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Other materials on the works of Lermontov M.Yu.
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History of creation
The idea for the poem “Mtsyri” arose from Lermontov back in 1831. The seventeen-year-old poet reflected on the fate of his peer, a monk languishing in a monastery: “To write the notes of a young monk of 17 years. - Since childhood he has been in a monastery; I haven’t read any books except sacred ones. The passionate soul languishes. - Ideals...” The emergence of the poet's plan was also influenced by impressions of the nature of the Caucasus and acquaintance with Caucasian folklore. Lermontov visited the Caucasus for the first time as a child with his grandmother. As a child he was taken to the waters for treatment. Later, the impressions of Caucasian nature intensified even more. Biographer of the poet P.A. Viskovatov writes (1891): “The old Georgian military road, traces of which are still visible today, particularly struck the poet with its beauty and a whole string of legends. These legends had been known to him since childhood, now they were renewed in his memory, arose in his imagination, strengthened in his memory along with powerful and luxurious pictures of Caucasian nature.” One of these legends is a folk song about a tiger and a young man. In the poem, she found an echo in the scene of the fight with the leopard.
The history of the origin of the plot “Mtsyri” from the words cousin Lermontova A.P. Shan-Girey and the poet’s maternal relative A.A. Khastatov was presented by P.A. Viskovatov (1887): “When Lermontov, wandering along the old Georgian Military Road (this could have been in 1837), was studying local legends,... he came across in Mtskheta... a lonely monk, or rather, an old monastery servant, “beri” in Georgian. The watchman was the last of the brethren of the abolished nearby monastery. Lermontov got into a conversation with him and learned from him that he was a highlander, captured as a child by General Ermolov during the expedition. The general took him with him and left the sick boy with the monastery brethren. This is where he grew up; For a long time I could not get used to the monastery, I was sad and tried to escape to the mountains. The consequence of one such attempt was a long illness that brought him to the brink of the grave. Having been cured, the savage calmed down and remained to live in the monastery, where he became especially attached to the old monk. The curious and lively story “take it” made an impression on Lermontov. In addition, he touched on a motif already familiar to the poet, and so he decided to use what was suitable in “Confession” and “Boyar Orsha”, and transferred the entire action... to Georgia.”
The manuscript of the poem bears the date of its completion in Lermontov’s hand: “1839. August 5.” The following year, the poem was published in the book “Poems of M. Lermontov”. In its draft version, the poem was called “Beri” (Lermontov’s footnote: “Beri in Georgian: monk”). Novice - in Georgian - “mtsyri”.
Poet and memoirist A.N. Muravyov (1806-1874) recalled: “Lermontov’s songs and poems thundered everywhere. He entered the Life Hussars again. I happened once, in Tsarskoe Selo, to catch the best moment of his inspiration. On a summer evening I went to see him and found him at his desk, with a flaming face and fiery eyes, which were especially expressive. "What's wrong with you?" - I asked. “Sit down and listen,” he said, and at that very moment, in a fit of delight, he read to me, from beginning to end, his entire magnificent poem “Mtsyri” (“novice” in Georgian), which had just poured out of under his inspired pen. Listening to him, I myself was involuntarily delighted: so quickly he snatched, from the ribs of the Caucasus, one of the striking scenes and clothed it in living images before the enchanted gaze. Never before has any story made such a strong impression on me. Many times subsequently I re-read “Mtsyri”, but the freshness of the colors was no longer the same as during the first animated reading of the poet himself.”
“Mtsyri” is Lermontov’s favorite work. He enjoyed reading it aloud. In May 1840, Lermontov read an excerpt from “Mtsyri” - a fight with a leopard - at Gogol’s name day in Moscow. “And they say I read it wonderfully,” said the writer S.T. Aksakov from the words of the guests present at the birthday dinner that day" (according to I.L. Andronikov).
Genre, genre, creative method
The poem is Lermontov’s favorite genre; he wrote about thirty poems (1828-1841), but Lermontov published only three of them: “The Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov,” “The Tambov Treasurer” and “Mtsyri.” “Hadji Abrek” was published in 1835 without the knowledge of the author. “The Demon,” on which Lermontov had been working since 1828, also did not see the light of day.
The poems, like Lermontov’s lyrics, were of a confessional nature; they often took the form of a monologue or dialogue between the characters, becoming psychological portrait exceptional personality. But unlike lyrics, the lyric-epic genre provided a rare opportunity to show the hero in action, from the outside, in the very thick of life. The subject of the image, especially in the poems of the 30s, is the collision of the hero with the world, a romantic conflict.
The poem "Mtsyri" is a romantic work with all the characteristic features of this literary movement. This is, first of all, the contradiction between ideal and reality, the confessional principle, as well as symbolic plot and images. The image of Mtsyri himself is also endowed romantic features, which are combined with realism. The hero's confession makes it possible to psychologically accurately reveal inner world hero.
The poem is preceded by an epigraph, which is the key to the content. This is a phrase from the biblical legend about the Israeli king Saul and his son Jonathan, who violated his father’s prohibition not to eat until evening. The whole earth exuded honey, and the warriors were hungry after the battle. Jonathan violated the ban and the phrase “When I tasted it, I tasted little honey, and now I died,” he uttered while awaiting execution. However, the reason of the people triumphed over the “madness” of the king. The people stood up for the condemned man and saved him from execution, because the young man helped defeat his enemies. “Earth honey”, “honey trail” are once popular figurative expressions that go back to this legend and have become symbolic.
The poem is written in the form of a passionate confession of the hero.
Subject
Numerous definitions of the theme of the poem “Mtsyri” are rational. Each of them complements the palette of Lermontov’s poetic intent.
A poem about a freedom-loving mountaineer who professes the Muslim faith and dies far from his homeland in a Christian monastery. The poem expressed Lermontov's attitude to the Caucasian war and to the fate of young people of his generation. (A.V. Popov)
“Mtsyri” is a poem “about a young man deprived of freedom and dying far from his homeland. This is a poem about a contemporary of Lermontov, about his peer, about fate the best people that time". (I.L. Andronikov)
The poem “Mtsyri” “puts forward... the problem of the struggle for moral values, human behavior, pride and beliefs, the problem of “proud faith in people and another life.” (B. Eikhenbaum)
Homeland and freedom are combined into one multi-valued symbol. For the sake of the Motherland, the hero is ready to give up heaven and eternity. The motive of the prisoner develops into the motive of doom to loneliness. But this loneliness also cannot be the hero’s state - he must either “take a monastic vow” or, “taking a sip of freedom,” die. These two lives are irreconcilable, and the choice is determined by the “fiery passion” living in Mtsyri. All of the above topics are reflected in Lermontov’s poem. All of them lead the reader to an understanding of the hero’s inner world, his thoughts and feelings.
Idea
The rebellious pathos of the poem was close to the revolutionary democrats. Belinsky wrote that Mtsyri is “our poet’s favorite ideal, it is a reflection in poetry of the shadow of his own personality. In everything that Mtsyri says, he breathes his own spirit, amazes him with his own power.” According to N.P. Ogarev, Lermontov’s Mtsyri is “his clearest or only ideal.”
In the modern reading of “Mtsyri,” what is relevant is not the rebellious pathos of the poem, but its philosophical meaning. The natural environment with which Mtsyri seeks to merge is opposed to his monastic upbringing. Mtsyri is trying to jump over the abyss and return to a completely different cultural world, once native and close to him. But breaking with the usual way of life is not so easy: Mtsyri is by no means “ natural man", he does not know how to navigate the forest, and amid abundance he suffers from hunger.
Ideas of life and freedom permeate the artistic fabric of the work. An active, active attitude towards life is affirmed, its fullness is achieved in the struggle for freedom, in fidelity to the ideal of freedom even in the tragic conditions of defeat.
Nature of the conflict
The romantic conflict of the poem is determined by the exclusivity of the protagonist. Mtsyri's flight is a desire for will and freedom, an irresistible call of nature. That is why references to the wind, birds, and animals occupy such a large place in the poem. And in Mtsyri himself, nature gives birth to primitive animal strength. Lermontov's contemporaries pointed out the unbridled passion of Mtsyri, eager to wide open space, gripped by a “crazy force”, blatant “against all social concepts and filled with hatred and contempt for them.”
The conflict between the view of the world and the direct perception of the environment, characteristic of Lermontov’s work, is revealed. Mtsyri's kinship with free, spontaneous nature noticeably alienates him from the world of people; against the backdrop of nature, the measure of the hero's loneliness is more deeply comprehended. Therefore, for Mtsyri, closeness with nature is an opportunity to find a family, a homeland, and return to the original sources. Mtsyri's tragedy lies in the contradiction between the masculinity of his spirit and the weakness of his body.
Main characters
Lermontov's poem with one hero. This is a young highlander, taken prisoner at the age of six by a Russian general (meaning General A.P. Ermolov). His entire short life was spent within the walls of the monastery. “A Life Full of Anxieties” contrasts Mtsyri with “life in captivity,” “a wonderful world of anxieties and battles” with “stuffy cells and prayers.” He remains true to his ideals to the end. And this is his moral strength. The path to the homeland, an attempt to find a “kindred soul” becomes the only possibility for existence.
The image of Mtsyri is complex: he is a rebel, and a stranger, and a fugitive, and a “natural man,” and a spirit thirsting for knowledge, and an orphan dreaming of a home, and a young man entering a time of clashes and conflicts with the world. The peculiarity of Mtsyri's character is an ironic combination of strict determination, powerful strength, strong will with exceptional gentleness, sincerity, lyricism in relation to the homeland.
Mtsyri feels the harmony of nature and strives to merge with it. He feels its depth and mystery. In this case, we are talking about the real, earthly beauty of nature, and not about an ideal that exists only in the imagination. Mtsyri listens to the voice of nature and admires the leopard as a worthy opponent. And the spirit of Mtsyri himself is unshakable, despite his physical illness. "
Belinsky called “Mtsyri” the poet’s favorite ideal. For the critic, Mtsyri is a “fiery soul”, “mighty spirit”, “gigantic nature”.
One of characters nature appears in the poem. The landscape in the poem not only constitutes a romantic background that surrounds the hero. It helps to reveal his character, that is, it becomes one of the ways to create a romantic image. Since nature in the poem is given in Mtsyri’s perception, his character can be judged by what exactly attracts the hero to it, how he talks about it. The diversity and richness of the landscape described by Mtsyri emphasize the monotony of the monastery environment. The young man is attracted by the power and scope of Caucasian nature; he is not afraid of the dangers lurking in it. For example, he enjoys the splendor of the vast blue vault in the early morning, and then endures the withering heat of the mountains.
Plot and composition
The plot of Mtsyri is based on the traditional romantic situation of escape from captivity. The monastery as a prison has always attracted the thoughts and feelings of the poet, and Lermontov did not equate the monastery with faith. Mtsyri's flight from the monastic cell does not mean lack of faith: it is a fierce protest of the hero against bondage.
The poem has 26 chapters. Mtsyri in the poem is not only a hero, but also a narrator. The form of confession is a means of the most profound and truthful disclosure of the hero’s psychology. It occupies a large part of the poem. The confession is preceded by the author's introduction, which helps the reader correlate the action of the poem with certain historical events. In the introduction, Lermontov pays attention to the most striking episodes of the poem: contemplation of the nature of the Caucasus and the hero’s thoughts about his homeland, the scene of a thunderstorm and Mtsyri’s flight from the monastery, the hero’s meeting with a Georgian woman, his duel with a leopard, a dream in the steppe. The plot of the poem is the scene of a thunderstorm and Mtsyri’s escape from the monastery. The culmination of the poem can be called the duel between the young man and the leopard, in which the main motive of the poet’s entire work - the motive of struggle - was embodied. The compositional structure of the poem has a closed form: the action began in the monastery, and it ended in the monastery. Thus, the motif of fate and fate finds its embodiment in the poem.
M.Yu. Lermontov created in the poem “Mtsyri” a vivid image of a rebel hero, incapable of compromise. This is an exceptional character in terms of depth and thoroughness of psychological elaboration. At the same time, Mtsyri’s personality is amazingly whole and complete. He is a hero-symbol in which the author expressed his ideas about a certain type of personality. This is the personality of a captive striving for absolute freedom, ready to enter into an argument with fate even for the sake of a breath of freedom.
The hero and the author are internally close. The hero's confession is the author's confession. The voice of the hero, the voice of the author, and the majestic Caucasian landscape itself are included in a single excited and exciting monologue of the poem. They help bring the author's vision to life poetic images. Among them, the image of a thunderstorm plays an important role. A thunderstorm is not only a natural phenomenon, but also an expression of the wrath of God. The images of “God’s garden” and the “eternal forest” are contrasted.
As already noted, the hero’s entire confession is dedicated to three days of freedom. Already in time: three days - freedom, all life - bondage, the author turns to the antithesis. The temporary antithesis is strengthened by the figurative one: the monastery is a prison, the Caucasus is freedom.
The poem has a wide variety of means artistic expression. The most common trope is comparison. Comparisons emphasize the emotionality of Mtsyri’s image (like a chamois of the mountains, timid and wild and weak and flexible, like a reed; he was terribly pale and thin and weak, as if he had experienced long labor, illness or hunger). Comparisons reflect the dreaminess of the young man’s nature (I saw mountain ranges, whimsical as dreams, when at the hour of dawn they smoked like altars, their heights in the blue sky; in the snow, burning like a diamond; like a pattern, on it are the jagged teeth of distant mountains). With the help of comparisons, both Mtsyri’s fusion with nature, rapprochement with it (intertwined like a pair of snakes), and Mtsyri’s alienation from people are shown (I myself, like a beast, was alien to people and crawled and hid like a snake; I was a stranger to them forever , like a steppe beast).
In these comparisons - the power of passion, energy, the mighty spirit of Mtsyri. A fight with a leopard results in an awareness of the high value of struggle and courage. With the help of comparisons, it is shown as a battle of wild natural forces. Comparisons emphasize the emotionality of the images, reveal the life experiences and ideas of the characters.
Metaphorical epithets convey: emotional mood, depth of feelings, their strength and passion, inner impulse. (fiery passion; gloomy walls; blissful days; flaming chest; in cold eternal silence; stormy heart; powerful spirit), poetic perception of the world (snow, burning like a diamond; a scattered village in the shadow; sleepy flowers; two saklas as a friendly couple).
Metaphors convey the tension, hyperbolic nature of experiences, the strength of Mtsyri’s feelings, and the emotional perception of the surrounding world. This is the language of high passions. A frantic thirst for freedom gives rise to a frantic style of expressing feelings (the battle began to boil; but the damp cover of their lands will refresh them and death will heal forever; fate... laughed at me! I caressed the secret plan; to take to the grave the longing for the holy homeland, the reproach of deceived hopes; the world of God slept in a stupor of dull, heavy despair sleep). By using expanded avatars an understanding of nature is conveyed, Mtsyri’s complete merging with it. Sublimely exotic landscapes are extremely romantic. Nature is endowed with the same qualities as romantic characters; it exists on the same level as man: man and nature are equal in size and equal. Nature is humane. In the nature of the Caucasus, the romantic poet finds the greatness and beauty that human society lacks (where, merging, the streams of the Aragva and the Kura make noise, embracing like two sisters; and the darkness watched the night through the branches of each with a million black eyes).
Rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals They are also a means of expressing strong emotional experiences. A large number of rhetorical questions and exclamations add excitement and passion to poetic speech (my child, stay here with me; oh my dear! I will not hide that I love you).
The creation of lyricism is facilitated by anaphora (uniformity). Anaphoras enhance the impression and intensify the rhythm. The stormy, joyful beating of life is felt in the very rhythm of the stanza with its endless variety of epithets, with the symmetrical syntax of lines, with the repetition of conjunctions.
Then I fell to the ground;
And he sobbed in a frenzy,
And gnawed the damp breast of the earth,
And tears, tears flowed...
He has seen children's eyes more than once
Driven away the visions of living dreams
About dear neighbors and relatives,
About the wild will of the steppes,
About light mad horses...
About wonderful battles between the rocks,
Where I alone defeated everyone!..
So, based on the previous analysis, we can conclude that the variety of figurative and expressive means of Lermontov’s poem reveals the wealth of experiences and feelings of the lyrical hero. With their help, a passionate, upbeat tone of the poem is created. Poetics switches to a high and timeless wave. The time of the poem is closer to the generalized than to the real. This is a philosophical work about the meaning of existence, about the true value of human life, which the poet sees in freedom, activity, and human dignity. The pathos of freedom and human activity is felt not only in the words and thoughts of the hero, but throughout the entire poem.
The poem is written in iambic tetrameter with male endings, which, according to V.G. Belinsky, “...sounds and falls abruptly, like the blow of a sword striking its victim. Its elasticity, energy and sonorous, monotonous fall are in amazing harmony with the concentrated feeling, the indestructible strength of a powerful nature and the tragic situation of the hero of the poem.” Adjacent masculine rhymes, the clear and firm sound of phrases framed or broken by these rhymes strengthen the energetic, masculine tonality of the work.
Meaning of the work
Lermontov is the largest representative of Russian and world romanticism. Romantic pathos largely determined the direction of all Lermontov's poetry. He became the successor of the best progressive traditions of the literature that preceded him. In the poem “Mtsyri” Lermontov’s poetic talent was fully revealed. It is no coincidence that Mtsyri is a hero close in spirit to the poet himself, “Lermontov’s favorite ideal” (V.G. Belinsky).
The poem "Mtsyri" inspired more than one generation of artists. At different times they illustrated the poem by V.P. Belkin, V.G. Bekhteev, I.S. Glazunov, A.A. Guryev, N.N. Dubovskoy, F.D. Konstantinov, P.P. Konchalovsky, M.N. Orlova-Mochalova, L.O. Pasternak, K.A. Savitsky, V.Ya. Surenyants, I.M. Toidze, N.A. Ushakova, K.D. Flavitsky, E.Ya. Higer,
A.G. Yakimchenko. Drawings on the theme “Mtsyri” belong to I.E. Repin. Fragments of the poem were set to music by M.A. Balakirev, A.S. Dargomyzhsky, A.P. Borodin and other composers.
Literature lesson for 8th grade.
Topic: Artistic originality of the poem "Mtsyri" by M.Yu. Lermontov.
Lesson objectives:
Educational:introduce students to the history of the creation of the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov “Mtsyri”, to identify the features of the composition of the work; update knowledge about the direction - romanticism, about romanticism in the character of the hero; continue developing skills analytical work with text; develop in students the ability to critical thinking; teach them to express their thoughts figuratively.
Educational:further development of skills expressive reading lyric work, improving the ability to construct a logically correct, consistent and eloquent statement (especially important for children learning Russian as a second language), comparing, analyzing, generalizing.
Educational:cultivate interest in the work of M.Yu. Lermontov.
Lesson type: formation of new knowledge.
Equipment: interactive whiteboard, presentation, portrait of M.Yu. Lermontov artist A.I. Klunder, illustrations for the poem “Mtsyri”, cards with didactic material, textbook: G.S. Merkin "Literature" 8th grade.
During the classes:
1. Organizational moment.
2. Motivation.
– Guys, which poet’s work will we talk about in our lesson today?
M.Yu. Lermontov's childhood was overshadowed by the early death of his mother and separation from his father. His beloved grandmother was involved in his upbringing. He lived a short life, but managed to give many masterpieces to world literature. Write many beautiful poems and poems. Some of them even inspired composers to create wonderful romances.
– Take a closer look at the artist's portrait of Lermontov
A.I. Klunder in 1838.
– What did the artist try to convey in the portrait of the poet? (the artist diligently tried to convey the special expression of the poet’s eyes).
- Why? (They say that the eyes are the mirror of the soul, because they help convey the inner world of a person.).
3. Updating previously studied material.
– The feeling of loneliness haunted the poet all his life, and he conveyed this feeling in many of his works.
– Which of them do you remember? Which ones do you know by heart? (recitation of a poem by one of the students)
– What works on historical topics have you read?
– Why do you think the poet in his works addressed historical events, personalities?
(Perhaps he was interested in the eternal problems of human dignity, the confrontation between power and people, will and lack of will. He tried to find ideals, wanted to show how the new generation had changed.)
4. Teacher's word.
Lermontov's lyrics are distinguished by the internal unity of the lyrical hero. The image of the hero is not static, it “moves,” constantly changing, but this movement is deliberately slowed down by the author, in contrast to the development of the heroes of other poets of the 19th century. In Lermontov’s work, the image of an ordinary, inconspicuous, tired person, who is not at all like the hero of the young poet’s lyrics, is increasingly depicted. But still, these heroes are closely connected, this is due to the preservation of the main motives, the themes of the lyrics, permeating all the poet’s works and forming the image of his hero.
Lyrics M.Yu. Lermontov was the rise of romanticism in Russian literature. This is explained by the fact that Lermontov’s lyrical hero is a romantic hero. He has the special qualities of a romantic: he struggles, suffers, is on a rebellious quest.
However, the theme of loneliness received particular force in the image of the romantic hero Lermontov:
Lermontov's generation is characterized by an era of timelessness. In his works, Lermontov writes about the fate of his contemporaries, about disappointment, loneliness, and life without a goal. He gravitated towards the past, strove to create images full of strength, pride, and courage.
One of them is the hero of the poem “Mtsyri”, which we will meet today.
5. Theme formulation lesson (students formulate the topic together with the teacher, I also write down the epigraph to the poem)
6. Formation of knowledge and skills.
1) Student presentation with an individual task. A message about the history of the creation of the poem.
The wonderful poem “Mtsyri” was written by M.Yu. Lermontov back in 1839, but even today continues to amaze the hearts of readers with its epicness and artistic beauty. Two years before writing the poem, the poet traveled around the Caucasus. And there, in that special environment, he met a man who later became the hero of his work. His character traits were embodied in the image of a lyrical hero.
He met that young man while traveling along the Georgian military road. It was an elderly, wise monk. Lermontov was glad to meet him, because even at the age of 17, he dreamed of writing a work where he would describe the transformation of an inexperienced youth into a wise monk. And having met a real monk, the poet was happy and inspired.
The story of his life is similar to the plot of the poem. He spent his youth in captivity, escaped, but soon got lost in the mountains. Then he decided to stay in the monastery forever. Then he was initiated and became a monk. Then Lermontov took the life story and image of the monk as a basis and wrote, a year later, this wonderful poem.
In addition, many researchers see the poet himself in the image of Mtsyri. The lyrical hero reflects powerful strength, inflexibility, and will. But at the same time, he is a deep, soft and sincere person. The hero was vulnerable and sensitive, he fully felt the harmony of nature and strived with all his might to merge with it. It is important to note that the landscape in the poem is not just a romantic backdrop. It has a special function. She is also the hero of the poem. Mtsyri perceives the surrounding reality as a part of himself. His nature strives for freedom, merges with surrounding nature, is amazed and inspired by the beauty of the world.
Mtsyri is not afraid of dangers; his soul finds life in harmony with nature. He fearlessly fights the wild leopard. He falls in love with a beautiful mountain girl, this feeling is so easy and tender for him, like a mountain wind. The plot of the work is not just dynamic and full of events, it is full of deep philosophical reasoning. A fight with a wild animal reveals the full power of the hero’s image, not only physical. Mtsyri wins, but the monks discover him weak and lifeless and return him to his cell.
2) Heuristic conversation based on the poem I read.
– How would you characterize the mood prevailing in the poem?
– Which scenes particularly impressed you?
– How do you imagine the image of the hero of the poem?
The teacher shows a portrait of Mtsyri
– What impressions does he make on you? Did they change as you got to know the character better?
– The genre of Mtsyri is a poem. Let's remember the definition of a poem.
A poem is a lyric-epic work that has a harmonious storyline and expresses the feelings and experiences of the lyrical hero.
– This year we got acquainted with three main literary movements. Remind them.
– Which of them would you classify “Mtsyri” and why?
(to romanticism, since the main character is lonely, has a strong, freedom-loving character, strives for freedom, others do not understand him. In addition, he finds himself in a new environment for him, the action of the poem takes place against the backdrop of the vibrant nature of the Caucasus.)
Do you think Mtsyri can be called a romantic hero?
Conclusion: Romantic hero– a complex, passionate personality, whose inner world is unusually deep and endless; it is a whole universe full of contradictions.
When the image of a hero is significant, its interpretation to create an illustration becomes significantly more complicated.
(Demonstration of works by different artists) We can trace the differences in the images of the hero depicted by different artists. Each of them has their own Mtsyri. Each one conveys the character’s facial features, physique, mood and emotions differently. Perhaps artists are faced with the problem of ambiguity in the characteristics of the hero. Then how should Mtsyri be portrayed?
From 1863 to 2005, more than forty portraits of the hero were created.
L. O. Pasternak depicted the scene of Mtsyri’s conversation with the monk. In the movements of the hero’s hands one can feel an impulse towards freedom, in wildlife, to their native lands. The young monk is contrasted with the static figure of the old monk. The artist used the method of plastic variations to individualize the images of each of the characters. F. D. Konstantinov portrayed Mtsyri as brave and strong. I. S. Glazunov showed him in opposite states, tense and peaceful.
Try to answer what is the reason for the appearance of such different images of the same hero in the imagination of artists?
The hero of the poem has qualities that need to be identified to understand M.Yu.’s plan. Lermontov, for analyzing existing and creating new illustrations.
We have studied visual and literary images Main character.
What conclusion can be drawn?
-in his hero M.Yu. Lermontov embodied everything that, in his opinion, his contemporaries lacked: the “eternal quest”, the impulse towards freedom, the right to the “restless movement” of the spirit; with all the diversity of Mtsyri’s essences, he remains an integral product of the writer’s imagination.
3) Test work.
– It is impossible to find out the compositional features of the poem without knowledge of literary terminology. Therefore, now we will spend a little time with you test work .
In the cards you need to establish correspondence between literary terms and their meanings.
4) Creation of a problematic situation.
–Guys, in your opinion, how is the epigraph related to the theme of the work?
The theme of “Mtsyri” is the image of a strong, brave, freedom-loving young man who grew up in captivity of a gloomy monastery, suffering from a hard life and decided at all costs to break free precisely when it was most dangerous:
And at one hour of the night, a terrible hour.
When the thunderstorm scared you,
When, crowded at the altar,
You were lying prostrate on the ground,
I ran.
The theme of the poem echoes the theme of the biblical legend and poses the questions: is a person free to manage himself, his life, does he have the right to independence?
– Define the idea.
The idea of the poem is the struggle for freedom. Three days of real life in freedom are better than many years of imprisonment within the walls of a monastery. Where a person does not live11 fully, but exists. Perhaps death is better for the hero than life in a monastery.
5) Conversation about the plot and composition of the poem.
– The poem has 26 chapters. Why did Lermontov need another 24 chapters, when all the events of the young man’s life were already told in the first two chapters? (to reveal the difficult experiences of the hero that he experienced when he was free.)
– What did Mtsyri see when he was free?
– What did he do after breaking out of the monastery?
– What did the hero learn about himself in three blissful days? That he is a man, what he was created for, why he lives.
– What is the structure of the poem?
(The composition is very original: after a short introduction depicting the view of an abandoned monastery, the second chapter tells the life of the hero, his confession to the monk. Thus, the author spoke about the hero’s life in 2 chapters, and a whole one was written about the three days spent in freedom poem. And this is understandable, since three days of freedom gave the hero as many impressions as he had not received in many years of monastic life.)
Conclusion: thus, we can say that the composition is frame
– Why do you think the narrative is given to the hero?
(In the center of the poem is the image of a young man placed in unusual conditions. Monastic existence is poor in external events, it does not bring joy to a person, but it cannot destroy his aspirations and impulses. The author pays main attention to these aspirations, to the inner world of the hero, and external the circumstances of his life only help to reveal his character. His monologue allows one to penetrate into the innermost thoughts and feelings of the hero, although the young man at first declares that the story is only about what he saw and did, and not what he experienced (“can one tell the soul? - he turns to the monk).
6) Lexical work.
– Define lexical meaning the words “confession”.
The word “confession” has the following meaning:
1. Repentance of sins before the priest; frank confession of something;
2. Communicate your thoughts and views.
– In what meaning do you think this word is used in the poem?
7. Consolidation of knowledge and skills.
A) Group work (in pairs)
– The composition of the monologue-confession makes it possible to gradually reveal the hero’s inner world. Review the text and draw up a composition diagram.
B) Analytical conversation.
We can say that the entire poem is a confession in which the young monk narrates what happened to him during his three days of freedom. But calling Mtsyri’s monologue a confession is not entirely correct: the monk’s passionate story is not imbued with a feeling of repentance, and he does not intend to talk about his sinful thoughts and beg for forgiveness for them. This is reminiscent of a sermon, because Mtsyri defends his right to freedom and happiness, Mtsyri denies monastic foundations:“stuffy cells and prayers” , "dark walls" , in which I grew up -“a child at heart, a monk by destiny” .
He understands that fate has deprived him of his homeland, home, family - everything that ordinary people who grew up in freedom have. He was forced to challenge fate and on a terrible cold night he fearlessly dared to escape. Mtsyri is unshakable and even in the face of death says:
The grave doesn't scare me...
Such courage and bravery are born of the dream of being free. The thirst for will is prompted by the greatness of the Caucasus mountains, conducting a conversation with the hero and the sky. Necessity"to go to one's native country" born of loneliness, desire“at least for a moment press the burning chest” to my dear breast. The several days Mtsyri spent outside the walls of the monastery strengthened it. During this short period of time, he learned what happiness and love are, and learned the value of human life and freedom. Now he has a desire to enter into an argument with the old man who came to listen to the young man’s story.
The main part of the poem was supposed to represent a struggle: on the one hand, the obedience of the monk, the renunciation of everyday joys and hope for another, afterlife, on the other - the need for struggle, the desire for freedom, opposition to spiritual slavery, the struggle against the sacred order.
Only the struggle is impossible, because only Mtsyri speaks. He turns in vain to the monk, calling on him to answer his questions. And he himself doesn’t seem to listen to him, because he can only hear what’s going on in his soul. He is so full of impressions and emotions that he is unable to express everything in words. There, behind the wall, a new wonderful, alluring world opened up for him.
TOthe climax of the poem You can designate a scene of a fight with a leopard. The hero went out alone against a ferocious predator. But the unarmed Mtsyri turns out to be stronger and more dexterous than the beast, because he is controlled not only by the instinct of self-preservation. He is driven by inspiration. And he is inspired by nothing other than the thirst for freedom and free life. He throws all his strength into victory, but does not dare not recognize the strength of the defeated beast:
In his confession, the monk talks about his life in the monastery. An image appears of an ancient monastery with small cells, strict laws and an atmosphere where all natural aspirations are prohibited.
Conclusion: The entire poem is imbued with deep emotionality and a rush of passion. The theme of the poem and the images described in it have been relevant for many years. In the poem, the author reflected his life philosophy. This is a work about the value of human life, which for Lermontov is reflected in the right to choose, in free-thinking, in a sense of dignity, in a bright desire for freedom. The poem "Mtsyri" by M.Yu. Lermontov reveals the scale of the poet's personality. Lyrical hero very close to the poet himself. They have a common philosophy and worldview. This poem is rightfully considered a great achievement of Russian romanticism. For Lermontov, all of life, like the poem, is like an endless improvisation that absorbs the reader from the first lines and flows with a stormy stream of love for life.
8. Reflection.
9. Definition of differentiated homework:
Prepare a retelling of “Mtsyri’s life in the monastery. Image of a young monk.”
Reveal the meaning of the word freedom using the explanatory dictionary.
Answer the questions:
What is the purpose of Mtsyri’s escape from the monastery? (written)
Find landscape sketches. Determine their significance for the artistic appearance of the poem.
Note the artistic techniques used by Lermontov when depicting his hero.
Which episodes of Mtsyri’s three-day wanderings do you consider especially significant? Why?
Appendix A
1. Establish correspondence between literary terms and their meanings.
- New!
Researchers, as a rule, do not consider it necessary to note the artistic originality of Lermontov’s poem, which is largely constructed in sharp contradiction with the canons of romantic aesthetics; they categorically and unequivocally state: “Mtsyri” is romantic...
The age of epic poems has passed away, And stories in verse have fallen into decay. M.Yu. Lermontov The word “poem” is familiar to us: it is a large plot-based work in verse, in which there is a narrative, and at the same time the author’s voice is clearly heard. The poems have arrived...
Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov in the poem "Mtsyri" talks about a man who passionately loves his Motherland and people, but suffers greatly far from them, without the opportunity and hope of returning to his native land. Within the gloomy walls of the monastery, the young man is all...
Mtsyri's character trait - organic compound in him there is strict purposefulness, powerful strength, strong will with exceptional softness, sincerity, lyricism, which are so clearly evident in his attitude towards nature, in his thoughts about his native side. Deep...
The poem "Mtsyri" was written in 1839, shortly before Lermontov's death. This is one of his latest works, a kind of summation of everything creative path. The poem embodied late, mature Lermontov romanticism - a direction that in one way or another...
“I previously had a beautiful dream, a vision of wondrous beauty... Reality! With your powerful speech you scattered my dreams.” J. G. Byron It is no coincidence that my essay on the work of M. Yu. Lermontov is preceded by an epigraph from a poem by Lord Byron,...
The poem “Mtsyri” is a typically romantic work (the unity of man with nature - a thunderstorm scene and an escape from a monastery; romantic love - a meeting with a Georgian woman; wrestling - a duel with a leopard; freedom - an escape from a monastery, which is the personification of unfreedom). The theme of the homeland was clearly expressed in the work. The composition of the poem is closed.
Mtsyri, by the will of fate, returns to the monastery (the romantic idea of irresistible fate, the pessimistic pathos of the work).
V. G. Belinsky
“What a fiery soul, what a mighty spirit, what a gigantic nature this Mtsyri has! This is our poet’s favorite ideal, this is the reflection in poetry of the shadow of his own personality.”
“Despite the immaturity of the idea and some tension in the content of “Mtsyri,” the details and presentation of this poem are amazing in their execution. It can be said without exaggeration that the poet took flowers from the rainbow, rays from the sun, shine from lightning, roar from thunder, roar from the winds - that all nature itself carried and gave him materials when he wrote this poem.”
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Composition
One of the favorite books of youth is Lermontov’s poem “Mtsyri”. Passionate, written as if in one breath, it is close to young people with its irresistible impulse to happiness, brightness and definiteness of feelings. Since the end of the last century, the poem has taken a strong place in the annals of Russian literature. The main idea that needs to be conveyed is the thought of the indestructibility of the human desire for freedom and happiness and the naturalness of this desire. The main feeling is a feeling of pride in a person for whom death is better than life in captivity and far from the homeland.
The plot of the poem is simple: this is a story short life Mtsyri, a story about his failed attempt to escape from the monastery? Mtsyri's life is poor in external events; we only learn that the hero never experienced happiness, was captured from childhood, suffered a serious illness and found himself alone in a foreign land and among people strangers to him, monks. The young man makes an attempt to find out why man lives, why he was created. Escape from the monastery and three-day wanderings: they introduce Mtsyri to life, convince him of the meaninglessness of monastic existence, bring him a feeling of joy in life, but do not lead to the desired goal - to return his homeland and freedom. Not finding a way to his native country, Mtsyri again ends up in the monastery. His death is inevitable; in his dying confession, he tells the monk about everything that he managed to see and experience during the “three blissful days”? In the poem, such a sequence in the presentation of the plot is not maintained. The composition “Mtsyri” is very unique: after a short introduction depicting the view of an abandoned monastery, the small second chapter-stanza tells the whole life of Mtsyri in a calm epic tone; and all the remaining stanzas (there are 24 of them) represent the hero’s monologue, his confession to the monk. Thus, the author spoke about the hero’s life in two stanzas, and a whole poem was written about the three days Mtsyri spent in freedom. And this is understandable, since three days of freedom gave the hero as many impressions as he had not received in many years of monastic life.
At the center of the poem is the image of a young man, placed by life in unusual conditions. Monastic existence is poor in external events; it does not bring joy to a person, but it cannot destroy his aspirations and impulses. The author pays main attention to these aspirations, to the inner world of the hero, and the external circumstances of his life only help to reveal his character. Mtsyri's monologue allows the reader to penetrate into the innermost thoughts and feelings of the hero, although the young man at first declares that his story is only about what he saw and did, and not what he experienced (“can you tell your soul?” - he addresses the monk ).
The composition of the monologue makes it possible to gradually reveal the hero’s inner world. First (stanzas 3, 4, 5) Mtsyri talks about his life in the monastery and reveals what was not known to the monks. Outwardly a submissive novice, “a child at heart, a monk at heart,” he was obsessed with a fiery passion for freedom (stanza 4), a youthful thirst for life with all its joys and sorrows (stanza 5). Behind these dreams and aspirations of Mtsyri one can discern the circumstances and reasons that brought them to life. An image emerges of a gloomy monastery with stuffy cells, inhuman laws and an atmosphere where all natural aspirations are suppressed.
Then Mtsyri tells what he saw “in freedom.” The “wonderful world” he discovered contrasts sharply with the gloomy world of the monastery. The young man is so carried away by the memories of the living pictures he has seen (and they lead him to thoughts about his native village) that he seems to forget about himself and says almost nothing about his feelings. What pictures he remembers and with what words he paints them reveals his fiery nature, integral in his aspirations. Finally, in subsequent stanzas (starting from the 8th) Mtsyri talks about the external events of his three-day wandering, about everything that happened to him in freedom, and about everything that he felt and experienced during these days free life. Now the sequence of events is not disrupted, we move step by step with the hero, vividly imagine the world around him and follow his every emotional movement.
The last two stanzas are Mtsyri’s farewell to life and his testament. Unable to return to his homeland, Mtsyri is ready to die. But even before his death he refuses to acknowledge monastic existence. His last thoughts are about his homeland, freedom, life. Having briefly examined the composition of the poem, it is easy to show its justification and consistency. The peculiarity of the composition is not only in the shift in the sequence of events, but in the fact that they are all shown through the subjective perception of the hero. It is not the author who describes Mtsyri’s experiences and feelings, but the hero himself who talks about them. The lyrical element predominates in the poem, and the epic narration, included in the hero’s monologue, is focused on individual, most intense moments of the action (meeting with a Georgian woman, fighting with a leopard. It aims to deepen the impression of certain properties and characteristics of the hero. In the poem, everywhere on the first place the hero, and not the events. The character of the hero largely determines the plot. All of the above-mentioned features of the composition are, to one degree or another, characteristic of a romantic poem.
Courageous, bold, proud, inspired by one dream, Mtsyri does not seem like a harsh person or a fanatic of his passion. For all the ardor and strength of his dream, it is deeply human, and the character of the young man is not shrouded in severity or “savagery,” as they wrote in pre-revolutionary methodological manuals, but poetry. What is poetic, first of all, is the hero’s perception of the world as something infinitely beautiful, giving a person a feeling of happiness. Mtsyri is akin to the nature around him, he merges with it even when he admires the purity firmament(“...I drowned in it with my eyes and soul”), and then when I experience the frenzy of struggle (as if I myself was born into a family of leopards and wolves,” says the young man). The feelings of delight and joy he experiences are poetic. His attitude towards the Georgian woman is poetic. This is a dreamy, vague premonition of love, giving rise to sweet melancholy and sadness. Mtsyri understands the uniqueness and charm of this feeling; it is no coincidence that he says:
* Memories of those minutes
* In me, with me, let them die.
Thus, Mtsyri is a powerful, fiery nature. The main thing in him is the passion and ardor of the desire for happiness, which is impossible for him without freedom and homeland, irreconcilability to life in captivity, fearlessness, courage, bravery and courage. Mtsyri is poetic, youthfully tender, pure and whole in his aspirations.
