьба только при помощи боевых действий не даст желаемого результата, ведь если уничтожить одну экстремистскую группировку, на ее месте образуется другая. Поэтому против террористов используются как политические, так экономические и информационные методы. Создание определенных подразделений, деятельность которых объединяет в себе борьбу с террористами и преступниками. Одной из таких известных организаций является Интерпол (Интернациональная ). С политической точки зрения можно отметить внедрение законопроектов ограничивающих или запрещающих носить оружие. Информационные методы - это прежде всего антитеррористическая пропаганда, ведь не зря по телевизору, в интернете и газетах терроризм представлен во всех красках.
Терроризм - это страшнейшее проявление экстремизма, которое не оставляет большинство равнодушными.
Класс: 9
Тип: обобщение и систематизация знаний учащихся по данной тематике.
Форма проведения: проблемно-поисковая деятельность.
Форма урока: урок-поиск.
Методы: поисковый, исследовательский, репродуктивный.
Цель урока: создать условия для развития коммуникативной культуры и социально-культурной образованности учащихся через проблемное обучение.
Задачи.
Учебные: формирование лексической базы по теме “Терроризм”, обучение устной речи, совершенствование навыков чтения, аудирования.
Развивающие: развитие личностных и коммуникативных умений через создание проблемных ситуаций, исследовательскую деятельность; развитие познавательного интереса учащихся, повышение мотивации к изучению иностранного языка.
Воспитательные: обеспечить стимулирование речемыслительной и социальной активности учащихся; воспитывать ответственность к своей жизни и жизни окружающих.
Оснащение урока: мультимедийное оборудование, ресурсы интернет, раздаточный материал.
Ход урока
I. Организационный моментs
Good morning, boys and girls! I’m very glad to see you. I hope you are OK.
II. Объявление цели урока
Today we will talk about one of the most serious problems of our modern world. Look at the screen, do this puzzle and you’ll know the topic of our lesson. (Слайд 2). Презентация
Задание к кроссворду.
- Fight – a situation in which two people or groups push, hit etc. each other.
- Alert – a warning to be ready for possible danger.
- Crime – an act harmful not only to some individual, but also to the community or the state. Such acts are forbidden and punishable by law.
- Robbery – the crime of stealing money or things from a bank, shop etc., specially using violence.
- Catastrophe – a terrible event in which there is a lot of destruction, suffering, or death.
- Government – the group of people who govern a country or state.
- Bullies – people who use their strength or power to frighten o hurt someone who is weaker.
- Organisation – a group such as a club or business that has formed for a particular purpose (e.g. UNESCO, UNICEF).
- Victim – someone who has been attacked, robbed, or murdered.
So, as you see, the topic of our lesson is “Terrorism”.
III. Речевая разминка
Before we start our conversation, let’s look through the words and phrases that can help us for our discussion. (Хоровая отработка нового лексического материала). (Слайд 3)
1) The steel of the nation’s resolve – твердая решимость, непоколебимость нации.
2) A casualty – несчастный случай, катастрофа.
3) Crash sites – места катастроф.
4) A wide-broadcast – расширенный выпуск телепередач.
5) To make no distinction between – не делать различия между.
6) To harbour sb – давать приют, укрывать кого-либо.
7) To apprehend sb – арестовать, задержать кого-либо
8) Hideous – отвратительный, страшный, ужасный.
9) To tolerate – терпеть.
10) To expend every effort – не жалеть сил.
Now translate the sentences with these words and phrases from English into Russian. (Слайд 4)
1) President Bush says Tuesday’s terrorist attacks in the USA will be met with the steel of the nation’s resolve .
2) The casualty toll from the Tuesday’s attacks rises rapidly as reports are coming from the crash sites .
3) In the nation’s wide-broadcast from the White House late Tuesday Mr. Bush said that the US government continues to function without interruption.
4) He also warned that the USA make no distinction between the terrorists and those who harbour them.
5) The USA top law enforcement official said every effort be made to apprehend those responsible for the deadly attack.
6) These hideous acts of violence are an assault on the security of our nation.
7) We will not tolerate such acts.
8) We will expend every effort and devote all the necessary resources to bring the people responsible for these acts, these crimes to justice.
Try to use these words and word-combinations in our discussion today.
IV. Развитие умений аудирования, устной речи
Let’s watch a video about awful events which happened on September 11, 2001 in the USA. (Видеозапись выпуска новостей BBC)
What feelings and emotions does this record arise?
V. Активизация лексико-грамматического материала
Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. (Раздаточный материал)
1) It happened all of a … on September 11, 2001 in the USA. Suddenly
2) That was how the twin-towers of the world Trade Centre in New York used to look like before the … disaster. Expect
3) A suicide plane has just crashed into the … skyscraper. One
4) Another plane is just about to attack the second high-rise … . Build
5) The U.S.A. President George Bush vows to track down and bring to justice all those … for the terrorist atrocities. Response
6) Terribly shocked, … are hurriedly leaving the scene of the unthinkable horror of all time. Employ
7) People the world over are … watching the incredible events happening in America on TV. Believe
(Keys: 1) sudden, 2) unexpected, 3) first, 4) building, 5) responsible, 6) employees, 7) unbelievably)
Учащиеся выполняют данное задание самостоятельно. Правильные ответы представлены на экране. (Слайд 5)
VI. Развитие навыков чтения и устной речи
Now let’s read the text and get ready to answer the questions. (Раздаточный материл)
Terrorism is a criminal act that influences an audience beyond the immediate victim. The strategy of terrorists is to commit acts of violence that draws the attention of the local populace, the government, and the world to their cause. The terrorists plan their attack to obtain the greatest publicity, choosing targets that symbolize what they oppose. The effectiveness of the terrorist act lies not in the act itself, but in the public’s or government’s reaction to the act. For example, in 1972 at the Munich Olympics, the Black September Organization killed 11 Israelis. The Israelis were the immediate victims. But the true target was the estimated 1 billion people watching the televised event. Those billion people watching were to be introduced to fear - which is terrorism"s ultimate goal.
The Black September Organization used the high visibility of the Munich Olympics to publicize its views on the plight of the Palestinian refugees. Similarly, in October 1983, Middle Eastern terrorists bombed the Marine Battalion Landing Team Headquarters at Beirut International Airport. Their immediate victims were the 241 U.S. military personnel who were killed and over 100 others who were wounded. Their true target was the American people and the U.S. Congress. Their one act of violence influenced the United States’ decision to withdraw the Marines from Beirut and was therefore considered a terrorist success.
There are three perspectives of terrorism: the terrorist’s, the victim’s, and the general public’s. The phrase “one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter” is a view terrorists themselves would gladly accept. Terrorists do not see themselves as evil. They believe they are legitimate combatants, fighting for what they believe in, by whatever means possible to attain their goals. A victim of a terrorist act sees the terrorist as a criminal with no regard for human life. The general public’s view though can be the most unstable. The terrorists take great pains to foster a “Robin Hood” image in hope of swaying the general public’s point of view toward their cause. This sympathetic view of terrorism has become an integral part of their psychological warfare and has been countered vigorously by governments, the media and other organizations.
Questions: (Слайд 6)
- What is terrorism?
- What is the strategy of terrorists?
- What does the effectiveness of the terrorist act lie?
- What are the perspectives of terrorism?
- How do terrorists see themselves?
- Can you give the examples of the most famous incidents? (Cлайды 7-15)
VII. Развитие навыков монологической речи
Let’s divide into 3 groups and try to find out what we should do to prevent terrorism. (Учащиеся работают в группах, затем спикер каждой группы зачитывает способы борьбы с терроризмом. Учащиеся также могут проявить свои творческие способности, создав плакаты по теме “Борьба с терроризмом”)
VIII. Рефлексия
That brings us to the end. Today we have talked a lot about terrorism. Unfortunately, this problem has turned into one of the most dangerous social-political problems.
Let’s recollect our knowledge. (Данная информация представлена на экране)
1) What is terrorism? (Слайд 16)
Terrorism is the systematic use of violence (terror) as a means of coercion for political purposes. Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror); are perpetrated for a religious, political, or ideological goal; and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants (civilians). Some definitions now include acts of unlawful violence and war.
2) What are the causes of terrorism? (Слайд 17)
There Are Two Causes of Terrorism
All terrorist acts are motivated by two things:
- Social and political injustice: People choose terrorism when they are trying to right what they perceive to be a social or political or historical wrong-when they have been stripped of their land or rights, or denied these.
- The belief that violence or its threat will be effective, and usher in change. Another way of saying this is: the belief that violent means justify the ends. Many terrorists in history said sincerely that they chose violence after long deliberation, because they felt they had no choice.
This explanation of the causes of terrorism may be difficult to swallow. It sounds too simple, or too theoretical. However, if you look at any group that is widely understood as a terrorist group, you will find these two elements are basic to their story.
Also, I’d like to remember some rules which help you save your and other people’s lives: (Cлайд 18)
1) When you see ownerless things in different places, you must inform the police.
2) Don’t touch the ownerless things.
3) Don’t open them.
4) Don’t move them.
5) If you became a hostage, you must obey all terrorists’ demands.
6) Try to find a safety place.
7) Don’t look at terrorists’ eyes.
8) Speak briefly and quietly.
9) Don’t show unnecessary heroism.
IX. Итог урока
Thank you for your work. I hope our lesson will be useful for you. We have to know how to behave ourselves not to lose our temper.
X. Объявление домашнего задания
Imagine that you are involved in the situation given below and it is your decision that counts. What would you do? Write the composition (80-100 words).
Your country (city) has become a victim of a terrorist attack. What would you do?
XI. Список использованных источников
- Афанасьева О.В., Михеева И.В. Учебник для 9 класса школ с углубленным изучением английского языка.
- Интернет ресурсы (сайты).
- Longman. Dictionary of contemporary English.
We can"t call today"s world a safe world. Many dangers come from nature, I mean floods, earthquakes and so on. But people are also dangerous for each other.
Unfortunately, there are some people who don"t stop at anything to achieve their aims. They even think "the more victims the better". Our country was one of the first to have terrorist attacks. I mean the attacks in Moscow when two apartment houses were destroyed. There were acts of terrorism in all parts of the world at the end of the 20th century: in Japan, in England and in France.
But certainly the day that shook the world was the 11th of September 2001. Two American planes had been hijacked
by terrorists. The first plan slammed into the north tower of the World Trade Centre. The second crashed into the south tower of the World Trade Center. And soon the towers collapsed
. It was unbelievable, it was a nightmare. Words fail to describe what I felt when I watched TV: some people jumped out of the windows, others waved their handkerchiefs helplessly. Thousands of people were killed and hundreds of people injured
. There also were hundreds of victims in the planes themselves. The acts of mass murder as president Bush said, were intended
to frighten the nation. Certainly terrorist attacks shook the foundation of the highest building but they didn"t shake the foundation of America. Though as I think they made the country more aggressive. I mean the war in Iraq. There were many victims there too - peaceful women, old men and children.
Of course, it is necessary to find those who had arranged the terrorist acts in New York. They say that Osama bin Laden had been coordinating terrorist attacks against the USA. If it is true he should be punished. The acts of terrorism show that even strong countries having nuclear weapons are not protected against terrorism.
It seems to me that good people all over the world should join their forces and fight terrorism. Only together we can win. The government of all countries should have special funds for fighting terrorism. Certainly, the police in Western countries and our milicia should work better in order to prevent terrorist attacks. We had a very bad example in Moscow when armed terrorists entered the building where the performance Nord-Ost took place. Many peaceful people suffered. There were more than a hundred victims.
I wish our world were safer and we all felt more protected.
Today"s world is often called the computer world. We cannot imagine our life without computers. The first computers were developed during the Second World War. They were used to break the codes, used to send secret information.
Our world is really a small world. Modern transport facilities make it possible to reach any part of our planet within a few hours. People have to communicate and solve common problems in all the spheres of political life, economy and culture. Communication is an interaction of cultures. The knowledge of each other"s culture and traditions is very often important for successful business and political talks. We, Russians, very often surprise our foreign partners by our behavior and manners.
Unemployment is a very urgent problem today. Years ago when a man left school he learnt some job and did this job all his life. He could be sure that his job would be needed to his dying day. Nowadays he couldn"t be sure. Your work may look like a very good job at present, but it may not be needed in 10 years.
Drugs
Drug addiction is a big problem today. Even 5 years ago this problem did not exist in small towns. We read about drug addicts in the USA and other countries of the West. This problem existed in big cities like Moscow and St. Petersburg. Today different drugs are sold in our city and what is worse they are bought and taken by people, mostly young people. Drugs are ruinous for health and they destroy the personality of those who take them.
I"d like to tell you about my native town. Izhevsk is very large industrial town locted in the European part of Russia between the Volga River and the Ural mountains. It has a population of about 700.000. Izhevsk was founded in l760 as a settlement. The industrial development f the history began with the construction of an iron works. In 1918 Izhevsk became a town and since 1921 it has been the capital of Udmurtia.
Science is finding out about things around us. How do you find out about things? One way is to ask questions about them. But suppose no one knows the answers. Then you have to think of ways to find the answers yourself. This usually means doing something to the «thing» to see what happens. Doing something to see what happens is called experimenting. Scientists ask questions about things around us.
The Udmurt Republic is a sovereign republic within the Russian Federation. It is situated in the Western part of the Middle Urals between two great rivers the Kama and the Vyatka. In 1991 the republic became open for foreign visitors. Since that time Udmurtia has had close and friendly relations with many countries of the world in the fields of culture, education, trade, sport and tourism. The Government of the republic is very much interested in the development of local tourism.
People have lived in our planet Earth for centuries and global problems have always existed. (люди живут на нашей планете Земля веками, и глобальные проблемы всегда существуют.)
In ancient times the biggest global problem was wars. (В древние времена самой большой глобальной проблемой были войны)
People have been fighting with each other since beginning of the civilization mostly to get new territories and more land. (Люди сражались друг с другом с начала цивилизации главным образом, чтобы получить новые территории и больше земли.)
Today, there are more global problems which can be divided into two categories: ecological problems and social, economic and political issues. (Сегодня есть много глобальных проблем, которые могут быть разделены на две категории: экологические проблемы и социальные, экономические и политические проблемы/вопросы)
The first category includes issues relating to ecological destruction, pollution and global warming as the result. (Первая категория включает вопросы, относящиеся к экологическому разрушению, загрязнению и глобальному потеплению как результату.)
The climate is changing and many people agree that climate change may be one of the greatest threats facing the planet. (Климат меняется, и многие люди согласны, что климатическое изменение может быть одно из самых больших угроз встретившееся планете.)
Global warming has already killed off some types of animals and plants. (Глобальное потепление уже уничтожило некоторые виды животных и растений)
Rising sea levels are threatening whole nations on islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. (Повышение морских уровней угрожает целым народам на остравах в Тихом и Индийском океанах)
The second category of global problems deals with social, economic and political issues. (Вторая категория глобальных проблем касается социальных, экономических и политических вопросов/тем)
They include global terrorism, poverty, human rights, health issues, racism and many others. (Они включают глобальный терроризм, бедность, права человека, вопросы здоровья, расизм и много других)
We are faced with the problem of global terrorism. And more and more countries are suffering from it. (Мы сталкиваемся с проблемой глобального терроризма. И больше и больше стран страдает от него.)
It is difficult to catch terrorists and prevent their acts. (Трудно ловить террористов и предотвращать их действия)
The most terrible terrorist attack took place on September 11, 2001 in the USA. (Самый ужасный террористический акт случился 11 сентября 2001 в США)
The World Trade Centre, one of the sym¬bols of New York City, was destroyed completely and thou¬sands of people died. (Мировой Торговый Центр был полностью разрушен и тысячи людей погибли.)
The world was shocked and most coun¬tries decided to fight against terrorism. However, new terror¬ist attacks have been committed. (Мир был шокирован и большинство стран решило бороться против терроризма. Однако, новые террористические атаки совершаются.)
Poverty is another global problem. The worst situation is in Africa where people (mostly children) die every day of hunger. (Бедность - еще одна глобальная проблема. Самая плохая ситуация в Африке, где люди (главным образом дети) умирают каждый день от голода.)
The poor also have less access to health, education and other services. (Бедняк также имеет меньший доступ к здравоохранению, образованию и другому обслуживанию)
Incurable diseases and epidemics also are global challenge for humanity. (Неизлечимые болезни и эпидемии также являются глобальным вызовом/проблемой для человечества.)
Another global problem is racism, when people of different races and different skin colour are humiliated and even killed. (еще одна глобальная проблема - расизм, когда люди различных рас и цвета кожи унижаемы и даже убиваемы.)
There are many organisations that fight social global problems, but this battle has lasted for a long time and it will take much time for the solution of all of them. (Есть много организаций, которые борются с социальными глобальными проблемами, но эта борьба длится долгое время и будет занимать много времени для решения всех из них)
We live in the 21st century and humanity has made a great progress in technology, so I think that it is strange that we still have global problems, especially the ones that deal with social, economic and political issues. (Мы живем в 21 веке, и человечество сделало большой прогресс в технологии, поэтому я полагаю, странно, что мы все еще имеем глобальные проблемы, особенно те, которые имеют отношение к социальным, экономическим и политическим вопросам.)
I am sure that they can be solved completely without any conflicts or wars. (Я уверена, что они могут быть решены без каких-либо конфликтов или войн.)
