Classic of geographical science
Having begun his expeditionary activities at the age of 28, N. M. Przhevalsky devoted 21 years to the study of little-known or completely unexplored Asian spaces.
From 1867 to 1888, Nikolai Mikhailovich led five long-term expeditions. During this time, they covered 33,270 km, of which 31,550 km were during Central Asian travel. Przhevalsky spent over ten years on the road! The remaining years were spent preparing for the journey, preparing expeditions, traveling to the border and back, and most importantly, processing the results obtained.
Between travels, Przhevalsky was engaged in literary works. In his beautifully written books, N. M. Przhevalsky gave vivid pictures of the nature of the territories he explored. Nikolai Mikhailovich considered the study of nature his main task. And indeed, he did especially a lot in the field of physical geography of Asia. But Przhevalsky was a geographer of a wide profile. In his works he devotes a lot of space to people, economic and political relations. So it is difficult to even name a branch of geography to which Przhevalsky did not contribute something significant, and often so important that it radically changed the ideas that existed before him.
For more than 20 thousand km, N. M. Przhevalsky conducted visual surveys of the area, determined the height of 231 points, 63 astronomical points. As a result, the map has completely changed Central Asia: Przhevalsky established the true direction of the most important mountain systems of High Inner Asia, discovered a number of new huge ranges (Altyntag, Humboldt, Ritter, Przhevalsky and many others), clarified the northern border of the Tibetan Plateau, for the first time accurately showed on the map the lakes Lop Nor and Kukunar, Dzharin- nur and Orin-nur. Przhevalsky reached and mapped the sources of the Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze - greatest rivers China, described largest river Central Asia - Tarim.
N. M. Przhevalsky was the first to give a detailed description of the great Central Asian Gobi Desert, showing that it is not an uplift, that it is not dominated by sand, but by rocky and clayey surfaces.
The meteorological observations carried out by Przhevalsky with exceptional systematicity are of great value; his descriptions of the weather, natural phenomena - dust storms, snowfalls, etc. The outstanding climatologist and traveler A.I. Voeikov, who processed Przhevalsky’s meteorological observations, highly appreciated his contribution to the study of the climate of Asia.
And, of course, the botanical and zoological collections collected by Przhevalsky’s expeditions were of great importance for science. The herbarium consisted of more than 15 thousand plants of 1,700 species. Among them, botanists described 218 new species and seven new genera! It was important that the plants were not only collected, but each one was described in what areas it was found, at what altitude, on what slope, etc., that is, its habitat conditions were indicated.
The zoological collections were especially good, containing more than 7.5 thousand specimens, including 702 mammals, 5010 birds, 1200 reptiles and amphibians, 643 fish. The huge collection included dozens of new animal species previously unknown to science, including a wild horse, a wild camel, and a Tibetan bear. Przhevalsky's zoological collection is still the pride of the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences in Leningrad. Przhevalsky’s observations of the habits and living conditions of animals and birds are of great value.
In addition, Przhevalsky introduced European science to the life, economy and social relations of peoples unknown to that time - the Lobnors, Dungans, Tanguts, etc.
“Look at everything done by N. M. Przhevalsky,” wrote the first president of the Geographical Society of the USSR, Yu. M. Shokalsky, “and he will stand before you in all his heroic stature, amaze and captivate you with the enormous totality of his sincere aspirations to reveal to science the true picture of the nature of the Central Asia."
The merits of N. M. Przhevalsky are not limited to the results of his expeditions, no matter how great these results were. His no less merit is that he was the first to begin exploring the vast expanses of Central Asia and, with his expeditions and brilliant works, attracted the attention of other researchers to this region.
Already in 1876, such prominent scientists as G. N. Potanin and M. V. Pevtsov began to study Central Asia, from 1886 G. E. Grumm-Grzhimailo, and from 1892 - V. A. Obruchev . The direct students of N. M. Przhevalsky - V. I. Roborovsky and especially P. K. Kozlov - did a lot to understand the nature of Central Asia. In their expeditions, these scientists used the methodology of comprehensive geographical research developed by Przhevalsky based on the ideas of P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. And they sought to carry out their reports in the same publicly accessible form in which the works of N. M. Przhevalsky were written.
In the years Soviet power Central Asia was studied by such outstanding scientists as geologist V. M. Sinitsyn, soil scientist B. B. Polynov, botanist A. A. Yunatov, hydrologist N. T. Kuznetsov, geographer E. M. Murzaev, paleontologist I. A. Efremov , desert scientist M.P. Petrov and many others. The activities of the students and followers of the great traveler in the study of Central Asia became his best monument.
N. M. Przhevalsky occupies an honorable place among the wonderful travelers of all times and peoples. In Russian geographical science, he was the first to introduce complex characteristics of the studied areas into route descriptions of travel. Conveying his impressions of the nature of a particular area in a vivid artistic form, Przhevalsky at the same time reveals the interconnection of all components of nature, gives explanations of the causes of certain phenomena, without reducing the figurativeness of the description.
One of the first Russian geographers, N. M. Przhevalsky, gave examples of regional characteristics of the places visited - along with a description of nature, he talks about the population, their way of life and economy, about cities and villages.
“In the history of science there are individuals,” writes E.M. Murzaev, “whose ideas and works represent an entire era. Decades pass, but the memory of them does not die; on the contrary, at some distance their greatness, tirelessness, and scientific passion are even more emphasized. Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky is one of these scientists... Despite the long period that has elapsed since his travels, the memory of him is fresh in the widest layers of our society. The name of Przhevalsky is revered among us as the name of one of the most prominent figures sciences, and geographers Soviet Union with good reason they consider him a classic of Russian geographical science, who must be followed, from whom one must learn, and who can always be studied.”
Mikhail Vladimirovich wrote this research work about the Przhevalsky family until the last minutes of his life. Many things are seen differently today. But in the late 90s this was a guideline for us.
ROAD OF PRZHEVALSKY
The Przhevalskys descend from the Zaporozhye Cossack Kornila Anisimovich Paravalsky. Having risen to the rank of captain of the Cossack banner (detachment), Kornila Przhevalsky took part in the battles of Polotsk and Velikiye Luki; for his courage and bravery, King Stefan Batory granted him the Polish nobility and coat of arms in 1581. For his valiant service, Kornil Przhevalsky received from the Vitebsk governor and headman of Velizh and Surozh Nikolai Sapieha five villages (Shishtsenka, Yudunevskaya, Ostrovskaya in the Vitebsk voivodeship, Pustovskaya, Bobovaya Luka in the Velizh volost), which were approved for him by King Sigismund III. Kornila Przhevalsky was married to Maria Mitkovna (i.e. Dmitrievna) and had two sons - Bogdan and Gabriel, and the latter also left two sons - Leonty and Gregory.
Grigory Przhevalsky married Kristina Gostilovich in 1666 and received as her dowry half of the estate Skuratovo, Romanovo, Zamerzino in Vitebsk Povet. They had three sons: Leon, Jan (Ivan) and Lavrenty. The children were raised in the spirit of the Orthodox religion. Lavrenty also had three sons: Martyn, Dmitry and Anton. Martin had sons Anthony and Tomas (Foma).
Tomas (Thomas) Przewalski was married to Marfa Petrovna and had five children: Nicholas, Franz the Greater and Franz the Lesser, daughter Maria and son Casimir. Franz the Great was a major, distinguished himself in the war of 1812 near Tarutino, for which he was awarded the Order of Anna, 3rd class (later it was 4th class). He took part in the battles near Maly Yaroslavets and Vyazma, was wounded near Dorogobuzh, after recovery, he participated in foreign campaigns and was wounded a second time in 1813.
Kazimir (Kuzma) Przhevalsky (another son of Thomas) was brought up in a Jesuit college in Polotsk, but without completing the course, he fled from the school and converted to Orthodoxy, taking the name Kuzma. Orthodoxy was preserved for a long time in the Przhevalsky family. Perhaps Kuzma’s parents converted to Catholicism, but we don’t know for sure. In his younger years, Kuzma lived on the family estate Skuratov, Vitebsk Voivodeship, married Varvara Terentyevna Krasovskaya, had sons Hieronymus, Mikhail, Alexei and daughters Elena and Agrafena.
Kuzma Przhevalsky in 1818 was in the service in the city of Staritsa as a supervisory assistant, then he was awarded the rank of clerical officer and transferred to the same position in Vyshny Volochok, and in 1822 - to Vesyegonsk, in the same year he retired. In 1824 he was assigned to the office of the Tver Noble Deputy Assembly, where he remained until 1826. In 1825, he was included in the 6th part of the genealogical book of the Tver province, and had the rank of collegiate registrar. In 1835, Kuzma Fomich was the manager of the estate of the landowner Palibin in Elninsky district. Kuzma Fomich died in 1842.
BRANCH "MIKHAILOVICH"
Mikhail Kuzmich Przhevalsky born 1803. At the age of fourteen he entered the former 4th Carabinieri Regiment as a cadet, was promoted to cadet harness in the same year, and 3 years later (at the age of 17) he retired. In January of the following 1821, he again entered service, first in the Borodino, then in the Belevsky infantry regiments. In 1824 he was promoted to ensign and transferred to the Estland Regiment. In 1834, already with the rank of lieutenant, he was transferred to the Nevsky Marine Regiment. While participating in the suppression of the Polish uprising in 1831, he fell ill with eye inflammation and lung disease. He was treated at the clinic at the Vilna Medical-Surgical Academy. The treatment was unsuccessful, and it became impossible to remain in military service. Dismissed on May 10, 1835, with a pension of 2/3 of his salary, Mikhail Kuzmich, being only 32 years old, settled with his father on the Palibins’ estate in Elninsky district.
Not far from the estate was the village of Kimborovo, which belonged to Alexey Stepanovich Karetnikov, whose daughter Mikhail Kuzmich fell in love with.
At first, the Karetnikov family did not like Mikhail Kuzmich very much. He was not good-looking: tall, thin and pale, his eyes were cloudy and cloudy. For a long time, Elena’s parents did not agree to marry their daughter to a retired infantry officer, considering such a marriage to be a misalliance compared to the marriage of their older daughters. But in 1838 the marriage took place. We got married in the church of the nearest village of Lobkova, and celebrated the wedding in Kimborovo. Here in Kimborovo, on March 31, 1839, the first son, Nikolai, was born - later a famous traveler, and on June 6, 1840, the second son, Vladimir, was born in the future, a famous lawyer. The third son, Evgeniy, was born on January 15, 1844 - in his mature years he would become a famous mathematician. Daughter Elena was born on May 17, 1846. After the birth of his second son, Karetnikov allocated for his daughter from the Kimborovsky estate a farm with the villages of Malanina (Tserkovishchi also) and Rakovichi. A farm was a lonely building that stood in the middle of the forest and was located one and a half miles from Kimborovo. It was difficult to live in such a house with young children. The situation of the young Przhevalskys was extremely difficult until Elena Przhevalskaya (nee Karetnikova) received 2,500 rubles from the will of her deceased sister (who was married to Zavadovsky). With this money, an estate was built, called Otradnoe. The Przhevalskys moved here in 1843. Three years later, in October 1846, at the age of 42, Mikhail Kuzmich died. The eldest son was seven years old, the youngest daughter was five months old. All the brothers loved their little sister very much, and if she cried, all three would run to her and try to calm her down as best they could. Even as teenagers, the boys told their mother: “Don’t be afraid that she is poor. We will all study and serve and work, and if she gets married, we will all join in and make her a dowry.”
For most of his life, Evgeniy Mikhailovich taught mathematics and mechanics at the 3rd Alexander Military School. He was a military man and went from ensign to lieutenant general. He was a holder of the Order of St. Anne 2nd and 3rd degree, St. Stanislav 2nd and 3rd degree. Had a medal in memory of their sacred coronation Imperial Majesties(1884).
Evgeny Mikhailovich was born on January 15, 1844 in the Otradnoye estate, Smolensk province. Evgeniy received his military education at the Alexandrinsky Orphaned Moscow Cadet Corps. At the age of 26, he married the daughter of the provincial secretary, a noblewoman of the Moscow province, Maria Fedorovna Panteleeva, and a year later their daughter Elena was born. Yevgeny Mikhailovich did not have his own house in Moscow; he and his family lived in rented apartments in the Arbat area.
Evgeniy Mikhailovich had the Podosinka estate in Vereisky district, from this district he was a deputy of the Moscow Noble Deputy Assembly. Like his brothers Vladimir and Nikolai, Evgeniy Mikhailovich was a member of many societies and committees. Until the last days of his life, he was engaged in social activities. Evgeniy Mikhailovich died at the age of 81 on September 10, 1925 and was buried at the Vagankovskoye cemetery. There is no information about Evgeniy Mikhailovich’s wife. Little is known about Evgeny Mikhailovich’s daughter Elena Evgenievna. In Sofia Alekseevna's letters to her son there are references to Elena Evgenievna (Lyala), dating back to the period of her upcoming marriage (November 1892 - May 1893). The wedding took place on May 17, 1893.
The groom - Gardner - "a sedate gentleman, 31 years old, a zemstvo chief. Lives in the Ryazan province... When they blessed Lyalya, letting her leave the house, her uncle (that is, her father Evgeny Mikhailovich) cried so much that I did too (Sofya Alekseevna Przhevalskaya ) couldn’t resist, and after seeing Lyalya off, my uncle walked along the platform, sobbing and not understanding anything.” Elena Evgenievna did not live with her husband for long, separated and returned to Moscow to her parents. Children from E.E. did not have. Elena Evgenievna died on March 4, 1945 at the age of 73, and was buried, like her father, at the Vagankovskoye cemetery.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (senior) (1869-1919).
Vladimir Vladimirovich is the only son of the famous lawyer Vladimir Mikhailovich and the only nephew of the great traveler Nikolai Mikhailovich. Of the three sons of Mikhail Kuzmich (Nikolai, Vladimir and Evgeniy), only Vladimir Mikhailovich continued the Przhevalsky family.
Vladimir Vladimirovich was born on October 6, 1869 in Moscow. In 1880 he entered the first class of the 1st men's gymnasium and graduated in 1887. After graduating from high school, he entered Moscow University at the Faculty of Law. Graduated in 1891 full course in Legal Sciences with a 1st degree diploma and was left at the university “to prepare for a professorship in the department of criminal law.” Soon he was sent abroad for academic purposes, and for three years Vladimir Vladimirovich lived abroad, attending lectures at European universities.
His mother Sofya Alekseevna regularly sent her son parcels (sweets, chocolate, caramel, caviar, whitefish, prunes) and gave advice on how to behave and what to buy.
Abroad, Vladimir Vladimirovich studied the criminal legislation of Switzerland, which upon his return he made a report on at a meeting of the Moscow Law Society. He published a number of legal essays, passed "the prescribed tests", and in 1893 he was awarded the title of senior candidate. At the end of 1894, he was given the right to independently conduct investigative actions in the 5th precinct of Moscow and was promoted to titular councilor. Then Vladimir Vladimirovich was a district judge in Moscow, an honorary magistrate in the Moscow City Duma and in the Podolsk district. His ranks “grew” from collegiate assessor in 1899 to full state councilor in 1903.
Since 1900, Vladimir Vladimirovich, like his father, has been a sworn attorney and has a free practice as a lawyer. For many years (from 1903 to 1917) V.V. did a lot of work as a member of the Moscow City Duma. He was on the following commissions under the City Duma: organizational (chairman), financial, general issues city structure, for the consideration of complaints, was a member of the Meeting of public lawyers.
Vladimir Vladimirovich devoted a lot of mental energy and time to charitable activities, and was also a member or chairman of many societies and committees.
V.V. Przhevalsky was awarded the order St. Anna, 3rd degree (1913), light bronze medal in memory of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty (1913), Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree (1915), silver breastplate in memory of 50 anniversary of provincial and district institutions (1914), anniversary badge of the Imperial Humane Society (1914).
Vladimir Vladimirovich married at the age of 38 the daughter of a manufacturer, Lyubov Nikolaevna Lukutina. The wedding took place on January 21, 1907 in the Church of the Eye Hospital on Tverskaya. After the wedding there was lunch in Vladimir Vladimirovich’s own house (B. Molchanovka 14), and then the newlyweds went abroad on a honeymoon. Lyubov Nikolaevna was 21 years old (she was born in Moscow on October 20, 1886). From marriage with Lyubov Nikolaevna V.V. had four sons: Vladimir (born in 1907), Nikolai (1909), Mikhail (1912) and Evgeniy (1916). The latter died in infancy. The family lived in a house on Bolshaya Molchanovka, then in an apartment at house No. 3 on Malaya Dmitrovka. At V.V. there was an estate Sloboda in the Smolensk province, and Lyubov Nikolaevna had an estate in the village. Danilkovo, Moscow province (Savelovskoe direction).
The life of Vladimir Vladimirovich changed dramatically after the October Revolution of 1917. He was a member of the Constitutional Democrats (Cadet). During its meeting in May 1918, members of the Kadet Party were arrested, as a large conspiracy against the Bolshevik government was allegedly discovered. Among those arrested was V.V. Przhevalsky. He spent about two months in Butyrka prison, then was released and went to the Danilkovo estate. You can read about all this in the diaries of V.A. Mikhailovsky, friend of V.V. in the literary circle. In September 1918 V.V. left Moscow, there is evidence of his stay in Kiev ("Power of Attorney" in the name of his wife Lyubov Nikolaevna, dated October 10, 1918, certified by a Kiev notary). From the same document it follows that he left Moscow after September 19, 1918, since the certificate issued to him by the Ukrainian Consul General in Moscow No. 15058 is dated September 19, 1918. In 1919 V.V. - in Rostov, where he suddenly died of typhus on May 14, 1919, and was buried there in the local cemetery (report from friends of V.V. Alevtina’s sister who buried him). Official document about the death of V.V. was received by his eldest son Vladimir in 1937.
In September 1919, arrests of prominent members of the Cadet Party took place in Moscow, among those arrested was the wife (now widow) of V.V. Przhevalsky Lyubov Nikolaevna. 20 days after the arrest, more than 40 people were shot: the famous teacher A.D. Alferov with his wife, former member of the Moscow City Duma N.N. Shchepkin, Aristarkhov’s family are all Muscovites. Lyubov Nikolaevna, fortunately, was released after three weeks of imprisonment in Butyrka prison. She was 33 years old, and at that time she had three sons - the eldest was 12 years old, the youngest was 7. The house where the Przhevalskys’ apartment was located was occupied by the Communist University, and Lyubov Nikolaevna and her children were evicted without providing any premises. Wanderings around Moscow began.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (junior) (1907-1956).
Vladimir was the first-born in the family of Vladimir and Lyubov Przhevalsky. He was born on November 15 (November 28, new style) in Moscow. After graduation high school in 1924, he entered the law faculty of Moscow University, but failed to graduate from the university. Already in 1926, he worked in different cities in railway survey parties. Since 1927 he lived and worked as an engineer in the design and survey group of the Ryazan-Ural railway in Saratov. In this city in 1930 he married Olga Petrovna Ukhanova and in 1935 their daughter Elena was born. Vladimir Vladimirovich died, like his father, at the age of 49, and was buried in Saratov.
His daughter, Elena Vladimirovna Przhevalskaya, married Ilyin and in the 60s their daughter Ekaterina was born. This branch of the Przhevalsky family in the male line was interrupted.
Nikolai Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (1909-2000).
Of the three sons of Vladimir Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (the eldest), only Nikolai inherited from the explorer of Central Asia N.M. Przhevalsky's passion for travel. At the age of 16, he left for two years with P.K. Kozlov (student of N.M. Przhevalsky) on an expedition to Mongolia. Upon returning to Moscow, he entered the polytechnic school, after graduating, he left for Vologda. Nikolai Vladimirovich, having a specialty as a builder of highways and bridges, often changed his place of residence: the north of Russia, the Caucasus, Ukraine, Tajikistan. From the first days of the Great Patriotic War, he was in the road troops of the Western and 2nd Belorussian fronts. Nikolai Vladimirovich went through the entire war, after its end he served another 10 years in the army and retired in 1956 with the rank of lieutenant colonel engineer. He graduated from correspondence engineering construction institute and for 20 years he worked as chief engineer of the Kazdorstroy road construction trust in Kazan. From 1969 to 1971 As part of a group of specialists, he designed roads in Cuba. In 1975 he retired. Nikolai Vladimirovich - Honored Builder of the Tatar SSR, Honorary Road Worker.
N.V. got married at the age of 41 to Irina Nikolaevna Shlyaeva, and in 1951 their son Vladimir was born. The marriage soon broke up. After 9 years N.V. married Nina Ivanovna Surchenko and adopted her daughter Elena from her first marriage. The son of his adopted daughter, Vadim (born in 1976), also bears the surname Przhevalsky. N.V. died Przhevalsky February 19, 2000, buried in Kazan.
Nikolai Vladimirovich’s son from his first marriage, Vladimir Nikolaevich, is a physicist by profession, and graduated from Kazan University in 1973. Has a daughter, Irina (born in 1977), lives in Moscow.
Mikhail Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (1912-1997).
Mikhail was the third son in the family of Vladimir and Lyubov Przhevalsky. He was born on October 23 (November 5, new style) 1912 in Moscow. In 1927 he graduated from a seven-year school, then two-year drawing and design courses, and in 1929 he began working as a draftsman. In April 1930, Mikhail, his brother Nikolai and their mother Lyubov Nikolaevna were arrested, they spent three months in Butyrka prison, then they were expelled from Moscow for three years without the right to live in six major cities. They were charged under Article 58-10 (anti-Soviet agitation). Mikhail and his mother left for the city of Gorky, where Mikhail worked as a technician at the construction of the Automobile Plant. They returned to Moscow after 3 years, then Mikhail was in the army for 2 years, and after returning from it, he entered the Moscow Civil Engineering Institute in 1938, from which he graduated in 1944.
“I worked all my life on construction projects, and each new construction project brought me great satisfaction,” said Mikhail Vladimirovich in an interview with a correspondent of Narodnaya Gazeta (March 21, 1992, No. 157). He worked his way up from a foreman to the head of the production and technical department. He was considered a good specialist. For many years he built facilities in the system of the Academy of Sciences and the former 4th Directorate under the Ministry of Health. He was awarded medals for his work. After retiring in 1975, he worked for another 8 years (temporarily, in the SMU of the 4th Directorate), but his main activity in retirement was collecting materials for writing genealogies on his father’s side - the Przhevalskys, and on his mother’s side - the Lukutins. The genealogies were written in 1987-1988, but until his death (August 3, 1997). Mikhail Vladimirovich searched and found new documents and facts related to these births. He published a number of articles in newspapers and magazines. Like his father and grandfather, Mikhail Vladimirovich was actively involved in social activities and was a member of several societies.
In 1943 M.V. married Princess Evfalia Sergeevna Kropotkina (b. 1918), who came from an old Russian princely family (the middle branch of the younger branch of the Kropotkin princes, 33rd generation from Rurik). They had two children: son Nikolai (b. 1943) and daughter Tatyana (b. 1945). They, like their grandfather and great-grandfather, graduated from Moscow State University. Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky - Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Moscow Agricultural Academy named after. K.A. Timiryazev. In 1966, he married his classmate Lyudmila Konstantinovna Korkunova, and they had sons Vsevolod (1970) and Konstantin (1979). They are the youngest representatives of the Przhevalsky family in the male line known to us (13th generation from Kornila).
Vsevolod Nikolaevich Przhevalsky in 1989 he married Elena Alekseevna Pronina, they have a daughter, Anastasia (b. 1995).
The Przhevalsky offspring continued through the female line. Tatyana Mikhailovna, nee Przhevalskaya, married to Komarova, is a chemist, she has two children: Irina (b. 1968) and Mikhail (b. 1976). Irina Yuryevna, nee Komarova, married to Shalaev, has two sons: Anton (b. 1990) and Sergei (b. 1995).
BRANCH OF "IERONIMOVICH"
Let's go back to the turn of the 18th-19th centuries and trace the branch of the "Jeronimovichs", coming from the eldest son of Kuzma (Kazimir) Fomich Przhevalsky.
Jerome Kazimirovich (1802-1863) .
He worked his way up from lieutenant ensign to lieutenant colonel of the Caucasian 17th line battalion. He took part in the Russo-Persian War (1827-1829) and was awarded a silver medal. He took part in expeditions related to the subjugation of the Caucasus to Russia (in the battles on the Bolshoy and Maly Zelenchuk rivers with the Nogais, on the Laba River with the Circassians, in Tabasaran with the Tabasarans). He defended the fortress of Derbent, besieged by Kazi-Mulloya in 1831. Hieronymus Kazimirovich was a holder of the orders of St. George 4th class, St. Anna 3rd class, St. Stanislav 3rd class, had the insignia of blameless service for 30 years and bronze medal in memory of the Crimean War of 1853-1956. Died at 61.
Jerome Kazimirovich was married for the second time to the daughter of an Orthodox priest, Raisa Ivanovna Klyuchareva; they had sons: Vladimir (born in Derbent in 1837), Alexander (b. 1841), Vsevolod (b. 1846), Evgeniy (b. 1846), Evgraf (b. 1957 .) and daughters: Claudia (b. 1854) and Eugenia (b. 1859). Vladimir was brought up in the 1st Moscow Cadet Corps, Alexander in the Voronezh Cadet Corps, Vsevolod and Evgeniy in the Tambov Cadet Corps.
Vladimir Ieronimovich Przhevalsky (1837-1880) .
The eldest son of Hieronymus of Przhevalsky, Vladimir, served in the artillery. Being an ensign and moving from Petrovsk to Mozdok, he was captured by the Shamil highlanders, and a year later he was released by exchange. Vladimir was in firefights during the assault on the Michikal rubble, during the movement of the detachment from Michik-Kalek to Burtupai and from the city of Lusheta to the village of Kmilyak, but was not wounded or shell-shocked. He was an assistant commander of the Gunib fortress artillery. Like his father, he rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He was a holder of the Order of St. Anne 2nd and 3rd degree, St. Stanislav 2nd and 3rd degree, had a medal for the conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan (1857-1859), a cross for service in the Caucasus. Died at 43 in 1880.
Vladimir Ieronimovich was married to the major’s daughter Lyudmila Ivanovna Svishcheva. They had children: Vladimir (b. 1861), Natalya (b. 1867), Lydia (b. 1869).
Vladimir Vladimirovich (1866-?) .
He was educated in the Tiflis Cadet Corps, then in the Tiflis Infantry Junker School. He served in the Caucasian, Avar, and Temir-Khan Shura reserve battalions. With the rank of lieutenant, he retired at the age of 41. At the age of 48 (in August 1914) he was called up for mobilization. It was under enemy fire since November 1914, when it was part of the 3rd Civilian Four-Way Transport. He was in the 597th Stavropol foot squad, and in the 552nd Simbirsk foot squad. In 1916 he was dismissed from service.
Vladimir Vladimirovich was married for the third time to the widow of an assistant pharmacist, Natalia Aleksandrovna Fomina, from this marriage he had daughters Tamara (b. 1908) and Olga (b. 1909). We know nothing about their fate. From his first marriage he had a son, Georgy (Yuri) (b. 1900), about whose fate we also know nothing.
Evgeny Ieronimovich Przhevalsky (1846-?) .
Eugene was the fourth son of Jerome. He was educated at the 3rd Alexander School, after which in 1865 he was sent to the Caucasian Grenadier Rifle Battalion as an adjutant, a year later he was promoted to lieutenant. In 1869 he submitted a request for dismissal from service. Evgeniy Ieronimovich had a son, Evgeniy (b. 1889) and a daughter, Olga.
Evgeniy Evgenievich was married for the first time to Lydia Vladimirovna Pashinskaya and they had children: Tamara (b. 1907), Zoya (1909) and Victor (b. 1915). Evgeniy Evgenievich died in 1939.
The son of Evgeny Evgenievich, Viktor Evgenievich Przhevalsky, died in 1941 during the defense of Odessa. With the death of Victor, the branch of the “Jeronimovichs” in the male line was stopped, but descendants in the female line remained.
Evgeny Evgenievich’s daughter, Zoya Evgenievna Przhevalskaya, married Vasily Batechko, and they had a daughter, Zoya. Zoya Evgenievna died in 1975. Zoya Evgenievna’s daughter, Zoya Vasilievna Batechko (b. 1937), married to Titov, lived in Saratov. Her son Valery Borisovich Titov (b. 1956) is the author of the handwritten collection “The Przhevalskys in the Russian Army” cited here, lives in Stavropol.
Evgraf Ieronimovich Przhevalsky (1857-?) .
Evgraf - the fifth son of Jerome - was also a military man. Evgraf was an excellent shooter: almost every year he received monetary awards for competitive shooting, and in 1899 - an imperial prize. IN different years was the chairman of the battalion and regimental courts, battalion commander, and head of the household. In 1909 (at the age of 52) he was dismissed from service, but in January 1915 he was again assigned to it as head of the economic unit of the 117th infantry reserve battalion of the Caucasian Military District. He ended his military career as a colonel, commandant of the Caravanserai point. By June 1917, he was in the reserve ranks of the stage and transport department of the Directorate of the Chief of Military Communications of the Caucasian Front. He was married to the widow of a Tiflis citizen, Maria Nikolaevna Kharebova. Had no children.
About the other two sons of Jerome - Alexandra And Vsevolod - and also about his two daughters - Claudia And Evgenia - we don't know anything.
"ALEXEEVICH" BRANCH
Let's go back once again, to the 20-80s of the 19th century, and follow the family branch coming from Kuzma Fomich's youngest son, Alexey.
Alexey Kuzmich was 20 years younger than his brothers Jerome and Mikhail. Of the three sons of Kuzma Fomich, only he had a family estate in the Tver province, in Staritsky district.
Alexey Kuzmich Przhevalsky (1824-?) .
Alexey Kuzmich entered the military service ensign in the 1st battery of the artillery brigade in 1842. In 1849, Russian troops, defending the power of the Austrian emperor, suppressed the uprising in Hungary. Alexey Kuzmich Przhevalsky, a 25-year-old lieutenant of an artillery battery, distinguished himself in the battles of the village. Tiga, Borgoprunde, Russo-Borgo, awarded the Order of St. Anne, 4th degree with the inscription “For bravery.” For distinction in the battles of Bystritsa and Galitsa, he was awarded the Order of St. Anne, 3rd degree with swords, and received a silver medal for the Hungarian campaign (“pacification of Hungary and Transylvania”). Alexey Kuzmich took part in the second campaign against the Turks (from March to September 1854) and entered Moldavia with Russian troops, and then into Crimean War fought against the united forces of Turkey, England and France from September 1, 1854 (i.e., from the first campaign that began when enemy fleets appeared near Evpatoria) until March 20, 1856 (this is the third campaign). He was in the Russian army during the period when it tried to help the besieged Sevastopol (the battle of Inkerman, the battle of the Black River), but was unsuccessful. For the courage and bravery shown in the battle at the Black River and during the defense of Sevastopol in the “latest time”, he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav, 2nd degree with swords, and a silver medal for the defense of Sevastopol 1854-1856. and bronze on the St. Andrew's ribbon in memory of the war of 1853-1856.
Alexey Kuzmich took part in the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878, and was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree, for his distinction in the battle of Eski Zagra and the village of Juranly. He rose to the rank of major general, and in 1878 was released from service due to illness with a uniform and a full salary pension.
Alexey Kuzmich had 9 children from three marriages. Children from his first marriage: Alexandra (b. 1846), Vladimir (b. 1847), Nikolai (b. 1850), Konstantin (b. 1855). Children from the second marriage: Elizaveta (b. 1858), Mikhail (b. 1859). Children from the third marriage: Varvara (b. 1867), Ekaterina (b. 1868), Alexey (b. 1870). His third wife was the daughter of Major General Sofya Fedorovna Likhacheva.
Vladimir Alekseevich Przhevalsky (1847-1907) .
Vladimir Alekseevich is the eldest son of Alexey Kuzmich from his first marriage. He graduated from a military school and was sent to the Kuban Cossack Regiment in the village of Ust-Labinskaya. He rose to the rank of general. He was married to the daughter of a Cossack, Anna Davydovna Kotlyarova, and had three sons: Vladimir, Boris (b. 1887) and Alexander, who died as a teenager, and three daughters: Elena (b. 1875), Lydia (b. 1876) , Lyudmila (b. 1877). Vladimir Alekseevich died in 1907 and was buried in Krasnodar.
Vladimir Vladimirovich He graduated from a real school, served in the Caucasus in the Cossack troops in Erivan. There is no other information about him.
Boris Vladimirovich (1887-?) .
Studied at the Kuban Alexander Real School, then at the Konstantinovsky artillery school, after graduation in 1908 he was appointed to serve in the 1st Kuban Cossack battery as a cornet. About him future fate All that is known is that he served in Maykop, was married to a Russian girl, Irina, and they had a son.
Now about the descendants of Vladimir Alekseevich on the female line. Both daughters, Elena (1875-1956) and Lydia (1876-1950), had no children. The youngest daughter Lyudmila (b. 1877) graduated from dental school in Moscow in 1909 and worked as a dental technician in Essentuki, Krasnodar, and Ust-Lab. During the First World War she was a nurse at the front. In 1918, in a “civil marriage,” she gave birth to a daughter, Alevtina, who died in 1951. L.V. Przhevalskaya’s daughter, Alevtina Aleksandrovna, married to Khoroshavkina, graduated from Kubansky in 1942 medical school, went to the front. During the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 served with the rank of military doctor of the 3rd rank in a field surgical hospital. Has a daughter Lyudmila (b. 1945), a son Sergei (b. 1949) and grandchildren: from his daughter Lyudmila (married Eremenko) - Marina (b. 1966) and Oleg (b. 1970), and from his son Sergei - Alevtin (b. 1973) and Irina (b. 1976).
According to Alevtina Aleksandrovna Khoroshavkina, Alexei Kuzmich Przhevalsky had a daughter, Elena, although there is no daughter with that name in his service record. According to the same data, this Elena Alekseevna Przhevalskaya, married to Klendo, lived in Moscow, she has a daughter Maria Semyonovna, married to Golovanova, and her daughter has sons Sergei and Yuri.
Konstantin Alekseevich Przhevalsky (1855-?) .
Konstantin Alekseevich, the youngest son of Alexei Kuzmich from his first marriage, like his father, participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. Konstantin Alekseevich was a lieutenant of the 1st, then 3rd battery of the 3rd Grenadier Artillery Brigade. With this battery he participated in the campaign of the Grenadier Corps from Plevna to Gabrovo and further to Hermada. When crossing the Balkans, he was in the “Shipka crossing” for 9 days (he crossed the Balkans three times in total). He received his first award, the Order of St. Anne, 4th degree with the inscription “For Bravery,” for distinction in the battle with the Turks on November 28, 1877, and was also awarded a light bronze medal in memory of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878. and the Romanian Iron Cross. For his distinction in the last battle of Pleven he received the highest award - the Silver Trumpets of St. George.
Konstantin Alekseevich was married to the daughter of the widow of the staff captain, Anna Pavlovna Brodovich. They had a son, Konstantin, born in 1881. This is information for December 1881, when Konstantin Alekseevich was 26 years old. We know nothing about his further fate.
Mikhail Alekseevich Przhevalsky (1859-?) .
Mikhail Alekseevich was the son of Alexei Kuzmich from his second marriage. He studied at the Petrovskaya Poltava Military Gymnasium, the Mikhailovsky Artillery School, then at the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff. Everywhere he was the first student. He completed his course at the Nikolaev Academy in April 1888 (Twenty-five years earlier, in May 1863, he graduated from this academy cousin traveler Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky). After graduating from the academy, Mikhail Alekseevich was assigned to the General Staff and assigned to serve in the Caucasus Military District. He was the commander of the 155th Kuban Infantry Regiment (1903), chief of military headquarters of the Kuban (1905), then Terek (1906) Cossack army in Vladikavkaz. In the civil service, for 9 years he was secretary of the Russian Imperial Consulate General in Erzurum. In 1914, Mikhail Alekseevich received the rank of lieutenant general, and from 1915 he served as commander of the 2nd Turkestan Army Front, operating in the Caucasus direction. In 1917 he was commander of the Caucasian Army. Awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree, St. Anna, 2nd and 3rd degree, and a silver medal in memory of the reign Alexandra III.
Mikhail Alekseevich was married to the priest’s daughter Olga Mikhailovna Vinogradova, they had two children: Varvara (b. 1889) and Alexey (b. 1895). We know nothing about the fate of Mikhail Alekseevich after 1917.
Alexey Mikhailovich (1895-?) .
Little is known about the son of Lieutenant General Mikhail Alekseevich Przhevalsky, warrant officer Alexei. He was born in Erzurum, graduated from the Tiflis Real School, was a student at the Tomsk Technological Institute, then completed a 6-month course at the Tiflis Military School. After graduating from college, he was transferred to the command of the head of the front radiotelegraph Caucasian Army. Participated in the battle against the enemy on October 24, 1916.
Alexey Alekseevich Przhevalsky (1870-1902) .
Alexey Alekseevich is the youngest son of Alexey Kuzmich Przhevalsky from his 3rd marriage. His life was short - 32 years. He was brought up at the Nikolaev Cavalry School, studied “sapper, demolition, railway and telegraph work”, and headed the regimental sapper team. Then he was appointed regimental adjutant to the 49th Arkhangelsk Dragoon Regiment, only managing to rise to the rank of staff captain.
We know a representative of another branch of the Przhevalsky family, coming from Nikolai Fomich, brother of Kuzma Fomich (who is the common ancestor of the described branches of “Ieronimovich”, “Mikhailovich” and “Alekseevich”). This is Joseph Flavianovich Przhevalsky, whom the authors of this essay met in the village of Przhevalsky, Smolensk region, at a celebration
150th anniversary of the birth of Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky in 1989. Joseph Flavianovich is the great-grandson of Nikolai Fomich (11th generation from Cornila). He was born in 1914, lived in the city of Bogushevsk, Vitebsk region. The male line of this branch was interrupted on it.
The death of Mikhail Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (August 3, 1997) did not allow him to complete work on this essay. We hope that this publication will be the best memory of the person who did so much to preserve and describe the traditions of the ancient Przhevalsky family.
LITERATURE
1. Certificate (Pedigree) issued by the Vitebsk noble deputy assembly in 1823 to Mikhail Kuzmich Przhevalsky [extract from the book of minutes of the Vitebsk deputy assembly on March 8, 1818].
2. The will of Christina Przhevalskaya, drawn up on March 10, 1701 [Case of the Vitebsk Noble Deputy Assembly, 1834, No. 66].
3. Chernyavsky I. Genealogy of noblemen included in the genealogical book of the Tver province from 1787 to 1869. Tver. 1869. Lithographed edition. P.178.
4. Dubrovin N.F. "Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky." St. Petersburg, 1890.
5. Bibliography of books about N.M. Przhevalsky, see in the book: Gavrilenkov V.M. Russian traveler N.M. Przhevalsky. Ed. "Moscow worker", Smolensk branch, 1989, 143 p.
7. Lyakhovitsky L.F. Characteristics of famous Russian court speakers. St. Petersburg, 1902. P.59-84.
8. City Duma 1897-1900, ed. Alex. Odintsova, p.90-91.
9. Brockhaus and Efron. encyclopedic Dictionary, 1906.
10. Moscow archive (historical and local history almanac). M., 1996, p.430.
11. Registry of the Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa [CIAM F.4. Op.8. D.1130. L.27ob., No. 1260]. Now in place former church metro station "Novokuznetskaya".
12. Registry book of the Church of St. Nikita the Martyr on Staraya Basmannaya for 1868 - (Vera died at the age of 12).
13. The metric book of the Moscow Nikolaevskaya Church on Shchepakh for 1869: the recipients were the court councilor Mikhail Fedorovich Krapiventsev and the wife of the titular councilor Vera Sergeevna Tarasova [CIAM. F.4. On.8. D.PZO. P.28. No. 7128]. The church was located on the corner of 2nd Nikoloshchepovsky lane. and 1st Smolensky lane, 20. Rebuilt, occupied by a foundry.
14. The metric book of the Church of St. Nicholas the Appeared on Arbat for 1873: the recipients were the candidate of law Vladimir Alekseevich Andreev and the widow of the court councilor Nadezhda Gustavovna Krapiventseva.
16. 0 to the service of a full member of the Elizabethan Charitable Society in Moscow and the Moscow province, full state councilor Vladimir Przhevalsky. Formal list, dated July 23, 1903 [RGIA. F.114. Op.2. D.314].
17. Dzhunkovsky V.F. Memoirs, vol. 1,2. M., 1997.
18. Russia is on the edge. Diaries of V. A. Mikhailovsky for 1917-1920. In the magazine "Moscow", 1993, No. 1,2,3.
19. RGVIA. F.400. Op.14. D.14676. L. 6-12.
20. RGVIA. F.400. Op.12. D.7751. L. 15-21.
21. RGVIA. F.409. Op.1. D.100478. L. 1-6.
22. RGVIA. F.400. Op.9. D.5415. L. 2.4.5.
23. RGVIA. F.409. Op.1. D.177132. L. 18-23.
24. RGVIA. F.400. Op.12. D.5547. L. 22-32.
25. From letters of Alevtina Aleksandrovna Khoroshavkina to N.V. Przhevalsky.
26. RGVIA. F.409. Op.11. D.23439. L. 390-392 vol.
27. RGVIA. F.400. Op.12. D.9739. L. 5-8.
28. RGVIA. F.409. Op.2. D.343712. L. 1-7.
29. RGVIA. F.409. Op.1. D.332612. L. 1.
30. RGVIA.F.400. Op.17. D.13556. L. 140-144.
The surname Paravalsky meant a brave man - “the ferry is falling.” In Polish, “prze” means “through”, and “to bring down” means to fight. This is where the surname was changed from Paravalsky to Przhevalsky.
Jerome was born in 1802, Mikhail in 1803, and 20 years later Alexey (1823) and Elena (1824) were born; The dates of Agrafena's life are unknown.
Originally from the Tula province, A.S. Karetnikov served as a private, a store watchman, in the courier corps, in the Tsar’s retinue (1805, 1807, 1808). In 1809 he was dismissed with the rank of collegiate registrar. He entered the customs service as a caretaker of one of the warehouses in St. Petersburg. He was married to the daughter of a Tula merchant, Ksenia Efimovna Demidova, and had 4 sons and 3 daughters, of whom the youngest Elena was born on April 17, 1816.
The eldest daughter Elizaveta Karetnikova married Colonel Zavadovsky, later a famous figure in the Caucasus. The second daughter Alexandra was married to captain-lieutenant Pavel Nikolaevich Potemkin.
In the metrical church register of the village of Lobkova, Smolensk district, it is recorded that Nikolai was born on April 1, 1839; the successors were Alexey Stepanovich Karetnikov and Elizaveta Alekseevna Zavadovskaya.
In 1854, Elena Alekseevna Przhevalskaya remarried nobleman Ivan Demyanovich Tolpygo. They had three children: daughter Alexandra, born in 1855, son Nikolai, born in 1856, later a railway engineer, and son Ippolit, born in 1858, future doctor, lived in Moscow.
She was lucky enough to achieve this only for her third son, Evgeniy, who was brought up in the Moscow Alexander Corps.
Major milestones military career N.M. Przhevalsky and the awards he received:
1855 g. - non-commissioned officer in the combined reserve Ryazan infantry regiment.
1856 g. - ensign in the Polotsk infantry regiment.
1860 g. - Nikolai writes in his drafts: “Having served 5 years in the army, I clearly realized the need to change this way of life and choose a more extensive field of activity where one could spend labor and time for a reasonable purpose.”
1861 g. - admission to the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff in St. Petersburg.
1863 g. - early completion of studies at the academy with the right to second category, subject to return to one’s regiment, which was sent to Poland to suppress the Polish uprising of 1863. Appointed regimental adjutant.
1864 g. - election full member Imperial Russian Geographical Society for the manuscript "Military Statistical Review of the Amur Region."
1864 December - 1866 November - platoon officer and teacher of history and geography at the cadet school in Warsaw.
1867 January - departure of staff captain N.M. Przhevalsky from Warsaw to Irkutsk. Assigned to the General Staff in the East Siberian District with the appointment "for (scientific) studies."
1868 - during Przhevalsky's stay in Siberia, Chinese unrest began. Nikolai Mikhailovich was cut off from scientific studies and appointed chief of staff. He commanded detachments operating on the Suchan River. In one month the excitement was “pacified.” For the Suchansky expedition, Przhevalsky was promoted (a year after the events described) to captain and transferred to the General Staff of the Primorsky Region as a senior adjutant. In Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, he worked at the headquarters, and also described his journey through the Ussuri region. IN free time loved to play cards. “He played briskly and very happily, he was given the nickname “golden pheasant”. When he won 1000 rubles, he always stopped playing; he did not have more than 500 rubles with him. The money was kept by M.P. Stepanov, who was strictly forbidden to give it out during games. Played with local merchants and naval officers." “I play,” he said, “to win my independence,” and he really achieved his goal. In the winter of 1868, he won 12,000 rubles at cards, after which he threw the cards into the Amur.
1870 - after a two-year stay in Siberia, he arrived in St. Petersburg. “Always friendly and cheerful, he captivated with his appearance. Tall, slender, with a handsome and intelligent face, he made an impression at the first meeting. Hot-tempered in character, he was extremely kind and generous. Strong physically and morally, N.M. “He couldn’t stand the tears of others, and many took advantage of this. He was easy to handle, he easily became the soul of society. He couldn’t stand city life, and he didn’t like gossip.”
1874 - rank of lieutenant colonel and lifelong pension of 600 rubles per year.
1878 - rank of colonel and pension of 1,200 rubles per year.
1881 - acquires the small estate Sloboda on Lake Sapsho in the north-west of the Smolensk region. “Here in Sloboda there will be my nest, from where I will fly into the depths of the Asian deserts,” said N.M. friends.
1883 - just before Nikolai Mikhailovich left St. Petersburg for the 2nd Tibetan expedition, the Heir Tsarevich gave him a telescope made of aluminum (this gift served the entire expedition). And when Przhevalsky arrived at the starting point of the trip, the city of Kyakhta, he received a letter from the educator of the royal sons, Adjutant General G.G. Danilovich, dated August 17, 1883: “The Sovereign Heir Tsarevich instructed me,” he wrote, “to give you a photographic card of His Imperial Highness and His August Brother. Fulfilling this through the General Staff, I sincerely wish that this parcel will reach you before setting off on the expedition." N.M. thanked you for the precious gift.
1886 - rank of major general, lifelong pension of 1800 rubles and presentation to the Sovereign Emperor.
1888 - before last journey was presented to the Emperor and treated kindly by him. Przhevalsky presented the Emperor with his book “The Fourth Journey to Central Asia.”
Knight of the orders: St. Vladimir 3rd and 4th degree, Stanislaus 3rd degree, Austrian Knight's Cross of the Order of Leopold. He had medals: bronze "In memory of the war of 1853-1856." and "For the pacification of the Polish rebellion in 1863-1864." He was awarded the following gold medals: "The first explorer of the nature of Central Asia", the Konstantinovsky (and small silver) medal of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, the Humboldt medal of the Berlin Society of Geosciences, geographical societies: London, Paris and Italian, the Vega medal of the Swedish Anthropological and Geographical Society, the French Palme d'Academie.
1866-1870 - entered the 2nd department of the 6th department of the Senate, held the position of chief secretary. After the closure of the Senate in Moscow, he was seconded to Chief Prosecutor Gazanvikel to audit the cases of the Moscow Chamber of Criminal and Civil Courts.
1870-1900 - sworn attorney.
In 1897, the public figure V.M. Przhevalsky was nominated as a candidate for the post of head of the Moscow City Duma. “He enjoyed universal respect, but the merchant I.A. Lyamin categorically stated: “The Moscow mayor must end in -ov, -in, -tsyn.” “These categorical words, or other considerations, eliminated the question of Przhevalsky,” wrote V.I., a member of the Moscow City Duma. Guerrier, - most likely, the reason was the refusal of Vladimir Mikhailovich himself, since it was impossible to bear the significant expenses that the title of head entailed. At that time, a significant amount entered into the budget under the heading “for city representation” actually remained inviolable, and the expenses under this item were not covered by the salary of the head." From a letter from Vladimir Mikhailovich’s wife to his son: “My father was offered to run for the head, but he refused. My father said that they couldn’t exist on 12,000 rubles, and if we sell Sloboda and the Arbat house, we’ll have another 10,000 rubles a year, but that’s not enough. My father said I won't go."
1. Member of the board and secretary of the Society of Proper Hunting Lovers.
2. Member of the board of the society of former university students.
3. Active member of the society of lovers of natural history, anthropology and ethnography.
4. Full member of the Imperial Russian Musical Society.
Alevtina Przhevalskaya (married to Zagoskin) studied music with Konyus, a professor at the Moscow Conservatory. She arranged one of Tchaikovsky’s romances for the orchestra, and the author (P.I. Tchaikovsky) said that it was well orchestrated, thanked him and asked that several more of his works [from Sofia Alekseevna’s letters to her son] be arranged for the orchestra. Alevtina was busy transcribing works by Konyus for a children's choir. She played the piano beautifully and composed music herself, mostly romances.
“No matter how strict Przhevalsky was with himself, no matter how much he thought about his speeches, there were hobbies in his activities that he himself could later regret. He was sometimes very carried away by the role of a defender.”
Alekseevsky cemetery was located in the Alekseevsky convent - on Verkhne-Krasnoselskaya street. 17 and 2nd Krasnoselsky lane. 3, 5, 7. Now this place is a district park.
"Elementary Algebra" (1867). He presented this book to Emperor Alexander II, for which he received the highest gift from him - a diamond ring. “Elementary geometry” (1878), “Rectangular geometry” (1884), “Analytical geometry on the plane and in space”, collection of problems (1924), “Collection analytical tasks"(1870), "Collection geometric problems and theorems" (1869), etc.
1862 - released from Alexandrinsky cadet corps ensign in the cavalry, sent to the Novorossiysk Dragoon Regiment.
1863-1865 – retired due to illness; Probably during these years he was a free student at Moscow University (mathematics department).
1865 - assigned again to service with an appointment to the former 3rd Dragoon Regiment with an assignment to the 2nd Moscow Military Gymnasium.
1866 - transferred to the 3rd Military Alexander School as a full-time teacher. Lieutenant.
1869 - for distinction, he was transferred to the Life Guards Dragoon Regiment as an ensign and remained at the school.
1873 - staff captain, 1875 - captain, 1878 - lieutenant colonel, 1898 - colonel-teacher, 1907 - major general, 1910 - Lieutenant General, 1912 - retired Lieutenant General [Full track record of full-time teacher Lieutenant Colonel E.M. Przhevalsky dated October 22, 1886; reference books of Moscow].
He was married in the Moscow Alexandria Church at the Alexander Military School on June 1, 1870. “He took for himself a 20-year-old girl, M.F. Panteleev” [Partition book for 1870: CIAM f4, op.8, d.PZO, p.20, 19464].
The metric book of the Church of St. Nicholas on Chicken Legs for 1871 [CIAM. F.4. Op.8. D.PZO. P.21. ZhM65]. Elena was born on November 14, 1871. The foster children were: retired guard captain Fyodor Fedorovich Panteleev and the daughter of the provincial secretary Fyodor Fedorovich Panteleev, Kapitolina Fedorovna Panteleeva. The church was located on the corner of B. Molchanovka and Rzhevsky Lane. Now there is a school and foreign language courses here: B. Molchanovka, 26-28.
1. Member of the economic council of the Petrovsko-Alexandrovsky shelter-boarding house for the nobility of the Moscow province.
2. Member of the Moscow Metropolitan Trusteeship Committee for People's Sobriety.
3. Member of the academic council of the Moscow School of the Order of St. Catherine and the Alexander Institute.
4. Vice-President of the Imperial Moscow Society of Agriculture.
5. Honorary guardian of the Moscow presence of the guardianship council and the Institute of the Moscow nobility for children of noble rank named after. Emperor Alexander III in memory of Empress Catherine II.
A graduate of this institute, Natalia Arkadyevna Malyutina, more than 70 years after graduation, recalled: “I was lucky in my life: I knew so many great people. How great they were mentally and morally and, at the same time, simple and accessible. Evgeniy Mikhailovich ( Przhevalsky) I knew closely, and he even called me “my favorite.” I remember the horror of the head of the Catherine Noble Institute (O.A. Talyzina) when she saw Evgeniy Mikhailovich not in the first row (where the guardian of the institute was supposed to sit), but sitting at a distance with me. She asked him to change seats, but the kind Evgeny Mikhailovich flatly refused to take a seat in the first row... I remembered how Evgeny Mikhailovich once invited Maria Alexandrovna Ostroumova and me to the Small Hall club. Assembly of the Nobility and once walked a mazurka with me; but how beautifully he did it, those around him clapped.”
6. Member of the Moscow House of Scientists.
7. Member of TSEKUBU (central commission for improving the living conditions of scientists) at the SEC of the RSFSR.
Almost nothing is known about Mikhail Kuzmich's daughter Elena Mikhailovna, except that she was born on May 17, 1846 ["Request" of Elena Alekseevna, the widow of Mikhail Kuzmich, to include her sons and daughter in the genealogical book. The decision was positive and approved by the Governing Senate on February 12, 1853, No. 1094 (CIAM. F.4. Op.8. D.PZO. P.2,8)] and she was married to a man named Golm, lived in Dorogobuzh. Elena was in correspondence about her brother Nikolai [Private message from the head of the N.M. Przhevalsky Museum in the village of Przhevalsky Smolensk region E.P. Gavrilenkova].
From a letter from S.A. to his son in Paris: “I would like you to move to Lyon as soon as possible. It’s still warmer there. If your feet are cold, buy yourself warm socks at the Louvre” (December 1892). From a letter to Italy: “In Italy, be afraid of swindlers, especially in Naples; also have a revolver with you in the carriages.”
Some details about the work in the Duma of Vladimir Vladimirovich in 1905-1908. were discovered in the book of V.F. Dzhunkovsky, who was at that time the vice-governor and then the Moscow governor. This was the time of Russia's defeat in Russian-Japanese war 1905 “At that time,” wrote Dzhunkovsky, “a very oppositional mood reigned among some of the vowels of the Moscow City Duma, and speeches with a revolutionary tint began to be made at the meetings of the Duma... Thus, the vowel V.V. Przhevalsky demanded the removal of the Cossacks from Moscow who arrived to help the police. He said that if they are not removed, then the population of Moscow itself will be able to remove them (since the population is 1,600,000 people, and there are only 1000 Cossacks)." At another meeting V.V. with another 12 vowels, he introduced a statement of a revolutionary nature (according to Dzhunkovsky) about the organization of a Committee of Public Safety to protect the liberation movement, to ensure freedom of consultation, to protect the integrity of the person, home and property of Moscow citizens. It was proposed to immediately begin organizing the Moscow police. At the subsequent meeting of the Duma V.V. Przhevalsky and other public figures insisted on transferring the external police to the city administration. When other public officials objected, saying that this was a violation of the legal order, V.V. answered: "in revolutionary era no need to think about the form." The decision passed by a majority vote, but when V.V. raised the issue of abolishing the Corps of Gendarmes, he did not meet with sympathy. At a meeting of the Duma on October 14, 1905, the issue of establishing a city police, independent of the existing police, was considered. Przhevalsky spoke “for”, a number of vowels - “against”. After long debates, disputes and even insults, this question was rejected on November 16, 1905, in Sevastopol there was a riot of sailors under the leadership of Navy Lieutenant Schmidt. A statement was received on this matter from the vowels. including V.V., with a proposal to the government “to show mercy in the form of exemption from death penalty". V.V. made another proposal to abolish the death penalty in general, 19 more members joined him. The Duma rejected the last proposal (by a margin of one vote), and the proposal to mitigate the fate of the rebellious sailors was accepted. When the December armed conflict took place in Moscow uprising in 1905, meetings of the Duma from December 13 to 16 were held daily. A statement of an “alarming” nature was received from the leader V.V., written in a rather harsh form (according to Dzhunkovsky), which spoke of the execution of civilians and Red Cross troops. , and nothing was said about the uprising of the workers. All the public were divided into two camps: some defended the actions of the Governor-General, others condemned. In his speech, V.V., denying that Moscow was experiencing an uprising, said: “I am not afraid of the triumph of His Majesty. proletariat. In Russia the proletariat will never triumph over the mass of the people. There are few proletariat in Russia; the entire mass are owners. We have 100,000,000 owners, and it is impossible to say that the proletariat can triumph."
1. Trustee of the Firsanovsky Home for Widows and Orphans in Moscow.
2. Member, and later chairman, of the city guardianship for the poor of the Arbat part.
3. Honorary member of the Shchuchey rural trusteeship of the Porech district of the Smolensk province orphanage.
4. Member of the Brotherly Loving Society for Providing Apartments for the Poor.
5. Member of the Society for Assistance to Former Pupils of the Rukavishnikovsky Orphanage.
6. Full member of the Elizabethan Charitable Society.
7. Member of the Moscow men's and women's charitable prison committee.
1. Member, later chairman, of the Supervisory Committee of the city mutual fire insurance company.
2. Chairman of the Supervisory Committee at the Moscow City Credit Society. On October 30, 1912, this society celebrated the half-century anniversary of its existence. A ceremonial meeting took place. The chairman's seat was taken by the representative of the Ministry of Finance D.I. Nikiforov, next to him sat the Chairman of the Board of the Credit Society N.M. Perepelkin and Chairman of the Supervisory Commission V.V. Przhevalsky. The meeting opened with a short speech by V.V. Przhevalsky. In the evening, a banquet took place in the Napoleonic Hall "Yara". The first toast to the Emperor and the royal family was proclaimed by the Minister of Finance, after which V.V. Przhevalsky proclaimed the health of V.N. Kokovtsev (Chairman of the Council of Ministers) and A.A. Makarov (Minister of Internal Affairs). Mayor Adrianov spoke about how easy and pleasant it is to work with the Credit Society. Everyone felt at ease.
3. Member of the Moscow branch of the Imperial Russian Technical Society.
4. Vice-president of the Moscow Society of Agriculture.
5. Full member of the Russian Geographical Society.
6. Member of the literary and artistic circle (chaired by V.Ya. Bryusov).
7. Member of the Imperial Humane Society.
8. Member Russian society Red Cross.
From that time it began work activity: employee of the Historical Museum (1919-1921), saleswoman at the Mostorg department store (1921-1926), supernumerary employee at the Historical Museum (1927-1928), head of the library subscription. IN AND. Lenin (1928-1941), bibliographer and senior editor at the library of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences (1941-1957). Lyubov Nikolaevna died on May 3, 1965 at the age of 79. She was buried in the cemetery of the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow.
The documents (service records), from which the facts cited here and below are taken, were found in the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA) by a descendant of the “Ieronimovichs” on the female line, Ph.D. Valery Borisovich Titov and described in his manuscript “The Przhevalskys in the Russian Army”, Stavropol, 1989.
In marriages where at least one of the spouses was Orthodox, until 1905, children were required to profess Orthodoxy.
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Local residents watched people passing by from the windows of their adobe homes. travelers. And they walked silently, their route among a hostile and restless local population. From time to time, people came to the travelers: hundreds of them knelt on both sides of the road, there were seriously ill people who came to ask for healing, old and young - everyone wanted to receive the blessings of the great white khubilgan (saint), that’s what they called Przhevalsky. As if the steppe wind was blowing across Central Asia unusual rumors and myths about Przhevalsky and his companions: the Russian boss is a sorcerer or a saint, he needs to pray, because he knows everything in advance. Happy fate... made it possible to make a feasible exploration of the least known and most inaccessible countries of inner Asia. |
Indeed, the famous Russian geographer-traveler Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky was an amazing fate, did he know, while still a little rural boy, that such an extraordinary fate awaited him, full of adventures and greatest discoveries life?
Was born N.M. Przhevalsky April 12, 1839 in the village of Kimbory, Smolensk province, in the family of a small landowner. Since childhood he was fascinated by the mysterious natural world, the boy's favorite pastime was reading books about travel and animals. Being an idealist, at the age of 16 he decides to enlist in the Belevsky regiment, but military affairs did not live up to the expectations of the young seeker: the endless revelry and unbridledness of the officers turned his views on life and humanity upside down. All his free time from service he is engaged in hunting, ornithology, and collecting herbariums. After five years in the regiment, Przhevalsky entered the Academy General Staff, the end of which would give him the opportunity to finally do what he loves - travel. Having entered his studies, Przhevalsky became more and more involved in creativity rather than military affairs, his course work"Military Statistical Review of the Amur Region" brings him membership in the Russian Geographical Society. This was the first step towards the life he dreamed of.
After graduating from the Academy Przhevalsky teaches at the Warsaw Junker School, while simultaneously doing science, writes a textbook on general geography for cadets. Africa at that time interested him most. However, he soon begins to be attracted central Asia: “I am confident that sooner or later I will implement cherished dream O travel– writes N.M. Przhevalsky- intensively studied botany, zoology, physical geography, etc., and in summer time went to his village, where he continued the same activities, collecting a herbarium" 1
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In 1867 Przhevalsky appeals to the Russian Geographical Society with a request to help organize an expedition to Central Asia, but, having no name in scientific circles, he, unfortunately, could not count on the support of the Society Council, which rejected his request. On the advice of P.P. Semenov – Tian-Shansky he decides to go to the Ussuri region, hoping to earn upon his return the long-awaited opportunity to assemble an expedition to Central Asia. The result of the two-year trip was the essays “On the foreign population in the southern part of the Amur region” and “ Journey in the Ussuri region,” as well as about 300 species of plants and birds, many of which were discovered in Ussuri for the first time. For the work done, the Russian Geographical Society awarded Przhevalsky a silver medal, but the main reward for the born researcher was the approval and assistance of the Geographical Society in organizing his next trip - already in Central Asia. |
First trip to Central Asia (1870 - 1873), called "Mongolian" turned out to be extremely difficult and dangerous. The expedition participants covered a total of more than 11,000 km. through Moscow, Irkutsk, Kyakhta, Beijing and north to Lake Dalai-Nur.
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Having rested in Kalgan, Przhevalsky explored the Suma-Khodi and Yin-Shan ridges, as well as the course of the Yellow River (Huang He), showing that it does not have branches, as previously thought based on Chinese sources; passing through the Alashan and Alashan deserts mountains, he returned to Kalgan. On March 5, 1872, the expedition again set out from Kalgan and moved through the Alashan desert to the Nanshan ridges and further to Lake Kukunar. Then Przhevalsky crossed the Tsaidam Basin, overcame the Kunlun ridges and reached Tibet upper reaches of the Blue River (Yangtze). Summer 1873 Przhevalsky, having replenished his equipment, went to Urga (Ulaanbaatar), through the Middle Gobi, and from Urga in September 1873 he returned to Kyakhta. Three years of the most complex physical tests and, as a result, 4,000 plant specimens, new species were discovered that received his name: Przewalski's foot-and-mouth disease, Przewalski's split-tailed, Przewalski's rhododendron. This journey brought Nikolai Mikhailovich world fame and gold medal Russian Geographical Society. As a report on my travel Przhevalsky writes the book “Mongolia and the Country of the Tanguts”. |
 PRZHEWALSKY'S FIRST VOYAGE |
 THE SECOND TRAVEL OF PRZHEVALSKY |
Yours second Central Asian trip Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky starts in 1876. It was conceived on a very large scale, it was supposed to explore Tibet and Lhassa, but due to the complications of the political situation (conflict with China) and the illness of Przhevalsky himself, the route had to be shortened. Having started his journey from Gulja, having overcome Tien Shan ranges and the Tarim Basin Przhevalsky reached the huge reed swamp-Lake Lop Nor in February 1877. According to his description, the lake was 100 kilometers long and 20 to 22 kilometers wide. On the shores of the mysterious Lop Nor, in the “land of Lop”, Przhevalsky was second... after Marco Polo! No obstacles prevented the researchers from making their discoveries: the lower reaches of the Tarim with a group of lakes and the Altyn-Tag ridge were described, and materials on the ethnography of the Lobnors (Karakurchins) were collected. After some time, an entry appears in Nikolai Mikhailovich’s diary: “A year will pass, misunderstandings with China will be settled, my health will improve, and then I will again take the pilgrim’s staff and again head to the Asian deserts” 2 |
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Third Central Asian trip, named "Tibetan" Przhevalsky committed in 1879 - 1880 with a detachment of 13 people. The path lay through the Khamiya desert and Nan Shan ridge on the plateau Tibet. This expedition turned out to be surprisingly rich in discoveries. Its participants explored the Huang He River, Northern part Tibet, two ridges named Przhevalsky in honor of Humboldt and Ritter, the pika-eater bear, as well as the wild Dzungarian horse, which received the name in the scientific literature "Przewalski's Horses": “The newly discovered horse,” writes Nikolai Mikhailovich, is called kartag by the Kirghiz, and also by the Mongols, and lives only in the wildest parts of the Dzungarian desert. Here the kartags are kept in small herds, grazing under the supervision of an experienced old stallion" 3 Having received after this trips some honorary titles and titles and many recognitions and degrees, Przhevalsky, perhaps due to his natural modesty and rejection of the noisy, bustling city life, retires to the village, where he begins to process the collected material. My observations and research results Przhevalsky outlined in the book "From Zaisana through Hami V Tibet and the upper reaches of the Yellow River." |
 THE THIRD TRAVEL OF PRZHEWALSKY |
 THE FOURTH TRAVEL OF PRZHEWALSKY |
Fourth Central Asian expedition was also known as the "Second Tibetan journey"and lasted from 1883 to 1885. And again Tibet! The Huang He River, dotted with key lakes, shining brightly in the rays of the setting sun, the swampy Yellow River, the sands of Alashan and Tarim; and new adventures and discoveries: lakes Orin-Nur, Dzharin-Nur, Moskovsky, Russian ridges, Columbus ridge, the sources of the Yellow River have been explored. New species of birds, mammals and reptiles, as well as fish appeared in the collection, and new plant species appeared in the herbarium. The result of this trips becomes another book, written in the rural silence of the Sloboda estate, “From Kyakhta to the sources of the Yellow River, a study of the northern outskirts Tibet and the path through Lob-nor along the Tarim basin." For those who knew the character of the tireless Nikolai Mikhailovich, it was not surprising that at less than 50 years old he decided to go on his own fifth trip to Central Asia , which, alas, became the last for the outstanding scientist and researcher. |
Before leaving, Nikolai Mikhailovich went out onto the terrace of his estate and wrote on one of the columns in red pencil: “August 5, 1888. Goodbye, Sloboda! N. Przhevalsky." After which he called his companions and asked them all to sign: V. Roborovsky, P. Kozlov, Teleshev, Nefedov.
On August 18, accompanied by his closest friends, Nikolai Mikhailovich left St. Petersburg for the last time. As soon as the train started moving, he shouted through the open window F.D. Pleske, ornithologist: “If I’m gone, I’ll entrust the processing of the birds to you!”
On the train Przhevalsky continued to speak prophetic words, as if anticipating near death: “We are going to free, pleasant, glorious work. Now we are well armed and our life will not come cheap: it is pleasant to die for a glorious cause.”
This time the route ran along the Volga, the Caspian Sea to Krasnovodsk (now Turkmenbashi?), from there to Samarkand and Pishpek (Bishkek). From Pishpek to Alma-Ata. On the way to the Russian-Chinese border, while hunting in the valley of the Kara-Balta river, Przhevalsky Being already slightly cold, he drank river water and contracted typhoid fever.
In the last days of his life, Nikolai Mikhailovich behaved surprisingly courageously, did not lose heart and openly, consciously spoke about death, as if about an old acquaintance: “I’m not afraid of death, I’m ready to die, I’ve been face to face with death more than once...”
Having made several orders about his property, he bequeathed to bury himself on the shore Issyk-Kul.
Great October 20, 1888 traveler and a talented scientist-naturalist Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky gone. So his ashes remained forever in Asia, about which he dreamed all his life. In 1889, a monument was erected at his grave. On a block of granite rises a bronze eagle with an olive branch in its beak, ready to fly upward, as a symbol of the glory and greatness of a tireless, brave researcher who always moved forward towards his dream, who became an example for many, many generations of scientists and travelers Worldwide.
The article was prepared by SVETLANA SHCHEGLOVA
- The great Russian traveler Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky, Knigoizdat, 1948.
- Wikipedia
“Basically, you have to be born a traveler.”
“The traveler has no memory” (about the need to keep a diary).
“Travel would lose half its charm if it were impossible to talk about it.”
“And the world is beautiful because you can travel”. Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich(1839, village of Kimborovo, Smolensk region - 1888). The Przhevalskys had their roots in the outback and belonged to the gentry family (gentry - Polish nobility), which had the coat of arms “Silver Bow and Arrow, turned upward on the Red Field.” This sign of high military distinction was once bestowed for military exploits in the battle with Russian troops during the capture of Polotsk by the army of Stefan Batory ( Grand Duke Lithuanian). In the village of Kimborovo, where the Przhevalskys’ house stood, a memorial sign was erected in memory of Nikolai Mikhailovich.
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House of N.M. Przhevalsky in the Sloboda estate
The ancestral roots of Nikolai Mikhailovich went to a distant ancestor, a warrior of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Kornila Perevalny, who distinguished himself in the battles of the Livonian War. Nikolai Mikhailovich had two brothers: Vladimir, a famous Moscow lawyer in those days, and Evgeniy, a scientist and mathematician. Przhevalsky's father died in 1846, and the boy was raised by his uncle, who instilled in him a passion for hunting and travel.
In adulthood, N. M. Przhevalsky was absolutely indifferent to ranks, titles and awards and was equally partial to living research work. The traveler's passion was hunting, and he himself was a brilliant shooter. N.M. Przhevalsky received his primary education at the Smolensk gymnasium and in 1855 he was assigned to Moscow with the rank of non-commissioned officer in the Ryazan infantry regiment. Since from an early age he was inclined towards science and education, without special works, entered the General Staff School, where he kept himself apart, although he attracted everyone's attention tall stature, impressive appearance, independence of judgment. In 1860, he made a report “On the Essence of Life on Earth” (published in 1967), showing himself to be an adherent of evolutionary theory. Having brilliantly graduated from the Academy, he taught geography and history at the Warsaw Junker School, fostering humanism and love of truth: “... I know one people - humanity, one law - justice.” He filled his leisure time with hunting and card games (thanks to his excellent memory, he often won). Soon receiving an officer rank, he was transferred to the 28th Polotsk Infantry Regiment. But not only military science seduced the young cadet. At this time, his first works appeared: “Memoirs of a Hunter” and “Military Statistical Review of the Amur Region,” for which in 1864 he was elected a full member of the Russian Geographical Society. After graduating from the Academy, he volunteered for Poland to participate in the suppression of the Polish uprising.
Subsequently occupying the position of teacher of history and geography at the Warsaw Junker School, Przhevalsky studied the epic of African travels and discoveries, became acquainted with zoology and botany, and compiled a geography textbook, which was soon published in Beijing.
During these years, Przhevalsky developed his own style of collecting knowledge and information that interested him - he kept a personal diary every day in any conditions, the entries of which formed the basis of his books. N. M. Przhevalsky had a brilliant writing gift, which he developed through persistent and systematic work. It was these recordings that allowed him to create wonderful book about his four long journeys. In 1867 Przhevalsky turned to the Russian Geographical Society with a request to help organize an expedition to Central Asia, but, having no name in scientific circles, he did not receive understanding and support from the Society’s Council, which rejected his request. On the advice of P.P. Semenov-Tian-Shansky, he decides to go to the Ussuri region, hoping to earn upon his return the long-awaited opportunity to assemble an expedition to Central Asia. The result of the two-year trip was the essays “On the Alien Population in the Southern Part of the Amur Region” and “Travel in the Ussuri Region,” as well as about 300 species of plants and birds, many of which were discovered in Ussuri for the first time. For the work done, the Russian Geographical Society awarded Przhevalsky a silver medal, but the main reward for the born researcher was the approval and assistance of the Geographical Society in organizing his next trip - to Central Asia. Nikolai Przhevalsky's travels began with an official business trip to Eastern Siberia on November 29, 1870. Over four years there, he conducted a topographical survey of the area of the Ussuri River, made meteorological observations, compiled a complete description of the Ussuri region, and made significant amendments to geographical map and most importantly, acquired valuable expeditionary experience. The time has come, and Przhevalsky received a business trip to the Ussuri region. Along the Ussuri River he reached the Busse station, then to Lake Khanka, where the station employees helped him in every possible way during the migration of birds and gave him material for ornithological observations. In winter, he explored the South Ussuri region, covering about 1,100 km in three months. In the spring of 1868, he again went to Lake Khanka, then pacified Chinese robbers in Manchuria, for which he was appointed senior adjutant of the headquarters of the troops of the Amur region. The results of his first trip were the essays “On the Foreign Population in the Southern Part of the Amur Region” and “Travel to the Ussuri Region.”
1870 – 1873
– During this period, Przhevalsky undertook the first (of three Asian) journey to Central Asia. Participants in the expedition traveled a total of more than 11,000 km. through Moscow, Irkutsk, Kyakhta, Beijing and north to Lake Dalai-Nur. From Beijing he moved to Lake Dalai-Nore, then, after resting in Kalgan, he explored the Suma-Khodi and Yin-Shan ridges, and the Mysterious ridge he discovered in these parts was later called the Przhevalsky ridge. The study of the Yin Shan ridge finally destroyed Humboldt's previous hypothesis about the connection of this ridge with the Tien Shan mountain system, about which there were many disputes between scientists - Przhevalsky decided this issue in his favor. From Beijing he moved to the northern shore of Lake Dalai-Nor, then, after resting in Kalgan, he explored the Suma-Khodi and Yin-Shan ridges, climbing for topographic observations on highest points ridges, as well as the course of the Yellow River (Huang He), showing that it does not have a branch, as previously thought on the basis of Chinese sources, having passed through the Ala Shan desert and the same deserted Alashan Mountains, he returned to Kalgan, having covered the path of order in 10 months 3700 kilometers. In 1872, he moved to Lake Kuku Nor, intending to penetrate the Tibetan Plateau, then through the Tsaidam Desert he reached the upper reaches of the Blue River (Yangtze). After an unsuccessful attempt to cross Tibet, in 1873, through central part
Gobi Przhevalsky returns to Kyakhta through Urga. The result of the trip was the essay “Mongolia and the Country of the Tanguts.” During three years
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Przhevalsky's detachment covered about 11,700 km.
Nikolai Przhevalsky's first journey through Central Asia began. Summer 1873Przhevalsky, having replenished his equipment, went through the Middle Gobi to Urga (as the Mongolian city of Ulaanbaatar was called in those days), and from Urga in September 1873 he returned to Kyakhta. Three years of the most difficult physical tests and, as a result, 4000 plant specimens (!). New species were discovered that received his name: for example, Przewalski's foot-and-mouth disease, (split-tailed) and the unusually large and flowery Przewalski's rhododendron appeared. This journey brought Nikolai Mikhailovich world fame and a gold medal from the Russian Geographical Society. As a report on his journey, Przhevalsky writes the book “Mongolia and the Country of the Tanguts.” The second Central Asian trip was planned on a very large scale; it was supposed to explore Tibet and Lhasa. But due to the complications of the political situation (conflict with China) and the illness of Przhevalsky himself, the route had to be shortened.
Starting their journey from Kulja, overcoming the Tien Shan ridges and the Tarim Basin, they discovered the Altyn-Taga ridge south of Lake Lob-Nor.
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Thus, there is a continuous, gigantic wall of mountains from the upper Huang He to the Pamirs. This wall encloses the highest rise of Central Asia from the north and divides it into two, sharply different parts: the Mongolian desert in the north and the Tibetan Plateau in the south. In February 1877 Przhevalsky reached the huge reed swamp-Lake Lop Nor. According to his description, the lake was 100 kilometers long and 20 to 22 kilometers wide. On the shores of the mysterious Lop Nor, in the “land of Lop”, Przhevalsky was second... after Marco Polo (!)
Spring 1877 He spent time at Lob-Nor, watching the migration of birds and doing ornithological research, and then returned to Gulja through Kurla and Yuldus. The illness forced him to stay in Russia longer than planned, during which time he wrote and published the work “From Kulja beyond the Tien Shan and to Lob-Nor.” After some time, an entry appears in Nikolai Mikhailovich’s diary: “A year will pass, misunderstandings with China will be settled, my health will improve, and then I will again take the pilgrim’s staff and again head to the Asian deserts.” One of the similar reasons for misunderstandings with the Chinese authorities was the behavior of the Chinese towards Russian travelers. One of the Chinese, in a moment of frankness, told Irinchinov and Kolomeitsev (expedition members) that when he met us near the Cheng-fu-tung caves, our guides from Sa-zheu immediately told him not to dare tell anything about the mountains in Otherwise they threatened to cut off his head. Our bosses and all the people say, the Chinese continued, that you come here to look for gold, you are ordered to hide everything from you, you must be constantly deceived. Thus, it was explained why the Sazhcheu authorities so stubbornly did not want to let Przhevalsky’s expedition into the mountains and even resorted to deliberate deception through the guides given to us. Added to the fear about gold was another fear that the Russians might find out new way to Tibet, as is known, which was not very subordinate to China even then. 1879 – 1880. Przhevalsky makes the third, Asian trip, called “Tibetan”, with a detachment of 13 people. The path lay through the Khamiya desert and the Nan Shan ridge on the Tibet plateau.
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One of the glaciers southern slope Humboldt Ridge
This expedition turned out to be surprisingly rich in discoveries. Its participants explored the Huang He River, the northern part of Tibet, and discovered two ridges. Using the right of the first explorer, Przhevalsky named the snowy ridge stretching along the main axis of Nan Shan - the Humboldt Ridge, and the other, perpendicular to it - the Ritter Ridge, in honor of two great scientists who worked so hard for the geography of Central Asia. Individual peaks The Humboldt Ridge rises to an absolute height of close to 6000m. This ridge stretches to the west of the upper Huang He and, consisting of several parallel chains, forms a mountainous alpine country, most expanded to the north and northwest of Lake Kuku-nora.
Wild Przewalski's horse. They were given a description of a new species of horse, previously unknown to science and later named after him (Equus przewalskii).
“The newly discovered horse,” writes Nikolai Mikhailovich, is called “kartag” by the Kirghiz, and “take” by the Mongols, and lives only in the wildest parts of the Dzungarian desert. Here the kartags live in small herds, grazing under the supervision of an experienced old stallion.”. After this trip, having received several honorary titles and titles and many grateful reviews and degrees, Przhevalsky, perhaps due to his natural modesty and rejection of noisy, bustling city life, retired to the village, where he began processing the collected material. Przhevalsky outlined his observations and research results in the book“From Zaisan through Hami to Tibet and the upper reaches of the Yellow River”
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. In 1879, he set out from the city of Zaisan on his third Asian journey at the head of a detachment of 13 people. Along the Urungu River through the Hami oasis and through the desert to the Sa-Zheu oasis, through the Nan Shan ridges into Tibet, and reached the valley of the Blue River (Mur-Usu).
Nan Shan high plateau
The Tibetan government did not want to let Przhevalsky into Lhasa, and the local population was so excited that Przhevalsky, having crossed the Tang-La pass and being only 250 miles from Lhasa, was forced to return to Urga. Returning to Russia in 1881, Przhevalsky gave a description of his third trip. From 1883 to 1886
Another expedition was carried out, known as the “Second Tibetan Journey”. From Kyakhta, a detachment of 23 people moved through Urga along the old route to the Tibetan Plateau, explored the sources of the Yellow River and the watershed between the Yellow and Blue Rivers, and from there went through Tsaidam to Lob-Nor and to the city of Karakol (Przhevalsk).
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Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich (1839-1888), geographer, traveler, explorer of Asia.
Born on April 12, 1839 in the village of Kimborovo, Smolensk province. The son of a small landowner, an officer; was raised by his uncle, P. A. Karetnikov, a passionate hunter.
In 1863 he graduated from the General Staff Academy. At the same time he published his first essays: “Memoirs of a Hunter” and “Military Statistical Review of the Amur Region.” Upon completion of his education, he was sent to serve in the Siberian Military District.
Przhevalsky’s geographical research began here, actively supported by P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky and other scientists.
Along the Ussuri, Przhevalsky reached the village of Busse, then to Lake Khanka. In the winter of 1867, he explored the South Ussuri region, covering 1060 miles in three months. In the spring of 1868, he again went to Lake Khanka and, having pacified the Chinese robbers in Manchuria, was appointed senior adjutant of the headquarters of the troops of the Amur region.
Returning from the expedition, Przhevalsky wrote the works “On the Foreign Population in the Southern Part of the Amur Region” and “Travel to the Ussuri Region.”
In 1871, he undertook his first trip to Central Asia along the route Beijing - Lake Dalai-Nor - Kalgan. The result was the essay “Mongolia and the Country of the Tunguts.”
In 1876, the geographer set off on a new journey - from the village of Kuldzhi to the Ili River, through the Tien Shan and the Tarim River to Lake Lob-Nor, to the south of which he discovered the Altyn-Tag ridge.
In 1879, Przhevalsky with a detachment of 13 people set out from the city of Zaisansk on a third journey along the Urungu River, through the Hali and Sa-Zheu oases, the Nan Shan ridges to Tibet. However, due to obstacles caused by the local population, he was forced to return, not reaching only 250 versts to the capital of Tibet - Lhasa.
The beginning of the fourth journey dates back to 1883: at the head of a detachment of 21 people - from the city of Kyakhta through Urga, along the old route, to the Tibetan Plateau - Przhevalsky explored the sources of the Yellow River and the watershed between the Yellow and Blue, and from there - through Tsaidam to Lob-Nor and to Karakol (now Przhevalsk). The journey took three years.
Having finished processing the data collected during this trip, Przhevalsky began preparing for the fifth trip and in 1888 headed through Samarkand to the Russian-Chinese border, where he caught a cold during a hunt and died. This happened on November 1, 1888 in Karakol. Przhevalsky's works have been translated into many foreign languages.
